The Design of a Biophilic Wastewater Treatment Facility in Diepsloot

FIGURE 01 COVER: Wetlands, watercolour on paper (by author, 2015)

“land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soils.�

(National Water Act no 36 of 1998, SA)

The Design of a Biophilic Wastewater Treatment Facility in Diepsloot.

by Rohan van Eeden

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL In the Department of Architecture FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: P.A. Greyvensteyn Co-Supervisors: Prof. G.S. Steyn November 2015 I hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M.Tech Architecture: Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted texts are indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of references.

i

FIGURE 02: Ecological systems and the dimensions of urban sustainability.

(by author, 2015)

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ABSTRACT BIOPHILIC DESIGN: A design approach that connects buildings to nature. a better understanding of the area’s unique

additional educational and recreational activities

Johannesburg-, and Mogale City metropolitan areas

ecology.

The design incorporates a wastewater

(Mucina & Rutherford, 2011). This intervention

depict the tension between human habitation and

treatment plant with an integrated hydrological

aims to establish a link between the Greater

natural environments. This boundary condition allows

education and research division, which will serves

Kyalami Conservancy (GEKCO), the Rhenosterspruit

for the opportunity to explore the potential manner

as a conservation and education node within the

Nature Conservancy and the Diepsloot Nature

in which the relationship between man-made and

Diepsloot East Residential Development. The site for

Reserve, which includes the wetland system, thus

natural environments manifest as a symbiotic spatial

the proposed facility is located in a protected wetland

promoting the site as a sustainable, public, open

construct within the context of a rural-urban fringe,

system near Diepsloot Mall, the commercial heart

park while preserving its ecological importance.

namely the Diepsloot East township development.

of Diepsloot. The facility is used as a generator for

FIGURE 03 BOTTOM: Water point in Diepsloot.

The

intersection

between

the

Tshwane-,

(by author, 2015)

Natural environments are not just amenities, and they are not mere resources or quant luxuries, they play an essential part in human mental, physical, and social well-being. This dissertation aims to evaporate dividing borders (historical, physical, and contextual) by employing biophilic design principles as a foundation for the design process. The project is envisioned as a decentralised and integrated solution to wastewater management. It serves as an alternative to the energy intensive and over-capacitated infrastructure that currently exists. By providing a public platform, residents and visitors are provided with an educational journey where they can experience both the natural and built environments, thereby leading to

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TABLE OF CONTENTS i

Declaration ii Concept of urban sustainability iii Abstract iv Table of contents v Table of contents (continued)

CHAPTER 01 [project outline] P.1 1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Introduction Design intent Need and current situation Wastewater treatment strategy Limitations Research approach

CHAPTER 02 [salient investigations] P.15 2.1

Architectural ecology 2.2 Biophilic design 2.3 Expressive space: engaging the

architectural experience 2.4 Water infrastructure

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CHAPTER 03 [precedent studies] P.43 3.1

3.2 3.3

3.4 3.5

Willamette River Wastewater Treatment Plant False Creek Energy Center Magaliesburg Wastewater Treatment Works: case study Teshima Art Museum Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum

CHAPTER 04 [analysis & appraisal of context] P.63 4.1

Introduction 4.2 Regional analysis 4.3 Macro scale 4.4 Meso scale 4.5 Diepsloot: ready for development 4.6 Micro scale 4.7 Site selection 4.8 Habitat study 4.9 Giant Bullfrog conservation 4.10 Climate and geography

CHAPTER 05 [brief & accommodation] P.99

CHAPTER 07 [design synthesis] P.149

5.1

7.1

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

Introduction Brief Response to context Client & funding Transprogramming Design criteria Programme Accommodation schedule

7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Master plan Floor plans Spatial relationship Sensory experience Sections Elevations Narrative sequence

CHAPTER 06 [design concept development] P.125

CHAPTER 08 [technical investigation] P.179

6.1

8.1

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Concept Site planning Concept development Conceptual planning Development models

Materials 8.2 Structural system 8.3 Sustainability 8.4 Technical documentation

CHAPTER 09 [conclusion] P.199 9.1

Self-assessment and conclusion 9.2 Acknowledgements 9.3 References 9.4 Addendum

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CHAPTER

01

PROJECT OUTLINE 1.1 Introduction 1.4 Wastewater treatment strategy

1.2 Design Intent 1.5 Limitations 1.3 Need and current situation

1.6 Research approach

PROJECT OUTLINE 1.1 INTRODUCTION This dissertation presents the design of a biophilic

of Race Relations’ (SAIRR) most recent survey of the

geography through land reform and more compact

wastewater treatment facility with an integrated

country, two-thirds of South Africa’s population now

cities” (Laldaparsad, 2014). Most of this urban growth

ecological education and research facility. The

lives in urban areas. Since its gold rush birth in 1886,

is concentrated in less developed regions that draw

primary function of this facility is to provide sewage

Johannesburg has been subjected to complex and

in the rural population, and is therefore an urban

infrastructure for the proposed Tanganani Ext 14

diverse urbanisation demands, some economically

phenomenon that is concentrated in the fringe zone

residential development. The proposed site is located

motivated, others based on political imperatives.

of developing cities. This transition is understood

in Diepsloot East, within a protected wetland system,

Within a timeframe extending just over a century, the

as a shift

and is currently zoned as a natural conservation area

city has developed into the business and industrial

social structures. It represents an unprecedented

(Mucina & Rutherford, 2011).

hub of both South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The

consumption of earth’s natural resources, and the way

dawn of the democratic era in 1994 brought about

in which people interact with the natural environment.

from rural to predominantly urban

Urban populations are expected to increase by 2,9

a paradigm shift in city planning. Since then, the

billion, to a total of 6,3 billion people, by 2050 (UN

government has introduced spatial planning concepts

Urbanisation has a significant impact on earth’s

Water, 2014). According to the South African Institute

such as “the need to break down the apartheid

resources and the way in which the population

FIGURE 05 TOP: Diagram depicting water and urbanisation.

(by author, 2015. Sources: UNEP, UN Habitat, World Bank, ONERC, WWAP, FAO, WHO, UN)

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straddles between urban and rural environments

this transitional zone present a unique scenario, with

Within this transformation, the built environment

(Pascale & Hannah, 2007). This transitional zone is

an abundance of problems that impact the welfare

“needs to be recognised as a central component

important because decisions about the use of natural

of the people living in these areas. These problems

to the liveability of the earth” (Rees, 1992).

resources are affected by the “diffusion power of the

include a lack of basic services and infrastructure,

A sustainable form of urbanisation depends on

urbanisation process, not just spatially but through

and the destruction of natural environments. Due to

cooperation between different sectors. Allen (2001)

the global economy, information spill-overs and social

the rapid rate of urbanisation in Johannesburg, the

outlines five dimensions that have an influence on the

networks” (Allen, 2009: 12). Boundaries between

natural landscape that comprises the ecosystems

sustainability of urbanisation: economic sustainability,

built and natural environments have become blurred.

has become separated. Natural environments are

social sustainability, ecological sustainability, political

This dissertation argues that our conventional

defined by their characteristics, which include

sustainability, and the sustainability of the built

definition and perception of these boundaries has

geography, diversity, degree of complexity, density,

environment. This dissertation places a tripartite

been altered by emerging landscapes, in terms of

connectivity and zoning. When these characteristics

focus on the sustainability of the built environment,

human settlement with regards to their locality,

are transformed or altered to accommodate urban

its successful integration with its natural context,

structure, and context. Informal settlements within

growth, these environments become disconnected.

and its integration into the local community.

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1.2 DESIGN INTENT

PROBLEM STATEMENT Creating awareness of the importance of natural

infrastructure, society, and nature in an ecologically-

environments and ecosystems might implore people

sensitive manner. The main priority of this facility is the

to take responsibility in protecting and enhancing

treatment of wastewater. Secondary functions include

such valuable resources. This dissertation investigates

research pertaining to Diepsloot’s ecological structure,

whether architecture can lend itself to re-connecting

as well as the educating of the general public. “For

ecological systems, thereby manifesting as a symbiotic

many of us water simply flows from a faucet, and we

spatial construct that offers a platform for ecological

think little about it beyond this point of contact. We

education.

have lost a sense of respect for the wild river, for the

ARGUMENT Due to the rate of urbanisation, sustainability has often been neglected. The purpose of architecture is to bring about the connection of these divided environments.

However, city limits strengthen this separation, and cities and informal settlements encroach into conserved natural environments. It is common knowledge that the rural-urban fringe is a dynamic transformational zone between the edges of urban centres. The aim of the proposed project is to act as a gradient, thereby dissolving the abrupt termination at the rural-urban interface. The objectives of this dissertation are to address these boundary conditions by implementing a design resolution that promotes ecological conservation and the consolidation of

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intricate web of life that water supports” (Postal, 2003).

The envisaged facility optimistically acts as a catalyst for ecological re-connection by creating a broad educational base on human habitation and its effects on natural environments. In order to achieve these objectives, this dissertation undertakes a conclusive study by engaging the following theoretical issues:

+ + + +

Architectural ecology; Biophilic design; Expressive space; and Water infrastructure.

In response to the user’s sensory experience, a tripartite design approach, which focuses on the following, is followed:

1 Basic concerns (programmatic functions); 2 Specific concerns (regulations); and 3 Architectural atmosphere (phenomenology).

FIGURE 06 RIGHT: Secondary sedimentation tank at the NWWTW. (Image courtesy of Jo’burg Water: http://www.johannesburgwater.co.za/, 2014)

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1.3 NEED AND CURRENT SITUATION

South Africa has been richly endowed with a wide

water resources through pollution” (CSIR, 2010). Water

2008) concludes that only 45% of wastewater systems

variety of natural resources, with one important

pollution is caused by the increase in both domestic and

were sufficient in delivering the required water quality.

exception: fresh water. South Africa is a semi-arid

industrial effluent, irrigated agriculture return flows,

country that is characterised by highly seasonal rainfall

and acid mine drainage. South Africa’s outdated water

In her recent budget vote, Water and Environmental

in most parts of the country. According to Johannesburg

treatment and sewage treatment plant infrastructure

Affairs Minister Buyelwa Sonjica stated that “facilities

Water (CSIR, 2010), South Africa’s water usage typically

are exacerbating factors. Despite the promulgation

have also come under pressure because of population

comprises of 77% surface water, 9% groundwater,

of effluent standards, water quality has deteriorated

growth and inadequate maintenance” (Newmarch,

and 14% re-use of return flows. Urbanisation and

“fuelled by increased effluent loads discharged to

2010). She continued, stating that her department

industrialisation coupled with past political inequities

rivers and the inability of water resource managers to

would support municipalities in complying with

has a significant impact on the country’s limited water

ensure strict compliance with water quality standards

drinking water and effluent discharge standards.

resources, as well as the institutions that have to

at all sewage treatment works” (Oberholser & Ashton,

One of the challenges municipalities face is bringing

manage this valuable resource. According to a report

2008).

infrastructure to where it is needed. Large networks of pipelines are prone to frequent sewer blockages

by the CSIR (2010), water availability is one of the main factors that has a direct impact on the future social and

Paul Oberholster (CSIR, 2010) is of the opinion that

and spillage into the streets, exposing residents to

economic growth in South Africa.

radical improvements in water quality management

potential health hazard and environmental pollution.

approaches and treatment technologies are needed Diepsloot is one of South Africa’s many emerging

to amend this trend. This dissertation agrees with

According to the proposed Diepsloot East Residential

settlements that are located within the watersheds of

Oberholster’s argument that water quality will

Development Framework (Martin, 2013: 16), the site

river catchments. Oberholser and Ashton (2008) point

continue to increase associated costs unless corrective

for the proposed residential development is located

out that this has important implications for the quality

management actions are implemented effectively.

within the Diepsloot West sewer basin. The assessment

of water that is supplied to users. In recent decades,

Although the current treatment plants in Johannesburg

as well as the future system analysis, conducted by GLS

the dams located downstream of these settlements

succeeds in removing the majority of pathogens, the

Consulting (DEA & DP, 2010), indicates that the “existing

have become progressively more contaminated. “The

effluent that is discharged into the Jukskei River is

system does not have the capacity to accommodate the

biggest threat to a sustainable water supply is not

only occasionally devoid of harmful organisms. The

proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development.”

a lack of storage, but the contamination of available

Green Drop Report (Department of Water Affairs,

Rather than add to the already over-capacitated and

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energy-intensive sewer infrastructure that currently exists, this dissertation proposes a sustainable, integrated solution to wastewater treatment, which will serve the proposed development in Diepsloot West.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act

Excerpt 01: The Green Drop report compiled by the Department of Water Affairs, 2008. (http://forloveofwater.co.za/the-state-of-south-africas-waste-water-treatment/, 2008)

108 of 1996) states that “everyone has the right to have access to clean water.” However, municipalities still have much to do in order for this right to be granted. A combination of socio-economic trends hold threatening implications for the conservation of South Africa’s freshwater ecosystem, and the biodiversity thereof. The reclamation of wastewater not only improves the sustainability of water, but is also an

Excerpt 02: Daily Planet, 2012

(http://www.bdlive.co.za/articles/2012/04/18/delay-in-diepsloot-water-questioned, 2012)

important strategy that improves security and supply through diversification of water resources.

This dissertation therefore proposes a treatment facility that provides the required capacity to accommodate the future expansion. The existing wetland system has been identified as a secondary component for the proposal, and will be exploited as a natural asset. This component includes a natural treatment system, which will provide passive treatment of domestic wastewater.

Excerpt 03: SABC News, 2014

(http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/cfcbed0045ac9d5887008790ca3f4715/Parts-of-Johannesburg-still-experiencing-water-shortages-20140110, 2014)

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1.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT STRATEGY Sewage is created by institutions, residences, and industrial and commercial establishments. The raw influent received by the treatment facility, includes household waste liquid disposed of via municipal sewer systems. Johannesburg Water (SOC) manages six wastewater treatment works in the central Gauteng Region, on behalf of the City of Johannesburg.

The

Northern

Wastewater

Treatment

Works

(NWTW) collects and treats domestic sewage from Alexandra, Sandton, Randburg, the northern areas of Johannesburg, which include Diepsloot, Bedfordview and portions of Edenvale and Germiston (Jo’burg, 2014). The sewage is collected and transported over long distances via a network of pipes (Figure 7) and pump stations. Problems associated with upgrading this network to support the proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development include the relocating of approximately 100 households on the proposed pipeline route, the current position of the local cemetery (graves will have to be relocated), as well as issues pertaining to the flood-line level of the water table. New pump stations would also be needed.

FIGURE 07 RIGHT: Wastewater pipeline in Diepsloot which is part of Jo’burg’s transportation system of 10 957.88km. (by author, 2015)

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1.4.1 INTEGRATION STRATEGY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

SUSTAINABILITY

The key objective of this facility is meeting the requirements

The project will optimise the generation and capture

for tertiary level treatment, as defined by effluent regulations

of valuable materials, helping the facility to reduce its

and building regulations of South Africa:

energy costs, carbon footprint, potable water use, and

+ The National Environmental Management Act (Act no 107. of 1998 as ammended)

environmental impact.

+ The National Environmental Management Waste Act (Act no 59. of 2008) + The National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (Act no 10. of 2004) + Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act no. 43 of 1983) + The National Water Act (Act no. 36 of 1998) + Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act no. 85 of 1993)

+ Minimise energy use and maximise energy recovery + Minimise the generation of waste and maximise reuse + Minimise off-site impacts of effluent discharge + Provide a facility that is an asset to the community + Create a model facility that can be emulated in other areas + Incorporate on-site stormwater management systems + Daylighting, effluent-source heat and passive ventilation

RESOURCE RECOVERY

COMMUNITY

The selected wastewater treatment process has the

The site is located in a transitional area between active

potential to generate water (treated effluent), fertilizer or

commercial, and residential zones. By exploring community

fuel (biosolids) and heat.

partnerships, mutual interests, education opportunities and

+ Maximise recovery of energy through co-management with solid waste organics

public engagement positions, the proposed facility could

+ Maximise recovery of heat from effluent

than simply minimizing the negative community impacts.

+ Harness cooling potential

The following factors may have a negative impact, if not

+ Maximise use of reclaimed water

addressed:

+ Maximise recovery of nutrients from wastewater

+ Noise

+ Smell

+ Generated high quality biosolids for beneficial use

+ Lighting

+ Vibration

provide a positive influence on the urban character rather

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1.4.2 NATURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT The proposed wastewater treatment technologies

treatment in order to raise the effluent quality before

ranges between 4m3 per day and 75,000m3 per day. Its

are designed to provide low cost treatment and

it is discharged into the receiving environment. A

water depth ranges from 50mm to 800mm (Crites et

environmental protection, while providing additional

free water surface wetland (FWSW) is incorporated

al., 2006).

benefits from the reuse of treated water. The system

because it combines treatment, wildlife habitats, and

can be classified into two principle components:

recreational opportunities.

+ Mechanical treatment systems, used within a constructed environment; + Aquatic and terrestrial systems, used within a natural environment;

A FWSW is characterised by a water surface that is exposed to the atmosphere. This type of wetland structure consists of multiple vegetated shallow basins or swales with barriers that prevent seepage. Soil is

Figure 9 below, illustrates the aquatic and terrestrial

used to support emergent macrophyte vegetation, with

system that will provide a final tertiary wastewater

appropriate inlet and outlet structures. The design flow

FIGURE 8 RIGHT: Aerobic and Anaerobic processes of a FWSW. (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 9 BELOW: Process flow diagram for the proposed FWSW. (by author, 2015)

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According to Crites et al. (2006), the FWSW wetland concept has great potential for beneficial habitats because the water surface is exposed and accessible to birds and animals�. The treatment process in this system is influenced by six major system components.

These components comprise the types of plants, soils, detritus, bacteria, protozoa, and higher animals.

Aquatic plants and their function as a treatment component in the proposed FWSW system is the focus of this dissertation. Evaporation loss is also considered due to the arid climate, which can be a factor during the warmer summer months. The current consensus is that shade, provided by emergent or floating plant species, reduces the direct evaporation from the FWSW. The system is specifically designed for seasonal change (colours), pond depth, habitat values with an emphasis on food for higher animals, breeding and forging areas for the Giant African Bullfrog population, as well as nesting values for birds and other aquatic life.

The characteristics of emergent plants has an influence on the final selection of plant species (Van Der Ryn & Cowan, 1996; Campbell & Ogden, 1999; Gosselink & Mitch, 2000; Crites et al., 2006).

FIGURE 10 RIGHT: Indigenous emergent plant species: colours represent seasonal change.

(Author after Middelbrooks & Reed, 2015)

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1.4.3 STRATEGY ADVANTAGES

1.5 LIMITATIONS

The treatment of wastewater is only sustainable in a

Due to the limited written architectural works

sustainable, integrated future designs of wastewater

closed-loop system, and requires products that have

regarding wastewater treatment facilities and their

treatment facilities, this dissertation focuses on the

been extracted from raw sewage to be reused in

functional requirements, especially in South Africa,

issues and needs within the Diepsloot East context.

agriculture (ecological sanitation) (Crites et al, 2006).

this dissertation refers to international precedents for

Broader issues relating to the urban ecology are not

It also involves the incorporation of integrated heat

the analysis of community-orientated infrastructure.

addressed in detail, while the wetlands park and associated interventions are only carried out only

recovery systems (renewable biomass energy), and bio filtration (wetland treatment). The proponents of this

The diversity and complexity of the technical, social,

system argue that by separating the components at

and economical aspects relating to infrastructure in

the source, it is possible to release the value from the

South Africa, present a unique scenario that simply

products by using them as renewable resources. This

cannot be addressed by an architectural intervention

scenario has the potential to:

alone. However, as a start to contributing towards

• Maximise the co-management of solid waste and liquid streams; • Maximise development potential by retaining a small building footprint; • Minimise the amount of components on site by processing sludge at the NWTW; • Partner with the district energy system for the production of sustainable energy; • Connect the community with the treatment process and the wetlands system; and • Enhance ecological resources - wetland system.

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conceptually within the broader scope of works.

FIGURE 11 BELOW: Methodology structure. (by author, 2015)

1.6 RESEARCH APPROACH The research methodology of this dissertation combines quantitative and qualitative data and analysis. This approach consists mainly of literature review, site analysis, and precedent studies.

Literature reviews, which focus on published books, online web entries and journal articles, are conducted throughout the design process. This research focusses on wastewater treatment, ecological and biophilic design principles, multi-sensory interaction, urban regeneration, and phenomenology in architecture.

The theoretical literature review gave insights into the functions and aspects that relate to the design of the proposed facility.

Site visits have given insight into the regional and local context in which the proposed facility is located, and has provided information pertaining to geographic and demographic data.

FIGURE 12 RIGHT: Studio space. (by author, 2015)

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CHAPTER

02

SALIENT INVESTIGATIONS 2.1 Architectural ecology 2.2 Biophilic design 2.3 Expressive space: engaging the architectural experience 2.4 Water infrastructure

SALIENT INVESTIGATIONS “...The mind

enjoyment

without

of

fatigue

scenery and

yet

employs excercises

the it,

tranquilizes it and yet enlivens it;

and thus, through the influences of the mind over the body, gives the effect of reinvigoration and refreshes the whole system.”

(Olmsted, 1865)

FIGURE 14 ABOVE: Sketch of natural surroundings. (by author, 2015)

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2.1 ARCHITECTURAL ECOLOGY It is not difficult to find affinities between specific animal species and certain types of architecture, whether it be pigeons nesting on roof tops, or bugs breeding in cracks and corners. Initial studies of ecologies lead to the comparison of man-made and natural environments.

It is commonly accepted that the built environment

of the foods those birds eat, however, and, thus, what

churches erodes, weathering away to nothing, its

has certain negative impacts on the natural

seeds they later spread around their flight paths, their

remnant minerals fertilize a specific type of weed

environment. However, it is not certain whether

guano results in a very specific kind of forest growing

or small flowering plant, one that would otherwise

these negative impacts are permanent, and if so, how

around each building (or its ruins). The buildings

eventually have died off. Thus, whenever you see a

nature and architecture can be integrated in order

catalyze their own ecological context, in other words,

particular flower, you can deduce from its presence

to create a symbiotic ecosystem. The answer to this

ringed by forests they indirectly helped create.

that a church built during this particular phase of architectural history once stood there. The flowers

question requires a more encompassing vision of the relationship between animal species and the built

A particular type of early modern warehouse or other

are archaeological indicators, we might say: botanical

environment. In his book, The extended Phenotype,

such industrial structure is found to house a specific

traces of architectural history” (Dawkins, 1981: 10).

Richard Dawkins (1981) states that many species

species of bird, perhaps because only its frame can fit

alter the built environment around them in order to

through gaps in the brickwork, precluding colonization

In all three cases, the building’s side-effects could ripple

survive. The following excerpt provides examples of

by other species. Thus, while all other bird species

out to influence the overall evolutionary development

the unanticipated side-effects that architecture could

in the local ecosystem have gone extinct—due to

of other future species, whose ecological origin might

have:

habitat loss, food-web collapse, or whatever—these

partially be predicted by a specific type of architecture.

birds, regally ensconced inside their protective

In the absence of these architectural works, the natural

“Ornamental details from a particular phase of, say, the

warehouses, manage to survive. They are thus saved

environment might begin to change again. Whether

Baroque—or the Gothic, or Dravidian temple design—

by 19th-century architecture—perhaps even by

or not this is perceived as a bad thing can be argued.

are found to attract a specific species of bird, whose

one architecture office’s work. A species that only

Therefore, when architects design their buildings, they

size, nesting needs, etc., correspond exactly to the

lives inside buildings by Anthony George Lyster.

are also indirectly designing circumstances which could

proportional details of this decorative style. Because

When the type of stone used to build a region’s

affect the evolution or conservation of future species.

