FIGURE 01 COVER: Wetlands, watercolour on paper (by author, 2015)
“land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soils.� (National Water Act no 36 of 1998, SA)
The Design of a Biophilic Wastewater Treatment Facility in Diepsloot. by Rohan van Eeden
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL In the Department of Architecture FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: P.A. Greyvensteyn Co-Supervisors: Prof. G.S. Steyn November 2015 I hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M.Tech Architecture: Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted texts are indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of references.
i
FIGURE 02: Ecological systems and the dimensions of urban sustainability.
(by author, 2015)
ii
ABSTRACT BIOPHILIC DESIGN: A design approach that connects buildings to nature. a better understanding of the area’s unique
additional educational and recreational activities
Johannesburg-, and Mogale City metropolitan areas
ecology.
The design incorporates a wastewater
(Mucina & Rutherford, 2011). This intervention
depict the tension between human habitation and
treatment plant with an integrated hydrological
aims to establish a link between the Greater
natural environments. This boundary condition allows
education and research division, which will serves
Kyalami Conservancy (GEKCO), the Rhenosterspruit
for the opportunity to explore the potential manner
as a conservation and education node within the
Nature Conservancy and the Diepsloot Nature
in which the relationship between man-made and
Diepsloot East Residential Development. The site for
Reserve, which includes the wetland system, thus
natural environments manifest as a symbiotic spatial
the proposed facility is located in a protected wetland
promoting the site as a sustainable, public, open
construct within the context of a rural-urban fringe,
system near Diepsloot Mall, the commercial heart
park while preserving its ecological importance.
namely the Diepsloot East township development.
of Diepsloot. The facility is used as a generator for
FIGURE 03 BOTTOM: Water point in Diepsloot.
The
intersection
between
the
Tshwane-,
(by author, 2015)
Natural environments are not just amenities, and they are not mere resources or quant luxuries, they play an essential part in human mental, physical, and social well-being. This dissertation aims to evaporate dividing borders (historical, physical, and contextual) by employing biophilic design principles as a foundation for the design process. The project is envisioned as a decentralised and integrated solution to wastewater management. It serves as an alternative to the energy intensive and over-capacitated infrastructure that currently exists. By providing a public platform, residents and visitors are provided with an educational journey where they can experience both the natural and built environments, thereby leading to
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
Declaration ii Concept of urban sustainability iii Abstract iv Table of contents v Table of contents (continued)
CHAPTER 01 [project outline] P.1 1.1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Introduction Design intent Need and current situation Wastewater treatment strategy Limitations Research approach
CHAPTER 02 [salient investigations] P.15 2.1
Architectural ecology 2.2 Biophilic design 2.3 Expressive space: engaging the architectural experience 2.4 Water infrastructure
iv
CHAPTER 03 [precedent studies] P.43 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Willamette River Wastewater Treatment Plant False Creek Energy Center Magaliesburg Wastewater Treatment Works: case study Teshima Art Museum Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum
CHAPTER 04 [analysis & appraisal of context] P.63 4.1
Introduction 4.2 Regional analysis 4.3 Macro scale 4.4 Meso scale 4.5 Diepsloot: ready for development 4.6 Micro scale 4.7 Site selection 4.8 Habitat study 4.9 Giant Bullfrog conservation 4.10 Climate and geography
CHAPTER 05 [brief & accommodation] P.99
CHAPTER 07 [design synthesis] P.149
5.1
7.1
5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Introduction Brief Response to context Client & funding Transprogramming Design criteria Programme Accommodation schedule
7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7
Master plan Floor plans Spatial relationship Sensory experience Sections Elevations Narrative sequence
CHAPTER 06 [design concept development] P.125
CHAPTER 08 [technical investigation] P.179
6.1
8.1
6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Concept Site planning Concept development Conceptual planning Development models
Materials 8.2 Structural system 8.3 Sustainability 8.4 Technical documentation
CHAPTER 09 [conclusion] P.199 9.1
Self-assessment and conclusion 9.2 Acknowledgements 9.3 References 9.4 Addendum
v
vi
CHAPTER
01
PROJECT OUTLINE 1.1 Introduction 1.4 Wastewater treatment strategy
1.2 Design Intent 1.5 Limitations 1.3 Need and current situation
1.6 Research approach
PROJECT OUTLINE 1.1 INTRODUCTION This dissertation presents the design of a biophilic
of Race Relations’ (SAIRR) most recent survey of the
geography through land reform and more compact
wastewater treatment facility with an integrated
country, two-thirds of South Africa’s population now
cities” (Laldaparsad, 2014). Most of this urban growth
ecological education and research facility. The
lives in urban areas. Since its gold rush birth in 1886,
is concentrated in less developed regions that draw
primary function of this facility is to provide sewage
Johannesburg has been subjected to complex and
in the rural population, and is therefore an urban
infrastructure for the proposed Tanganani Ext 14
diverse urbanisation demands, some economically
phenomenon that is concentrated in the fringe zone
residential development. The proposed site is located
motivated, others based on political imperatives.
of developing cities. This transition is understood
in Diepsloot East, within a protected wetland system,
Within a timeframe extending just over a century, the
as a shift
and is currently zoned as a natural conservation area
city has developed into the business and industrial
social structures. It represents an unprecedented
(Mucina & Rutherford, 2011).
hub of both South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The
consumption of earth’s natural resources, and the way
dawn of the democratic era in 1994 brought about
in which people interact with the natural environment.
from rural to predominantly urban
Urban populations are expected to increase by 2,9
a paradigm shift in city planning. Since then, the
billion, to a total of 6,3 billion people, by 2050 (UN
government has introduced spatial planning concepts
Urbanisation has a significant impact on earth’s
Water, 2014). According to the South African Institute
such as “the need to break down the apartheid
resources and the way in which the population
FIGURE 05 TOP: Diagram depicting water and urbanisation.
(by author, 2015. Sources: UNEP, UN Habitat, World Bank, ONERC, WWAP, FAO, WHO, UN)
2
straddles between urban and rural environments
this transitional zone present a unique scenario, with
Within this transformation, the built environment
(Pascale & Hannah, 2007). This transitional zone is
an abundance of problems that impact the welfare
“needs to be recognised as a central component
important because decisions about the use of natural
of the people living in these areas. These problems
to the liveability of the earth” (Rees, 1992).
resources are affected by the “diffusion power of the
include a lack of basic services and infrastructure,
A sustainable form of urbanisation depends on
urbanisation process, not just spatially but through
and the destruction of natural environments. Due to
cooperation between different sectors. Allen (2001)
the global economy, information spill-overs and social
the rapid rate of urbanisation in Johannesburg, the
outlines five dimensions that have an influence on the
networks” (Allen, 2009: 12). Boundaries between
natural landscape that comprises the ecosystems
sustainability of urbanisation: economic sustainability,
built and natural environments have become blurred.
has become separated. Natural environments are
social sustainability, ecological sustainability, political
This dissertation argues that our conventional
defined by their characteristics, which include
sustainability, and the sustainability of the built
definition and perception of these boundaries has
geography, diversity, degree of complexity, density,
environment. This dissertation places a tripartite
been altered by emerging landscapes, in terms of
connectivity and zoning. When these characteristics
focus on the sustainability of the built environment,
human settlement with regards to their locality,
are transformed or altered to accommodate urban
its successful integration with its natural context,
structure, and context. Informal settlements within
growth, these environments become disconnected.
and its integration into the local community.
3
1.2 DESIGN INTENT
PROBLEM STATEMENT Creating awareness of the importance of natural
infrastructure, society, and nature in an ecologically-
environments and ecosystems might implore people
sensitive manner. The main priority of this facility is the
to take responsibility in protecting and enhancing
treatment of wastewater. Secondary functions include
such valuable resources. This dissertation investigates
research pertaining to Diepsloot’s ecological structure,
whether architecture can lend itself to re-connecting
as well as the educating of the general public. “For
ecological systems, thereby manifesting as a symbiotic
many of us water simply flows from a faucet, and we
spatial construct that offers a platform for ecological
think little about it beyond this point of contact. We
education.
have lost a sense of respect for the wild river, for the
ARGUMENT Due to the rate of urbanisation, sustainability has often been neglected. The purpose of architecture is to bring about the connection of these divided environments. However, city limits strengthen this separation, and cities and informal settlements encroach into conserved natural environments. It is common knowledge that the rural-urban fringe is a dynamic transformational zone between the edges of urban centres. The aim of the proposed project is to act as a gradient, thereby dissolving the abrupt termination at the rural-urban interface. The objectives of this dissertation are to address these boundary conditions by implementing a design resolution that promotes ecological conservation and the consolidation of
4
intricate web of life that water supports” (Postal, 2003). The envisaged facility optimistically acts as a catalyst for ecological re-connection by creating a broad educational base on human habitation and its effects on natural environments. In order to achieve these objectives, this dissertation undertakes a conclusive study by engaging the following theoretical issues:
+ + + +
Architectural ecology; Biophilic design; Expressive space; and Water infrastructure.
In response to the user’s sensory experience, a tripartite design approach, which focuses on the following, is followed:
1 Basic concerns (programmatic functions); 2 Specific concerns (regulations); and 3 Architectural atmosphere (phenomenology).