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FIGURE 15: Homeless man feeding pigeons, Brancusi Atelier, France. (http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2013/086/a/9/mg_9779_by_sican-d5zfdv8.jpg, 2013)

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2.2 BIOPHILIC DESIGN The aim of this issue is to investigate a responsible, forward thinking architecture that establishes a fundamental relationship between man, nature, and the built environment; improving health and wellbeing in the built environment. well-being of natural and built environments.

“Biophilic design can reduce stress, enhance creativity

of green building movements have linked improved

and clarity of thought, improve our well-being and

environments and worker productivity (Kellert, 1993).

expedite healing” (Browning, Ryan, & Clancy, 2014:

Productivity improvements are considered important

Some articulation of the definition of ‘natural’ is

4). As the population continues to urbanise, these

because of the financial gains, but a connection to

required for the purpose of understanding biophilic

qualities become increasingly important. Humans

nature has an even broader impact as a placeholder for

design. While views of what the term constitutes vary

have an innate biological connection to nature. This

well-being. The last decade has seen the intersections

greatly, it can be argued that there are two extreme

connection helps explain why the sound of rustling

of neuroscience and architecture, both in practice

connotations of nature. The first is that nature is

leaves or running water is so captivating; why shadows

and in research. Even building standards have started

classified as living organisms, which are unaffected

and dark pathways instil fear and fascination; why

to incorporate biophilia, with specific reference to

by anthropogenic impacts on natural environments.

a view towards the natural landscape enhances

indoor environmental quality and sense of place

This is a narrow perspective of nature (reminiscent of

creativity; and why lingering in a park can have a

(Terrapin Bright Green, 2012). This consistency of

hands-off preservation) because, as Catherine Ryan

healing or reinvigorating effect.

natural themes in history suggests that biophilia is

argues, “nearly everything on Earth has been and will

not a new phenomenon, but rather a collaboration

continue to be impacted at least indirectly by humans”

The term ‘biophilia’ was coined by social psychologist

of science, psychology and human intuition, which

(Terrapin Bright Green, 2012). The second view is that

Eric Fromm, in 1964. Many denotations relating

shows that a connection with nature is crucial in

nature is defined as living organisms and non-living

to a desire to (re)connect with nature and natural

maintaining a healthy and vibrant existence as an

components of an ecosystem. For added clarity, a

systems,

have evolved since. Gordon Orians and

urban species (Browning, et al, 2014). In the context

distinction is made that most natural environments

Judith Heerwagen (Kellert, 1993) theorise that humans

of this dissertation, biophilic design is incorporated as

in urbanised areas are designed (albeit for functional,

are genetically predisposed to prefer a certain type of

a complimentary strategy that addresses challenges

aesthetic, or passive reasons).

natural setting. Since the early 1990’s, the emergence

to health, community cohesiveness, and the overall

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2.2.1 NATURE-HEALTH RELATIONSHIPS Mental, social health, and behavioural problems are

natural settings would promote children’s well-being”

provide an effective strategy in preventing health-

increasing concurrently with growing cities and are

(Wells, 2014: 3). Kaplan’s (1995) studies show that

related disease, with potential application in areas

regarded as an increasing health burden in developing

natural environments promote resilience and buffers

with individuals at higher risk of illness. Natural

countries (Desjarlais, Eisenberg, Good & Kleinman,

stressful impacts on children. Kaplan (2014) speculates

spaces and public parks not only protect and

1995).

Research by Dr Nancy Wells (2014), an

that the moderating effects of nature on an individual’s

preserve natural environments, but also enable and

environmental psychologist, demonstrates that natural

well-being is even stronger in urban spaces, where the

encourage individuals to relate to natural systems,

and built environments affect people’s mental and

amount and size of parks and open spaces are more

hence playing an important role in a socio-ecological

physical well-being throughout their lives. Wells (2014)

varied. Research suggests that lower levels of perceived

approach to health. As Desjarlais et al. (1995) states,

explains that “factors such as density of communities,

stress and an increased level of job satisfaction relates

the community benefits that arise from contact with

presence and size of parks, land-use mix, height and

to accessible natural areas in the workplace (Kaplan

natural environments include social, mental, biological,

size of residential structures, food store locations, and

& Kaplan, 1989). According to Huttenmoser (in Wells,

environmental, and economic outcomes. Nature is

how roads are laid out affect people’s physical health

2014:4), one possible explanation for nature’s healing

therefore as “an under-utilized public resource in terms

and psychological well-being”. Findings suggest that

effect is that “green spaces foster social interaction

of human health and well-being, with the use of parks

natural areas in close proximity to residential areas

and thereby promote social support”. Another

and natural areas offering a potential gold mine for

promote well-being (Wells, Evans & Yang, 2010). Wells

explanation is that “exposure to natural elements

population health promotion” (Desjarlais et al., 1995).

(2014) goes on to state that access to, or views toward

helps people to focus their attention” (Kaplan &

natural environments improve recovery from injury or

Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1983).

In light of these findings, natural environments are one

sickness, as well as cognitive functioning. Open spaces

When people are in natural environments, there is

of the most vital health resources. In the context of

and parks increase physical activity and enhance social

no longer a need to block out noise and other mental

urbanisation, growing populations, and illness contact

connections. Wells asserts that the accumulation of

intrusions, allowing their mind to rest. Taking a stroll

with nature could provide an accessible, affordable

risk factors in urbanised areas have stronger impacts

in a park, or simply lingering in a natural setting

and equitable choice with restorative and preventative

on physical and mental well-being.

allows for a breakaway from stressful day-to-day

health strategies.

problems, and allows a mental rest. Wells (2014) It is generally accepted that children have an affinity

explains that planning decisions play an important role,

for nature. It follows then that “if people tend to prefer

which affects physical and mental well-being.

environments in which they function most effectively,

Implications suggest that contact with nature could

FIGURE 16 RIGHT: Child connecting with nature.

(https://www.wwt.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_3653.jpg, 2012)

20

21

2.2.2 NATURE-DESIGN RELATIONSHIPS Biophilic design is organised into three categories, which provide a framework for the incorporation of a rich diversity of strategies into the built environment (Terrapin Bright Green, 2012).

FIGURE 17 ABOVE: Artist’s rendition of Safavid-era Isfahan, which is typically described (http://ajammc.com/2012/10/23/the-bridge-to-new-julfa-a-look-at-the-armenian-community-of-isfahan/, 2012)

22

as the pinnacle of garden cities interspersed with harmoniously-designed pavilions and spacious thoroughfares.

NATURE IN THE SPACE This category addresses the physical and ephemeral presence of nature in a space. This includes plant life, animals, water, as well as sounds, smells, and wind. Memorable experiences are achieved when meaningful connections are created with these natural elements, particularly through multi-sensory interactions, movement and diversity. Nature in the space encompasses the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Visual connections: a view to natural elements, living systems, and natural processes; 2. Non-visual connections: auditory, haptic, or gustatory stimuli; 3. Thermal and airflow variability: subtle changes in air temperature, airflow, humidity, and surface temperature; 4. Presence of water: enhances the experience of a place by touching, hearing, and seeing water; 5. Dynamic and diffused light: varying the intensity of light and shadow that changes over time, to create conditions that occur in nature; and 6. Connection with natural systems: awareness of natural processes.

FIGURE 18 LEFT: Reflecting pool at the Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts by Tadao Ando, St. Louis.

(Image by Chaotic Float/Flickr, 2010)

23

NATURAL ANALOGUES This category addresses non-living, organic, and indirect evocations of nature. These include colours, shapes, patterns, objects, and materials found in nature. Natural materials that have been altered or processed, provide an indirect connection with nature: “while they are real, they are only analogous of the items in their ‘natural’ state” (Browning et al., 2014).

Natural analogues encompass the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Biomorphic forms and patterns: expressed in mathematical proportions. These include curves, angles of 120 degrees (Ching, 2014), right angles and straight lines (the Golden Angle), the Fibonacci series, and the Golden Mean (ratio of 1:1618); 2. Material connection with nature: through minimal processing, materials and elements create a distinct sense of place by reflecting the local ecology or geology. Spaces feel warm, rich, authentic, and stimulating when touched; 3. Complexity and order: a space that feels information-rich and engaging, as an intriguing balance between overwhelming and boring. Rich sensory information adheres to a spatial hierarchy, which is similar to those encountered in nature.

FIGURE 19 RIGHT: DaVinci’s Vitruvian Man: the Golden Ratio. (http://rouleauc.blogspot.ca/2009/04/more-you-know-golden-ratio.html, 2013)

24

NATURE OF THE SPACE This category addresses spatial configurations in nature. This includes the learned and innate desire to be able “to see beyond our immediate surroundings, our fascination with the slightly dangerous or unknown; obscured views and revelatory moments; and sometimes even phobia-inducing properties when they include a trusted element of safety� (Browning, Ryan, & Clancy, 2014). A strong sense of nature of the space is achieved through the creation of engaging and deliberate spatial configurations. It encompasses the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Prospect: an unimpeded view over a distance; 2. Refuge: a place that allows withdrawal from environmental conditions or the flow of activity, in which individuals are protected; 3. Mystery: obscured views or sensory devices entice individuals to travel through the environment to acquire more information. A space should have a palpable sense of anticipation, offering the senses a denial and reward that compels exploration; 4. Risk and peril: a reliable safeguard that is coupled by an identifiable threat. A space with an implied threat feels exhilarating and these experiences play a role in developing risk assessment.

FIGURE 20 LEFT: The Levitated Mass, LA County Museum of Art. (Image by Joshua and Hilary Scott Dildine, 2012)

25

2.2.3 LANDFORM PRINCIPLES

We

and captured by the elements of mass. Concrete human

• Sense of place: spaces have a strong, meaningful

experience through the volume of its space: we move,

actions take place in a space that is distinguished

sense of place when the various stimuli that

see elements, touch and feel, hear sounds, and smell

by qualitative differences. The site is unique in the

encompass it are related to one another, and

fragrances. The qualities of this space - its visual form,

complexity of its parts and their patterning. Since

support a common theme

scale and dimensions - depend on the perception of

site developments may have unexpected effects,

its spatial construct. Architecture manifests when

the designer needs to explore principles that

• Appropriateness of landform: in order for space to

space begins to be moulded, enclosed, organised,

establish the site as a successful place. (Schulz, 1980)

be perceived as appropriate, it needs to encourage

The

landscape

encompasses

ones

being.

FIGURE 21 below, across: Sketches illustrating landform principles.

(Author, 2015)

+

SPATIAL DEFINITION

26

+

SPATIAL STRATA

• Variables in spatial experiences: variables in

• Circulation control: diversity in circulation routes

landform create invisible boundaries or edges, and

provide for a range of equally diverse content and

also subdivide large spaces into smaller spaces

landscape settings. Landform influences direction,

• Create and define spaces: landform defines the

(space separator). Variation can be achieved by

speed, and rhythm of movement. It could be

edges of a space, as well as its organisation. The

changing the size and slope of the floor area

used to physically or visually control movement

general orientation of a space is towards open

(intimate to monumental), and the steepness and

(obstacles), while circulation routes follow paths

views and lower ground levels.

height of enclosing slopes (degree of enclosure).

of least resistance (steepness and length of slope).

the intended behaviour, relate to its physical context, and achieve a rapport with its condition.

+

EDGE MATERIAL

+

SPATIAL VARIATION

27

2.3 EXPRESSIVE SPACE: ENGAGING THE ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIENCE A coherent representation of multi-sensory integration enables meaningful perceptual experiences. The aim of this issue is to investigate the infrastructural typology from a multi-sensory perspective.

Spaces occupied by infrastructure are harsh landscapes.

different functions and models are not ephemeral.

sensory integration forms a key component of this

Its existence is forgotten by most people, leaving the

Research shows that the successful integration

new hybridity. According to Elmborg (2011), humans

individuals who work in these environments with a

of infrastructure into architectural environments,

rely heavily on their senses to process information

unique understanding of marginality and separation.

offer spatial, economic, social, and environmental

when learning. Multi-sensory experiences allow better

Jeffrey (2012) identifies marginality as more than a

opportunities. The role of this hybrid typology is to

cognitive connections and associations, which enable

site of deprivation, stating that “it is also the site of

blur the identified boundaries, and situate itself as a

individuals to remember and retain information more

radical possibility, a space of resistance.” The rapid

means to (re)connect the inherent tear of the urban

effectively. Elmborg’s notion of hybridity investigates

growth of cities necessitates a concurrent expansion

fabric. New spaces could be introduced to shared

human-orientated spaces that encourage creative

of infrastructural facilities in order to meet growth

environments, by integrating infrastructure, research,

boundaries, educational landscapes, and cultural

demand. As an idiosyncratic, altruistic infrastructural

and educational facilities. These shared environments

identities. Human nature, or an individual’s personality

facility, wastewater treatment plants fill a vital human

could be attuned to educational and transformative

cannot be changed, but a systematic programme in

need, however, they are currently programmed to

potential, which is rooted in the social learning concept

an appropriately designed environment can stifle

perform one functional operation.

of environmental psychology. This field suggests that

learned

the interrelationship between human behaviour, social,

choices (Beaumont, 2007). Design theorist Malcolm

There is a need for designers to explore the

natural, learning, as well as the built environment

McCullough (2004) builds on this theory by suggesting

repurposing and integration of infrastructure. As

contribute to the psychology of the environment.

that sensory properties should be addressed to create

responses,

thereby

changing

cognitive

social and educational environments.

infrastructure continues to strengthen marginality, transprogramming plays a vital part as the resultant

In order to create an informative learning environment,

act. Infrastructure can be adapted and successfully

“conditions should be manipulated to promote

Pallasmaa (2000) explains that every memorable

integrated into expanding communities as a hybrid

intellectual and creative manner” (De Young, 1999). De

experience of architecture is multi-sensory. Qualities

form of urban fabric. The benefits of integrating

Young (1999) furthers this notion by stating that multi-

of scale, matter, and space are measured equally by

28

senses. However, literature on spatial cross-modal biases suggest that the visual cognitive modality often biases information from other senses (Witten & Knudsen, 2005). Therefore, architecture has evolved into an instant visual art form. Monotonous, uniform surfaces, shapes, textures, and the elimination of micro-climates create tiresome and boring spaces. The standardisation of environmental conditions results in an environment that causes sensory impoverishment.

Architecture needs to reinvent itself within a rapidly urbanising environment in order to “portray architecture not as yet another objet d’art birthed by a master designer, but as a multi-modal, multisensory shaper of the material landscape that impacts people’s everyday lives” (Witten & Knudsen, 2005). To apprehend spatial experiences as fully as possible, every sense needs to be engaged. Providing a multi-sensory experience (interactive and informative architecture) could enhance the architectural experience, as well as improve human stimulation and education.

FIGURE 22 ABOVE: Sensory neuron which receives sensation.

(http://www.enzopennetta.it/2014/11/la-forza-del-pensiero-attiva-i-geni/, 2014)

29

2.3.1 SENSES The neurological system, which receives inputs from the human cognitive senses, makes it possible for individuals to experience architecture:

+

SIGHT

Although it might seem obvious, sight plays a crucial part in education, especially for individuals who are visual learners. Sight is often taken for granted due to most activities involving sight. According to Pallasmaa (2012: 46), the eye determines distance and separation. In doing so, it allows for control, survey and investigation.

In architecture, this sense conveys the passage of time by means of changing environments. Light can be manipulated to create spatial manipulations (Trejo, 2011). In his book Experiencing Architecture, Rasmussen (1959: 215) elaborates on the role that colour plays by suggesting that “colour can be used to reveal the building’s function and character, while emphasising the form and materials thereof.” Sight, in conjunction with colour, can therefore influence human emotion in an educational manner. Visual enhancement of spaces, climatic and seasonal changes, as well as movement through buildings can be accomplished by using interactive information panels, shadows, and lighting.

FIGURE 23 RIGHT: Conceptual sketch exploring natural lighting. (by author, 2015)

30

+

HEARING

The auditory expression is consistent with the visual.

It plays an important part in combination with shape, form, colours, light, material, and temperature (sensory architecture). Sound plays an important part in the learning process, especially for auditory learners.

Hearing enables a better understanding of the world by providing another layer of comprehension that sight along cannot offer. Hearing has only gradually been replaced by the dominance sight (Pallasmaa, 2012).

Pallasmaa (2012) argues that hearing-dominance has yielded to sight-dominance, thereby replacing situational thinking with abstract thinking. He goes on to explain that sound “describes the volumes or space through which it reverberates� (Pallasmaa, 2012: 25).

Wastewater treatment plants are known for their noisy machinery, which in turn discourages social interactions.

In the context of this dissertation, this idea shifts to an approach towards infrastructure that encourages educational spaces where sound is controlled, promoting healthy social interaction. A synthesis of visual and auditory perception is communicated through the use of functional sound design for the auditorium and learning areas, sound routing, and digital platforms.

FIGURE 24 RIGHT: Conceptual sketches exploring auditory perception. (by author, 2015)

31

+

SMELL AND TASTE

Individuals associate smell and taste with different things, acquaintances, memories, or places. These senses are often the most persistent memories of spaces, but they are often overlooked and under used in architecture. If an individual associates a fact with a fun memory, it could help them retain more information.

Lehman (in Fox & Kemp, 2009) describes the sense of smell as “having a beneficial effect in educational and rehabilitative environments�, and could be introduced by the use of specific aromas, thereby evoking strong emotional reactions. The incorporation of diverse fauna and flora into the landscape could contribute to productive and positive learning environments.

The introduction of a smellscape, with edible herbs and aquatic vegetation, responds directly to these senses. The process of wastewater treatment permits control of certain odours, providing educational spaces where individuals are exposed to both bad odours, and pleasant aromas.

FIGURE 25 RIGHT: Conceptual smell mapping of an urban area. (by author, 2014)

32

+

TOUCH

According to Pallasmaa (2012: 60), an individual’s hands are organisms that entail a delta in which “life from the most distant source flows together surging into the great current of action.” Textures can be utilised to define different spaces within an environment, and to articulate different elements. By applying certain textures, a unique user experience can be evoked, thereby indicating access and purpose. Pallasmaa (2012:32) contends that touch is the “delta in which the great current of action unfolds and that one’s skin reads temperature, weight, density and texture.” According to Pallasmaa (2012: 41), “architecture, a man-made realm and extension of nature, provides perception, experience and understanding.” Therefore, spaces form a cohesiveness that drives existential experience, and directs attention. By applying this centralised man-made realm, user-focused environments that support educational and social patterns of learning are encouraged.

Habitable exterior spaces include both rough textures, and natural elements so as to create a robust architectural tone. Warm finishes are used to create a comforting educational space, while cold, hard materials are used to elicit solitary emotions.

FIGURE 26 RIGHT: St. Edward’s university, by Alejandro Aravena. (http://andgatherer.tumblr.com/image/104349870306, 2015)

33

2.4 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Water plays an important role in the proposed facility. This issue presents a reflection of water as it is represented in architecture, thereby recognising the sensuous qualities and emotions that it evokes.

Water plays its part as a multidimensional element

temperate climates, natural water sources are either

that appears in various fields. Environmentally, it exists

hidden, dried up, lost, or covered (Alexander, Ishizawa

as a natural resource that is essential for living (potable

& Silverton, 1977: 323).

water and wetlands systems). Socially, it serves as a sensitive basis that develops human activities and

Water is considered as a mediator between the

evokes certain emotions. Financially, it influences

built and the natural environment. This affords

agriculture and tourism. Culturally it is related to arts,

architecture the opportunity to play a significant role

mythology or religion for its ability to cleanse, purify

in shaping the way in which individuals perceive and

and nourish. Aesthetically, it represents an element

experience water. In most respects, water -with its

of nature within the built environment (Koskina &

fluid, vibrant, transparent, dynamic qualities- stands

Hasanagas, 2013). In his book Water and Architecture,

opposed to architecture in its static form, but both are

Architect Charles Moore (in Davids, 2013) explains

essential parts of human life. This binary opposition

that the key to understanding water in architecture is

provides an imaginative design opportunity with

to understand the architecture of water: “the physical

regards to the tension that is portrayed. Kuhn (2007:

laws which govern its behaviour, the ways in which it

05) explains that water and architecture should

engages our senses, how its presence relates to us as

accommodate one another. Current practice of water

human beings.” He argues that the opportunities to

use and reticulation has become unsustainable, and

observe these qualities have diminished due to water’s

causes the degradation of the natural water cycle.

disappearance from daily life. Fresh water is a precious

Architects and designers need to rethink water’s use

commodity and this realisation has been accompanied

in the conventional sense, and devise ways in which

by the absence of water in urbanised areas. Even in

water is utilised to enhance the built environment.

34

FIGURE 27 ABOVE: Current infrastructural system ignores user experience. (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 28 ABOVE: Infrastructure should incorporate design principles which connect people to water and the community. (by author, 2015)

The theme of water in architecture inspires exploration of a sustainable form of architecture, which supports the

conservation,

purification,

retention,

and

remediation of water, while restoring the manifestation of its presence in the built environment: its streams, droplets, trickles, splashes, sprays and ripples. This approach requires an investigation of water in its different states (-liquid, gas and solid), -as well as the abundant characteristics associated with it. The use of water in architecture allows for the opportunity to (re)connect communities with water and its social, spiritual, cultural, physical, and emotional aspects. The proposed facility explores a solution that mediates the transition between land and water, integrating water as an element that raises awareness of hydrological systems in an effort to reinvent water infrastructure as a catalyst for engagement, community upliftment, and education. The following notes explore the history, qualities and use of water in nature and architecture.

FIGURE 29 LEFT: Issues relating to integrated infrastructure. (by author, 2015)

35

2.4.1 WATER IN ARCHITECTURE Water has always been an integral part of human experience; a critical element of civilisation which inspires social norms. The experience of communing with water has been mediated by different civilisations: as important points of reference in public squares, a symbol of civic pride through the aqueducts of Rome, intimate spaces in the bath houses of Japan,

+ Infrastructure + Civic pride + Gathering space

FIGURE 31: Roman aqueduct, Pont du Gard .

+ Culture + Rejuvenation + Intimacy

FIGURE 32: Traditional bath house in Japan.

or as spiritual elements in lush Victorian and Islamic

(http://oldtimewallpapers.com/, 2015)

gardens. Water-related architecture has a history that expresses the diverse role that it has played within the social constructs of various communities. In addition to serving practical functions, these spaces are expressive and emotional; attributes which draw people together in civic pride and wonder. However, the current attitude towards water-related architecture, especially in developing communities like Diepsloot, has changed due to urbanisation, technological and environmental

(http://www.alljapantours.com/acp/images/attraction/pH11221446.jpg, 2012)

changes, which affect settlement patterns, and the volume of water in demand in these rapidly expanding communities. Water management strategies reflect an attitude of objectification. Water is piped into communities through highly engineered systems, which cut communities off from its cleansing, purifying, and rejuvenating substance. (Chung, 2010: 15) FIGURE 30 RIGHT: Diagrams illustrating water mediation. (by author, 2015)

36

+ Religion + Delight + Rest

FIGURE 33: Islamic garden featuring a water pool.

(http://www.grandivivaisciacca.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/islamic-1.jpg, 2013)

FIGURE 34 ABOVE: Carlo Scarpa, Tomba Brion. (http://www.ilgiornaledellarchitettura.com/immagini/IMG20110705114115278_900_700.jpeg, 2015)

37

2.4.2 WATER AS DESIGN GENERATOR

PRACTICAL FUNCTION

CULTURE AND RELIGION

RECREATION

Human existence depends on the availability of water,

Due to water’s integral part of daily life and the

Architect Gordon Cullen (Booth, 1990) states that water

and civilization is built on its use. Water is a precious

necessity thereof for survival, it forms an important

provides a form of intimacy with nature. He explains

resource that has been “a driving factor of progress in

part of culture and religion. As a result of its association,

that this is because the transition between dry land and

the past and will prove to be a determining factor for

cultural and religious views of water are based on

water offers a profound psychological contrast. Water

development in the future as well” (Green Prophet,

those of the surrounding community. In religion, water

exerts a force of attraction that captivates humans.

2010). As established by the preceding chapter, the

is used as a metaphor of life, a belief that physical

In addition to its health and psychological benefits,

proposed facility’s main priority is the treatment of

purification with water leads to spiritual rejuvenation.

water provides opportunities for a diverse range of

effluent in order to provide the expanding community

In the context of this dissertation, water is the driving

recreational activities. People have a “yearning to

of Diepsloot with a safe, potable water supply.

force behind development, health, economic and

touch, feel and even become totally immersed in water

social prosperity, as well as cultural significance.

as part of recreation” (Booth, 1990: 255).

FIGURE 35 ABOVE: National tourist route by Reiulf Ramstad Architects, Trollstigen. (http://www.archdaily.com/32441/national-tourist-route-trollstigen-rra/, 2011)

38

FIGURE 36 ABOVE: Moses bridge by RO&AD Architects, Netherlands. (http://hovercraftdoggy.com/2013/02/28/moses-bridge/, 2013)

NATURAL PRESERVATION

THE SENSES

MOVEMENT

An adequate, high quality water supply is necessary for

Water has a therapeutic effect on individuals, which

Current management practices see surface water as

local communities, as well as their natural ecosystems.

captures and embraces their senses. Water, as a

a threat of flooding. Underground drainage networks

Water expanses are fundamental not only as part

unifying element, promotes a rich sensory experience

are a rational response that removes this perceived

of daily life, but also as part of mitigation areas. The

by drawing all the senses together (Booth, 1990: 256).

threat. “Water is not an experience with nature or

intermediate areas (transitional areas such as wetlands

When watching the sensual movements of water,

with people; it is merely an ‘urban cleaning fluid’ that

systems) between semi-rural and urban settlements

feeling its heat or coolth against ones skin, listening

appears on demand” (Chung, 2010: 15). In order to

are essential in supporting and maintaining animal life,

to its rhythmic sounds, smelling the emanating salty

create awareness, expose and reconnect communities

fauna and flora, as well as mitigating flooding. Natural

ocean or quenching ones thirst, a person’s awareness

with water, a shift in current practices is required where

preservation is essential in promoting a sustainable

and perception can be transferred to a peaceful state

water in design accommodates buildings and enhances

form of urbanisation.

of mind.

the environment.

FIGURE 37 ABOVE: Hansol Museum by Tadao Ando, Korea.

FIGURE 38 ABOVE: ‘Silence’ water feature by Tadao Ando, London.

FIGURE 39 ABOVE: Scupper drain detail by Carlos Scarpa, Venizia.

(www.tofugu.com/2012/12/01/awaji-islands-breathtaking-architecture/, 2012)

(https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7052/6987570775_6e283c779b.jpg, 2012)

(https://www.flickr.com/photos/22fiaschi/5409656667/in/set-72157622361857831, 2010)

39

2.4.2 PRINCIPLES TO APPLY The prospect of connecting infrastructure with emotional and cultural meaning is an appropriate vision for Diepsloot; “n environment that has the physical landscape but lacks meaningful public space� (Chung, 2010: 18). In the context of this dissertation, the reinvented type of infrastructure could optimistically act as a catalyst for meaningful community integration.

The proposed facility should reflect both water and water infrastructure, which contributes to the cultural and social needs of the community, thereby addressing the potential for human experiences that connect communities to water. The existing wetlands system is incorporated into the design while new dams and collection ponds are introduced into the landscape, and around buildings. This is accomplished by damming up portions of the water drainage path at predetermined locations, forming an integral connection between the natural and built environment. By integrating water throughout the configuration of the facility, it plays an important role in sensory experience while contributing to climate control, reflectivity, sound, connectivity, boundary conditions, movement, water management, and interaction.

FIGURE 40 RIGHT: Fort Worth Water Garden, Texas.

(Photo by Carrie Bloom, 2013)

40

FIGURE 41 ABOVE: Flowforms: pattern of water flow in nature.

(Sketch by author, 2015)

41

FIGURE 42 OVERLEAF: Nature used to create expressive space. (watercolour sketch by author, 2015)

42

CHAPTER

03

PRECEDENT STUDIES 3.1 Willamette River Wastewater Treatment Plant 3.2 False Creek Energy Centre 3.3 Magaliesburg Wastewater Treatment Works: case study 3.4 Teshima Art Museum 3.5 Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum

PRECEDENT STUDIES 3.1 WILLAMETTE RIVER WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Architect: Miller Hull Partnership Client: Tualatin Valley Water District Completion: 2002 Location: Wilsonville, Oregon, USA

44

AIM This precedent is situated next to the Willamette

local wildlife corridor along the building’s western

River, in one of the fastest growing cities in Oregon. It

edge by providing natural bioswales, eddies, and

accommodates similar programmes to the proposed

aquatic vegetation. The plant uses a six-phase process

wastewater treatment plant, and is thus analysed to

that treats approximately 15 mega-litres per day, and

inform programmatic requirements. The intention

serves a population of 37 700 (Wilsonville, 2002). The

of analysing this project is to comprehend how the

facility is over-designed and provides purer water

architect successfully integrated the existing landscape

than required in terms of drinking water standards.

into site planning and building layout. Analysis focusses on the facilitiy’s function, scale, public recreation, as

The plant includes a multi-barrier treatment process:

well as its integration into the diverse characteristics of the existing natural environment (Hull, 2002).

1. Intake screens prevent debris and fish from entering the treatment facility;

ANALYSIS

2. Enhanced

sedimentation

removes

smaller

The scope of this project includes a wastewater

materials that might pass the intake screens;

treatment plant, an administration building, laboratory,

3. Ozonation destroys microbial contaminants;

conference room, and support offices. The typology

4. Granular activated carbon removes remaining

of this facility communicates the water cycle, which

organic materials and dissolves chemicals;

is demonstrated by the use of water as a unifying

5. Sand filter improves particle removal; and

element that draws the senses together. A contextual

6. Secondary disinfection provides safe drinking

and educative journey is introduced through the

water.

use of the river, which fosters social interaction and thereby promotes education. This facility relates to its ecological context in a sustainable and regenerative

FIGURE 43 FAR LEFT: Garden wall which bisects the site.

manner through the use of advanced wastewater

FIGURE 44 TOP RIGHT: View of treatment plant and river.

treatment methods and site neutralisation. The public park includes a series of ponds, which enhance the

(http://www.millerhull.com/media/nonresidential/wwtp/wwtp_00.jpg, 2011)

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/experience.html, 2002)

FIGURE 45 BOTTOM RIGHT: Structural detail, connection with water. (https://ksamedia.osu.edu/sites/default/files/originals/07_0000268_0.jpeg, 2006)

45

INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY • Thermal energy recovery is incorporated as an environmentally friendly means of managing solids; • Reclaimed water is of a high enough quality to distribute to the local industry, and can be discharged to pocket estuaries; • Natural purification systems are incorporated for the final stages of treatment, to produce high quality effluent. These stages are made visible to

FIGURE 46: Pumps in the High Service Pump Station.

FIGURE 49: Cranular activated carbon filter in operation.

FIGURE 47: Ozonation machine.

FIGURE 50: Liquid ozonation is used to generate ozone on-site.

FIGURE 48: Sedimentation tanks.

FIGURE 51: Plant’s clearwell where final treatment takes place.

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/1407182616.jpg, 2001)

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/1407181266.jpg, 2001)

the public; and • Low grade effluent heat is incorporated into a district heating system.

SUSTAINABILITY • Restorative ecological strategies are introduced to repair and conserve the environment; • Opportunities for human interaction are provided,

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/4414642_orig.jpg, 2001)

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/7991214_orig.jpg, 2001)

thereby promoting educational value; • Regional ecological resources are enhanced where beneficial to provide opportunity for human interaction; • Employment opportunities are created for local community; and • A small building footprint maximises non-plant related development.

46

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/9940526_orig.jpg, 2001)

(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/3484952_orig.jpg, 2001)

WASTEWATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW

PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use water as a navigation tool to guide the visitors through the process; • Integrate the existing landscape into site planning and building layout; • Communicate water cycle interpretation with unifying element, to draw visitors senses together; • Relate to the ecological context in a sustainable and generative manner; • Use water and light to create opaque perception; • Design the building with possible expansion in mind, as demand for larger components increases; • Use a critical rationalist approach- sustainable materials and climatic considerations; • Apply rustic materials that show their authenticity by weathering; • Use natural light to dissect the building using contrasting shadows and dark spaces; • Regenerate the existing wetlands system, which has been negatively impacted by human development and industrial activity.

FIGURE 52 LEFT: Analysis of the wastewaterwater treatment plant.

(Author, 2015)

47

3.2 FALSE CREEK ENERGY CENTRE

Architect: Walter Francl Architecture Inc. Client: City of Vancouver Completion: 2009 Location: Vancouver, Canada AIM An in-depth analysis of this project’s plans and sections assists in functional zoning and circulation decisions concerning the thermal energy production plant within the proposed facility.

ANALYSIS This facility is an environmentally friendly energy plant that is integrated with a municipal sewage pumping station. Similar to a geothermal application, heat pumps within the facility are used to transfer heat from a low-grade source (untreated wastewater) to higher source grade (water). After heat has been recovered, the sewage is treated in the wastewater treatment plant. It incorporates energy efficient design principles in its neighbourhood plan, providing the community of False Creek with sustainable energy. The stack pipes serve the highly efficient, low-emisive gas boilers that are used to meet energy demands (SABMagazine, 2011).

FIGURE 53 RIGHT: Night view, False Creek Energy Centre.

(http://www.franclarchitecture.com/work/false-creek-neighbourhood-energy-utility-centre, 2009)

48

THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY OVERVIEW

PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Arrange spaces to direct movement, while different spaces allow visitors to linger; • Use the treatment process to lead the visitor to the next stage; • Incorporate energy efficient design principles in order to provide the community with sustainable energy; • Guide pedestrian movement through the strategic placement of building forms; • Regenerate the river, which has been negatively impacted by human development; • Sewage heat recovery supplies 70% of the building’s annual energy demand; • Renewable energy stabilises energy costs for consumers compared to more volatile energy sources; and • Potentially mitigates the noise pollution usually associated with energy plants;

FIGURE 54 LEFT: Analysis of the energy centre.

(Author, 2015)

49

3.3 MAGALIESBURG WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS (MWWTW)

CASE STUDY Consultant: Pro-Plan Civil design: CSVwater Consulting Engineers Client: Mogale City Local Municipality Completion: 2002 Location: Ga-Mohale, Magaliesburg AIM A site visit was conducted on 14 March 2015. This facility is located within a rural township, Ga-Mohale in Magaliesburg, approximately 65km west of Diepsloot.

It accommodates similar programmes and contextual issues as the proposed wastewater treatment plant.

An analysis of this project helps in understanding how a biological treatment process is integrated with a passive, natural treatment system. An in-depth study of spatial requirements, machines, chemicals,

ANALYSIS This wastewater treatment works has a design flow capacity of just over 1 100m3 per day and uses an activated sludge process (ASP). The plant’s processes are designed to mimic natural treatment processes that occur in the environment -a natural body of water.

Bacteria in the dam consumes organic contaminants while native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminants. The numbers of disease-causing micro-

FIGURE 55: Detail of water filtering through ‘Dortmund’ clarifier.

(Author, 2015)

organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

The biological treatment system comprises the following components: • Inlet works consisting of a mechanical screen and de-gritting system;

and biological processes used within the facility is

• Flow measurement chamber;

conducted.

• Biological reactor;

FIGURE 56: Sludge lagoons.

(Author, 2015)

• A Dortmund type clarifier; Sounds have been recorded and smells are mapped in

• Sludge lagoons;

order to establish an aide-memoire, which relates to

• Sludge recycling;

the sensory experience of a visitor. This analysis serves

• Constructed wetlands / reed beds; and

as a theory basis relating to expressive space and the

• Chlorine disinfection.

sensory experience of users.

FIGURE 57: Chlorine disinfection.

50

(Author, 2015)

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC PROCESS FIGURE 58 (Author, 2015)

51

SITE PLAN FIGURE 59 (Author, 2015)

52

SMELL AIDE-MEMOIRE FIGURE 60 (Author, 2015)

53

SOUND AIDE-MEMOIRE FIGURE 61 (Author, 2015)

54

NOISE LEVELS FIGURE 62 (Author, 2015)

PRINCIPLES TO APPLY

Noise and vibration management

Odour control • Include provisions that minimise and control the release of odours; • Minimise turbulence in open-air channels, tanks, and launders;

• Divide components into potential odour zones:

• Locate significant noise emission sources, such

high odour potential, medium odour potential,

as rotating equipment, pumps, and motors in the

and low odour potential.

basement;

• Treat contained air from low and medium odour

• Minimise the amount of septic sludge in tanks;

potential sources in an activated carbon polishing

• Control air circulation with containment barriers

unit;

depending on odour potential; • Discharge foul air to a biowater treatment system; • Contain odour sources with physical covers;

• Discharge treated air into stack pipe system; • Disperse clean air into the atmosphere or recycle into a ventilation system.

• Enclose machinery with acoustic insulators; • Treat louvers for the ventilation system with acoustic insulators to attenuate noise; • Minimise the use of hard, smooth surfaces, such as polished concrete; • Incorporate sound principles (Chapter 2.3.1)

55

3.4 TESHIMA ART MUSEUM

Architect: Ryue Nishizawa Client: Naoshima Fukutake Art Foundation Completion: 2010 Location: Teshima Island, Japan

FIGURE 63: Southern view of the Teshima Art Museum.

(Author, 2015)

56

AIM The boundaries between nature and architecture are

concept for the isolated art museum is a “...coolly

a monochromatic material.

The use of exposed,

blurred in this project. Analysis of this project has aided

autonomous and object-like, with the rounded shape

smooth concrete, a mixture of white cement and

an understanding of how Ryue Nishizawa engages

of a water droplet poised lightly on a sheet of glass”

a lime additive, suggests an industrial facility amid

users through a phenomenological approach towards

(Buntrock, 2011).

its natural context. It hosts an exhibition space that differs from the conventional typology, with masses

architecture.

The architectural spaces created by the extensive

of objects and works of art. There is no obvious point

concrete form, act in harmony with the natural

of entry. Visitors are led through this architectural

ANALYSIS

environment. Two large apertures create interplay

manifestation to contemplate an experience with

This facility is located in a historic brownfields site, an

of light, reflection, and shade on the structure’s

nature, made of light, water, and air. A promenade

area that had previously been misused as an illegal

smooth concrete surface. These openings create

leads visitors through a series of programmes before

toxic waste dump. The basis for this project is a desire

a fusion of the environment and architecture by

continuing into the surrounding natural landscape.

to develop the area as a cultural attraction and revive

allowing in fresh air, light, and rain. This project

traditional agriculture on the island. Nishizawa’s

explores the perception of form, of details, and of

FIGURE 64 - 66 BELOW: Teshima Art Museum.

(http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2010/12/09/teshima-art-museum.html, 2010)

57

PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use natural elements (light, water) to create an ambiance that changes from hour to hour and season to season; • Use a narrative approach; • Use a self-explorative narrative: arrange a sequence of spaces that lead or direct visitors while other spaces allow visitors to move around freely; • Use natural light to dissect deep and dark spaces in the building; • Employ a tension between materials to create contrast between light and dark, dynamic and static, hard and soft; • Explore contemporary values through atmospheric sensuality, and attention to material detail.

• Explore the perception of form and details through the use of monochromatic materials.

FIGURE 67 LEFT: Teshima Art Museum.

(http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2010/12/09/teshima-art-museum.html, 2010)

58

3.5 NAOSHIMA CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUM

Architect: Tadao Ando Client: Naoshima Fukutake Art Foundation Completion: 1995 Location: Naoshima Island, Japan AIM Tadao Ando’s usual restraint in material selection, textures, colours, and simplistic forms blend in with the natural environment. Nature and geometry are united, resulting in a serene and tranquil architecture.

This project is analysed in order to understand how geometry and textures can introduce a contextual and exploitative journey of sensation.

FIGURE 68: Site plan: building form and layout.

(Author, 2015)

59

ANALYSIS The Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum occupies the southern periphery of Naoshima Island, between a hill covered with deep woods and rugged rocks. The museum comprises three main buildings: the museum’s main building, the Annex Hotel and the Minamidera Art House Project. Visitors who access the museum via boat enter a stepped plaza, which functions as the entrance as well as an outdoor performance space.

The museum’s main building consists of three overlapped masses. These rectangular structures are dissected by a circular gathering space that forms part

FIGURE 59: Stepped plaza with space for performances.

FIGURE 61: Conical skylight providing light to the cylindrical space.

FIGURE 60: Water feature and circulation .

FIGURE 62: Framed view within the double volume.

(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Benesse_house13s3s3872.jpg, 1999)

(http://www.arcspace.com/naoshima_contemporary_art_museum_9.jpg, 1999)

of the spatial sequence that leads into the interior.

A rectangular structure, attached at an angle to the gathering space serves as the the Annex Hotel’s guest wing. The internal layout of the interior spaces are a well thought-out path of circulation, which leads visitors to predetermined points, while they are left to explore in other regions of the museum. The hotel rooms form an elliptical building, which is positioned around an inner courtyard and water plaza. The presence of water is demonstrated and amplified by the tactile qualities of moisture and mist. In this project, Ando uses water as a unifying element that draws the senses (sound, sight, touch, taste, and smell) together to create an enticing journey throughout the building.

(Author, 1999)

60

(http://www.arcspace.com/naoshima_contemporary_art_museum_19.jpg, 1999)

PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use the tactile qualities of water to promote a rich sensory experience, and encourage visitors to engage with architecture; • Use water as a navigation tool to guide visitors to certain elements or spaces; • Use elementary nature (light and air) to give indications of the passing of time and the changing of seasons; • Use direct and indirect natural light to change the character of a space- dimly lit space as a transitional area or dark spaces for users to rest or linger; • Position openings to direct light onto water so that it reflects, diffracts, or illuminates the water surface and the interior space; • Incorporate dynamic and static water: a wave can produce a dynamic sun pattern on the walls or ceiling of a space; • Create an interplay of light and dark to reveal forms or textures and enrich a space; • Create memorable experiences by engaging the user’s senses through spaces.

FIGURE 63 LEFT: Oval pool of stil water reflecting the sky. (http://openbuildings.com, 2015)

61

FIGURE 64 OVERLEAF: Exploration of boundary conditions in Diepsloot. (by author, 2015)

62

CHAPTER

04

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF CONTEXT 4.1 Introduction 4.6 Micro Scale

4.2 Regional Analysis 4.7 Site selection 4.3 Macro Scale 4.8 Habitat Study 4.4 Meso Scale 4.9 Giant Bullfrog conservation 4.5 Diepsloot: Ready for development

4.10 Climate and geography

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF CONTEXT 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explores the boundaries that depict the tension between human habitation, and natural environments. The context relating to the site of the design proposal is analysed in order to motivate introductory thoughts on the development of architectural form. The identified opportunities and constraints gave rise to initial concepts concerning ecological restoration.

FIGURE 65: Map of South African provinces with Gauteng as indicated. (Author, 2015)

64

FIGURE 66: Map of Gauteng with municipal intersections as indicated. (Author, 2015)

FIGURE 67: The study area of Diepsloot.

(Author, 2015)

4.2 REGIONAL ANALYSIS Diepsloot is a densely populated settlement, located in the north of Johannesburg, South Africa (Figure 65 67). This township lies on the periphery of an urban fringe, where Tshwane and Johannesburg, two large metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng, intersect. To compound the congestion in Alexandra, the Gauteng government relocated approximately 5000 families to Diepsloot, in 2001. This move, which is part of the Alexandra Renewal Project, was intended to “decongest and address the need to create a healthy and clean living environment� (Joburg, 2014). Diepsloot is currently home to 138 329 people. Many of these residents lack access to basic services such as potable water, ablution facilities, and safe, accessible public spaces where they can socialise. The predominant access roads- the N14 and the R511 -are the most significant organisational elements in the district (Figure 67). The R511 further dissects the township

DIEPSLOOT Population of 138, 329 (Statssa, 2015)

into two major areas: the already established Diepsloot West extensions, and the Diepsloot East extension, which is part of the Johannesburg Rural Residential Development Framework for 2020.

FIGURE 68 TOP RIGHT: Population densities by province with Gauteng as most dense urban development.

(Author, information from Statssa, 2015)

FIGURE 69 BOTTOM RIGHT: Population densities by municipality with Tshwane as most dense metropolitan area.

(Author, information from Statssa, 2015)

65

4.2.1 STATISTICS FIGURE 70 (Author, after GCRO, 2015)

DIEPSLOOT

66

67

4.3 MACRO SCALE The

Johannesburg-

and

Tshwane

metropolitan

areas are positioned on a strategic junction, called the gateway to Africa. The Tshwane- JohannesburgEkurhuleni conurbation is growing into one of the major urban regions in the world, and forms the economic powerhouse of South Africa. Baker (2010) states that this economic powerhouse is merging, to form a single, polycentric urban region that comprises a population of 14,6 million people.

Diepsloot is currently situated in an urban fringe (Figure 72), where two of South Africa’s largest metropolitan areas intersect. The boundaries within this rural setting depict the tension between human habitation and natural environments.

FIGURE 71 TOP: Classification and transition of urban areas.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 72 RIGHT: Tshwane - Johannesburg Interrelationship.

(Author, after Tshwane Spatial Development Framework, 2015)

68

4.4 MESO SCALE The following (Figure 87) illustrates the boundaries between the natural- and built environments of Diepsloot, as well as the main movement routes that feed these areas.

FIGURE 73 TOP: Boundaries within the study area.

(Author, 2015)

69

ACCESS Diepsloot’s regional road network establishes it as the City of Johannesburg’s northern reception area.

It is bordered by the R511 (William Nicol Drive) to the east, and the N14 to the north-west. The R511 is a major provincial arterial that connects Sandton to Hartbeespoort in the North West Province. The N14 connects Pretoria to Krugersdorp. The proposed K53 road will foster a large proportion of the economic activity (both formal and informal) and public and nonmotorised transport in the area.

BUILT ENVIRONMENT Diepsloot is bordered by two municipalities (the City of Tshwane and the City of Johannesburg), where development to the north cannot proceed.

Development to the south and west are limited due to major highways. Tanganani Ext. 14 is a proposed residential development to the east (UDF, 2013).

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Development pressures in Diepsloot challenge nature’s functionality. These developments affect hydrological features, which contribute to flood vulnerability and the degradation of ecological systems (Van Huyssteen, Oranje, Robinson & Makoni, 2009).

FIGURE 74 RIGHT: Informal houses located within the 1:50 year floodline. (Author, 2015; information via Van Huyssteen et al., 2009)

70

FIGURE 75 RIGHT: Mapping of existing conditions in Diepsloot.

(Author, 2015)

71

towards a boundless transition FIGURE 76: William Nicol Drive, looking north. (by author, 2015)

72

73

4.5 DIEPSLOOT: READY FOR DEVELOPMENT

“When the people of Diepsloot were first put on the side of the road running north, it was on the far edge of the city, fairly secluded. But the geography of the city has shifted, as the urban conurbation of Joburg, Pretoria and Midrand converge close to where Diepsloot is. That region has become a hive of investment and development.�

Anton Harber, Diepsloot, 2011

74

4.5.1 HISTORY Diepsloot was originally established in 1994 as a temporary informal settlement for residents that were evicted from overcrowded settlements in Honeydew, Sevenfontein and Alexandra. The first informal settlers where approximately 200 families who were evicted from Sevenfontein and moved to Diepsloot Ext. 1.