FIGURE 06 RIGHT: Secondary sedimentation tank at the NWWTW. (Image courtesy of Jo’burg Water: http://www.johannesburgwater.co.za/, 2014)
5
1.3 NEED AND CURRENT SITUATION
South Africa has been richly endowed with a wide
water resources through pollution” (CSIR, 2010). Water
2008) concludes that only 45% of wastewater systems
variety of natural resources, with one important
pollution is caused by the increase in both domestic and
were sufficient in delivering the required water quality.
exception: fresh water. South Africa is a semi-arid
industrial effluent, irrigated agriculture return flows,
country that is characterised by highly seasonal rainfall
and acid mine drainage. South Africa’s outdated water
In her recent budget vote, Water and Environmental
in most parts of the country. According to Johannesburg
treatment and sewage treatment plant infrastructure
Affairs Minister Buyelwa Sonjica stated that “facilities
Water (CSIR, 2010), South Africa’s water usage typically
are exacerbating factors. Despite the promulgation
have also come under pressure because of population
comprises of 77% surface water, 9% groundwater,
of effluent standards, water quality has deteriorated
growth and inadequate maintenance” (Newmarch,
and 14% re-use of return flows. Urbanisation and
“fuelled by increased effluent loads discharged to
2010). She continued, stating that her department
industrialisation coupled with past political inequities
rivers and the inability of water resource managers to
would support municipalities in complying with
has a significant impact on the country’s limited water
ensure strict compliance with water quality standards
drinking water and effluent discharge standards.
resources, as well as the institutions that have to
at all sewage treatment works” (Oberholser & Ashton,
One of the challenges municipalities face is bringing
manage this valuable resource. According to a report
2008).
infrastructure to where it is needed. Large networks of pipelines are prone to frequent sewer blockages
by the CSIR (2010), water availability is one of the main factors that has a direct impact on the future social and
Paul Oberholster (CSIR, 2010) is of the opinion that
and spillage into the streets, exposing residents to
economic growth in South Africa.
radical improvements in water quality management
potential health hazard and environmental pollution.
approaches and treatment technologies are needed Diepsloot is one of South Africa’s many emerging
to amend this trend. This dissertation agrees with
According to the proposed Diepsloot East Residential
settlements that are located within the watersheds of
Oberholster’s argument that water quality will
Development Framework (Martin, 2013: 16), the site
river catchments. Oberholser and Ashton (2008) point
continue to increase associated costs unless corrective
for the proposed residential development is located
out that this has important implications for the quality
management actions are implemented effectively.
within the Diepsloot West sewer basin. The assessment
of water that is supplied to users. In recent decades,
Although the current treatment plants in Johannesburg
as well as the future system analysis, conducted by GLS
the dams located downstream of these settlements
succeeds in removing the majority of pathogens, the
Consulting (DEA & DP, 2010), indicates that the “existing
have become progressively more contaminated. “The
effluent that is discharged into the Jukskei River is
system does not have the capacity to accommodate the
biggest threat to a sustainable water supply is not
only occasionally devoid of harmful organisms. The
proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development.”
a lack of storage, but the contamination of available
Green Drop Report (Department of Water Affairs,
Rather than add to the already over-capacitated and
6
energy-intensive sewer infrastructure that currently exists, this dissertation proposes a sustainable, integrated solution to wastewater treatment, which will serve the proposed development in Diepsloot West. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act
Excerpt 01: The Green Drop report compiled by the Department of Water Affairs, 2008. (http://forloveofwater.co.za/the-state-of-south-africas-waste-water-treatment/, 2008)
108 of 1996) states that “everyone has the right to have access to clean water.” However, municipalities still have much to do in order for this right to be granted. A combination of socio-economic trends hold threatening implications for the conservation of South Africa’s freshwater ecosystem, and the biodiversity thereof. The reclamation of wastewater not only improves the sustainability of water, but is also an
Excerpt 02: Daily Planet, 2012
(http://www.bdlive.co.za/articles/2012/04/18/delay-in-diepsloot-water-questioned, 2012)
important strategy that improves security and supply through diversification of water resources. This dissertation therefore proposes a treatment facility that provides the required capacity to accommodate the future expansion. The existing wetland system has been identified as a secondary component for the proposal, and will be exploited as a natural asset. This component includes a natural treatment system, which will provide passive treatment of domestic wastewater.
Excerpt 03: SABC News, 2014
(http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/cfcbed0045ac9d5887008790ca3f4715/Parts-of-Johannesburg-still-experiencing-water-shortages-20140110, 2014)
7
1.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT STRATEGY Sewage is created by institutions, residences, and industrial and commercial establishments. The raw influent received by the treatment facility, includes household waste liquid disposed of via municipal sewer systems. Johannesburg Water (SOC) manages six wastewater treatment works in the central Gauteng Region, on behalf of the City of Johannesburg. The
Northern
Wastewater
Treatment
Works
(NWTW) collects and treats domestic sewage from Alexandra, Sandton, Randburg, the northern areas of Johannesburg, which include Diepsloot, Bedfordview and portions of Edenvale and Germiston (Jo’burg, 2014). The sewage is collected and transported over long distances via a network of pipes (Figure 7) and pump stations. Problems associated with upgrading this network to support the proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development include the relocating of approximately 100 households on the proposed pipeline route, the current position of the local cemetery (graves will have to be relocated), as well as issues pertaining to the flood-line level of the water table. New pump stations would also be needed.
FIGURE 07 RIGHT: Wastewater pipeline in Diepsloot which is part of Jo’burg’s transportation system of 10 957.88km. (by author, 2015)
8
1.4.1 INTEGRATION STRATEGY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SUSTAINABILITY
The key objective of this facility is meeting the requirements
The project will optimise the generation and capture
for tertiary level treatment, as defined by effluent regulations
of valuable materials, helping the facility to reduce its
and building regulations of South Africa:
energy costs, carbon footprint, potable water use, and
+ The National Environmental Management Act (Act no 107. of 1998 as ammended)
environmental impact.
+ The National Environmental Management Waste Act (Act no 59. of 2008) + The National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (Act no 10. of 2004) + Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act no. 43 of 1983) + The National Water Act (Act no. 36 of 1998) + Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act no. 85 of 1993)
+ Minimise energy use and maximise energy recovery + Minimise the generation of waste and maximise reuse + Minimise off-site impacts of effluent discharge + Provide a facility that is an asset to the community + Create a model facility that can be emulated in other areas + Incorporate on-site stormwater management systems + Daylighting, effluent-source heat and passive ventilation
RESOURCE RECOVERY
COMMUNITY
The selected wastewater treatment process has the
The site is located in a transitional area between active
potential to generate water (treated effluent), fertilizer or
commercial, and residential zones. By exploring community
fuel (biosolids) and heat.
partnerships, mutual interests, education opportunities and
+ Maximise recovery of energy through co-management with solid waste organics
public engagement positions, the proposed facility could
+ Maximise recovery of heat from effluent
than simply minimizing the negative community impacts.
+ Harness cooling potential
The following factors may have a negative impact, if not
+ Maximise use of reclaimed water
addressed:
+ Maximise recovery of nutrients from wastewater
+ Noise
+ Smell
+ Generated high quality biosolids for beneficial use
+ Lighting
+ Vibration
provide a positive influence on the urban character rather
9
1.4.2 NATURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT The proposed wastewater treatment technologies
treatment in order to raise the effluent quality before
ranges between 4m3 per day and 75,000m3 per day. Its
are designed to provide low cost treatment and
it is discharged into the receiving environment. A
water depth ranges from 50mm to 800mm (Crites et
environmental protection, while providing additional
free water surface wetland (FWSW) is incorporated
al., 2006).
benefits from the reuse of treated water. The system
because it combines treatment, wildlife habitats, and
can be classified into two principle components:
recreational opportunities.
+ Mechanical treatment systems, used within a constructed environment; + Aquatic and terrestrial systems, used within a natural environment;
A FWSW is characterised by a water surface that is exposed to the atmosphere. This type of wetland structure consists of multiple vegetated shallow basins or swales with barriers that prevent seepage. Soil is
Figure 9 below, illustrates the aquatic and terrestrial
used to support emergent macrophyte vegetation, with
system that will provide a final tertiary wastewater
appropriate inlet and outlet structures. The design flow
FIGURE 8 RIGHT: Aerobic and Anaerobic processes of a FWSW. (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 9 BELOW: Process flow diagram for the proposed FWSW. (by author, 2015)
10
According to Crites et al. (2006), the FWSW wetland concept has great potential for beneficial habitats because the water surface is exposed and accessible to birds and animals�. The treatment process in this system is influenced by six major system components. These components comprise the types of plants, soils, detritus, bacteria, protozoa, and higher animals. Aquatic plants and their function as a treatment component in the proposed FWSW system is the focus of this dissertation. Evaporation loss is also considered due to the arid climate, which can be a factor during the warmer summer months. The current consensus is that shade, provided by emergent or floating plant species, reduces the direct evaporation from the FWSW. The system is specifically designed for seasonal change (colours), pond depth, habitat values with an emphasis on food for higher animals, breeding and forging areas for the Giant African Bullfrog population, as well as nesting values for birds and other aquatic life. The characteristics of emergent plants has an influence on the final selection of plant species (Van Der Ryn & Cowan, 1996; Campbell & Ogden, 1999; Gosselink & Mitch, 2000; Crites et al., 2006).