These people, and the evictees that followed shortly after were integrated with farm workers who lived in the Tanganani Extension. People were given a stand on which they could construct their own shacks (Brown University, 2014). By 1996, the area was still a privately owned farm and most of the settlements were temporary shacks, constructed of corrugated iron sheets. The transition to formal structures started with the construction of RDP houses in 1999, when the then Rand Provincial Government established the transitional metropolitan council. Areas in need of development and basic services, particularly in relation to water, electricity, and housing were identified to become a new sub-structure in Northern Randburg.

Diepsloot is one of the newest towns in Johannesburg, and has expanded to a total of 13 extensions over the last 20 years, covering approximately 5km2 (Figure 78).

FIGURE 77 LEFT: Diepsloot residents queueing for water.

(Felix Dlangamandla, 2014)

FIGURE 78 TOP RIGHT: Diepsloot West with the proposed Ext. 14 development as indicated.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 79 BOTTOM RIGHT: Diepsloot shacks made of corrugated iron sheets.

(Author, 2015)

75

4.5.2 CURRENT CONDITION According to the Diepsloot East Residential Development

developed

shacks,

the settlement. The more formal areas (Extensions

Framework (2013), there are an estimated 24 737

constructed from corrugated iron sheets that are

2, and 4 to 11) have RDP houses and bank-financed

shacks, and 8 000 RDP houses alongside more than

serviced through communal ablution facilities and

houses (in Tanganani), which have access to basic

5 000 formal housing units. The most informal parts

water points, and dirt roads. Burst sewer pipes are

services and refuse removal once a week.

of Diepsloot (Extensions 1, 12 and 13) are densely

common, which add to the deplorable conditions of

FIGURE 80 TOP: Temporary shelter, hair salon in Diepsloot West. .

(Author, 2015)

76

with

informally

constructed

FIGURE 81: Shack made of corrugated iron sheets.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 82: RDP house made of brick walls and iron roof sheeting.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 83: Bond house made of brick walls and tiled roofing.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 84: Typical housing layout in Diepsloot’s reception area.

(Author, after Goethe-Institute, 2015)

77

HUMAN DISTURBANCE Diepsloot has a seasonal drainage line, with a highly disturbed watercourse that cuts through the settlement. It has a trellised drainage pattern whereby numerous seasonal streams feed into the main watercourse. The watercourse, with its surrounding wetland, forms a tributary of the Jukskei River and the open space structure running through the township. The watercourse is highly disturbed by human habitation. Tarred roads, river crossings that cut across the wetland, footpaths, and illegal dumping in the river channels cause the river to dam up and increases flood vulnerability. During winter months, seasonal streams become dry ground and residents raise shacks along these areas. During summer months these streams flood and the newly built households become vulnerable to flooding. Buildings close to these streams are also influenced by the waste that washes into dwellings due to illegal dumping in the river channels. Diepsloot is underlined by the Halfway Granite Dome. Tonnelat (2006) states that this geology is characterised by open structures and a relatively flat terrain. The soil is shallow, coarse, and nutrient-poor.

When it rains, the soil drains quickly and saturates, producing high volumes of runoff.

FIGURE 85 RIGHT: Image depicting the river catchment areas and human disturbances along the watercourse.

(Author, 2015)

78

4.5.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT: TANGANANI EXTENSION 14 In 2010, the City of Johannesburg approved an urban development framework for Diepsloot to establish it as a human settlement that is spatially integrated with the City of Johannesburg, with access to basic services and opportunities. The proposed extension was registered with the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) in 2013, under the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998).

The intended development includes the following opportunities (Martin, 2013): • 7 939 mixed-use housing schemes; • A commercial area on the northern extensions with smaller shops located throughout the development, which forms part of the social nodes; • Small parks, created by the layout of housing units; • The natural wetland system, which will form part of Diepsloot’s ‘natural’ park systems; • A Giant African Bullfrog habitat area, which will be a combination of a conservation area, active park, and environmental education centre; and • Social facilities (primary schools, secondary schools, a crèche, clinic, place of worship, and community centre), which will be spread out throughout the development to form part of the social nodes.

SITE

FIGURE 86 RIGHT: Final layout of proposed development, by Metroplan Town Planners & Urban Designers.

(Proposed Tanganani Ext. 14, 2013: 11)

79

4.5.4 FINDINGS According

to

the

Johannesburg

Growth

and

Development Strategy 2040 (2014), the proposed extension is ideally suited for the creation of a mixeduse, integrated environment that will form part of a new sub-structure in northern Johannesburg. This new development aims to create major employment, housing, and investment opportunities for the Diepsloot residents. The proposed layout plan (Figure 87), and the Urban Design Framework (UDF, 2013)

by Metroplan and The Urban Design Studio, outline several key aspects that need to be addressed in order to develop this area into a successful environment. For the purpose of this dissertation, the aspects concerning wastewater management and public open spaces are taken into consideration, and addressed in the design proposal.

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT In their assessment of Diepsloot’s current sewer system

infrastructure (the Northern Wastewater

Treatment Works), GLC Consulting (2014) indicate that “the existing system does not have the capacity to accommodate the proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development.” Therefore, this dissertation proposes that a secondary wastewater treatment plant be constructed to provide the additional 15 l/s required to accommodate the development.

80

FIGURE 87: Final Layout Development Plan, Newton Landscape architects.

(Diepsloot East Development Plan 2020, 2013: 37)

PUBLIC OPEN SPACES The wetlands systems have been identified as the main component for the proposal, and is exploited as a natural asset. Public open spaces are divided into three categories (Martin, 2013: 15): 1. Open space systems that are created by the layout and topography of the proposed housing units.

2. The natural wetlands system which forms part of a larger natural park system, and will link with the existing Diepsloot system. This space will serve as a combined conservation area and active park.

3. The Giant African Bullfrog Habitat area, which is proposed as an environmental education node.

The dissertation focuses on the third open space (indicated red on Figure 88) as an area that offers the opportunity to act as a catalyst for the connection process. This is accomplished by incorporating programmes that support a process of generating urban fabric, and blur the boundaries within this setting. This is analysed in the following section.

FIGURE 88 LEFT: Wetland deliniated areas in Diepsloot East. (by author, 2015)

81

4.6 MICRO SCALE According

to

the

Johannesburg

Growth

and

Development Strategy 2040 (2014), the chosen site for the proposed design is zoned for environmental education and bullfrog conservation (UDF, 2013).

The proposed site is situated on Portion 123 of the farm Diepsloot 388JR, and is characterised by open grassland: mainly flat with a gentle slope to the west.

The site is surrounded by farmlands, and Diepsloot Mall located directly to the west, across the R511.

FIGURE 89: Selected site with Giant Bullfrog Habitat as indicated and Diepsloot Mall in the background. (by author, 2015)

82

Diepsloot East

Diepsloot Extension 14

Giant Bullfrog Habitat

4.6.1 CONSIDERATIONS

4.6.2 CONSTRAINTS

4.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES

• Correlation with the Diepsloot Development

• The site is transitional between terrestrial and

• Use sewer treatment effluent as conditioner for

Framework 2020 (2013); • Environmental education node with large open

aquatic systems; • Security considerations of the building typology; • The site is part of a natural wetlands system,

• Reinforce pedestrian routes through the site; • Combination of infrastructural facility and community component, to form hybrid typology;

• Introduce an environmental educational node to create awareness of ecological environments;

• Recognition as a conserved area by local government and residents;

recovery for the community;

which is protected (Act 107 of 1998);

proposed BRT route, and the future road network (K46, K54, PWV9 and PWV5);

• Use a heat exchanger to convert thermal energy into sustainable electricity production and heat

space, which can be utilised as a public park; • Easy access is afforded through N14, R511, the

the wetlands, to enhance bullfrog habitats;

• Potential odour and noise pollution; • Use the building typology as a landmark within

• Link with the Greater Kyalami Conservancy

• Grassland conservation zone (Gm 10);

the landscape;

(GEKCO), the Rhenosterspruit Nature Conservancy, and the Diepsloot Nature Reserve, which includes the Diepsloot wetland system; • Possibility of incorporating a bio-filtration system as part of the proposed sewer treatment plant; • Establishment of a symbiotic relationship with the community, by providing job opportunities.

• Support biological diversity and water storage through hill slope wetlands; • Boundaries to control bullfrog movement within the conserved area; • Seasonal and temporal zones.

• Use ash as a raw material in Portland cement or soil conditioner; • Combine typologies to enhance the learning environment through a sensual journey; • Renovate and maintain the existing wetlands structure.

83

4.7 SITE SELECTION The site is located on William Nicol Drive (R511), on the eastern edge of Diepsloot’s commercial reception area.

William Nicol Drive is a busy provincial arterial that connects Sandton to Hartebeespoort in the North West Province. The chosen site for this dissertation forms part of the Johannesburg Growth and Development Strategy 2040, which aims to establish an information, development, and education node near Diepsloot Mall.

In accordance with the Environmental Management Plan (Yetman, 2007), public facilities are sited on the western periphery, while the wetlands zone allows restricted visitor access. Figure 90 illustrates the analysis that relates to the facility’s ecological context, seasonal changes to the landscape, bullfrog buffer zones, pre-breeding barriers, environmental restraints, the existing artificial dams, movement routes, and accessibility.

The site is bisected by footpaths that are created by pedestrians who cut through the site towards the Diepsloot Mall. A considerable amount of waste has been dumped and some parts have been used as openair toilets. The site is bordered by a prefabricated concrete wall to the north. The eastern side is fenced off, due to several farm holdings on the site’s periphery.

FIGURE 90 RIGHT: Site Analysis: Giant Bullfrog Habitat.

(Author, 2015)

84

Southwestern view of Giant Bullfrog Habitat FIGURE 91 (by author, 2015)

Southeast view of Giant Bullfrog Habitat FIGURE 92 (by author, 2015)

Eastern view of NWTW sewer infrastructure FIGURE 93 (by author, 2015)

85

4.8 HABITAT STUDY

VEGETATION The site lies in the quarter degree grid square 2528CC (Centurion), which is classified as Egoli Granite Grassland. According to Mucina and Rutherford (2011), this type of grassland falls within a region that is strongly seasonal, with summer rainfall and very dry winters. This vegetation unit is endangered, with only 3% conserved in statutory reserves.

86

FIGURE 94: Burnt Hyparrhenia hirta (thatching grass).

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 95: Eroded drainage line vegetation.

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 96: Sesuvium portulacastrum (perennial herb).

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 97: Brachiaria serrata (perennial grass). (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 98: Typha capensis (perennial marsh herb). (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 99: Hyparrhenia hirta (thatching grass). (by author, 2015)

87

88

FIGURE 100: Schoenoplectus brachyceras (perennial reed).

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 101: Phragmites (common reed).

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 102: Verbena bonariensis (purpletop).

(by author, 2015)

FIGURE 103: Aloe greatheadii var davyana (spotted aloe). (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 104: Aloe littoralis (bergaalwyn). (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 105: Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum). (by author, 2015)

89

A N I M A L S The occurrences of animals in this area are closely dependant on the type of habitat, in particular wetlandassociated vegetation. Due to regular burning activities within the area, smaller mammals are deprived of both food and shelter. The amount of mammals in the area are low, and include species with wide habitat tolerances, due to the homogeneous nature of the site.

The site has a low diversity of birdlife, which could be caused by the high level of disturbance (Rautenbach, 1978 & 1982).

90

FIGURE 106: Mus minutoides (pygmy mouse).

FIGURE 107: Lepus saxatilis (scrub hare)

(photo by Klaus Rudloff, http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/185958.jpg, 2014)

(photo by Holly Cheese, http://thewayiseeitdotco.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/che4915.jpg, 2013)

FIGURE 108: Cynictis penicillata (yellow mongoose).

(photo by Frank Vassen, https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4006/4543436815_e9195dbf35.jpg, 2014)

FIGURE 109: Coturnix coturnix (common quail).

(photo by Bhargava Srivari, http://birdsguide.blogspot.com/2012/12/quail.html, 2012)

FIGURE 110: Riparia cincta (banded martin).

(photo by Lee Ouzman, http://www.astrocape.org.za/ktrip09/Martin_Banded30767pa.jpg, 2014)

FIGURE 111: Chaetops frenatus (cape rockjumper). (photo by Bryn de Kocks, 2014)

91

92

FIGURE 112 & 113: Phrynobatrachus (tremolo sand frog).

(photos by Gary, http://www.sareptiles.co.za/gallery, 2014)

FIGURE 114: Pyxicephalus adspersus (giant bullfrog).

(photo by Malcolm Schuyl, http://www.travelandleisure.com/images/amexpub/0008/9753/200909-w-dangerous-bullfrog.jpg, 2014)

FIGURE 115: Pachydactylus (transvaal thick-toed gecko).

(photo by Fras Mouton, http://academic.sun.ac.za/capeherp/cederberg/.htm, 2012)

FIGURE 116: Elapsoidea sundevallii (highveld garter snake). (photo by Herp Photograhpy, https://www.flickr.com/groups/herp_photography, 2010)

FIGURE 117: Aparallactus capensis (cape centipede-eater). (photo by Holocene, http://holocene-views.blogspot.com/, 2014)

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4.9 GIANT BULLFROG CONSERVATION

The following analysis is based on a number of

Bankenveld grassland, three small (albeit man-made)

extensive site visits, as well as the Environmental

wetland dams, the bullfrog population, a diverse range

Management Plan (Yetman, 2007) for the proposed

of fauna and flora, and it is in close proximity of “African

site, which was commissioned by Newton Landscape

Reptiles and Venom” and “Footloose Trout Farm” on

Architects, and conducted by Caroline Yetman. Her

Ridge road. These factors form basis for proposing

report is acknowledged with appreciation.

environmental education, recreation, eco-tourism, and resource extraction at the site. This proposal is

The site comprises disturbed open grassland with

reinforced by the Urban Design Framework (UDF,

extensive hill-slope seepage, and eroded watercourses.

2013), which states that such a venture would benefit

It is extremely degraded and needs to be rehabilitated.

the Diepsloot community (in terms of economic and

In her report, Yetman (2007) states that the area

social upliftment), and even the greater Midrand area.

FIGURE 118: Giant Bullfrog breeding.

(Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)

“should be restored to a natural state with particular emphasis on retaining perched aquifers, hill-slope

The Giant African Bullfrog (Pyxicephlalus adspersus)

seepage and wetland functionality.” However, a large

is the largest amphibian in southern Africa, and is

open area that is devoid of human benefit is likely

classified as “near threatened” in the Atlas and Red

to be abused and polluted. The Diepsloot bullfrog

Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa (Yetman, 2007),

population depends on the eastern periphery of

and is thus protected by law. These books cite that

the site for breeding, foraging and burrowing. This

numbers in Gauteng have declined by 80%, due to

dissertation therefore proposes that the wetlands to

habitat loss, road kills, sickness, and illegal collection.

the east be retained as an open space with restricted

Identification: Giant African Bullfrogs have a body-

access, while public conveniences will be sited on the

length of up to 220mm. Their backs are olive green,

western periphery. Figure 124 (far right) illustrates

with a creamy yellow and orange underside. Juveniles

permanent and temporary fencing positions (2007 to

are grey-green with bright green stripes, and Tadpoles

2011) that have led to the migration of bullfrogs to the

are black, and grow up to 80mm.

delineation area from. The delineated area includes

FIGURE 119: Tadpole.

(Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)

FIGURE 120: Juvenile.

(Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)

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FIGURE 124 (by author, 2015)

FIGURE 121: Giant Bullfrog.

(Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)

FIGURE 122: Giant Bullfrog enclosed in keratin “skin” cocoon.

(Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)

FIGURE 123: Foraging area.

(Author, 2015)

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4.10 CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHY Diepsloot is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa, in a geographical transitional area between the Highveld and the Bushveld, at an elevation of 1450m. A highland climate offers a sunny climate that is characterised by hot days, afternoon showers, and cool evenings in the summer. Winter months are characterised by dry sunny days, and cold nights. The following is a summary of Diepsloot’s climatic and

DAY LIGHTING

HUMIDITY

[March to May] During winter months, the sun rises at approximately 6:30 a.m. SAST and sets at 6:30 p.m. SAST

Summer minimum: Summer maximum: Winter minimum: Winter maximum:

[June to August] During the equinox, the sun rises at approximately 6:20 a.m. SAST and sets at 5:00 p.m. SAST

WIND

[January and December] During summer months, the sun rises at approximately 5:24 a.m. SAST, and sets at 6:20 p.m. SAST.

geographic conditions (Climatemps, 2014; SAexplorer, 2014).

TOPOGRAPHY The site has a gentle slope from north to south, with 5m intervals as indicated below (Figure 125)

TEMPERATURE AVERAGES Summer minimum: Summer maximum: Winter minimum: Winter maximum:

The average monthly relative humidity ranges between 47% in August, and can reach up to 71% in February.

48% (midday) 75% (morning) 29% (midday) 57% (morning)

The prevailing wind is calm and generally blows in a NNW direction due to the areas geography (Figure 126) (Author after Climatemps, 2014).

18°C (October) 27.8°C (January) 1.2°C (July) 16°C (May)

RAINFALL

Diepsloot receives an average of 552mm of rain per year. The majority of rain falls during the summer months.

Lowest rainfall:

0mm (June)

Highest rainfall:

105mm (January)

CLOUD COVER

Cloud cover ranges between 50% in summer, and 10% in winter, with a yearly average of 30%.

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SUN ANGLES Winter solstice: Summer solstice: Equinox:

40° 88° 65°

FIGURE 127: Children washing hands before lunch. (by author, 2014)

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FIGURE 128 OVERLEAF: Existing markets along William Nicol Drive. (by author, 2015)

98

CHAPTER

05

BRIEF, PROGRAMME and ACCOMMODATION 5.1 Introduction 5.5 Transprogramming

5.2 Brief 5.6 Design criteria 5.3 Response to context

5.7 Programme

5.4 Client and funding

5.8 Accommodation Schedule

BRIEF, PROGRAMME 5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the design criteria that address the project aim of acting as a gradient between natural and built environments. The preceding chapters of this dissertation serve as basis and rationale, which provides further insight into ideas and principles that guide the design towards a successful resolution.

This chapter states the specific brief, programme, and accommodation schedule for the design of a biophilic wastewater treatment facility (BWWTF) with an integrated hydrological education and research division.

FIGURE 129 TOP: Concept sketch exploring contextual response.

(Author, 2015)

100

AND

ACCOMMODATION

5.2 BRIEF The architectural response relates to the design of

CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

interactions.

a BWWTF that provides sewer infrastructure to the

The spaces in and around the facility become an

understanding of hydrological factors that define

local community, as well as a hydrological research

extension of the experiences within the building. It

community structure, and ultimately, ecosystem-level

division, which will inform and educate the users

operates as a controlled medium to accommodate

processes in natural wastewater treatment systems.

about hydrological systems. The design resolution

unprogrammed activities and functions that are most

accomplishes

multi-sensory

expected to arise. These spaces are occupied by

INTERPRETIVE NATURE

exploration of space: a series of spaces with linking

the general public, staff members, and commuters

Nature deficit disorder is on the rise in children who

walkways and paths that address the thesis aim of

crossing through the site. These spaces also function as

live in highly urbanised communities. This disorder is

enhancing architectural experiences. The layout and

the place where strangers meet- a space where social

caused by a lack of exposure to natural environments

criteria needed for the BWWTF is determined through

interactions are encouraged. The wetland system is a

during childhood, which develops into a limited respect

precedent studies, analysis of theoretical aspects, and

secondary function of the BWWTF, which is essential

for their immediate natural surroundings (Tonnelat,

correspondence with the Department of Water and

to the social and economic development of the site.

2006). The proposed BWWTF reintroduces the natural

Environmental Affairs. The brief and accommodation

The facility has controlled, restricted, or guided public

wetland system into the community by incorporating

list is unique in that there are no similar projects in South

access, while the wetlands park is open throughout the

bioswales and lush vegetation to capture and treat

Africa. The design optimistically aims to provide the

day, with spaces left partly unprogrammed.

wastewater, while nurturing a regenerative ecology.

this

through

the

This

information

will

provide

an

This ecology could support an urban wildlife habitat

necessary programmes for a self-sustaining education and information node in Diepsloot, which contributes

INFORMATION AND AWARENESS

for insects, amphibians, and birds. The integration of

to the area’s economic and social growth. The facility is

This is the section of the facility that hosts the

natural design processes within the proposal serve

introduced as a social node along William Nicol Drive,

hydrological

with

as an educational precedent for the community. By

which provides safe, multi-functional, sustainable,

educational amenities. The research facility will test

providing an environmental education node, visitors

and exciting spaces for the community. In addition to

hypotheses on the effects of hydrology on wetlands

are introduced to unfamiliar knowledge pertaining

wastewater treatment, the building’s placement as a

functions. The large scale of the wetlands system

to hydrological systems, possibly expanding their

social node aims to achieve the following outcomes:

allows for the opportunity to test community-level

perception of the natural environment.

research

programme

along

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CLASSIFICATION OF THE USER Infrastructural management staff Maintenance staff provide a diverse field of expertise with regards to the broad spectrum of requirements of wastewater treatment and thermal energy conversion.

Core staff members, such as administration staff, are provided with permanent office and support facilities.

Hydrological research Researchers work in the facility on a full-time basis, while external specialists are employed on a hotdesking basis, and are offered temporary office space.

Visitors The proposed facility aims to host a variety of different user groups by providing education and recreation amenities.

Education Educators and learners from local schools have the opportunity to use the allocated educational amenities on a pre-determined schedule.

Security The facility incorporates a centralised circulation route, which monitors internal movement. Well-trained security staff ensure a safe public realm.

102

FIGURE 130 ABOVE: Typical day schedule of the proposed facility.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 131 RIGHT: Scholars aged 8-10 years old, Diepsloot.

(Author, 2015)

103

5.3 RESPONSE TO CONTEXT The proposed facility is set on the boundary

keep up with advanced technologies, modernity,

between the rural-urban fringe, and the natural

and social integration, the facility intends to

landscape. Due to this transitional boundary

acknowledge Diepsloot’s future growth potential.

condition, the building needs to acknowledge its borderline location and combine its contrasting contexts to form an integral whole. In its efforts to

104

FIGURE 132 BELOW: The progressive boundary condition in Diepsloot: driving northbound on William Nicol Drive.

(Author, 2015)

5.3.1 MASSING STRATEGY

5.4 CLIENT AND FUNDING

FIGURE 133 (Author, 2015)

The proposed biophilic wastewater treatment facility would be funded by the Johannesburg Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, which aims to support and promote municipalities in complying with drinking water and effluent discharge standards.

The National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa has developed the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) as an institutionalised network

of

departments,

universities,

science

institutions, and industrial partners that aim to promote ecological sustainability. Through funding, SAEON will enable the facility to initiate research in the fields of hydrological sustainability, as a division of the Energy Research Programme (ERP), which aims to promote hydrological research through human capacity development and the provision of adequate facilities. This division will enable interested parties to share research and experiences to further promote the field of hydrology.

105

5.5 TRANSPROGRAMMING

Transprogramming was termed by Bernard Tschumi,

provide environments with the intimacy of private

rather than in style and theory alone. The BWWTF

to describe the intentional combination of building

space, and the sociability of public space, while constant

reflects the implementation of transprogramming

programmes, particularly those that seem inextricably

activity is produced to make the building work full-

by exploring different modes of experiencing and

incompatible or contradictory. In this proposal, the

time. This ensures a continuous functional use of the

perceiving space, and educating the building’s users

term is applied to the relationship involving the

building and its integration in the diverse characteristics

in new ways. An innovative formulation of event-

function and the actual use of the spatial relationship

of the environment. Transprogramming promotes the

space is initiated by applying the technique of

and building typology. This takes the form of an overlay

exchange of user experiences, coexistence, and the

transprogramming, . The diagram below (Figure 134)

of secondary use (education and information) on the

ease of integration of functions in the local community.

illustrates the components of the proposed facility:

primary function of the building type (wastewater

It implies vigour and genealogy, illustrating a way

treatment). By mixing known functions and models,

of solving both economic and design problems, so

new genetic alliances are created. These alliances

that solutions are embedded in function and history,

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FIGURE 134 BELOW: Illustration of the BWWTF’s components.