FIGURE 10 RIGHT: Indigenous emergent plant species: colours represent seasonal change. (Author after Middelbrooks & Reed, 2015)
11
1.4.3 STRATEGY ADVANTAGES
1.5 LIMITATIONS
The treatment of wastewater is only sustainable in a
Due to the limited written architectural works
sustainable, integrated future designs of wastewater
closed-loop system, and requires products that have
regarding wastewater treatment facilities and their
treatment facilities, this dissertation focuses on the
been extracted from raw sewage to be reused in
functional requirements, especially in South Africa,
issues and needs within the Diepsloot East context.
agriculture (ecological sanitation) (Crites et al, 2006).
this dissertation refers to international precedents for
Broader issues relating to the urban ecology are not
It also involves the incorporation of integrated heat
the analysis of community-orientated infrastructure.
addressed in detail, while the wetlands park and associated interventions are only carried out only
recovery systems (renewable biomass energy), and bio filtration (wetland treatment). The proponents of this
The diversity and complexity of the technical, social,
system argue that by separating the components at
and economical aspects relating to infrastructure in
the source, it is possible to release the value from the
South Africa, present a unique scenario that simply
products by using them as renewable resources. This
cannot be addressed by an architectural intervention
scenario has the potential to:
alone. However, as a start to contributing towards
• Maximise the co-management of solid waste and liquid streams; • Maximise development potential by retaining a small building footprint; • Minimise the amount of components on site by processing sludge at the NWTW; • Partner with the district energy system for the production of sustainable energy; • Connect the community with the treatment process and the wetlands system; and • Enhance ecological resources - wetland system.
12
conceptually within the broader scope of works.
FIGURE 11 BELOW: Methodology structure. (by author, 2015)
1.6 RESEARCH APPROACH The research methodology of this dissertation combines quantitative and qualitative data and analysis. This approach consists mainly of literature review, site analysis, and precedent studies. Literature reviews, which focus on published books, online web entries and journal articles, are conducted throughout the design process. This research focusses on wastewater treatment, ecological and biophilic design principles, multi-sensory interaction, urban regeneration, and phenomenology in architecture. The theoretical literature review gave insights into the functions and aspects that relate to the design of the proposed facility. Site visits have given insight into the regional and local context in which the proposed facility is located, and has provided information pertaining to geographic and demographic data.
FIGURE 12 RIGHT: Studio space. (by author, 2015)
13
14
CHAPTER
02
SALIENT INVESTIGATIONS 2.1 Architectural ecology 2.2 Biophilic design 2.3 Expressive space: engaging the architectural experience 2.4 Water infrastructure
SALIENT INVESTIGATIONS “...The mind
enjoyment
without
of
fatigue
scenery and
yet
employs excercises
the it,
tranquilizes it and yet enlivens it;
and thus, through the influences of the mind over the body, gives the effect of reinvigoration and refreshes the whole system.”
(Olmsted, 1865)
FIGURE 14 ABOVE: Sketch of natural surroundings. (by author, 2015)
16
2.1 ARCHITECTURAL ECOLOGY It is not difficult to find affinities between specific animal species and certain types of architecture, whether it be pigeons nesting on roof tops, or bugs breeding in cracks and corners. Initial studies of ecologies lead to the comparison of man-made and natural environments. It is commonly accepted that the built environment
of the foods those birds eat, however, and, thus, what
churches erodes, weathering away to nothing, its
has certain negative impacts on the natural
seeds they later spread around their flight paths, their
remnant minerals fertilize a specific type of weed
environment. However, it is not certain whether
guano results in a very specific kind of forest growing
or small flowering plant, one that would otherwise
these negative impacts are permanent, and if so, how
around each building (or its ruins). The buildings
eventually have died off. Thus, whenever you see a
nature and architecture can be integrated in order
catalyze their own ecological context, in other words,
particular flower, you can deduce from its presence
to create a symbiotic ecosystem. The answer to this
ringed by forests they indirectly helped create.
that a church built during this particular phase of architectural history once stood there. The flowers
question requires a more encompassing vision of the relationship between animal species and the built
A particular type of early modern warehouse or other
are archaeological indicators, we might say: botanical
environment. In his book, The extended Phenotype,
such industrial structure is found to house a specific
traces of architectural history” (Dawkins, 1981: 10).
Richard Dawkins (1981) states that many species
species of bird, perhaps because only its frame can fit
alter the built environment around them in order to
through gaps in the brickwork, precluding colonization
In all three cases, the building’s side-effects could ripple
survive. The following excerpt provides examples of
by other species. Thus, while all other bird species
out to influence the overall evolutionary development
the unanticipated side-effects that architecture could
in the local ecosystem have gone extinct—due to
of other future species, whose ecological origin might
have:
habitat loss, food-web collapse, or whatever—these
partially be predicted by a specific type of architecture.
birds, regally ensconced inside their protective
In the absence of these architectural works, the natural
“Ornamental details from a particular phase of, say, the
warehouses, manage to survive. They are thus saved
environment might begin to change again. Whether
Baroque—or the Gothic, or Dravidian temple design—
by 19th-century architecture—perhaps even by
or not this is perceived as a bad thing can be argued.
are found to attract a specific species of bird, whose
one architecture office’s work. A species that only
Therefore, when architects design their buildings, they
size, nesting needs, etc., correspond exactly to the
lives inside buildings by Anthony George Lyster.
are also indirectly designing circumstances which could
proportional details of this decorative style. Because
When the type of stone used to build a region’s
affect the evolution or conservation of future species.
17
FIGURE 15: Homeless man feeding pigeons, Brancusi Atelier, France. (http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2013/086/a/9/mg_9779_by_sican-d5zfdv8.jpg, 2013)
18
2.2 BIOPHILIC DESIGN The aim of this issue is to investigate a responsible, forward thinking architecture that establishes a fundamental relationship between man, nature, and the built environment; improving health and wellbeing in the built environment. well-being of natural and built environments.
“Biophilic design can reduce stress, enhance creativity
of green building movements have linked improved
and clarity of thought, improve our well-being and
environments and worker productivity (Kellert, 1993).
expedite healing” (Browning, Ryan, & Clancy, 2014:
Productivity improvements are considered important
Some articulation of the definition of ‘natural’ is
4). As the population continues to urbanise, these
because of the financial gains, but a connection to
required for the purpose of understanding biophilic
qualities become increasingly important. Humans
nature has an even broader impact as a placeholder for
design. While views of what the term constitutes vary
have an innate biological connection to nature. This
well-being. The last decade has seen the intersections
greatly, it can be argued that there are two extreme
connection helps explain why the sound of rustling
of neuroscience and architecture, both in practice
connotations of nature. The first is that nature is
leaves or running water is so captivating; why shadows
and in research. Even building standards have started
classified as living organisms, which are unaffected
and dark pathways instil fear and fascination; why
to incorporate biophilia, with specific reference to
by anthropogenic impacts on natural environments.
a view towards the natural landscape enhances
indoor environmental quality and sense of place
This is a narrow perspective of nature (reminiscent of
creativity; and why lingering in a park can have a
(Terrapin Bright Green, 2012). This consistency of
hands-off preservation) because, as Catherine Ryan
healing or reinvigorating effect.
natural themes in history suggests that biophilia is
argues, “nearly everything on Earth has been and will
not a new phenomenon, but rather a collaboration
continue to be impacted at least indirectly by humans”
The term ‘biophilia’ was coined by social psychologist
of science, psychology and human intuition, which
(Terrapin Bright Green, 2012). The second view is that
Eric Fromm, in 1964. Many denotations relating
shows that a connection with nature is crucial in
nature is defined as living organisms and non-living
to a desire to (re)connect with nature and natural
maintaining a healthy and vibrant existence as an
components of an ecosystem. For added clarity, a
systems,
have evolved since. Gordon Orians and
urban species (Browning, et al, 2014). In the context
distinction is made that most natural environments
Judith Heerwagen (Kellert, 1993) theorise that humans
of this dissertation, biophilic design is incorporated as
in urbanised areas are designed (albeit for functional,
are genetically predisposed to prefer a certain type of
a complimentary strategy that addresses challenges
aesthetic, or passive reasons).
natural setting. Since the early 1990’s, the emergence
to health, community cohesiveness, and the overall
19
2.2.1 NATURE-HEALTH RELATIONSHIPS Mental, social health, and behavioural problems are
natural settings would promote children’s well-being”
provide an effective strategy in preventing health-
increasing concurrently with growing cities and are
(Wells, 2014: 3). Kaplan’s (1995) studies show that
related disease, with potential application in areas
regarded as an increasing health burden in developing
natural environments promote resilience and buffers
with individuals at higher risk of illness. Natural
countries (Desjarlais, Eisenberg, Good & Kleinman,
stressful impacts on children. Kaplan (2014) speculates
spaces and public parks not only protect and
1995).
Research by Dr Nancy Wells (2014), an
that the moderating effects of nature on an individual’s
preserve natural environments, but also enable and
environmental psychologist, demonstrates that natural
well-being is even stronger in urban spaces, where the
encourage individuals to relate to natural systems,
and built environments affect people’s mental and
amount and size of parks and open spaces are more
hence playing an important role in a socio-ecological
physical well-being throughout their lives. Wells (2014)
varied. Research suggests that lower levels of perceived
approach to health. As Desjarlais et al. (1995) states,
explains that “factors such as density of communities,
stress and an increased level of job satisfaction relates
the community benefits that arise from contact with
presence and size of parks, land-use mix, height and
to accessible natural areas in the workplace (Kaplan
natural environments include social, mental, biological,
size of residential structures, food store locations, and
& Kaplan, 1989). According to Huttenmoser (in Wells,
environmental, and economic outcomes. Nature is
how roads are laid out affect people’s physical health
2014:4), one possible explanation for nature’s healing
therefore as “an under-utilized public resource in terms
and psychological well-being”. Findings suggest that
effect is that “green spaces foster social interaction
of human health and well-being, with the use of parks
natural areas in close proximity to residential areas
and thereby promote social support”. Another
and natural areas offering a potential gold mine for
promote well-being (Wells, Evans & Yang, 2010). Wells
explanation is that “exposure to natural elements
population health promotion” (Desjarlais et al., 1995).
(2014) goes on to state that access to, or views toward
helps people to focus their attention” (Kaplan &
natural environments improve recovery from injury or
Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1983).
In light of these findings, natural environments are one
sickness, as well as cognitive functioning. Open spaces
When people are in natural environments, there is
of the most vital health resources. In the context of
and parks increase physical activity and enhance social
no longer a need to block out noise and other mental
urbanisation, growing populations, and illness contact
connections. Wells asserts that the accumulation of
intrusions, allowing their mind to rest. Taking a stroll
with nature could provide an accessible, affordable
risk factors in urbanised areas have stronger impacts
in a park, or simply lingering in a natural setting
and equitable choice with restorative and preventative
on physical and mental well-being.
allows for a breakaway from stressful day-to-day
health strategies.
problems, and allows a mental rest. Wells (2014) It is generally accepted that children have an affinity
explains that planning decisions play an important role,
for nature. It follows then that “if people tend to prefer
which affects physical and mental well-being.
environments in which they function most effectively,
Implications suggest that contact with nature could
FIGURE 16 RIGHT: Child connecting with nature.
(https://www.wwt.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_3653.jpg, 2012)
20
21
2.2.2 NATURE-DESIGN RELATIONSHIPS Biophilic design is organised into three categories, which provide a framework for the incorporation of a rich diversity of strategies into the built environment (Terrapin Bright Green, 2012).
FIGURE 17 ABOVE: Artist’s rendition of Safavid-era Isfahan, which is typically described (http://ajammc.com/2012/10/23/the-bridge-to-new-julfa-a-look-at-the-armenian-community-of-isfahan/, 2012)
22
as the pinnacle of garden cities interspersed with harmoniously-designed pavilions and spacious thoroughfares.
NATURE IN THE SPACE This category addresses the physical and ephemeral presence of nature in a space. This includes plant life, animals, water, as well as sounds, smells, and wind. Memorable experiences are achieved when meaningful connections are created with these natural elements, particularly through multi-sensory interactions, movement and diversity. Nature in the space encompasses the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Visual connections: a view to natural elements, living systems, and natural processes; 2. Non-visual connections: auditory, haptic, or gustatory stimuli; 3. Thermal and airflow variability: subtle changes in air temperature, airflow, humidity, and surface temperature; 4. Presence of water: enhances the experience of a place by touching, hearing, and seeing water; 5. Dynamic and diffused light: varying the intensity of light and shadow that changes over time, to create conditions that occur in nature; and 6. Connection with natural systems: awareness of natural processes. FIGURE 18 LEFT: Reflecting pool at the Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts by Tadao Ando, St. Louis. (Image by Chaotic Float/Flickr, 2010)
23
NATURAL ANALOGUES This category addresses non-living, organic, and indirect evocations of nature. These include colours, shapes, patterns, objects, and materials found in nature. Natural materials that have been altered or processed, provide an indirect connection with nature: “while they are real, they are only analogous of the items in their ‘natural’ state” (Browning et al., 2014). Natural analogues encompass the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Biomorphic forms and patterns: expressed in mathematical proportions. These include curves, angles of 120 degrees (Ching, 2014), right angles and straight lines (the Golden Angle), the Fibonacci series, and the Golden Mean (ratio of 1:1618); 2. Material connection with nature: through minimal processing, materials and elements create a distinct sense of place by reflecting the local ecology or geology. Spaces feel warm, rich, authentic, and stimulating when touched; 3. Complexity and order: a space that feels information-rich and engaging, as an intriguing balance between overwhelming and boring. Rich sensory information adheres to a spatial hierarchy, which is similar to those encountered in nature. FIGURE 19 RIGHT: DaVinci’s Vitruvian Man: the Golden Ratio. (http://rouleauc.blogspot.ca/2009/04/more-you-know-golden-ratio.html, 2013)
24
NATURE OF THE SPACE This category addresses spatial configurations in nature. This includes the learned and innate desire to be able “to see beyond our immediate surroundings, our fascination with the slightly dangerous or unknown; obscured views and revelatory moments; and sometimes even phobia-inducing properties when they include a trusted element of safety� (Browning, Ryan, & Clancy, 2014). A strong sense of nature of the space is achieved through the creation of engaging and deliberate spatial configurations. It encompasses the following biophilic design patterns: 1. Prospect: an unimpeded view over a distance; 2. Refuge: a place that allows withdrawal from environmental conditions or the flow of activity, in which individuals are protected; 3. Mystery: obscured views or sensory devices entice individuals to travel through the environment to acquire more information. A space should have a palpable sense of anticipation, offering the senses a denial and reward that compels exploration; 4. Risk and peril: a reliable safeguard that is coupled by an identifiable threat. A space with an implied threat feels exhilarating and these experiences play a role in developing risk assessment. FIGURE 20 LEFT: The Levitated Mass, LA County Museum of Art. (Image by Joshua and Hilary Scott Dildine, 2012)
25
2.2.3 LANDFORM PRINCIPLES
We
and captured by the elements of mass. Concrete human
• Sense of place: spaces have a strong, meaningful
experience through the volume of its space: we move,
actions take place in a space that is distinguished
sense of place when the various stimuli that
see elements, touch and feel, hear sounds, and smell
by qualitative differences. The site is unique in the
encompass it are related to one another, and
fragrances. The qualities of this space - its visual form,
complexity of its parts and their patterning. Since
support a common theme
scale and dimensions - depend on the perception of
site developments may have unexpected effects,
its spatial construct. Architecture manifests when
the designer needs to explore principles that
• Appropriateness of landform: in order for space to
space begins to be moulded, enclosed, organised,
establish the site as a successful place. (Schulz, 1980)
be perceived as appropriate, it needs to encourage
The
landscape
encompasses
ones
being.
FIGURE 21 below, across: Sketches illustrating landform principles. (Author, 2015)
+
SPATIAL DEFINITION
26
+
SPATIAL STRATA
• Variables in spatial experiences: variables in
• Circulation control: diversity in circulation routes
landform create invisible boundaries or edges, and
provide for a range of equally diverse content and
also subdivide large spaces into smaller spaces
landscape settings. Landform influences direction,
• Create and define spaces: landform defines the
(space separator). Variation can be achieved by
speed, and rhythm of movement. It could be
edges of a space, as well as its organisation. The
changing the size and slope of the floor area
used to physically or visually control movement
general orientation of a space is towards open
(intimate to monumental), and the steepness and
(obstacles), while circulation routes follow paths
views and lower ground levels.
height of enclosing slopes (degree of enclosure).
of least resistance (steepness and length of slope).
the intended behaviour, relate to its physical context, and achieve a rapport with its condition.
+
EDGE MATERIAL
+
SPATIAL VARIATION
27
2.3 EXPRESSIVE SPACE: ENGAGING THE ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIENCE A coherent representation of multi-sensory integration enables meaningful perceptual experiences. The aim of this issue is to investigate the infrastructural typology from a multi-sensory perspective. Spaces occupied by infrastructure are harsh landscapes.
different functions and models are not ephemeral.
sensory integration forms a key component of this
Its existence is forgotten by most people, leaving the
Research shows that the successful integration
new hybridity. According to Elmborg (2011), humans
individuals who work in these environments with a
of infrastructure into architectural environments,
rely heavily on their senses to process information
unique understanding of marginality and separation.
offer spatial, economic, social, and environmental
when learning. Multi-sensory experiences allow better
Jeffrey (2012) identifies marginality as more than a
opportunities. The role of this hybrid typology is to
cognitive connections and associations, which enable
site of deprivation, stating that “it is also the site of
blur the identified boundaries, and situate itself as a
individuals to remember and retain information more
radical possibility, a space of resistance.” The rapid
means to (re)connect the inherent tear of the urban
effectively. Elmborg’s notion of hybridity investigates
growth of cities necessitates a concurrent expansion
fabric. New spaces could be introduced to shared
human-orientated spaces that encourage creative
of infrastructural facilities in order to meet growth
environments, by integrating infrastructure, research,
boundaries, educational landscapes, and cultural
demand. As an idiosyncratic, altruistic infrastructural
and educational facilities. These shared environments
identities. Human nature, or an individual’s personality
facility, wastewater treatment plants fill a vital human
could be attuned to educational and transformative
cannot be changed, but a systematic programme in
need, however, they are currently programmed to
potential, which is rooted in the social learning concept
an appropriately designed environment can stifle
perform one functional operation.