(Author, 2015)

5.6 DESIGN CRITERIA Primary principles and facility components were expressed and interpreted into architecture by incorporating the following design criteria (Table 01: by author, 2015):

No. Design criteria 1 2 3 4 5

Wastewater treatment components that maximizes co-management of liquid and solid waste streams.

Smallest possible facility footprint to maximise public, open space.

Design research laboratories that are integrated with the open wetlands park.

Design public viewing areas of wastewater treatment process and research operations.

Design a facility that changes the public’s views on hydrological conservation.

Criteria in conflict

Configuration

Requires off-site digestion and composting.

Provide basement-level sludge and grit collection area.

Provide adequate pick-up space for vehicles.

Typological unity and sensual variety. Integration of different building components.

Security and accessibility concerns.

Public accessibility could hinder daily operations and services of the facility.

The site is located in a protected wetland system which should have controlled access to avoid disturbances.

Link between architecture and the natural landscape.

Repeat materials and use similar geometric shapes and scales to relate building components.

Control access at predetermined entrances and define edges between public and private spaces.

Create public circulation routes on different levels with views into process areas.

Design walkways and movement routes that expose visitors to chemical and natural processes.

Use various plants and textures along pedestrian movement routes. Explore sights, sounds and smells.

6

Sensory landscape.

7

West facing facade is unavoidable.

8

Cross ventilation is imperative.

9

Passive heating and cooling system.

Direct sunlight penetration causes glare, heat gain, and heat radiation issues.

Design within 12m width and face building perpendicular to summer winds to maximise wind-induced ventilation.

Spatial and functional requirements.

10

Integrate natural wetlands system and building.

Animals could enter building.

11

Rainwater harvesting.

Catchment areas could flood or dry up depending on seasonal changes.

Internal ventilation: each space should have two separate supply and exhaust openings.

Low-water fixtures and on-site heat recovery system.

Use revolving or automatic sliding door when entering the facility.

Integrate rainwater harvesting and natural wetland system. Use a separate inlet and outlet control structure.

12

Circulation: general staff members and researchers, visitors, and commuters crossing through the site.

Mixing circulation groups could cause issues with public and private accessibility.

Design separate circulation routes and entrances. Staff and researchers enter from the basement level.

13

Handicapped accessibility.

Handicapped visitors should be able to navigate through the facility.

14

Pedestrian link with Diepsloot Mall.

Pedestrians have to cross a busy provincial arterial road.

Use ‘2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design’ guide to ensure handicapped accessibility.

Incorporate median barrier to reduce traffic speed and implement a safe pedestrian crossing.

Use screens for solar protection. Position services and spaces that are not used constantly to face west.

107

5.7 PROGRAMME There are various functional and spatial requirements that contribute to the successful design of the BWWTF. The following section discusses the major components of the proposed facility, and their requirements, all of which are essential in order for the facility to function.

FIGURE 135: Conceptual zoning diagram.

(Author, 2015)

108

5.7.1 FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS The main priority of the proposed BWWTF is to

in Tanganani Ext. 14. This treatment process involves

at the NWTWto the west of Diepsloot. The following

produce tertiary quality effluent without causing

four stages, including preliminary, primary, secondary,

diagram illustrates the liquid and solids management

harm to the community, and preventing pollution. The

and tertiary treatment. The solids train (sludge and grit

process of the proposed facility.

facility will be responsible for treating the liquid waste

streams) will be trucked to the existing digestion and

stream produced by the new residential development

composting site via vacuum trucks, which is located

FIGURE 136 BELOW: Solids management process.

(Author, 2015)

109

INFLUENT PUMPING

PRIMARY TREATMENT

According to Martin (2013), domestic wastewater from

area prior to being trucked to the off-site digestion and

After adequate flocculation, wastewater flows into the

8 000 residential housing units will be conveyed to the

composting site. After the screening and grit removal

Co-DAF tank where it is gently aerated with pressurised

BWWTF via trunk sewers. This wastewater is referred

process, wastewater enters a flocculation tank, which

air to remove FOG that coalesces and floats to the

to as influent, and will flow into the influent pump

is sized to provide six minutes of flocculation time, at a

surface of the tank. The suspended solids settle over

station of the facility at a rate of 15l/s, which amounts

flow rate that is equal to that of the BWWTF’s influent

by gravity and are removed at the bottom of the

flow rate (1

000m3/d).

The purpose of flocculation

tanks. These solids form a sludge that is de-watered

directly to the preliminary treatment process. The

is to accelerate the pace at which particles collide,

to 25% solids using a de-watering centrifuge, prior to

facility is designed to allow wastewater to flow through

causing the build-up of particles into filterable sizes.

being trucked to the NWTW digestion and composting

to 1

000m3

per day. These pumps transfer influent

the entire treatment train, and outfall into the wetland

site. Wastewater with solids removed is referred to

system by gravity, without additional pumping, saving

as primary effluent and flows in a channel to the

a significant amount of energy.

downstream secondary treatment process.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

SECONDARY TREATMENT

Wastewater enters the headworks where preliminary

The role of secondary treatment is to remove organic

treatment takes place. The first stage of preliminary

matter that passes through the Co-DAF process. The

treatment is 25mm coarse screening, and 6mm fine

aeration process mixes incoming wastewater with

screening (Figure 137). Grit removal is inherent in the

oxygen and good bacteria in a biological process that

co-dissolved air flotation (Co-DAF) process because

dissolves and absorbs the remaining organic matter.

these screens remove debris, such as plastics, grit, fat, oils and grease (FOG), which could cause damage

This process makes use of a carbonaceous biological

to downstream equipment such as high speed rotary

aerated filtration (cBAF) process, which uses an

pumps.

activated sludge (AS) biological model, with a solids retention time (SRT) of three days. After the water

FOG and grit are a concentrated source of organic

has been clarified and the bacteria has settled out,

material with a high energy potential. Once it has been

the water is recycled back to the aeration basin. The

de-watered, these solids are conveyed to a conditioning

FIGURE 137 TOP: Section, wastewater screening principles.

(Author, 2015)

110

requirement for disinfection is seasonal, and when required, ultraviolet disinfection is used.

MONITORING AND TESTING

TERTIARY TREATMENT The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final

bacteria to grow and degrade odorous components.

A sophisticated console monitors key functions and

treatment stage, which raises the effluent quality

Treated air from both treatment systems is discharged

readings 24 hours per day, throughout the week, while

before it is discharged to the receiving environment.

into a stack to disperse clean air into the atmosphere.

the proposed research laboratory tests the water at predetermined points throughout the process

This final process is also referred to as effluent polishing, and removes any small solids remaining in the effluent.

NOISE MANAGEMENT

to ensure quality control, and to meet and exceed

A free water surface wetland (FWSW) system is

Significant noise emission sources such as rotating

municipal discharge standards. Each water basin has

incorporated because it results in a sustainable system

equipment, pumps, and motors are located in the

a separate inlet and outlet water control structure.

with low operating requirements, and minimum

basement, within enclosures that are acoustically

This should ensure that each basin can be flooded and

biosolids production. The FWSW system provides

insulated. All louvers for the ventilation system are

drained independently from the others, depending on

tertiary effluent treatment and polishing, combined

treated similarly to attenuate noise emissions.

flow demand and seasonal changes.

with enhanced wildlife habitat and public recreational opportunities.

POWER RELIABILITY The proposed facility requires a reliable source of

ODOUR CONTROL

electricity to ensure that safety systems and critical

The design includes provisions for minimising the

treatment processes are in operation at all times,

release of odours from the facility. This includes

in order to meet effluent discharge standards. The

minimising turbulence in open-air channels, tanks,

primary source of electricity is provided from the

and launders. Minimising the amount of septic

Diepsloot West municipal energy grid. In the event of

sludge in tanks will also help prevent the formation

a power failure, there are standby diesel power and

of odours. Air within the containment barriers is

cogeneration. Priority is given to critical, life-saving

discharged to an odour treatment system, and

systems and wastewater treatment. Influent is a

potential sources are contained with physical covers.

significant source of potential kinetic, and heat energy.

Contained air from low and medium odour potential

Similar to geothermal application, heat pumps within

sources are treated directly in an activated carbon

the facility are used to transfer heat from a low-grade

polishing unit. Sources with a high odour potential

source (untreated wastewater), to a higher source

are treated using biowater treatment technology. A

grade (water).

biotower uses plastic media to provide surfaces for

FIGURE 138 TOP: Biological Aerated Filtration, Indonesia.

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerated_pool_for_waste_water_treatment.JPG, 2011)

111

WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES • This scenario has the potential to maximise the co-

CO-DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (Co-DAF)

management of solid waste and liquid streams; • The treatment plant’s footprint is as small as possible to maximise development potential; • Sludge is processed at the NWTW to minimise the amount of components on site; • Biosolids with high value can be sold to multiple markets, financially benefitting the facility; • The facility could enter into partnership with the Diepsloot District Energy System for the production of sustainable energy; • Low intensity mechanical components could be upgraded to higher intensity technologies in the future; • The facility could potentially connect the community with the treatment process and the wetlands system; and • The facility will enhances ecological resources.

FIGURE 139 & 140 RIGHT: Treatment technologies.

(Lions Gate Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant, 2014)

112

BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTRATION (BAF)

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC PROCESS FIGURE 141: (Author, 2015)

113

THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY The proposed thermal energy recovery system utilises

costs, the proposed system is more efficient than

The plant incorporates self-cleaning municipal pumps,

the continuous supply wastewater, closing the loop

similar geo-exchange systems. The inner workings

heat pump, separators, peaking boiler, as well as a

of a fundamental energy > waste > energy. Due to a

of the plant lie below grade, but remain visible to

generator, each with expansion possibilities.

higher heat source temperature and lower installation

visitors through viewports and eye-level windows.

FIGURE 142 BELOW: Thermal energy recovery: components.

(Author, 2015)

Pipeline support structure

Water pump

Pressure control system

Cooling tower

Neighbourhood energy

Closed-loop pipeline

Return stream

Thermoelectric generator

Transformers

Water pump

Warm wastewater

Wastewater stream

Future expansion

Blow-down separators

Future expansion

Carrier fluid: water

Electrical heat pump

High pressure water

Test control system

Gas fired peaking boiler

114

1. TEMPERATURE MEDIUM Wastewater contains thermal energy, which can be recovered as a sustainable energy source. Once wastewater has been run through primary treatment, it is pumped through a heat exchange system. This process provides an economic and efficient solution to sustainable energy. It leads to a reduction in the facility’s primary energy use, and reduces CO2 emissions.

2. HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEM An electrical heat pump transfers thermal energy from the warm wastewater (12⁰C - 25⁰C) to a higher temperature (40⁰C to 70⁰C). Thermal energy is moved in the opposite direction of heat flow by transferring heat from a cold space to a warmer one. The recovered thermal energy is transferred from the wastewater stream to a closed-loop system, which contains a carrier fluid.

3. BLOW-DOWN SEPARATORS In order to prevent limescale build-up, and ensure that the plant operates at a safe, efficient level, water quality has to be maintained. As hot, high-pressure, blow-down water is removed from the boiler drum, it is replaced by fresh makeup water. The blow-down water, which contains valuable thermal energy, is circulated through the separators to recover heat.

115

4. STEAM FLOW-METER A test control system is used to measure the thermal heat output of the blow-down separators. In case of an emergency, build-up pressure can be redirected within the system. Steam flow-meters are used to monitor the results of schemes implemented by the conductor to save energy, and compare its efficiency with previous schemes. The control system consists of control valves, actuators, controllers, and sensors.

5. GAS FIRED PEAKING BOILER The boiler comprises a burner, combustion chamber, heat exchanger, and a control system. It uses controlled combustion of gas to increase the heat of water. Generated heat is transferred to water through a heat exchanger. Hot water is pumped through pipes throughout the facility to provide space heating and service water heating, or it is converted into electricity through a thermoelectric generator.

6. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR The generator converts thermal heat directly into electricity through a process that involves interactions between the flow of heat and electric current through solid materials (thermoelectric effect). The electricity that is generated provides the facility with a sustainable power source, while excess electricity could be supplied to the community.

116

7. ELECTRICAL CONTROL ROOM The operator uses the control room to monitor the amount of energy being used by the boiler, as well as the volume of thermal energy and electricity produced in relation to the facility’s current demand.

Assessments of the system are conducted here, and impact the overall environmental and financial terms of the plant.

8. ELECTRICAL PLENUM Waste steam and build-up pressure is run through a condenser after thermal energy has been recovered.

The resulting steam is dispersed of in a cooling tower, situated on the building roof. Temperatures within the boiler’s combustion chamber could rapidly reach several hundred degrees. The pressure release system regulates the pressure within the chamber in order to prevent equipment failure, fire, or process upset.

9. NEIGHBOURHOOD ENERGY Additional thermal energy could be distributed to the new proposed residential development surrounding the facility. An energy transfer station within the development will distribute space heat and domestic hot water to customers. A network of well-insulated underground pipes will circulate the hot water, which will return to the facility slightly cooler.

117

RESEARCH AND LABORATORY

WETLANDS PARK

The hydrological research and development areas

The proposed wetlands park and bullfrog conservation

natural environment: touching, smelling, hearing, and

consist of laboratories, testing facilities, and observation

area serves as an extension of the visitor’s sensory

seeing the natural environment.

space for visitors, while the surrounding wetlands

experience. This area includes pathways with various

system contains test beds and ponds. Equipment used

landscape elements that explore sensory participation,

SERVICES AND SECURITY

includes a weather station, a water chemistry data

as well as spaces with various tactile, gustatory, and

The exposure of services creates awareness of the

sonde in the stream pools, and water loggers in each

olfactory qualities. The primary landscape is the

process of treating wastewater. Loading and storage

of the water collection basins around the facility.

introduction of a sensoscape viewpoint, which will

areas are located in the basement to minimise

exhibit a variety of fauna and flora. This viewpoint

vehicular movement on ground level. Security within

Careful consideration is given to the transition areas

includes circulation ramps to various levels of the

this facility depends on well-trained security staff,

between public and private zones. Spaces are arranged

facility. The wetlands park allows visitors to explore the

effective communication, and surveillance equipment.

along a gradient of intimacy, with different layers of movement to accommodate the different zones.

INTERACTION AND EXHIBITION The reception building functions as an arrival space, where visitors can orientate themselves and find information. Administration offices are located in this zone, and serves visitors and staff- it initiates the narrative sequence. Users of the facility are divided into three main groups: commuters crossing through the site, visitors, and staff. The movement of users brings about a dynamic component, which complements the existence of the space. A multi-sensory awareness of the facility is created by intertwining movement routes, each with different characteristics. The 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design has guided design decisions to ensure handicapped accessibility.

118

FIGURE 143 TOP: Conceptual participation process.

(Author, 2015)

5.7.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACES FIGURE 144 (Author, 2015)

119

FIGURE 145 TOP: Functional diagram.

(Author, 2015)

120

5.7.3 AD INTERIM PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS Programmatic requirements were tabled in order to get an overview of components that needed to be reconciled and accommodated; Table 02: by author, 2015.

INFORMATION AND AWARENESS STAFF AREAS PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

SECURITY

PRIVATE

FACILITY SERVICES

Reception and waiting area

Instrumentation room

Main office

Office

Rainwater collection

Mixed-use space

Office

CCTV control room

Storage

Water collection & storage

Public ablution facilities

Storage space

Data Vault

Services

Geothermal heating/cooling

Exterior landscaping

Security check point

Recreational space

HVAC for laboratories

Bioswale amphitheatre

Storage

Stakk kitchen

Ducts

Sensoscape viewpoint

Document Store

Staff ablutions

Grey water management Caretaker

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY

SEWAGE PUMP STATION

THERMAL ENERGY PLANT

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

GUESTS

RESEARCHERS

Hydro Entry

Loading bay

Influent pumping

Reception and lobby

Offices [4]

Incoming influent chamber

Gas fired peaking boilers

Screening

Ablutions

Break room

Wastewater screening room

Generator room

Preliminary treatment

Auditorium

Storage space

Wet well

Observation deck

Primary treatment

Recreational space

Dressing room

Electrical room

Air intake channel

Secondary treatment

Exhibition space

Laboratories

Water pump room

Sewage/Refrigerant heat pump

Tertiary treatment

Testing Facilities

Mechanical room

Exhaust stacks

Monitoring and testing

Electric room

Water storage

Peaking boilers

Effluent discharge

Boardroom

121

5.8 ACCOMMODATION SCHEDULE The programs contained within this facility are atypical in that it contains infrastructure which acts as an educational platform for the public.

HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH: (continued)

SITE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT: (continued)

Chemical laboratory & storage

52m2

Catwalk

60m2

Sensoscape and landscaping

1090m2

Water resource engineer office

20m2

Under roof total 611m2

Visitor parking

9 bays

Hydro geologist office

20m2

Landscaping

110.5m2

Drop-off point

231m2

Interfacing office

20m2

Circulation

98m2

Staff ablutions

23m2

Outside total 208.5m2

Dressing area

8m2

Total area 1600m2

GROUND FLOOR SECURITY OFFICE:

Under roof total 813m2 Southern terrace

110m2

Northern terrace

90m2

Outside

total 200m2

CCTV control area

18m2

Data store

10m2

Staff toilet

4.5m2

STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIES:

Office space

60m2

Break room

Under roof total 150m2 HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH:

BASEMENT: Staff parking

14 bays

Goods storage

20m2

Services

10m2

42m2

UPS system

9.5m2

Staff ablutions

22m2

HT substation

9.5m2

Kitchenette

30m2

Generator

9.5m2

Under roof total 200m2

Landscaping 73m2 Under roof total 716m2

Experimental laboratory

60m2

Western terrace

12m2

Plant administration office & storage

44m2

Machine space and electrical plenum

250m2

Division office space & storage

76m2

Outside total 250m2

Staff conference room & storage

40m2

Visitor waiting room

38m2

WASTEWATER TREATMENT:

Safety lobby

8m2

Machine space

Open plan laboratory

96m2

Data interpretation

33m2

122

LOWER GROUND FLOOR

RECEPTION: Reception and waiting area

92.5m2

Goods storage

5.5m2

30m2

Circulation

28.5m2

Pump room

10.5m2

Under roof total 144m2

Viewing deck

30m2

Water feature

20m2

RECEPTION: (continued)

INFORMATION AND AWARENESS: (continued)

Courtyard

120m2

Vestibule

Bridge

28m2

Navigation route

66.5m2

Outside total 234.5m2

20m2

WASTEWATER TREATMENT: (continued) Screening room

126m2

Under roof total 760m2

Wet well

85m2

Landscaping (emerge feature)

160m2

Under roof total 740m2

Observation decks

174m2

Water collection area

100m2

Outside total 344m2

Break area

16m2

AUDITORIUM:

Outside total 141m

Ablutions

60m2

ENERGY RECOVERY:

Sound room

13.5m2

Reception

20m2

Cloak room

8m2

Waiting room & lobby

40m2

Seating area

95m2

Electrical room

41m2

Stage

25m2

Open plan work space

76m2

Vestibule

60m2

Under roof total 445m2

Connecting bridge

8.7m2

Entrance foyer

22m2

Under roof total 480m2

Observation deck

61.5m2

Western terrace

12m2

INFORMATION AND AWARENESS:

BELOW GROUND FLOOR Control station

65m2

Mechanical room

100m2

Pump area

50m2

Boiler room

106m2

Under roof total 410m2

Outside total 95.5m2

Reception and exhibition

82m2

Lobby

25m2

WASTEWATER TREATMENT:

Staff break area

30m2

Odour treatment barrier

14m2

Building management system

12m2

Ultraviolet disinfection

88m2

Data storage

15.5m2

Odour treatment

30m2

Collaboration area

40m2

Sludge discharge

45m2

Learning laboratory

54m2

Storage

5m2

Sample storage

6m2

Refuse collection

10m2

Data interpretation

5.5m2

Biological aerated filtration

52m2

Ablutions

60m2

Co-dissolved air filtration

26m2

Board room and conference room

122m2

Influent chamber

62m2

TOTAL AREA ZONES:

UNDER ROOF

OUTSIDE

SITE

0m2

1 600m2

GROUND

1 774m2

658.5m2

LOWER GROUND

3 285m2

815m2

BELOW GROUND

410m2

0m2

5 469m2

3 073.5m2

TOTAL AREA

8 542.5m2

123

FIGURE 146 OVERLEAF: Concept sketches. (by author, 2015)

124

CHAPTER

06

SITE ISSUES AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Concept 6.2 Site planning 6.3 Concept development 6.4 Conceptual planning 6.5 Development models

DESIGN CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1 CONCEPT

BOUNDLESS TRANSITION The landscape is regarded as a transitional zone, an ongoing process that depicts the tension between human habitation and natural environments. These two environments are considered as isolated entities, but they are integrated as one, through the process of design. This boundary condition allows the exploration of the potential manner in which the relationship between man-made and natural environments manifest as a symbiotic spatial construct, dissolving the abrupt termination at the rural-urban interface.

126

6.1.1 CORE RATIONALE The core rationale of the design explores a shift from a predominantly visual architecture, towards a multimodal, multi-sensory architecture that promotes a rich sensory experience; captivating and embracing the senses. This approach is structured around a design that embodies interactive, informative, and educational architecture, which enhances architectural space and promotes user participation.

FIGURE 147 RIGHT: Parti diagram exploring a boundless transition.

(Author, 2015)

FIGURE 148 BELOW: Concept sketch: transition from built to natural.

(Author, 2015)

127

6.2 SITE PLANNING

A base map is prepared and existing features are plotted from aerial photographs and initial site visits. The following planning issues are singled out for consideration: the siting and relationship of the proposed facility; the natural entities that should be retained; the character and use of the existing wetlands structure; the location of existing and future developments.

Proposed site

1

Diepsloot mall

2

Future church development

3

Footloose trout farm

4

African Reptiles and Venom

5

Diepsloot West ext. 4

6

Diepsloot West ext. 7

7

Tanganani

8

Tanganani ext. 14

9

Future provincial road 10 Information node (environmental protection) 11 Giant Bullfrog conservation 12 Groundwater seepage and retention 13 Man-made dams 14 Future residential development 15 FIGURE 149 RIGHT: Base map.

(Author, 2015)

128

6.2.1 CHARACTER The following sketch (Figure 150) conveys the character of Diepsloot, evoking images of how the proposed building mass and access roads might be fitted to the existing landscape.

FIGURE 150 (Author, 2015)

129

6.2.2 SITE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT

Vehicular access is afforded via William Nicol Drive, which is a busy provincial arterial

High pedestrian movement occurs alongside William Nicol Drive, in a predominant

road (with a speed limit of 60km/h). A secondary access road, which cuts through the

north-south direction. Emanating pedestrian energy is concentrated at the northern

site, is proposed to connect the proposed residential development to the south-east,

entrance of Diepsloot Mall, providing opportunities for edge activators and a link with

with Diepsloot Mall.

the proposed facility.

130

The future housing development in Diepsloot East requires the support of mixed-use

The threshold criteria for the facility’s siting and site design is determined by three

typologies in order to create a sustainable living environment. The proposed facility

main elements: the patterns of circulation, the pattern of activity, and the sensible form

forms part of this transit orientated development proposal (TOD) by Arup (2013). The

that supports all of these elements. The first focuses on movement and its relations to

facility’s placement ensures accessibility to the community it serves, establishing it as

activity nodes. The second centres on existing behaviour settings, like linkage, grain,

part of the district nodal structure.

density, and character. The final element focuses on human experience: what users will see, hear, smell, and feel -a multi-sensory experience that evokes meaning.