of environmental psychology. This field suggests that
learned
the interrelationship between human behaviour, social,
choices (Beaumont, 2007). Design theorist Malcolm
There is a need for designers to explore the
natural, learning, as well as the built environment
McCullough (2004) builds on this theory by suggesting
repurposing and integration of infrastructure. As
contribute to the psychology of the environment.
that sensory properties should be addressed to create
responses,
thereby
changing
cognitive
social and educational environments.
infrastructure continues to strengthen marginality, transprogramming plays a vital part as the resultant
In order to create an informative learning environment,
act. Infrastructure can be adapted and successfully
“conditions should be manipulated to promote
Pallasmaa (2000) explains that every memorable
integrated into expanding communities as a hybrid
intellectual and creative manner” (De Young, 1999). De
experience of architecture is multi-sensory. Qualities
form of urban fabric. The benefits of integrating
Young (1999) furthers this notion by stating that multi-
of scale, matter, and space are measured equally by
28
senses. However, literature on spatial cross-modal biases suggest that the visual cognitive modality often biases information from other senses (Witten & Knudsen, 2005). Therefore, architecture has evolved into an instant visual art form. Monotonous, uniform surfaces, shapes, textures, and the elimination of micro-climates create tiresome and boring spaces. The standardisation of environmental conditions results in an environment that causes sensory impoverishment. Architecture needs to reinvent itself within a rapidly urbanising environment in order to “portray architecture not as yet another objet d’art birthed by a master designer, but as a multi-modal, multisensory shaper of the material landscape that impacts people’s everyday lives” (Witten & Knudsen, 2005). To apprehend spatial experiences as fully as possible, every sense needs to be engaged. Providing a multi-sensory experience (interactive and informative architecture) could enhance the architectural experience, as well as improve human stimulation and education.
FIGURE 22 ABOVE: Sensory neuron which receives sensation.
(http://www.enzopennetta.it/2014/11/la-forza-del-pensiero-attiva-i-geni/, 2014)
29
2.3.1 SENSES The neurological system, which receives inputs from the human cognitive senses, makes it possible for individuals to experience architecture:
+
SIGHT
Although it might seem obvious, sight plays a crucial part in education, especially for individuals who are visual learners. Sight is often taken for granted due to most activities involving sight. According to Pallasmaa (2012: 46), the eye determines distance and separation. In doing so, it allows for control, survey and investigation. In architecture, this sense conveys the passage of time by means of changing environments. Light can be manipulated to create spatial manipulations (Trejo, 2011). In his book Experiencing Architecture, Rasmussen (1959: 215) elaborates on the role that colour plays by suggesting that “colour can be used to reveal the building’s function and character, while emphasising the form and materials thereof.” Sight, in conjunction with colour, can therefore influence human emotion in an educational manner. Visual enhancement of spaces, climatic and seasonal changes, as well as movement through buildings can be accomplished by using interactive information panels, shadows, and lighting. FIGURE 23 RIGHT: Conceptual sketch exploring natural lighting. (by author, 2015)
30
+
HEARING
The auditory expression is consistent with the visual. It plays an important part in combination with shape, form, colours, light, material, and temperature (sensory architecture). Sound plays an important part in the learning process, especially for auditory learners. Hearing enables a better understanding of the world by providing another layer of comprehension that sight along cannot offer. Hearing has only gradually been replaced by the dominance sight (Pallasmaa, 2012). Pallasmaa (2012) argues that hearing-dominance has yielded to sight-dominance, thereby replacing situational thinking with abstract thinking. He goes on to explain that sound “describes the volumes or space through which it reverberates� (Pallasmaa, 2012: 25). Wastewater treatment plants are known for their noisy machinery, which in turn discourages social interactions. In the context of this dissertation, this idea shifts to an approach towards infrastructure that encourages educational spaces where sound is controlled, promoting healthy social interaction. A synthesis of visual and auditory perception is communicated through the use of functional sound design for the auditorium and learning areas, sound routing, and digital platforms. FIGURE 24 RIGHT: Conceptual sketches exploring auditory perception. (by author, 2015)
31
+
SMELL AND TASTE
Individuals associate smell and taste with different things, acquaintances, memories, or places. These senses are often the most persistent memories of spaces, but they are often overlooked and under used in architecture. If an individual associates a fact with a fun memory, it could help them retain more information. Lehman (in Fox & Kemp, 2009) describes the sense of smell as “having a beneficial effect in educational and rehabilitative environments�, and could be introduced by the use of specific aromas, thereby evoking strong emotional reactions. The incorporation of diverse fauna and flora into the landscape could contribute to productive and positive learning environments. The introduction of a smellscape, with edible herbs and aquatic vegetation, responds directly to these senses. The process of wastewater treatment permits control of certain odours, providing educational spaces where individuals are exposed to both bad odours, and pleasant aromas.
FIGURE 25 RIGHT: Conceptual smell mapping of an urban area. (by author, 2014)
32
+
TOUCH
According to Pallasmaa (2012: 60), an individual’s hands are organisms that entail a delta in which “life from the most distant source flows together surging into the great current of action.” Textures can be utilised to define different spaces within an environment, and to articulate different elements. By applying certain textures, a unique user experience can be evoked, thereby indicating access and purpose. Pallasmaa (2012:32) contends that touch is the “delta in which the great current of action unfolds and that one’s skin reads temperature, weight, density and texture.” According to Pallasmaa (2012: 41), “architecture, a man-made realm and extension of nature, provides perception, experience and understanding.” Therefore, spaces form a cohesiveness that drives existential experience, and directs attention. By applying this centralised man-made realm, user-focused environments that support educational and social patterns of learning are encouraged. Habitable exterior spaces include both rough textures, and natural elements so as to create a robust architectural tone. Warm finishes are used to create a comforting educational space, while cold, hard materials are used to elicit solitary emotions. FIGURE 26 RIGHT: St. Edward’s university, by Alejandro Aravena. (http://andgatherer.tumblr.com/image/104349870306, 2015)
33
2.4 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Water plays an important role in the proposed facility. This issue presents a reflection of water as it is represented in architecture, thereby recognising the sensuous qualities and emotions that it evokes. Water plays its part as a multidimensional element
temperate climates, natural water sources are either
that appears in various fields. Environmentally, it exists
hidden, dried up, lost, or covered (Alexander, Ishizawa
as a natural resource that is essential for living (potable
& Silverton, 1977: 323).
water and wetlands systems). Socially, it serves as a sensitive basis that develops human activities and
Water is considered as a mediator between the
evokes certain emotions. Financially, it influences
built and the natural environment. This affords
agriculture and tourism. Culturally it is related to arts,
architecture the opportunity to play a significant role
mythology or religion for its ability to cleanse, purify
in shaping the way in which individuals perceive and
and nourish. Aesthetically, it represents an element
experience water. In most respects, water -with its
of nature within the built environment (Koskina &
fluid, vibrant, transparent, dynamic qualities- stands
Hasanagas, 2013). In his book Water and Architecture,
opposed to architecture in its static form, but both are
Architect Charles Moore (in Davids, 2013) explains
essential parts of human life. This binary opposition
that the key to understanding water in architecture is
provides an imaginative design opportunity with
to understand the architecture of water: “the physical
regards to the tension that is portrayed. Kuhn (2007:
laws which govern its behaviour, the ways in which it
05) explains that water and architecture should
engages our senses, how its presence relates to us as
accommodate one another. Current practice of water
human beings.” He argues that the opportunities to
use and reticulation has become unsustainable, and
observe these qualities have diminished due to water’s
causes the degradation of the natural water cycle.
disappearance from daily life. Fresh water is a precious
Architects and designers need to rethink water’s use
commodity and this realisation has been accompanied
in the conventional sense, and devise ways in which
by the absence of water in urbanised areas. Even in
water is utilised to enhance the built environment.
34
FIGURE 27 ABOVE: Current infrastructural system ignores user experience. (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 28 ABOVE: Infrastructure should incorporate design principles which connect people to water and the community. (by author, 2015)
The theme of water in architecture inspires exploration of a sustainable form of architecture, which supports the
conservation,
purification,
retention,
and
remediation of water, while restoring the manifestation of its presence in the built environment: its streams, droplets, trickles, splashes, sprays and ripples. This approach requires an investigation of water in its different states (-liquid, gas and solid), -as well as the abundant characteristics associated with it. The use of water in architecture allows for the opportunity to (re)connect communities with water and its social, spiritual, cultural, physical, and emotional aspects. The proposed facility explores a solution that mediates the transition between land and water, integrating water as an element that raises awareness of hydrological systems in an effort to reinvent water infrastructure as a catalyst for engagement, community upliftment, and education. The following notes explore the history, qualities and use of water in nature and architecture. FIGURE 29 LEFT: Issues relating to integrated infrastructure. (by author, 2015)
35
2.4.1 WATER IN ARCHITECTURE Water has always been an integral part of human experience; a critical element of civilisation which inspires social norms. The experience of communing with water has been mediated by different civilisations: as important points of reference in public squares, a symbol of civic pride through the aqueducts of Rome, intimate spaces in the bath houses of Japan,
+ Infrastructure + Civic pride + Gathering space
FIGURE 31: Roman aqueduct, Pont du Gard .
+ Culture + Rejuvenation + Intimacy
FIGURE 32: Traditional bath house in Japan.
or as spiritual elements in lush Victorian and Islamic
(http://oldtimewallpapers.com/, 2015)
gardens. Water-related architecture has a history that expresses the diverse role that it has played within the social constructs of various communities. In addition to serving practical functions, these spaces are expressive and emotional; attributes which draw people together in civic pride and wonder. However, the current attitude towards water-related architecture, especially in developing communities like Diepsloot, has changed due to urbanisation, technological and environmental
(http://www.alljapantours.com/acp/images/attraction/pH11221446.jpg, 2012)
changes, which affect settlement patterns, and the volume of water in demand in these rapidly expanding communities. Water management strategies reflect an attitude of objectification. Water is piped into communities through highly engineered systems, which cut communities off from its cleansing, purifying, and rejuvenating substance. (Chung, 2010: 15) FIGURE 30 RIGHT: Diagrams illustrating water mediation. (by author, 2015)
36
+ Religion + Delight + Rest
FIGURE 33: Islamic garden featuring a water pool.
(http://www.grandivivaisciacca.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/islamic-1.jpg, 2013)
FIGURE 34 ABOVE: Carlo Scarpa, Tomba Brion. (http://www.ilgiornaledellarchitettura.com/immagini/IMG20110705114115278_900_700.jpeg, 2015)
37
2.4.2 WATER AS DESIGN GENERATOR
PRACTICAL FUNCTION
CULTURE AND RELIGION
RECREATION
Human existence depends on the availability of water,
Due to water’s integral part of daily life and the
Architect Gordon Cullen (Booth, 1990) states that water
and civilization is built on its use. Water is a precious
necessity thereof for survival, it forms an important
provides a form of intimacy with nature. He explains
resource that has been “a driving factor of progress in
part of culture and religion. As a result of its association,
that this is because the transition between dry land and
the past and will prove to be a determining factor for
cultural and religious views of water are based on
water offers a profound psychological contrast. Water
development in the future as well” (Green Prophet,
those of the surrounding community. In religion, water
exerts a force of attraction that captivates humans.
2010). As established by the preceding chapter, the
is used as a metaphor of life, a belief that physical
In addition to its health and psychological benefits,
proposed facility’s main priority is the treatment of
purification with water leads to spiritual rejuvenation.
water provides opportunities for a diverse range of
effluent in order to provide the expanding community
In the context of this dissertation, water is the driving
recreational activities. People have a “yearning to
of Diepsloot with a safe, potable water supply.
force behind development, health, economic and
touch, feel and even become totally immersed in water
social prosperity, as well as cultural significance.
as part of recreation” (Booth, 1990: 255).
FIGURE 35 ABOVE: National tourist route by Reiulf Ramstad Architects, Trollstigen. (http://www.archdaily.com/32441/national-tourist-route-trollstigen-rra/, 2011)
38
FIGURE 36 ABOVE: Moses bridge by RO&AD Architects, Netherlands. (http://hovercraftdoggy.com/2013/02/28/moses-bridge/, 2013)
NATURAL PRESERVATION
THE SENSES
MOVEMENT
An adequate, high quality water supply is necessary for
Water has a therapeutic effect on individuals, which
Current management practices see surface water as
local communities, as well as their natural ecosystems.
captures and embraces their senses. Water, as a
a threat of flooding. Underground drainage networks
Water expanses are fundamental not only as part
unifying element, promotes a rich sensory experience
are a rational response that removes this perceived
of daily life, but also as part of mitigation areas. The
by drawing all the senses together (Booth, 1990: 256).
threat. “Water is not an experience with nature or
intermediate areas (transitional areas such as wetlands
When watching the sensual movements of water,
with people; it is merely an ‘urban cleaning fluid’ that
systems) between semi-rural and urban settlements
feeling its heat or coolth against ones skin, listening
appears on demand” (Chung, 2010: 15). In order to
are essential in supporting and maintaining animal life,
to its rhythmic sounds, smelling the emanating salty
create awareness, expose and reconnect communities
fauna and flora, as well as mitigating flooding. Natural
ocean or quenching ones thirst, a person’s awareness
with water, a shift in current practices is required where
preservation is essential in promoting a sustainable
and perception can be transferred to a peaceful state
water in design accommodates buildings and enhances
form of urbanisation.
of mind.
the environment.
FIGURE 37 ABOVE: Hansol Museum by Tadao Ando, Korea.
FIGURE 38 ABOVE: ‘Silence’ water feature by Tadao Ando, London.
FIGURE 39 ABOVE: Scupper drain detail by Carlos Scarpa, Venizia.
(www.tofugu.com/2012/12/01/awaji-islands-breathtaking-architecture/, 2012)
(https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7052/6987570775_6e283c779b.jpg, 2012)
(https://www.flickr.com/photos/22fiaschi/5409656667/in/set-72157622361857831, 2010)
39
2.4.2 PRINCIPLES TO APPLY The prospect of connecting infrastructure with emotional and cultural meaning is an appropriate vision for Diepsloot; “n environment that has the physical landscape but lacks meaningful public space� (Chung, 2010: 18). In the context of this dissertation, the reinvented type of infrastructure could optimistically act as a catalyst for meaningful community integration. The proposed facility should reflect both water and water infrastructure, which contributes to the cultural and social needs of the community, thereby addressing the potential for human experiences that connect communities to water. The existing wetlands system is incorporated into the design while new dams and collection ponds are introduced into the landscape, and around buildings. This is accomplished by damming up portions of the water drainage path at predetermined locations, forming an integral connection between the natural and built environment. By integrating water throughout the configuration of the facility, it plays an important role in sensory experience while contributing to climate control, reflectivity, sound, connectivity, boundary conditions, movement, water management, and interaction.
FIGURE 40 RIGHT: Fort Worth Water Garden, Texas. (Photo by Carrie Bloom, 2013)
40
FIGURE 41 ABOVE: Flowforms: pattern of water flow in nature.
(Sketch by author, 2015)
41
FIGURE 42 OVERLEAF: Nature used to create expressive space. (watercolour sketch by author, 2015)
42
CHAPTER
03
PRECEDENT STUDIES 3.1 Willamette River Wastewater Treatment Plant 3.2 False Creek Energy Centre 3.3 Magaliesburg Wastewater Treatment Works: case study 3.4 Teshima Art Museum 3.5 Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum
PRECEDENT STUDIES 3.1 WILLAMETTE RIVER WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Architect: Miller Hull Partnership Client: Tualatin Valley Water District Completion: 2002 Location: Wilsonville, Oregon, USA
44
AIM This precedent is situated next to the Willamette
local wildlife corridor along the building’s western
River, in one of the fastest growing cities in Oregon. It
edge by providing natural bioswales, eddies, and
accommodates similar programmes to the proposed
aquatic vegetation. The plant uses a six-phase process
wastewater treatment plant, and is thus analysed to
that treats approximately 15 mega-litres per day, and
inform programmatic requirements. The intention
serves a population of 37 700 (Wilsonville, 2002). The
of analysing this project is to comprehend how the
facility is over-designed and provides purer water
architect successfully integrated the existing landscape
than required in terms of drinking water standards.
into site planning and building layout. Analysis focusses on the facilitiy’s function, scale, public recreation, as
The plant includes a multi-barrier treatment process:
well as its integration into the diverse characteristics of the existing natural environment (Hull, 2002).
1. Intake screens prevent debris and fish from entering the treatment facility;
ANALYSIS
2. Enhanced
sedimentation
removes
smaller
The scope of this project includes a wastewater
materials that might pass the intake screens;
treatment plant, an administration building, laboratory,
3. Ozonation destroys microbial contaminants;
conference room, and support offices. The typology
4. Granular activated carbon removes remaining
of this facility communicates the water cycle, which
organic materials and dissolves chemicals;
is demonstrated by the use of water as a unifying
5. Sand filter improves particle removal; and
element that draws the senses together. A contextual
6. Secondary disinfection provides safe drinking
and educative journey is introduced through the
water.
use of the river, which fosters social interaction and thereby promotes education. This facility relates to its ecological context in a sustainable and regenerative
FIGURE 43 FAR LEFT: Garden wall which bisects the site.
manner through the use of advanced wastewater
FIGURE 44 TOP RIGHT: View of treatment plant and river.
treatment methods and site neutralisation. The public park includes a series of ponds, which enhance the
(http://www.millerhull.com/media/nonresidential/wwtp/wwtp_00.jpg, 2011)
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/experience.html, 2002)
FIGURE 45 BOTTOM RIGHT: Structural detail, connection with water. (https://ksamedia.osu.edu/sites/default/files/originals/07_0000268_0.jpeg, 2006)
45
INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY • Thermal energy recovery is incorporated as an environmentally friendly means of managing solids; • Reclaimed water is of a high enough quality to distribute to the local industry, and can be discharged to pocket estuaries; • Natural purification systems are incorporated for the final stages of treatment, to produce high quality effluent. These stages are made visible to
FIGURE 46: Pumps in the High Service Pump Station.
FIGURE 49: Cranular activated carbon filter in operation.
FIGURE 47: Ozonation machine.
FIGURE 50: Liquid ozonation is used to generate ozone on-site.
FIGURE 48: Sedimentation tanks.
FIGURE 51: Plant’s clearwell where final treatment takes place.