131

The site is disturbed by human activities such as fires, snaring, and constant foot traffic.

The predominant vegetation is grassland, with Hyparrhenia Hirta as the dominant

Vegetation has been disturbed in several places by severe spatter and surface erosion

grass species. Although the proposed development has a definite impact on the site’s

as a result of veld fires, followed by heavy rains. Wire fences meant to deter pedestrians

vegetation, major impact on the western periphery is negligible due to its current state

bisecting the site, have been broken through and completely removed in certain areas.

of deterioration. It is proposed that intensive manual labour be used to clear required

A considerable amount of litter has been dumped near the western periphery, which

vegetation. This would provide job opportunities, and form part of an educational

intensifies the site’s deterioration.

programme whereby individuals are trained to remove invader plants.

132

The artificial dams on the southern periphery of the site are an important Giant African

Accessibility and control is an important aspect of the design. In this case, extreme

Bullfrog habitat, which forms part of the conservation area. This area is characterised

accessibility is unwanted due to the conservation status of the site. Given the

by hard, impermeable rock and shallow soil, which results in shallow water surface flow.

homogeneous user group of the facility, the site encourages communication by

Due to the collection of water in the artificial dams, as well as favourable vegetation

incorporating a common entrance and arrival space. From here, movement into the

growth, this area has become an ideal breeding location for the Giant Bullfrog

facility and throughout the site is controlled.

community.

133

The arrival space of the facility constitutes an entrance square. This is a sensoscape

The facility is perceived as a gestalt of buildings and natural landscapes. In this gestalt,

that forms an extension of the landscape and a viewpoint over the site, which exhibits

the buildings are designed and orientated to effectively display the natural landscape.

a variety of fauna and flora. This area includes pathways with various landscaping

Building masses enclose architectonic exterior spaces, offering hindered, directed,

elements that explore sensory participation, evoking emotion and emanating various

or obstructed views. The building mass is integrated in the natural environment. The

tactile, gustatory, and olfactory qualities.

gestalt is an interwoven complex of natural and built environments.

134

The wastewater treatment process is used as an architectural sequence, which

The open space system provided by the facility fulfils a number of functions, including

takes form as a cyclic spatial progression. The progression throughout the facility is

resource conservation, hazard avoidance, and ensuring community education and

interrupted and manipulated according to the elastic properties of the architectural

well-being. The proposed wetlands park is divided into passive and active open spaces.

sequence. Building massing accommodates the spatial progression and establishes a

Passive spaces are used for the conservation of the natural ecology and the Giant African

hierarchy that links entities directly or indirectly, vertically or horizontally.

Bullfrog population. Active spaces involve the recreational, research, educational and functional components of the open space system.

135

6.3 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT A more detailed conceptual programming exposes the overlaps in common uses, which address the design concept of a borderless transition. A linked set of structures are zoned by activity, rather than designing completely separate buildings. The site’s gradual eastwest slope seems to provide a logical transitional axis between built and natural.

136

FOCUS AREA

137

6.3.1 NARRATIVE APPROACH

2 - Movement and views

4 - Exploration

In order to establish a narrative approach, the

Humans prefer a refuge with a prospect (view) towards

Users try to hypothesise what will coome next– they

journey is introduced as a strong movement route

the outside. These views can be obstructed, hindered,

anticipate a variety of possibilities and this fascinates

within the proposed design. It addresses five emotive

or directed to elements, eliciting emotive responses.

them.

1 - Enticement

3 - Thrill

5 - Sensory response

The user’s curiosity is triggered by parcially revealed

Thrill encompasses a combination of fear and pleasure.

It is important to create spaces of participation (of the

features in the distance.

The value of architecture is intensified by giving

senses), not just observation, by evoking the user’s

evidence of what it protects against. A sense of security

reality. Thus, to apprehend reality as fully as possible,

is dramatised by the nearness of discomfort.

it must be experienced it in as many ways as possible.

components.

138

6.3.2 WETLAND POCKET CONCEPT

139

6.3.3 BUILDING PLANNING STRATEGY

The facility is divided into five primary building masses, which are each connected with transitional spaces, working in symbiosis to create a multi-functional infrastructural facility. These components consist of an arrival space with security, research and awareness centre, an auditorium, infrastructural plant, and the wetlands system.

Pedestrians gain access on the ground floor, into a public arrival space that creates a connection to Diepsloot Mall. It is located on a busy, vibrant pedestrian movement route (along William Nicol Drive), allowing space for gathering and meeting. This public square leads into a quieter courtyard space, which generates a gradual transition into the facility.

The auditorium is accessed via the research and awareness centre, or directly from the main circulation route, depending on the type of function. It is situated on the northern side of the facility, physically separated from the research and awareness centre with a bridge, which provides a visual connection to the wetlands system. This space acts as a transition into the quieter auditorium vestibule, and acts as a lobby and exhibition space where information can be displayed.

140

Building masses are orientated in a northern direction, providing optimal natural daylight and creating lines of visibility between the built and natural environments.

The buildings are also sited perpendicular to the summer winds, and constitute a width of between 8m and 12m, to maximise wind-induced ventilation.

In order to design optimal operable floor space, functions are divided into service and served space.

Service spaces are located below grade, on the western side of the served spaces where courtyards will allow comfortable cross ventilation and natural daylight filtration.

Building

functions

are

arranged

vertically

to

accommodate user occupancy, as well as an intimacy gradient. Public spaces are located on an undulating ground plane, while services and controlled staff areas are located below ground and on first floors.

Flexible planning allows for greater attention to the differentiation in user’s sensory experience (sight, smells, and sounds). Dividing major contrasting areas is an essential objective in providing opportunities for collaboration, learning, working, and education.

141

6.4 CONCEPTUAL PLANNING

142

143

144

145

6.5 DEVELOPMENT MODELS

146

147

FIGURE 151 OVERLEAF: Concept sketch, Initiation of the sensual journey. (by author, 2015)

148

CHAPTER

07

DESIGN SYNTHESIS 7.1 Master plan

7.5 Sections

7.2 Floor plans

7.6 Elevations

7.3 Spatial relationship

7.7 Narrative sequence

7.4 Sensory experience

DESIGN SYNTHESIS

150

7.1 MASTER PLAN Once conceptual designs for the proposed facility are done, a site plan is designed to allow further design development of landscaping, parking, access, roads and walkways. The site plan guides further design development of buildings and landscaping. The concept for activities, buildings, zoning, and on-site movement is summarised in the following diagrams.

151

7.1.1 SITE ZONING

Proposed buildings Public park and grassland conservation Giant Bullfrog Habitat Education, awareness and research areas Vehicular entrance/exit

1

Visitor parking

2

Biofiltration swale

3

Buffer planting using native vegetation

4

Pedestrian arrival and security

5

Education

6

Research and awareness

7

Administration and staff areas

8

Wastewater treatment plant

9

Sensoscape square 10 Information and activity nodes 11 Pedestrian entrance and information folly 12 Park maintenance and storage 13 Rip rap at outlet 14 Demonstration wetland 15 Enhanced wetland 16 Giant Bullfrog habitat 17 Giant Bullfrog forging area 18 Hide and wildlife viewing 19 Hyparrhenia hirta grassland 20 Intermediate flow diversion structure 21

152

7.1.2 ON-SITE MOVEMENT

Staff vehicular movement and park maintenance Guided/seasonal educational trails Perennial stream Public movement through park Controlled pedestrian access points

153

7.2 FLOOR PLANS

the building as a multi-modal typology Perspective sketch of proposal.

(Author, 2015)

154

155

7.2.1 ROOF PLAN

The facility is located on a vibrant pedestrian movement route, along William Nicol Drive. Access is gained off a new proposed road which leads to parking areas. The building is divided into 5 primary masses, which are each connected with transitional spaces, working in symbiosis to create a multi-functional infrastructural facility.

LEGEND 01 Additional parking 02 Diepsloot Mall 03 William Nicol Drive 04 Controlled access into facility 05 Proposed staff access road 06 Bioswale filtration (highway flooding strategy) 07 Visitor parking 08 Drop-off and assembly point 09 Ramp to basement (staff parking and delivery) 10 Sensoscape and arrival square 11 Reception area and security offices 12 Auditorium 13 Hydrological research and awareness centre 14 Enhanced wetlands system 15 Exploration route 16 Thermal energy conversion plant 17 Roof Terrace 18 Wastewater treatment plant

157

7.2.2 UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 William Nicol Drive 02 Median barrier to promote safe pedestrian crossing 03 Controlled access into facility 04 Pedestrian entrance 05 Visitor parking 06 Ramp to basement (staff parking and delivery) 07 Sensoscape and arrival square 08 Security offices (public relations, cctv control, and toilet) 09 Viewpoint 10 Effluent discharge 11 Terrace and viewpoint 12 Experimental room 13 Plant administration office 14 Reception 15 Waiting area 16 Safety lobby 17 Staff ablution facilities with dressing area 18 Laboratory with division offices 19 Terrace 20 Machine space and electrical plenum 21 Staff support facilities (ablutions and kitchen) 22 Machine space 23 Primary wastewater treatment 24 Secondary wastewater treatment 25 Courtyard 26 Upland planting and landscaping

159

7.2.3 LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 Basement parking & services 02 Reception and shop 03 Courtyard 04 Public ablution facilities 05 Navigation route & auditorium spill-out area 06 Auditorium, vestibule, cloak room, and sound room 07 Aquatic reed beds 08 Flowforms 09 Water channel & cleansing biotope 10 Collaboration area & data storage 11 Staff break area & terrace 12 Reception, waiting area & exhibition space 13 Learning laboratory 14 Ablution facilities 15 Collaboration area, interfacing & board room 16 Data sonde sampling platform 17 Submerged walkway 18 Electrical room 19 Energy recovery control room 20 Office & interpretation with waiting area 21 Digital learning platform 22 Ultraviolet disinfection & vertical discharge pumps 23 Odour treatment 24 Sludge discharge & services 25 Primary wastewater treatment 26 Secondary wastewater treatment

161

7.2.4 BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 Water collecction basin 02 Pump room 03 Heat pump 04 Mechanical room with thermoelectric generators 05 Pipe gallery 06 Blow-down separators 07 Steam flow-meter 08 Gas-fired peaking boilers 09 Neighbourhood energy and distribution control

163

7.3 SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP

The facility is divided into three spatial zones, namely: public, private, and transitional zones. The spatial relationships of these zones are determined by the specific process, or activity in each space. Spaces are arranged along a gradient of intimacy, with different layers of movement to accommodate the different users (staff, researchers, visitors, and security).

The hybrid composition of the facility results in a mixture of public and private realms that cannot work independently. Therefore, transitional zones are

ROOF PLAN

introduced where public and private zones meet, with each area responding to its specific programme. These transitional zones provide environments with the intimacy of private space, and the sociability of public space, while interaction between the different users in the facility is promoted.

Dynamic and static water is incorporated in different zones as unifying elements, and to communicate the water cycle. The use of water draws the senses together to create an enticing journey throughout the building, while the presence of water is demonstrated and amplified by the tactile qualities of moisture, sounds, and mist.

UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

164

LEGEND SPATIAL ZONING • Public • Private • Transition WATER • Waterfall • Collection basin • Flowform • Treatment stream

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN

165

7.4 SENSORY EXPERIENCE

Multi-sensory integration forms a key component of the proposed facility, and enables users to remember and retain information more effectively.

Sensory properties are addressed to create social and educational environments, and by manipulating the spatial conditions, an informative learning environment is created that promotes intellectual and creative manner.

Interactive and informative architecture enhance the user experience, as well as improve human stimulation.

ROOF PLAN

Spaces form a cohesiveness and extension of the natural landscape, providing perception, experience and understanding.

Spaces are an extension of the natural landscape, and form a cohesiveness that drives existential experience, and directs attention. Qualities of surfaces, shapes, textures, and the introduction of micro-climates create interesting and enticing spaces. By applying this centralised multi-sensory realm, user-focused environments that support educational and social patterns of learning are encouraged.

UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

166

LEGEND SEE • Panoramic view • Hindered view • Partial/framed view • Directional view • Detail view HEAR • Noisy - 80Db • Peaceful - 40Db • Natural - 20Db • Ambient - 60Db LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

• Mechanical - 100Db SMELL • Fragrant

• Chemical

• Minty

• Decayed

• Sweet • Oily • Fruity

• Gaseous

• Pungent

• Woody

FEEL 01 Chronoception (passage of time) 02 Internal sense and interoception (emotional) 03 Somatosensation (physically touch) 04 Thermoception (temperature change) 05 Equilibrioception (balance and movement) BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN

167

7.5 SECTIONS

168

169

170

DETAIL 01: HANDRAIL AND SCREEN

171

7.6 ELEVATIONS

NORTH ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

172

173

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

174

7.7 NARRATIVE SEQUENCE The following diagram conveys the narrative sequence of spaces within the facility. Public movement is limited to a controlled, circuit route (marked in blue), while additional tours and events are guided by staff (marked in red).

175

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS View 1

View 3

View 5

View 2

View 4

View 6

176

View 7

View 9

View 11

View 8

View 10

View 12

177

FIGURE 152 OVERLEAF: Skylight detail. (by author, 2015)

178

CHAPTER

08

TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 8.1 Materials 8.2 Structural system 8.3 Sustainability 8.4 Technical documentation

TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 8.1 MATERIALS CONCRETE

MASONRY

STEEL

Due to its excellent load-bearing capacity, concrete

Bricks are manufactured locally and constitute a low

Steelwork is used as a lightweight material that

is used as the primary column and slab structural

embodied energy, good thermal qualities, and structural

engages the architectural experience between tectonic

support system of the facility. It is a robust, durable,

resistance. Faceted brick facades play an essential role

and stereotomic elements. Steel contrasts the robust,

versatile, and low-maintenance material that permits a

by responding to the local vernacular and tectonics.

heavy concrete mass. Steel structures accommodate a

number of finishes and textures. The facade finishing is

These facades consist of solid brickwork infill, open

layering of mild steel grid screens to produce faceted

achieved through the application of elastomeric form

latticed brickwork as well as feature walls with brick

facade elements. A hot-dipped galvanising finish of pre-

liners, which gives a fractured rib pattern when peeled

patterns. The open lattice is achieved by removing the

welded components is fixed with bolts to ensure the

away from the integrally coloured concrete surface.

headers in a Flemish bond, thereby allowing for light

longevity of the building, and minimise maintenance.

This texture plays an important role in diffusing sound,

penetration, ventilation, solar shading and maintaining

Standard profile sizes are used to minimise additional

and dissuading graffiti taggers.

the continuity of the brick skin.

construction time and cost.

FIGURE 153: House in Isfahan, detail of concrete facade.

FIGURE 154: Termitary house, detail of lattice brick wall.

FIGURE 155: 3D rendering of steel screen and walkway.

(http://www.archdaily.com/394825/house-in-isfahan-logical-process-in-architectural-design-office)

180

(http://www.decorationconcepts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/brick-and-glass-600x901.jpg)

(Author, 2015)

GLASS

INDUSTRIAL EPOXY FLOORING

VEGETATED ROOFS

Glass is used to establish a visual link between interior

Due to the inherent safety, health and sanitary

The facility hosts an undulating vegetated roof,

and exterior spaces, as well as between private and

requirements of the facility, floor surfaces are required

which constitutes an extensive system, ranging from

public realms. A layered glass facade system promotes

to constitute a range of properties including a slip

200mm to 1 200mm in depth. It is considerably lighter

indoor climate control and illuminates exterior

resistant finish that is durable and chemical resistant.

than intensive roof systems, and requires minimal

courtyard spaces at night, while furnishing the spatial

Customcrete epoxy offers a seamless application

maintenance. It serves several purposes, including

definition of the building. Double glazing with Low-E UV

with a non-slip surface, and seals the concrete floor,

rainwater harvesting, insulation and thermal mass, a

protection is used to control solar heat gain. Northern,

eliminating debris and bacteria collection in cracks and

habitat for wildlife, mitigation of the heat island effect,

eastern and western glazing components are protected

pores. It is easy to clean and maintain, and will resist

and an aesthetically pleasing landscape. The proposed

by a faceted concrete and masonry facade.

acid stains, thereby reducing sanitary contamination

system effectively utilises the natural functions of

within the facility.

vegetation to treat air, and filter water before storage.

FIGURE 157: Industrial epoxy floor.

FIGURE 158: DBSA welcome centre, Holm Jordaan Architecture

FIGURE 156: House in Isfahan, detail of glazing elements.

(http://www.archdaily.com/394825/house-in-isfahan-logical-process-in-architectural-design-office)

(http://www.customcrete.net/wordpressCC/index.php/why-customcrete/)

(http://holmjordaan.com/portfolio_page/dbsa-welcome-centre/)

181

8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

BACKGROUND The structural layout of the facility is dependent on its

concrete columns with support beams that support

The concrete roof construction allows access for

spatial planning and configuration. The floor plan design

pre-cast concrete planks, combined with vertical

maintenance work, visitor movement, and green

constitutes an open plan and a double to triple storey

circulation cores (fire escapes and lift cores) that act

roofs. Accessible roof spaces are covered with precast

configuration, which requires a uniform and efficient

as the lateral load-resisting systems, and sheer wall

concrete pavers, while the green roofs are covered by

construction method; an approach that innervates

components. The columns are 300 mm x 300 mm,

vegetation and a growing medium, which is planted

its hybrid typology. The structure allows a floor area

and are set out on a 6,5 m x 10 m grid with variations

on a torched-on waterproofing membrane. These

with a minimum amount of columns, and service cores

that accommodate different spatial organisations.

localised vegetated areas include additional layers such

that penetrate the floor plane. The structure consists

300 mm thick brick infill cavity walls, as well as glazed

as drainage and root barriers. The entire roof system

of a flat plate structure, which constitutes reinforced

infill panels are repeated throughout the building.

drains into collection ponds around the facility.

182

183

8.3 SUSTAINABILITY

BACKGROUND

OPTIMAL ORIENTATION

VENTILATION

and

The facility is orientated northward in order to

Passive ventilation and cooling principles focus on heat

wastewater treatment systems, a number of energy

achieve optimal solar exposure throughout the year.

dissipation and heat gain control in order to improve

saving measures that aim to reduce environmental

The building receives ample levels of sunlight on

the overall indoor thermal comfort level. The design

impacts and the overall running cost of the facility are

northern facades, while southern facades remain

relies on the evaporative process of water collection

incorporated. Areas with alternating air quality and

shaded. Western facades are minimised by lowering

ponds to increase the relative humidity of external

lighting requirements are separated in order to use

the building mass below the ground level. Louvre

areas, and cool down air before it enters the building.

climatically responsive design interventions without

panels and skylights control solar gain by filtering and

The building’s perpendicular siting to summer winds

abating health and safety standards in the critical

reflecting natural light, thereby preventing the building

maximises wind-induced ventilation, which improves

environmental areas and control zones.

from overheating.

cross ventilation and stack ventilation.

In

addition

184

to

thermal

energy

recovery

185

GENERA

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

8.4 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

LIST OF DRAWINGS

TANGANANI EXT. 14

01 of 12 • LOCALITY P

ERF 123/388

02 of 12 • SITE PLAN

03 of 12 • BELOW GR

04 of 12 • LOWER GR

05 of 12 • UPPER GRO

06 of 12 • ROOF PLAN

PROPOSED STAFF ACCESS ROAD

07 of 12 • SECTION A • SOUTH ELE

BUS PARKING FUTURE RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT

08 of 12 • SECTION B • DETAIL 14

1445

ERF 5063/2003

09 of 12 WATERPROO

• DETAIL 1: E • DETAIL 2: C • DETAIL 3: T • DETAIL 4: P

PEDESTRIAN ROAD

PROPOSED SITE

VEGETATED R

ERF RE/138/388

• DETAIL 5: E • DETAIL 6: P • DETAIL 7: L

Clearance Proposed wetlands rehabilitation

1444

10 of 12 • EDGE DETA • SECTION C

11 of 12 SKYLIGHT • DETAIL 8: S • DETAIL 9: E

1443

1442

MASONRY D

• DETAIL 10: • DETAIL 11: • DETAIL 12:

FUTURE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 1441

ERF 4537/2005

12 of 12 • DETAIL 13: • HANDRAIL

1440

50 Year flood line

Existing dam

R511 - WILLIAM NICO L DRIVE

ABRAMS STREET

DIEPSLOOT WEST EXT. 7

ALBERT STREET

1439

1438

Giant bullfrog conservation

Upland planting

Unnam ed dirt

1437

road

1436

1435

Existing dam

RI DG E

1435

RO AD

Existing dam

1436

Existing dam 1437

Groundwater seepage and retention

T

1438

Existing dam

Existing dam

ERF 9646/2002 1440

AFRICAN REPTILES AND VENOM ERF 4538/2005

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

1441

Existing dam

M

.

ACHILLES STREET

1439

DIEPSLOOT MALL

1442

1443

Name

ROHAN VAN 1444

1ST AVENUE

Student number

210005331 Project description

186

N

LOCALITY PLAN

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:1000

Drawing description

LOCALITY PLAN Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:1 000

Date

8S

GENERA

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

PROPOSED NEW BIOPHILIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ON ERF RE/138/388, TANGANANI EXT. 14, DIEPSLOOT

1445

1445

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

Site area 13 637, 478m² Open grassland

SITE: Contractor is res out of the building; all with particular refer boundaries, etc.

1445 22 000

100m Boundary 93°

B

Kerb line

30 600

SS ROAD STAFF ACCE PROPOSED

Backfill

1443

Road 5.5m wide

Vehicular entrance

H = 1.5m tion pond Bioswale filtra

Stormwater fall

Contractors are to lo services on site and to throuhout the duration o

1440

13 m

135°

Sto rm wa ter fall

SUPERFLUOUS SOIL: e wetlands rehabilitation a be dumped where indic

D ry 28m Bounda C

4m High cast insitu concrete retaining wall

Upland planting and landscaping

Final dimensions to be t supplying and fixing pro

line ding Buil 3m ry nda Bou 16m

Road 5m wide

1444

1444

WILLIAM NICOL DRIVE

Contractor to verify dimensions on site and drawing before putting a

110°

3m Building line

3m Building line

255°

3m

Bo un da ry

Bu ild ing

FIRE PROTECTION: A f with these drawings an protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

lin e

E

DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.

130°

Water line

9,160

A

30 600

Sidewalk

1.8m High boundary wall

Planter

Kerb line

33 245

All drain pipes: minimu 1:10.All waste pipes accessible along entire

x 99 670

Paving

x 95 020 lands Cleansing wet biotope 3 200

on pond Water collecti

1439

x 95 020

R 5m 3m

Reed bed

EDUCATION & AWARENESS 480m²

x 99 670

2 200 200 3 200

Stormwater fall

All waste pipe fittings t and be suitably vented with suitable gully gradi surrounding levels.

All drains under buildin from load. Concrete all stacks to be vented w drain bends or junctions 3 000

Keep all drains 900 mm All I.E. 's to be mark approved concrete mark

S.O.P.

x 99 500

Tarred road

HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTRE 1 573m²

Tertiary quality effluent discharge

13 500

Visitor parking

Painted direction markings

1438

BASEMENT PARKING 716m²

3 000

S.O.P.

Ramp 1:1 2

y wa ath ep ret 00 nc 8 o C H=

Storm water fall

77m Boundary

R 3m

S.O.P.

New trees

Focus area

Planter

38 850

H = 1.5m

Water collection pond H = 1.5m

x 95 350

THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY 1 055m²

x 95 670

1438

ie

ce

G 34 560

Datum: 1443.5 = 100 000 measured at top of round steel rod set into a concrete base

90°

1.5m Building line

F

148m Boundary

Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep

M

87°

.

5 280

H = 500mm

T

Dumping of superfluous soil

S.O.P.