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/1407182616.jpg, 2001)
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/1407181266.jpg, 2001)
the public; and • Low grade effluent heat is incorporated into a district heating system.
SUSTAINABILITY • Restorative ecological strategies are introduced to repair and conserve the environment; • Opportunities for human interaction are provided,
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/4414642_orig.jpg, 2001)
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/7991214_orig.jpg, 2001)
thereby promoting educational value; • Regional ecological resources are enhanced where beneficial to provide opportunity for human interaction; • Employment opportunities are created for local community; and • A small building footprint maximises non-plant related development.
46
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/9940526_orig.jpg, 2001)
(http://www.kittyhawkengineering.com/uploads/3/0/8/5/3085972/3484952_orig.jpg, 2001)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW
PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use water as a navigation tool to guide the visitors through the process; • Integrate the existing landscape into site planning and building layout; • Communicate water cycle interpretation with unifying element, to draw visitors senses together; • Relate to the ecological context in a sustainable and generative manner; • Use water and light to create opaque perception; • Design the building with possible expansion in mind, as demand for larger components increases; • Use a critical rationalist approach- sustainable materials and climatic considerations; • Apply rustic materials that show their authenticity by weathering; • Use natural light to dissect the building using contrasting shadows and dark spaces; • Regenerate the existing wetlands system, which has been negatively impacted by human development and industrial activity.
FIGURE 52 LEFT: Analysis of the wastewaterwater treatment plant. (Author, 2015)
47
3.2 FALSE CREEK ENERGY CENTRE
Architect: Walter Francl Architecture Inc. Client: City of Vancouver Completion: 2009 Location: Vancouver, Canada AIM An in-depth analysis of this project’s plans and sections assists in functional zoning and circulation decisions concerning the thermal energy production plant within the proposed facility.
ANALYSIS This facility is an environmentally friendly energy plant that is integrated with a municipal sewage pumping station. Similar to a geothermal application, heat pumps within the facility are used to transfer heat from a low-grade source (untreated wastewater) to higher source grade (water). After heat has been recovered, the sewage is treated in the wastewater treatment plant. It incorporates energy efficient design principles in its neighbourhood plan, providing the community of False Creek with sustainable energy. The stack pipes serve the highly efficient, low-emisive gas boilers that are used to meet energy demands (SABMagazine, 2011). FIGURE 53 RIGHT: Night view, False Creek Energy Centre.
(http://www.franclarchitecture.com/work/false-creek-neighbourhood-energy-utility-centre, 2009)
48
THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY OVERVIEW
PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Arrange spaces to direct movement, while different spaces allow visitors to linger; • Use the treatment process to lead the visitor to the next stage; • Incorporate energy efficient design principles in order to provide the community with sustainable energy; • Guide pedestrian movement through the strategic placement of building forms; • Regenerate the river, which has been negatively impacted by human development; • Sewage heat recovery supplies 70% of the building’s annual energy demand; • Renewable energy stabilises energy costs for consumers compared to more volatile energy sources; and • Potentially mitigates the noise pollution usually associated with energy plants;
FIGURE 54 LEFT: Analysis of the energy centre. (Author, 2015)
49
3.3 MAGALIESBURG WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS (MWWTW)
CASE STUDY Consultant: Pro-Plan Civil design: CSVwater Consulting Engineers Client: Mogale City Local Municipality Completion: 2002 Location: Ga-Mohale, Magaliesburg AIM A site visit was conducted on 14 March 2015. This facility is located within a rural township, Ga-Mohale in Magaliesburg, approximately 65km west of Diepsloot. It accommodates similar programmes and contextual issues as the proposed wastewater treatment plant. An analysis of this project helps in understanding how a biological treatment process is integrated with a passive, natural treatment system. An in-depth study of spatial requirements, machines, chemicals,
ANALYSIS This wastewater treatment works has a design flow capacity of just over 1 100m3 per day and uses an activated sludge process (ASP). The plant’s processes are designed to mimic natural treatment processes that occur in the environment -a natural body of water. Bacteria in the dam consumes organic contaminants while native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminants. The numbers of disease-causing micro-
FIGURE 55: Detail of water filtering through ‘Dortmund’ clarifier. (Author, 2015)
organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The biological treatment system comprises the following components: • Inlet works consisting of a mechanical screen and de-gritting system;
and biological processes used within the facility is
• Flow measurement chamber;
conducted.
• Biological reactor;
FIGURE 56: Sludge lagoons. (Author, 2015)
• A Dortmund type clarifier; Sounds have been recorded and smells are mapped in
• Sludge lagoons;
order to establish an aide-memoire, which relates to
• Sludge recycling;
the sensory experience of a visitor. This analysis serves
• Constructed wetlands / reed beds; and
as a theory basis relating to expressive space and the
• Chlorine disinfection.
sensory experience of users. FIGURE 57: Chlorine disinfection.
50
(Author, 2015)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC PROCESS FIGURE 58 (Author, 2015)
51
SITE PLAN FIGURE 59 (Author, 2015)
52
SMELL AIDE-MEMOIRE FIGURE 60 (Author, 2015)
53
SOUND AIDE-MEMOIRE FIGURE 61 (Author, 2015)
54
NOISE LEVELS FIGURE 62 (Author, 2015)
PRINCIPLES TO APPLY
Noise and vibration management
Odour control • Include provisions that minimise and control the release of odours; • Minimise turbulence in open-air channels, tanks, and launders;
• Divide components into potential odour zones:
• Locate significant noise emission sources, such
high odour potential, medium odour potential,
as rotating equipment, pumps, and motors in the
and low odour potential.
basement;
• Treat contained air from low and medium odour
• Minimise the amount of septic sludge in tanks;
potential sources in an activated carbon polishing
• Control air circulation with containment barriers
unit;
depending on odour potential; • Discharge foul air to a biowater treatment system; • Contain odour sources with physical covers;
• Discharge treated air into stack pipe system; • Disperse clean air into the atmosphere or recycle into a ventilation system.
• Enclose machinery with acoustic insulators; • Treat louvers for the ventilation system with acoustic insulators to attenuate noise; • Minimise the use of hard, smooth surfaces, such as polished concrete; • Incorporate sound principles (Chapter 2.3.1)
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3.4 TESHIMA ART MUSEUM
Architect: Ryue Nishizawa Client: Naoshima Fukutake Art Foundation Completion: 2010 Location: Teshima Island, Japan
FIGURE 63: Southern view of the Teshima Art Museum. (Author, 2015)
56
AIM The boundaries between nature and architecture are
concept for the isolated art museum is a “...coolly
a monochromatic material.
The use of exposed,
blurred in this project. Analysis of this project has aided
autonomous and object-like, with the rounded shape
smooth concrete, a mixture of white cement and
an understanding of how Ryue Nishizawa engages
of a water droplet poised lightly on a sheet of glass”
a lime additive, suggests an industrial facility amid
users through a phenomenological approach towards
(Buntrock, 2011).
its natural context. It hosts an exhibition space that differs from the conventional typology, with masses
architecture. The architectural spaces created by the extensive
of objects and works of art. There is no obvious point
concrete form, act in harmony with the natural
of entry. Visitors are led through this architectural
ANALYSIS
environment. Two large apertures create interplay
manifestation to contemplate an experience with
This facility is located in a historic brownfields site, an
of light, reflection, and shade on the structure’s
nature, made of light, water, and air. A promenade
area that had previously been misused as an illegal
smooth concrete surface. These openings create
leads visitors through a series of programmes before
toxic waste dump. The basis for this project is a desire
a fusion of the environment and architecture by
continuing into the surrounding natural landscape.
to develop the area as a cultural attraction and revive
allowing in fresh air, light, and rain. This project
traditional agriculture on the island. Nishizawa’s
explores the perception of form, of details, and of
FIGURE 64 - 66 BELOW: Teshima Art Museum.
(http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2010/12/09/teshima-art-museum.html, 2010)
57
PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use natural elements (light, water) to create an ambiance that changes from hour to hour and season to season; • Use a narrative approach; • Use a self-explorative narrative: arrange a sequence of spaces that lead or direct visitors while other spaces allow visitors to move around freely; • Use natural light to dissect deep and dark spaces in the building; • Employ a tension between materials to create contrast between light and dark, dynamic and static, hard and soft; • Explore contemporary values through atmospheric sensuality, and attention to material detail. • Explore the perception of form and details through the use of monochromatic materials.
FIGURE 67 LEFT: Teshima Art Museum.
(http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2010/12/09/teshima-art-museum.html, 2010)
58
3.5 NAOSHIMA CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUM
Architect: Tadao Ando Client: Naoshima Fukutake Art Foundation Completion: 1995 Location: Naoshima Island, Japan AIM Tadao Ando’s usual restraint in material selection, textures, colours, and simplistic forms blend in with the natural environment. Nature and geometry are united, resulting in a serene and tranquil architecture. This project is analysed in order to understand how geometry and textures can introduce a contextual and exploitative journey of sensation.
FIGURE 68: Site plan: building form and layout. (Author, 2015)
59
ANALYSIS The Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum occupies the southern periphery of Naoshima Island, between a hill covered with deep woods and rugged rocks. The museum comprises three main buildings: the museum’s main building, the Annex Hotel and the Minamidera Art House Project. Visitors who access the museum via boat enter a stepped plaza, which functions as the entrance as well as an outdoor performance space. The museum’s main building consists of three overlapped masses. These rectangular structures are dissected by a circular gathering space that forms part
FIGURE 59: Stepped plaza with space for performances.