Sewage main

Stormwater fall

WASTEWATER TREATMENT 1 351m²

R 710

x 97 400

25 625

Proposed trees

Upland planting

1437

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

Grille

6 000

Planter x 94 070

H = 400mm

R 8m

Ramp 1:6

Ramp 1:8

1 800

R 1.4m

R 5m

2m Building line

x 95 020

3.2 m

23 000

ie

i.e. To be provided a change in direction a marked covers at ground

Concrete pathway

R 710

Water collection pond

Turning circle

98m Boundary

1.5m Building line

R

S.O.P. S.O.P.

RECEPTION 294m²

Painted road markings

1.5m High retaining wall

Grass 1.8m High boundary wall

2 000

R

300

5 000

98°

65,530

Concrete pathway

Grass 7 200

Fire connection point

Pedestrian 95° entrance

1445

300

Proposed trees

Bioswale filtration pond

Sidewalk

Planter

New trees

Road 8m wide

x 96 255

R 1.8m

300

m 3.8

m 3.4

Ramp 1:12

R

R

H = 1m

H = 2m

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 1443

SITE PLAN N

SCALE 1:250

1442

1441

1440

1439

1438

Project description

187

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

SITE PLAN Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:250

Date

8S

GENERA

1 CL

2 CL

3 CL 6500

5 CL

6500

6500

6 CL

7 CL

6500

8 CL

6500

9 CL

6500

10 CL

6500

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

6500

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

Sec B 08/12

6500

4 CL

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

5 135

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

300

50

110

Thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

90째 95째

3 100 BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed

Planter to detail

12 260

x 94 190 Concrete pit slab

Catwalk above

11 170

300 1 700

CL

2 700

R

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

6100

300

15

x 94 000 Concrete pit slab

300mm thick reinforced concrete foundation wall on 500mm thick ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding

R

300

20 0

3 350

2 190

300

50

E

CL

D

1800

50 110 110

300

110

300

50 0

0 50

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTRATION x 95 000 Concrete pit slab

5400

x 94 000 Concrete pit slab

5 100

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

110

6 350

150 4 650

1 550

300

300 50 1 200 110

5 850

2 300

4 050

Thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

CL

B

CL

A

300

MECHANICAL ROOM x 90 629 Power floated concrete

Sec A 07/12

10000

Grille above

10 300

930

2 000

2 000 300

300 Thermoelectric generator

300mm diameter x 2.7m high reinforced concrete column to Eng. specifications

Heat pump control station

Up 1

2

Up 2

1

2

3

Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

9

8

7

Up

1 6

5

4

3

2

1

50

10

110

110 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column on reinforced concrete pad cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding

C

10mm painted plaster finish

Up

300

2 095

fall

2 780

110

1 Layer DERBIGUM SP4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm side- and 150mm end laps, torched onto fully primed surface, protected by 110mm masonry wall

x 92 270 Power floated concrete

GERBERIT pluvia outlet in floor slab

150

300

Intake pump

PIPE GALLERY

Movement joint: 38mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant

300mm deep beam above

Control station 220 1 400 150

4 590

450

x 92 270 Power floated concrete

fall

300 x 300mm reinforced concrete stub column on thickened surface bed

2 770

300

50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive

1 470

PUMP ROOM

Sec C 10/12

x 94 300 Concrete pit slab

Planter to detail

4 590

Mentis grid panels above

2 930

Line of foundation below

WATER COLLECTION POND

300

6 470

Concrete pit slab

3 235

13 100

HYDRAULIC LIFT

300

3 230

50

50

A CL

110

7 400

Suspended concrete walkway above

50

300

10000 Sec A 07/12

CL 13 120

300

2 850

2 800

2 150 300

300

B CL

5 400 300

300

2 650

1 550

300

110

Beam above

10 500

50

50

Balustrade to detail

6 350

300

300

Sec C 10/12

3 550

6 350

2,800

300

13,300

110mm high concrete upstand

300

50 110

50

300

50

300

110

2 800

110

50

T

110 110

50

0 50

0 50

R

R

300

13 900

2 500

4 000

4 600

R

0 50

R

0 50

950

50

50

50 300

R

5400

110

CL

CO-DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION

R

C CL

2 690

5 700

1 650

110

1800

D CL

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

85째 90째

E CL

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

WATER COLLECTION POND

300mm thick reinforced concrete retaining wall

F

0 00

6100

300

ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION

R 3 100 300

F CL 6 350

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

31 00

Planter: garden soil (12% organic matter) with 100mm thick extensive substrate on 1.9mm thick VLF-100 filter membrane on 25mm thick DIADRAIN25 drainage- and reservoir board on 3mm thick VLU300 protective membrane on 1 layer DERBIGUM CG4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm laps, torched to primed concrete pit slab

110

50

300

5 750

6 800

300

50 110 1 390

7 400

4 190

300

50 300 1 500 110

4 650

1 550

440

2 320 440

1 500

300

6 800

3 500

2 700

300

6 500

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

26 900

Sec B 08/12

M

.

Floor slab above

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

188

N

BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:100

Drawing description

BELOW GROUN Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:100

Date

8S

GENERA

1 CL

2 CL

4 CL

3 CL

6500

6500

5 CL

6 CL

6500

6500

7 CL

8 CL

6500

6500

10 CL

9 CL 6500

6500

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

6500

39,988 13 000

7 490 120

6 075

300

300

2 700

4 190

110 300

H = 1m

150

150 1 800

x 95 690 Power floated concrete

1 100

Up

300

1 400 85 300 570 fall

x 95 350 Power floated concrete

300

7 720

300

2 890

300

1 500

8 850

300

300

600

5 900

165 110 2 300

300

50 190

W20

220

CL

A

220

0 60

6

ENERGY RECOVERY 7

8

9

10

x 93 905 Power floated concrete

110

Up 1m high steel handrail to detail

80 W21

W21

W21

Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

fall

10000

10 300 2 550

55 0 5

3 015

4

2 300

650 930

3

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

Paving x 95 670

fall

W21

W21

W21

W21

1439

ie

110 mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection with influent pumps

6 200

110

325

215 2 500

ie

Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

2

Sec A 07/12

ce

300

300

1 550

300

2 800

ce 1 550

520

4 210

220

1 550

300

6 200

300

6 800

19 650

Sec B 08/12

28 950

M

.

300

1440

1441

BREAK AREA

R 1

110

Overhead shelving unit

Void

220

vp

1 200

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

1 860

RECEPTION

85 3 100

450mm high bench to detail

300

Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep

300

ce

1 500 mm high concrete retaining wall

2

1 500 220

ce

0 60

D6

825

10

9

6

5

4

3

1

ie

R

Reception desk to carpenters specification

Access to duct

H = 170mm

fall

2 550

50 x 50 x 6mm frame welded to 160 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle

1m high steel balustrade to detail

Landing above

Planter to detail

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

2 550

300 Sec C 10/12

300

B

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

2 400 x 2 400 x 4mm mild steel mentis grille panel

Concrete ring-beam above

UP

55 0

W19 1 200

300

LOBBY

W12

4 115

85

2 850

D3

Fire escape x 95 500

R

R

0 55

720 85 1 500

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall

CATWALK ABOVE

300

2

Bitumen membrane waterproofing

Bitumen membrane waterproofing

W18

WATER COLLECTION POND

Bitumen membrane waterproofing

x 96 850

2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail

Bitumen membrane waterproofing

WET WELL

Drainage weepholes @ 2m intervals

x 95 550

Transfer beam above

Compacted filling

300mm thick reinforced concrete foundation wall on 500mm thick ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

SCREENING ROOM

x 97 750

2 550

3 950

WAITING ROOM

CL

2 300

RAMP Slope @ 1:12

4 170

By specialist

165mm thick clay face brick exterior wall, see detail 12

R

300

550

300

340

HYDRAULIC LIFT

110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall between column supports

300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

2 930

5 895

C

2 800

1 500

Movement joint: 50mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant

85

Sec C 10/12

5 500 D7

Mild steel MENTIS grille screen to detail

INFLUENT CHAMBER

70 0

CL

Transfer beams above

1 310

300 2 500 1 000 13 900 7 715 1 000

W22

x 95 350 Power floated concrete

0 55

0 55

10000

W22

WALKWAY

D6

x 95 550 Power floated concrete

R

R 550

400

W22

1m high concrete handrail

ODOUR CONTAINMENT BARRIER

300

2 800

Extractor and ceiling defusers D6

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

1 000

Custom made interactive media screen

0 41

x 95 750 Power floated concrete

x 100 000 Tertiary quality water

3 735

R

D2

UP

Slope @ 1:12

12

WATER COLLECTION POND 450mm high bench with 220mm masonry wall

3 180

Biowater treatment system

W22

CONCOURSE AREA

RAMP

To upper ground floor level

D

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

1 2 3 4 5

220

2 950

300

R 4 265

CL

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

T

220

220

E

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

3 860

x 95 690 Power floated concrete

Steel ship ladder: Width 1100mm Tread 300mm Riser 300mm 1 800 220

2 765

CL 1800

220 fall

1 600 220 3 285

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

220

x 95 750 Power floated concrete

fall

300

D2

ODOUR TREATMENT

SLUDGE DISCHARGE

0 80

800

600 R 1 500

220mm thick masonry wall with 10mm thick painted plaster

D2

Det 14 08/12

D2

x 95 690 Power floated concrete

D5

R

REFUSE COLLECTION

6 400

Void

D5

fall

300

STORAGE

PASSAGE

5400

UP

Transfer beam above

20 0

2 160

MEDIA ROOM

x 95 690 Power floated concrete

Activated sludge unit

x 95 950 Power floated concrete

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

85째

R

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

fall

5 000 x 3 000mm U-panel perforated zinc tilt garage door with track type fitting to manufacturers specification

PASSAGE

F

0 00

15

200

Rib transfer beam above

300mm wide cavity wall with 40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards

UP

fall

D5

R

D5

A CL

CL

1 700 300

300

W17

900

Planter to detail

RAMP Slope @ 1:8

x 95 750 Power floated concrete

4 000

32,499

Planter to detail

W17

300 1 500

1800

300

120

W23

Void

Skylight above

RAMP Slope @ 1:6

fall

5400

W17

1 520

fall

1m high steel handrail

Sec A 07/12

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

95째

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

To upper ground floor level

Void

B CL

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

W17

fall

110mm diameter uPVC storm-water pipe (fall 1:50) to catchment pits, to sump

300 80 110 110 120

5 800

2 580

300

ENTRANCE

C CL

il 1m high steel handra

50 0

500mm wide mentis RECTAGRID grid over storm-water channel

fall

BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed

500mm high concrete upstand

DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.

W17

300mm thick reinnforced concrete retaining wall acc. to Eng. specification

D CL

95째

Void 108 x 220mm COROBRIK PA 'Burgundy' paving brick kerb line

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

E CL

150

110 8 000

14

13

Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail

12

Sump pit with sump pump, pump drains pit to water collection basin through discharge pipe

6100

W16

300mm thick reinforced concrete column, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

11

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

W17

R

ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION

400mm high concrete upstand to acc. to Eng. specification

10

x 95 350 Power floated concrete

80

Staff parking

75mm high storage platform

500mm high concrete upstand 1m high steel handrail

5 050

31 00

x 95 690 Power floated concrete

R

110 110 1 645

5 000

STORAGE

D2

D2

R 200

Control station

2 050 fall

fall

H = 1.5m

220 3 875 300

12 200

x 95 190

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

D5

SUMP

F CL

BASEMENT PARKING

Fire hose

x 95 690

95째

Planter: garden soil (12% organic matter) with 100mm thick extensive substrate on 1.9mm thick VLF-100 filter membrane on 25mm thick DIADRAIN-25 drainage- and reservoir board on 3mm thick VLU-300 protective membrane on 1 layer DERBIGUM CG4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm laps, torched to primed concrete pit slab

fall

2 000

UP

D6

W15

fall

108 x 220mm COROBRIK PA 'Burgundy' paving brick line spaced to measurement, used for parking dividers

300

2 000

300

x 95 520 Power floated concrete

fall

300

fall

SERVICE/DELIVERY

4 300 80 110

110

2 000

300

6100

300

6 200

Sec B 08/12

300

300

150

2 080

2 700

235

2 580

150

2 580

300

2 580

3 050

8 020

13 640 220

3 420

4 100

110

1 865

8

300

7

50

Strip windows above

5 920 110

55 400 6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

SCALE 1:100

189

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

LOWER GROUN Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:100

Date

8S

GENERA

2 CL

4 CL

3 CL

6500

6500

5 CL

6 CL

6500

6500

7 CL 6500

6500

6500

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

6500

13 160

32,350 300

10 CL

9 CL

6500

32 650 300

12 700

1 160

300

300

1 500

300

9 450

8 050

300

5,110

6 200

300

1 550

300

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

Sec B 08/12

R 500

6 350

8 CL

0 22

x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist

300

6 200

300

6 200

300 fall

Mentis RECTAGRID bridge to detail

fall

fall

Up

110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals

x 99 400 Power floated concrete

fall

85째

fall

fall Fixed aluminium sliding casement window with plastered reveal

W2

W1

W3

W4

Skylight above

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Skylight

300

3,150

1 200

1 200

300

4 850

95째

W11

W11

W11

W11

W11

W11

W11

Fire escape

1440

1441

300

2 950

300

2 950

300

2 950

150

4 470

300

1 580

300

2 950

300

2 950

300

2 950

690

300 1 655

Landing

W12

5,901

600

1 550

3 100

1 550

110 170 220

2 045

110

1 300

110

2 415

CL

A

2 800

2 300

2,300

10000

5 100

Sec A 07/12

300

ROOF TERRACE x 98 850 Concrete pavers

80

110

x 99 020 Power floated concrete R 34 0

W14

2 530

160

Drainage duct with ARGO galvanised sheet metal access panel built into lattice brick wall

300 600

STAFF KITCHEN

450mm high bench to detail 95째

W12

PAVIA wall hung electronic WC complete with in-wall flush valve

10 300

190 110 110 110 1 740

Lockers

Autoclave

x 99 020 Power floated concrete

Shower

R 2 550

525

1m high balustrade

Bay window with 450mm high concrete bench to detail

1439 80 110 110 1 485

160

2 900

160

110 80 1 485 110

6 200

23 050

5 900

30 240 6500

6500

6500

1 955

300

6 500

300

6 200

300

6 200

19 950 6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6 800

Sec B 08/12

3 550

M

.

3,250

Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

110

W11

B.I.C.

D4

Sink 110 1 200 1 200

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

D4

WC

x 99 020 Power floated concrete

12

110 110 80 110 615 110 1 200 1 200

110

300

W11

WHB

WC VP and IE

11

D4

STAFF ABLUTIONS

WHB

UP

13

14

18

19

15

16

17

21

20

W12

450mm high bench to detail

Kitchen furnishing to carpenters specification

1 300

D4

B

1m high balustrade: 50mm diameter steel handrail fixed to 500mm high concrete upstand beam

300mm thick masonry cavity wall with 25mm thick ISOBOARD insulation

220 1 700

Sec C 10/12

x 99 020 Power floated concrete

UP

985

110

300

80

A CL

300

D3

LOBBY

220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall

Machine space

2 850

300

Mild steel MENTIS grille screen to detail

150

D1

2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail

fall fall

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

Transfer beam above

D2

D2

x 97 407 Power floated concrete

MACHINE SPACE 1 800 150

PASSAGE

x 97 357 Power floated concrete

Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail

Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail

6 615

x 97 307 Precast concrete pavers

2 940

CONCOURSE AREA

W9

W12 1 200

CL

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

2 000

BREAK ROOM x 99 020 Power floated concrete

DRESSING AREA

By specialist

C

300

W13

300

4 990 10 000 1 770

10000 Sec A 07/12

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

H = 600mm

99째 D6

HYDRAULIC LIFT

fall

fall

fall

W10

220

1 070

300

fall

2 220

0 56

50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete wall with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres

fall

x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist

Void

Up Up

VEGETATED ROOF

fall fall

H = 600mm

CL

2 000

fall

300

GERBERIT pluvia outlet in roof slab

Screed to fall

fall

x 97 917 Power floated concrete

870

fall

VIEWING DECK

1

Machine space

300

Void

300

1 550

2

750

300

fall

Sec C 10/12

W5

R

W9

300

300

D2

Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm 3

D2

RAMP Slope @ 1:16

fall

1 860

RAMP Slope @ 1:12

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

W4 Steel ship ladder: Width 1100mm Tread 300mm Riser 300mm

300

Skylight above

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

fall

5400

300 1 715 110 95

Skylight above

450

x 97 357 Power floated concrete

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

T

Skylight above

2 500 300 Control station

2 500

W7

CONCOURSE AREA

2 500

2 800

B CL

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

300

300 810

1 110

26 400

R 500 60mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant

Skylight above

D

fall

x 98 790 Power floated concrete

W6

x 97 917 Power floated concrete

W8

300

C CL

PUMP ROOM

95 W8

CL fall

MACHINE SPACE

1m high balustrade

1m high steel handrail

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

W5

110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall

4 350

4 000

4 600

5400

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

E

fall

Fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal 500mm high concrete upstand

220

W1

W1

1 100

300

fall

W1

CL 1800

300

Walkway

fall

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

x 99 775 Power floated concrete

1 000

fall

1 500 300

300 1 500

50mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant

WALKWAY

2 000

3 150

fall

fall

H = 1 200mm

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

220

0 22

6100

fall

fall

220

fall

0 55

R2

1

fall

fall

F

fall

1 585

R5 00

5 800

Slope @ 1:6

7 900

0 22

fall

3

3

0 39

5 42

1800

CL fall

2

RAMP

500mm high steel handrail on 500mm high concrete upstand

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

fall

1

6

D CL

fall

6 200

15 65

Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 750mm Riser 170mm

300

3 510

H = 1 200mm

220

7 790

R 500

fall

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

fall

fall

x 99 000 Tertiary quality water

1 555

WATER COLLECTION POND

52 0 1 x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist

VEGETATED ROOF

fall

VEGETATED ROOF

8 00 3,

6100

R 500

fall

1 890

E CL

DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.

fall

fall

0 22

x 99 775 Power floated concrete

F CL

0 55

Walkway

0 55

1

1

fall fall

fall

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

1 CL

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

190

N

UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:100

Drawing description

UPPER GROUND Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:100

Date

8S

GENERA

1 CL

2 CL

4 CL

3 CL

6500

6500

5 CL

6 CL

6500

8 CL

6500

6500

10 CL

9 CL 6500

6500

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

6500

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

Sec B 08/12

6500

7 CL

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

3

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

4 5 6 7

VEGETATED ROOF x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist

x 99 000 Tertiary quality water

WATER COLLECTION POND

0 33

0 22 1 0 56

VEGETATED ROOF x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

0 22

Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 750mm Riser 170mm

Up

CL

8 7

300

F CL

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

8

7

F

1 6 2

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

5 3

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

6100

RAMP Slope @ 1:8

7 900

6100

5 800

4

WALKWAY x 99 775 Power floated concrete

CL

E

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

CL

D

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

12 700

1 550

4,951

300 400 300

1550

300 400 300

1 550

300

1 100

6,800

2 950

fall

R 620 Skylight

x 101 025 Screed laid to fall

4 650

300

fall

1m high cast in-situ concrete upstand, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

3 500 x 780 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip above, type 023a

Fire escape

1440

26 000

1 655 300

4,093

600

32 050

5 900

300

500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange

fall

12

13

14

19

16

17

15

CL

A

2 300

2 800

B

Sec A 07/12

VEGETATED ROOF

300

1 550

2 930

fall

fall

Landing below

Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

3 100

x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist

10

9

8

7

5

4

300

fall

1441

18

21

11

1m high steel handrail

300

300

fall

fall

GERBERIT pluvia outlet in roof slab

OPEN VOLUME BELOW fall

1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 021

fall

22 1

fall

fall

A CL

CL

H = 700mm

220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall

3

Sec A 07/12

2 000 fall

x 102 270 Concrete pavers

10 300

3 235

2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening

6

fall

20

fall

2

fall

Sec C 10/12

10 545

10,000

10000

fall

1m high handrail, see detail 13

fall

ROOF TERRACE

H = 1m

x 100 570 Vegetation by specialist

300

fall

10000

fall

VEGETATED ROOF

300

300 1 650 550 300

fall

fall

2 000

fall

C

300

fall

CL

2 550

fall

x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist

10 300

fall

VEGETATED ROOF

300

18 500

fall

fall

R

x 99 070 Vegetation by specialist

300

fall

VEGETATED ROOF

2 930

Skylight fall

B CL

300

0 20

300

2 800

2 500

Skylight

1 200

300

300mm high concrete upstand

OPEN VOLUME BELOW

C CL

2 850

fall

1 655 300

1,100

1 100

fall

Sec C 10/12

fall

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

2 550

Skylight

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

220

Skylight

3 000

4,300

5400

Skylight

CONCRETE ROOF

5400

fall

fall

300

fall

2 000

fall

300

fall

2 800

fall

1 830

fall

7 870

fall

1 255

300

550mm high concrete upstand

T

3,550

2 950

6 340 300 300 220 1 550 220 800

220

D CL

6 800

1439

1 550

300

6 500

6 050

300

6 350

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

1800

1 500

32 500

1800

300

85째

E CL

300

Sec B 08/12

M

.

20 100

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

6500

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

ROOF PLAN N

SCALE 1:100

191

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

ROOF PLAN Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:100

Date

8S

GENERA

1 CL

2 CL

3 CL

6 500

4 CL

6 500

5 CL

6 500

6 CL

6 500

7 CL

6 500

8 CL

6 500

9 CL

6 500

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

10 CL

6 500

6 500

IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 200 support ring beam, welded to frame

Top of tower 106 100

SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres

Sec B 08/12

26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass

Top of tower 105 836

LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail, powered by SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor

1 740 50 350 600

4 600

2 400 x 2 400 x 4mm mild steel mentis grille panel in 50 x 50 x 6mm frame welded to 160 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle, fixed to concrete beam with M10 expansion anchor bolts acc. to Eng. specification

Reinforced concrete ring-beam acc. to Eng. specification

20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face

MECHANICAL ROOM Finished off-shutter concrete

Thermoelectric generator

Thickened surface bed below column

Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant

Concrete pit slab 94 300 Mezzanine level 93 905 Below ground floor 92 270

Below ground floor interim 90 629

Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max

SECTION A-A

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

Sec B 08/12

SCALE 1:100

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

50mm cement screed laid to fall to GEBERIT series 5 Pluvia outlet installed by approved contractor

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding

2 700

290

Balustrade to detail

NGL

40 150 100 50

Heat pump

50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats over 100mm thick concrete surface bed

1 110

Lower ground floor 95 520

Acoustic soundproofing

BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

Finished off-shutter concrete

1 000mm high steel balustrade to detail

50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive

Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant

Upper ground floor 99 020 200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail

Exposed clay facebrick

PUMP ROOM Controlled water level

Reinforced concrete ring-beam acc. to Eng. specification

CONTROL AREA

WAITING ROOM

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

510

10mm thick plaster to 500mm deep reinforced concrete inverted t-beam acc. to Eng. specification

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.

Top of roof slab 102 270

150

50

W19

Painted plaster

1 500

2 700 240 210 50 60

LOBBY Stroked concrete

BREAK ROOM

50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh

200

60 990

500

25mm expansion joint with joint filler, finished with BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod

Det 2 09/12

W12

Suspended ceiling, see ceiling plan W13 6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification

3 000

BALCONY

3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows

3 250

WATER COLLECTION POND

300 x 300mm reinforced concrete stub column on thickened surface bed

Waterproofing: 4mm min thick BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, see detail 1 to 4

LOBBY Stroked concrete

3,000

530 1 780 500

2째 fall

150 190

113째

"Brush and steel" concrete finish

170 1 000

3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid on 100 x 100 x 5mm galvanised mild steel equal angle support frame bolted to concrete surfce with M10 expansion anchor bolts

BALCONY

270 570 270 660

530 270 1 500

50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres

855 Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max

Finished off-shutter concrete

Vegetated roof to detail

1 400

50 170

3 060

Det 4 09/12

D2

WET WELL

100

500 Screening room interim level 92 943

Controlled water level

170

235 1 950

500 25mm screed on 85mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 0.25mm polyolefin DPM on compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max

Screening room top of slab 94 357

Det 3 09/12

320 580 330

145째

1 000

1 220

158째

735

1 110

150 190

Influent chamber top of slab 96 300

Finished off-shutter concrete 150mm thick concrete wall

Det 1 09/12

650

2 890

Finished off-shutter concrete D2

50

200 x 100 x 50mm BOSUN concrete pavers on 20mm thick sand-bitumen setting bed, laid to fall to DONCASTER mono slot drain NGL Top of catwalk 97 407

SCREENING ROOM

500 600 550

INFLUENT CHAMBER

Painted plaster

2 890

PASSAGE

1 890

Top of roof slab 100 570

845

Doweled key construction joint to detail

Vegetated roof to detail

Det 6 09/12

Det 8 11/12

500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange Det 7 09/12 200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail Vegetated roof to detail

300 2 700 300 200 1 100 1 100

10/12 Det 5 09/12

240200 60 154

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

Edge 1

Top of roof slab 102 270

1 000

ROOF TERRACE

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

1 CL

2 CL

3 CL

4 CL

5 CL

6 CL

7 CL

8 CL

9 CL

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

10 CL

Top of tower 106 100

Top of tower 105 836 "Brush and steel" concrete finish

Drainage duct with ARGO galvanised sheet metal access panel built into lattice brick wall vp Clay face brick lattice pattern

"Brush and steel" concrete finish

Exposed clay face brick Top of roof slab 102 270

Top of roof slab 102 270

Top of roof slab 100 570

"Brush and steel" concrete finish

Clay face brick lattice pattern

W14

Vertical MENTIS RECTAGRID screen to detail

WC

Clay face brick lattice pattern

Upper ground floor 99 020

T

Line of structure behind

"Brush and steel" concrete finish Top of catwalk 97 407

ie W20

Line of substructure Screening room interim level 92 943

ce Lower ground floor 95 520 Concrete pit slab 94 300 Mezzanine level 93 905

.

Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep

ie

M

Screening room top of slab 94 357

110 mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe invert level 600mm min (fall 1:40) to municipal connection with influent pumps

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

ce Influent chamber top of slab 96 300

Below ground floor 92 270 Name

Below ground floor interim 90 629

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

192

SOUTH ELEVATION

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:100

Drawing description

SECTION A-A an SOUTH ELEVATI Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:100

Date

8S

GENERA

A CL

B CL

C CL

10 000

D CL

2 800

E CL

5 400

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

F CL

1 800

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

6 100

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

Sec A 07/12

Top of tower 105 836

Top of tower 105 836

21째

Det 9 11/12

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140 support ring beam, welded to frame Glass fixed to frame between neoprene gasket and thermal break, see detail 9

26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail, powered by SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

500 100

500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange 160 x 80 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete wall with M10 expansion anchor bolts

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

"Brush and steel" concrete finish

1 150

"Brush and steel" concrete finish Top of roof slab 102 270

Top of roof slab 102 270

4,060

BREAK ROOM

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

Painted plaster finish

W13

1 740

Painted plaster

D3

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

50

W14

2 700

Clay face brick lattice pattern

D6

125 105

1 800 x 900mm high top hung aluminium casement window

Exposed clay facebrick

Exposed clay face brick finish

W19

Det 10 11/12

3 300

D3

W23

100 190

150mm concrete surface bed with thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

150mm concrete surface bed with thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max

2mm thick Polyethylene waterproofing sheet

Lower ground floor 95 520 Mezzanine level 93 905

Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity

T

PLANTER

500

50mm thick cement screed

150 60 400

1 000 100 100 50

60 750

300 x 100mm precast concrete coping with drip to exterior

150

2 580

PIPE GALLERY

150 50

Acoustic soundproofing

170 100 Thickened surface bed below column

BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm thick cement screed to fall 1:200

Below ground floor 92 270

40 100

Thermoelectric generator

25mm expansion joint with joint filler

Concrete pit slab 93 962

50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres

190

170 50 2 680 50 150

290

CL

Pipes fixed to concrete soffit and floor with approved wire hangers

CL

Arc length 5 345

1 840

300mm thick cast in-situ concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

300

1 840

1 840 300

INSIDE

Below ground floor interim 90 629

20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face

Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding

.

1 800 x 900mm high top hung aluminium casement window

M

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats over 100mm thick concrete surface bed

300

Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm

Controlled water level

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

Porous material covered with bidim filter Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant

Acoustic soundproofing

Line of waterproofing cap sheet

BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod

Window opening line Reinforced concrete rib transfer beam acc. to Eng. specification

OUTSIDE

2 300

Below ground floor interim 90 629

150mm diameter pitched GEO-TEXTILE perforated pipe to discharge at NGL

150 50

Well rammed 12mm aggregate Free-draining fine porous aggregates

MECHANICAL ROOM

40 100

1 000mm high steel handrail to detail

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2 916

50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive Below ground floor 92 270

165mm thick clay face brick exterior wall, see detail 12

CONTROL AREA Finished off-shutter concrete

110

Mezzanine level 93 905

1 000mm high steel handrail to detail

1 490

Concrete pit slab 93 962

W23

175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties to manufacturers spec.

210

6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification

W23

110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall between column supports

2 725

50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh

30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

W23

5 350 x 300 x 100mm thick pre-stressed concrete plank lintel between column supports

50

4 565 DPC

NGL

1 000mm high steel balustrade to detail

200 50

170 min.

Weep holes in perpend joints

Lower ground floor 95 520

Upper ground floor 99 020

Finished concrete reveal

110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

Vegetated roof to detail

200

WAITING AREA

200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail

1 200 x 2 500mm high fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal

120

1 080

Line of UFFL

200

200 50

200

15mm diameter sealant backing cord placed in 10mm thick expansion joint, sealed with elasto-plastomeric sealant

50

125 515

100 540

Upper ground floor 99 020

1 000 x 450 x 245mm MODCON precast concrete window sill with drip, type 042

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

380

50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres

Det 11 11/12

Name

ROHAN VAN

Sec A 07/12

Student number

DETAIL 14

SCALE 1:50

SCALE 1:50

CL

R 15 000

SECTION B-B

R 12 700

210005331 Project description

CL

193

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

SECTION B-B an DETAIL 14 Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:50

Date

8S

GENERA

150 110

400 40

400

170

400

23

147

170 23

400 147

60 20

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

552 20

20

325

225

300

400

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

CL 50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days 1m high concrete wall acc. to Eng. specification

SCREENING ROOM

SCREENING ROOM

400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification

ABE butyl joint sealer, cold applied over backing rod Mild steel MENTIS grid catwalk, detail 3

100

INCRETE CLEAR-SEAL epoxy filmforming concrete sealer over screed

50

70 x 70mm chamfer

0 10 880

500mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

Waterproofing note: 4mm min thick BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat

500

SCREENING ROOM

400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification

Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed

CL

DETAIL 2 - INTERNAL, EXTERNAL CORNERS

DETAIL 3 - TANKING EDGE

DETAIL 4 - PIPE PENETRATION

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

100

Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity

270 10 30 30

CL 1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 025

100

232

839

81

220

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity

1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 021

300

3mm thick galvanised mild steel counter flashing system

10mm thick VLF-100 filtering sheet

200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers

10mm thick rigid filtering sheet

25mm thick bedding sand

60mm thick drainage sheet

Metal sleeve around penetrating pipe

VEGETATED ROOF PETROMAT interlayer

150 min

ECO TURF LM BEREA lawn in sunny areas and KIKUYU lawn in shaded areas, as determined by landscape architect Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity

60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200

50

200 and

ABE DURACORD compressed into joint to approximately 70% of original size

56mm Ø horisontal GEBERIT pipe fixed to concrete soffit with PLUVIA rail-system method to manufacturer spec., spacing of guide- & coupling brackets @ 800mm c/c

Free-draining fine porous aggregates laid around contraction joint 100mm thick extensive substrate

37 x 35mm white powder coated main tee's fixed to hanger wires, to manufacturers specification

2 layers BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, torched and fully bonded onto primed concrete surface

270mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with dowled key construction joints over transfer beams, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

47 x 35mm White powder coated recessed SHADOWLINE wall angle plugged and screwed to wall to manufacturers specification

WET WELL

WET WELL

120 g/m² separation fleece membrane 30mm thick rigid rock wool plates placed without adhering, 200 kg/m3 density 4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with 75mm minimum overlaps

.

270mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with 570mm high concrete upstand beam, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

10mm thick plastered finish

100mm cement mortar protective layer

40mm thick ISOTHERM insulation laid between tee's to manufacturers specification, laid between tee's on 16mm thick medium density perforated fibreboard finished with birch verneer

10mm thick plastered finish

300mm deep reinforced concrete beam acc. to Eng. specification

2mm thick polyethylene waterproofing sheet

M

120 g/m² VLU-300 separation protection fleece membrane

Galvanised hangers with approved plugs and screws to manufacturers specification fixed into finished concrete soffit spaced @ 1200 c/c max

200

50

100

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

100

T

60mm thick DiaDrain-60 drainage- and reservoir bord laid to fall to 150mm diameter pitched geotextile perforated drainage tube

50

4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps

10mm thick VLF-100 filtering sheet

10

CSSR-200 aluminium expansion joint cover

ROOF TERRACE

DPC

BREAK ROOM

Concrete screed lighten H150 kg/m3 for gradients formation, minimum 50mm thickness and 1200 kg/m3 density Porouse padding gravel

2 500 x 1 935mm high fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal

150mm diameter pitched perforated drainage tube

CL 5

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

290 10

270

2 layers BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, torched and fully bonded onto primed concrete surface

geotextile

228

220

100mm thick extensive substrate

213

16 120 77

Free-draining fine porous aggregates laid around contraction joint

340

and

polypropylene

GEBERIT series 5 PLUVIA outlet installed by approved contractor

59

Line of skylight

120

60mm thick DiaDrain-60 drainage- and reservoir bord laid to fall to 150mm diameter pitched geotextile perforated drainage tube 120 g/m² VLU-300 separation protection fleece membrane

955

230mm diameter steel ventilation pipe

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

DETAIL 1 - EXPANSION JOINT

5 CL

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed

Backfill material as specified

CL

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

5mm steel wire pipe anchor cast into concrete wall

BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed

Backfill material as specified

ECO TURF LM BEREA lawn in sunny areas and KIKUYU lawn in shaded areas, as determined by landscape architect

300

50 50

BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed

500mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

100

20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face

BITUMAT membrane flashing torch welded around penetrating pipe and onto second waterproofing layer

50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill

70

Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT ribbed centrebulb pvc waterstop profile sealed with DURAKOL sealant

Backfill material as specified

50

23

800 500

100mm wide mortar cant strip

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

50

0 10

Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT ribbed centrebulb pvc waterstop profile sealed with DURAKOL sealant

0.25mm polyolefin DPM

170 70

300

400mm diameter, 10mm thick galvanised steel flange

CL

200mm thick free-draining fine porous aggregates to support and protect pipe

Wastewater flocculation and screening

300mm wide BITUMAT membrane flashing torch welded over mortar cant strip with 100mm overlaps on ends

200

300mm diameter carbon steel sewer pipe

200

20mm expansion joint with joint filler

100

50 170 20

300mm nominal size transition sewer clamp coupling with PVC adapter gasket

20mm thick screed protection layer 400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

310

23

BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed

25mm min thick bitumen membrane waterproofing, see detail 4

Controlled water level

50 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel equal angle support frame bolted to concrete surface with M10 expansion anchor bolts

500

50

80

170

BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed

70

0.25mm polyolefin DPM on 50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill

2 000 x 1 780 x 80 x 3mm mild steel mentis RECTAGRID grid on equal angle support frame

50

Cold applied BITUMAT concrete primer fully penetrated into surface pores, pin holes and cracks

50

50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed on 20mm thick screed protection layer

20 50

INCRETE CLEAR-SEAL epoxy filmforming concrete sealer over screed

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

ABE UNIGUM bitumen- polymer reinforced plastomeric waterproofing felt fully torched to under membrane and applied with staggered side and end laps

100

50

1 000

ABE DURACORD compressed into joint to approximately 70% of original size

ABE UNIGUM bitumen- polymer reinforced plastomeric waterproofing felt fully torched to under membrane and applied with staggered side and end laps

Compressed backing cord on 20mm expansion joint with joint filler, sealed with clear sealer, see detail 3

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

Cold applied BITUMAT concrete primer fully penetrated into surface pores, pin holes and cracks

380

PASSAGE

Backfill material as specified

380

2 125mm high aluminium double acting double door

Name

geotextile

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331

CL

Project description

194

DETAIL 5 - EXPANSION JOINT

DETAIL 6 - PIPE PENETRATION

DETAIL 7 - LOCALIZED GREEN AREA

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

Drawing description

DETAIL 1 to 7 Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:20

Date

8S

GENERA

Det 13 12/12

Sec C 10/12 3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to 150 x 40 x 5mm mild steel rectangular hollow section

4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps

115 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid, flush with opening

Position of 1 000 x 90 x 90mm floor mounted outdoor light fixture to lighting specialist specification

UPN 200 galvanised mild steel profile bolted against concrete slab

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass

100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post

FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a

PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer 4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps

60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200

60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

10mm thick painted plaster finish

ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, to manufacturers specification

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame

3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods

10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.

60

300

200

75 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to RHS

25mm thick bedding sand

B CL

2,132

Precast concrete coping with DPC underlay

957

25mm thick bedding sand

94 154

120 x 80 x 10mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to post and bolted to concrete floor slab

ROOF TERRACE

PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer

150 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted onto concrete slab

200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers

1 000

30 x 30 x 3mm mild steel equal angle frame welded to RHS and angle supports

100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post profile bolted to support profile with 2x M10 nuts and bolts

200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers

60

10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass

1 000

2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening

15

43

3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to RHS

150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section

50

94

40 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISOZELL thermal tape, sealed with silicone bead

15

BALCONY

10mm thick plaster

50 200

7 CL

40 x 10mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame

50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods

300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

LOBBY

SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac

50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods

300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification 2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid

12mm thick construction joint with bitumen impregnated expansion softboard

50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods

50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame

6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification

HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification 2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh

HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

10mm thick painted plaster finish 100 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete floor with M10 expansion anchor bolts

BALCONY

LOBBY ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, to manufacturers specification

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rod

3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows

3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows

LOBBY

12mm thick construction joint with bitumen impregnated expansion softboard

NGL

HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns

60

190

230

170

40

BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod

300mm thick cast in-situ concrete column with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

WATER COLLECTION POND

25mm expansion joint with joint filler 150mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 dayst screed to fall 1:200

Waterproofing membrane fully bonded onto primed 75 x 75mm cant

Waterproofing membrane fully bonded onto primed 75 x 75mm cant

150 400

150 190

400

100 x 100 x 5mm galvanised mild steel t-section supporting grille

170

50mm cement screed to fall 1:200

25mm expansion joint with joint filler

50mm cement screed to fall 1:200

Controlled water level BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats

BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod

490

50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive

290

170

BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats

150mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 dayst screed to fall 1:200

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame

100 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete floor with M10 expansion anchor bolts

60

230

2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid

50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed on 20mm thick screed protection layer

190

350

6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification

190

490

WATER COLLECTION POND

660

2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid

170

100

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns

T

0.25mm polyolefin DPM on 50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill

PUMP ROOM

1 000

3 000

Compacted filling in layers of 150mm

20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

Controlled water level

50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh

50

50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods

50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods 1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame

50

BALCONY

660

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rod

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame

1 880

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

M

.

Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max

500

Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or ccement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or ccement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification

Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant

SCALE 1:20

154 35 100

ROHAN VAN

CL B

50mm thick cement screed Sec C 10/12

100

EDGE DETAIL

Name

50

CL 7

150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

Student number

210005331 Project description

30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats 100mm thick concrete surface bed

SECTION C-C SCALE 1:20

195

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

EDGE DETAILS Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:20

Date

8S

GENERA

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

90 x 65 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to skylight frame and painted to suit

90 x 65 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle closure, welded to skylight frame Glass fixed to frame between neoprene gasket and thermal break, see detail 9

50 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISO-ZELL thermal tape

50 x 15mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape

SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres

SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame

26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass

140 x 60 x 8mm thick UPN 140 support ring beam, welded to skylight frame 12mm diameter condensation permavents spaced @ 1m intervals, to manufacturers specification

Skylight glass supported on IPE 140 support frame with neoprene gasket tape

SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor screwed to unequal angle frame with screws

INSULATION: Cavity wa 204 CR requirements, with holding back ties se

140 x 73 x 8mm thick IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140

LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

140 x 60 x 8mm thick UPN 140 ring beam, welded to skylight frame

140 x 73 x 8mm thick IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

10mm diameter tap drill holes @ 500mm centres for fixing M10 thread chemical anchor bolts

26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

300mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

160 x 80 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete wall with M10 expansion anchor bolts

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange "Brush and steel" concrete finish Line of 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column behind

DETAIL 8 - SKYLIGHT

DETAIL 9 - SKYLIGHT EDGE

SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:5

300 110

55

1 800 x 900mm high top-hung butthinged aluminium window fixed into concrete precast concrete casement ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, sealed both inside and outside

ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, sealed both inside and outside

175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties with drip, spaced at 600mm intervals max. horizontally and every 6th course max. vertically

Fixing set in sealant and sealed over head of fixing, to manufacturer's specification

Fixing set in sealant and sealed over head of fixing, to manufacturer's specification

40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards

Fixing hole filled with sealant prior to inserting fixing, sufficiently overflowed to reinstate membrane

Fixing hole filled with sealant prior to inserting fixing, sufficiently overflowed to reinstate membrane

220 x 110 x 75mm COROBRIK SATIN standard face brick 10mm wide extruded joints, tooled with grapevine jointer

10mm thick painted plaster reveal

230 x 165 x 75mm purpose made COROBRIK SATIN fbx face brick

110

10

50

220

110

50

10

40

150

10

150

220 110

110

40

300

55

110

B CL

300

110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals

A CL

165

1 200 x 2 500mm high fixed aluminium window fixed into masonry casement

Urethane waterproofing membrane applied to opening before fixing window

Urethane waterproofing membrane applied to opening before fixing window

5 350 x 300 x 100mm thick pre-stressed concrete plank lintel between column supports

Removed header

DETAIL 12 - PLAN SCALE 1: 5

T

"Brush and steel" concrete finish

Weep holes in perpend joints

15mm diameter sealant backing cord placed in 10mm thick expansion joint, sealed with elasto-plastomeric sealant

1 000 x 450 x 245mm MODCON precast concrete window sill with drip, type 042 10mm thick painted plaster finish

0.375mm polyolefin DPC 40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards

170mm min.

.

165mm thick clay face brick exterior facing wall, see detail 12

M

Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

0.375mm polyolefin DPC

20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face

175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties with drip, placed to manufacturers spec.

NGL 1 000mm high steel handrail fixed to concrete staircase at base

230 x 165 x 75mm purpose made COROBRIK SATIN fbx face brick

110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall with extruded joints, supported by concrete columns as indicated

300mm thick cast in-situ concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days

CL A

10mm wide flush perp joints and 10mm thick flush tooled mortar beds

CL B

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

196

DETAIL 10 - BRICK LATTICE WALL

DETAIL 11 - PATTERNED FACING WALL

DETAIL 12 - ELEVATION

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3

SCALE 1:10

SCALE 1:10

SCALE 1: 5

Drawing description

DETAIL 8 to 12 Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:5, 1:10, 1:20

Date

8S

GENERA

THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK

QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)

40 x 10mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape 40 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISO-ZELL thermal tape

FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and

Silicone bead sealant

3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to 150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section

DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.

10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass

WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified

HANDRAIL DETAIL 3D VIEW

CONCRETE ROOF SLAB as described in accord and recommendations.

100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post profile welded to 120 x 80 x 10mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle, bolted to concrete floor slab with 2 x M8 chemical anchor bolts

SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete slabs.

BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified

75 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded 150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section 30 x 30 x 3mm mild steel equal angle frame welded to RHS and angle supports

BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.

2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening 25mm thick screed laid to fall 150 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted onto concrete slab

LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.

200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers

25mm thick bedding sand

PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m

PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer

GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.

4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps

60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200

200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days 10mm thick painted plaster finish 115 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid, flush with opening UPN 200 galvanised mild steel profile bolted against concrete slab with M10 chemical anchor bolts at regular intervals as specified by engineer 100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame, welded to support frame with 50mm x 16mm diameter rods 3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows

M

.

C Tech.

D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U

T

1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille

Name

ROHAN VAN Student number

210005331 Project description

DETAIL 13 3D VIEW

197

Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description

DETAIL 13 Date OUT

28 JULY 2015 Scale:

1:5

Date

8S

FIGURE 159 OVERLEAF: Portrait sketch, Boy from Diepsloot. (by author, 2015)

198

CHAPTER

09

CONCLUSION 9.1 Self-assessment and conclusion 9.2 Acknowledgements 9.3 References 9.4 Addendum

CONCLUSION 9.1 SELF-ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION This dissertation has afforded me the opportunity to

to a better understanding of the area’s unique ecology

purpose of this dissertation is to act as a catalyst for the

explore architecture that opportunistically re-connects

and how architecture has to respond to its immediate

development of future infrastructural interventions,

the environments we live in; architecture that reinvents

environment. Its manifestation as a symbiotic construct

which could achieve social inclusiveness. The most

itself within a rapidly urbanising environment. By

offers a unique opportunity for ecological awareness

challenging aspect of the design was exploring ways in

designing in a natural landscape, I was able to explore

and education. This response could create awareness

which the building could become a functional hybrid

the tactile qualities and components, and apply

by involving the community to participate in the

construct, yet fit into its context in a phenomenological

principles that not only conserve the existing landscape,

treatment of water and the conservation of natural

way.

also but enhance it. I also acquired an understanding

environments- the most valuable resource. Diepsloot

of how sensory properties could be utilised as

West proved to be a dynamic and exciting area, with an

architectural components. These explorations have led

abundance in design generators and opportunities. The

“water is a necessity, as a resource for commerce and industry, as an essential - and central - part of how we define our civilization” - author

200

9.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THANKS TO...

My design mentor Pieter Greyvensteyn, for your continuous motivation, inspiration and crits.

My supervisor Prof. Gerald Steyn, for your productive insight and guidance, and for leading me through this course.

Mr. Philip Crafford for your input and direction.

The Tshwane University of Technology, CETA, and CSIR for the financial support and opportunities afforded to me.

Finally, my biggest thanks are due to those closest to me, who have put up with me during this project: My parents, for their love and patient support throughout my years of study. To my brothers Rinus and Heinrich, and best friend, Phillip, who is always my first reader, editor, and adviser. Thank you for the constant support and essential encouragement.

FIGURE 60 LEFT: Boy playing with water, photo by Brittany Corner.

(http://lalasparkles.tumblr.com/post/285032450/brittanycorner-my-heart-from-the-national, 2012)

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KOSKINA, A & HASANAGAS, N. 2013. The Water Element as Aesthetic Factor in Landscape Design. Kavala: University of Kavala.

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9.4 ADDENDUM 9.4.1 STAFFING GUIDE

Chart 1: Operations and processes

Chart 2: Maintenance

Chart 3: Laboratory operations

Chart 4: Yard work

Chart 5: Automation

Chart 6: Considerations for additional plant staffing

Chart 7: Conclusion of findings

206