FIGURE 61: Conical skylight providing light to the cylindrical space.
FIGURE 60: Water feature and circulation .
FIGURE 62: Framed view within the double volume.
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Benesse_house13s3s3872.jpg, 1999)
(http://www.arcspace.com/naoshima_contemporary_art_museum_9.jpg, 1999)
of the spatial sequence that leads into the interior. A rectangular structure, attached at an angle to the gathering space serves as the the Annex Hotel’s guest wing. The internal layout of the interior spaces are a well thought-out path of circulation, which leads visitors to predetermined points, while they are left to explore in other regions of the museum. The hotel rooms form an elliptical building, which is positioned around an inner courtyard and water plaza. The presence of water is demonstrated and amplified by the tactile qualities of moisture and mist. In this project, Ando uses water as a unifying element that draws the senses (sound, sight, touch, taste, and smell) together to create an enticing journey throughout the building.
(Author, 1999)
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(http://www.arcspace.com/naoshima_contemporary_art_museum_19.jpg, 1999)
PRINCIPLES TO APPLY • Use the tactile qualities of water to promote a rich sensory experience, and encourage visitors to engage with architecture; • Use water as a navigation tool to guide visitors to certain elements or spaces; • Use elementary nature (light and air) to give indications of the passing of time and the changing of seasons; • Use direct and indirect natural light to change the character of a space- dimly lit space as a transitional area or dark spaces for users to rest or linger; • Position openings to direct light onto water so that it reflects, diffracts, or illuminates the water surface and the interior space; • Incorporate dynamic and static water: a wave can produce a dynamic sun pattern on the walls or ceiling of a space; • Create an interplay of light and dark to reveal forms or textures and enrich a space; • Create memorable experiences by engaging the user’s senses through spaces.
FIGURE 63 LEFT: Oval pool of stil water reflecting the sky. (http://openbuildings.com, 2015)
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FIGURE 64 OVERLEAF: Exploration of boundary conditions in Diepsloot. (by author, 2015)
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CHAPTER
04
ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF CONTEXT 4.1 Introduction 4.6 Micro Scale
4.2 Regional Analysis 4.7 Site selection 4.3 Macro Scale 4.8 Habitat Study 4.4 Meso Scale 4.9 Giant Bullfrog conservation 4.5 Diepsloot: Ready for development
4.10 Climate and geography
ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF CONTEXT 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explores the boundaries that depict the tension between human habitation, and natural environments. The context relating to the site of the design proposal is analysed in order to motivate introductory thoughts on the development of architectural form. The identified opportunities and constraints gave rise to initial concepts concerning ecological restoration.
FIGURE 65: Map of South African provinces with Gauteng as indicated. (Author, 2015)
64
FIGURE 66: Map of Gauteng with municipal intersections as indicated. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 67: The study area of Diepsloot. (Author, 2015)
4.2 REGIONAL ANALYSIS Diepsloot is a densely populated settlement, located in the north of Johannesburg, South Africa (Figure 65 67). This township lies on the periphery of an urban fringe, where Tshwane and Johannesburg, two large metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng, intersect. To compound the congestion in Alexandra, the Gauteng government relocated approximately 5000 families to Diepsloot, in 2001. This move, which is part of the Alexandra Renewal Project, was intended to “decongest and address the need to create a healthy and clean living environment� (Joburg, 2014). Diepsloot is currently home to 138 329 people. Many of these residents lack access to basic services such as potable water, ablution facilities, and safe, accessible public spaces where they can socialise. The predominant access roads- the N14 and the R511 -are the most significant organisational elements in the district (Figure 67). The R511 further dissects the township
DIEPSLOOT Population of 138, 329 (Statssa, 2015)
into two major areas: the already established Diepsloot West extensions, and the Diepsloot East extension, which is part of the Johannesburg Rural Residential Development Framework for 2020. FIGURE 68 TOP RIGHT: Population densities by province with Gauteng as most dense urban development. (Author, information from Statssa, 2015)
FIGURE 69 BOTTOM RIGHT: Population densities by municipality with Tshwane as most dense metropolitan area. (Author, information from Statssa, 2015)
65
4.2.1 STATISTICS FIGURE 70 (Author, after GCRO, 2015)
DIEPSLOOT
66
67
4.3 MACRO SCALE The
Johannesburg-
and
Tshwane
metropolitan
areas are positioned on a strategic junction, called the gateway to Africa. The Tshwane- JohannesburgEkurhuleni conurbation is growing into one of the major urban regions in the world, and forms the economic powerhouse of South Africa. Baker (2010) states that this economic powerhouse is merging, to form a single, polycentric urban region that comprises a population of 14,6 million people. Diepsloot is currently situated in an urban fringe (Figure 72), where two of South Africa’s largest metropolitan areas intersect. The boundaries within this rural setting depict the tension between human habitation and natural environments.
FIGURE 71 TOP: Classification and transition of urban areas. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 72 RIGHT: Tshwane - Johannesburg Interrelationship. (Author, after Tshwane Spatial Development Framework, 2015)
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4.4 MESO SCALE The following (Figure 87) illustrates the boundaries between the natural- and built environments of Diepsloot, as well as the main movement routes that feed these areas.
FIGURE 73 TOP: Boundaries within the study area. (Author, 2015)
69
ACCESS Diepsloot’s regional road network establishes it as the City of Johannesburg’s northern reception area. It is bordered by the R511 (William Nicol Drive) to the east, and the N14 to the north-west. The R511 is a major provincial arterial that connects Sandton to Hartbeespoort in the North West Province. The N14 connects Pretoria to Krugersdorp. The proposed K53 road will foster a large proportion of the economic activity (both formal and informal) and public and nonmotorised transport in the area.
BUILT ENVIRONMENT Diepsloot is bordered by two municipalities (the City of Tshwane and the City of Johannesburg), where development to the north cannot proceed. Development to the south and west are limited due to major highways. Tanganani Ext. 14 is a proposed residential development to the east (UDF, 2013).
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Development pressures in Diepsloot challenge nature’s functionality. These developments affect hydrological features, which contribute to flood vulnerability and the degradation of ecological systems (Van Huyssteen, Oranje, Robinson & Makoni, 2009). FIGURE 74 RIGHT: Informal houses located within the 1:50 year floodline. (Author, 2015; information via Van Huyssteen et al., 2009)
70
FIGURE 75 RIGHT: Mapping of existing conditions in Diepsloot. (Author, 2015)
71
towards a boundless transition FIGURE 76: William Nicol Drive, looking north. (by author, 2015)
72
73
4.5 DIEPSLOOT: READY FOR DEVELOPMENT
“When the people of Diepsloot were first put on the side of the road running north, it was on the far edge of the city, fairly secluded. But the geography of the city has shifted, as the urban conurbation of Joburg, Pretoria and Midrand converge close to where Diepsloot is. That region has become a hive of investment and development.� Anton Harber, Diepsloot, 2011
74
4.5.1 HISTORY Diepsloot was originally established in 1994 as a temporary informal settlement for residents that were evicted from overcrowded settlements in Honeydew, Sevenfontein and Alexandra. The first informal settlers where approximately 200 families who were evicted from Sevenfontein and moved to Diepsloot Ext. 1. These people, and the evictees that followed shortly after were integrated with farm workers who lived in the Tanganani Extension. People were given a stand on which they could construct their own shacks (Brown University, 2014). By 1996, the area was still a privately owned farm and most of the settlements were temporary shacks, constructed of corrugated iron sheets. The transition to formal structures started with the construction of RDP houses in 1999, when the then Rand Provincial Government established the transitional metropolitan council. Areas in need of development and basic services, particularly in relation to water, electricity, and housing were identified to become a new sub-structure in Northern Randburg. Diepsloot is one of the newest towns in Johannesburg, and has expanded to a total of 13 extensions over the last 20 years, covering approximately 5km2 (Figure 78). FIGURE 77 LEFT: Diepsloot residents queueing for water. (Felix Dlangamandla, 2014)
FIGURE 78 TOP RIGHT: Diepsloot West with the proposed Ext. 14 development as indicated. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 79 BOTTOM RIGHT: Diepsloot shacks made of corrugated iron sheets. (Author, 2015)
75
4.5.2 CURRENT CONDITION According to the Diepsloot East Residential Development
developed
shacks,
the settlement. The more formal areas (Extensions
Framework (2013), there are an estimated 24 737
constructed from corrugated iron sheets that are
2, and 4 to 11) have RDP houses and bank-financed
shacks, and 8 000 RDP houses alongside more than
serviced through communal ablution facilities and
houses (in Tanganani), which have access to basic
5 000 formal housing units. The most informal parts
water points, and dirt roads. Burst sewer pipes are
services and refuse removal once a week.
of Diepsloot (Extensions 1, 12 and 13) are densely
common, which add to the deplorable conditions of
FIGURE 80 TOP: Temporary shelter, hair salon in Diepsloot West. . (Author, 2015)
76
with
informally
constructed
FIGURE 81: Shack made of corrugated iron sheets. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 82: RDP house made of brick walls and iron roof sheeting. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 83: Bond house made of brick walls and tiled roofing. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 84: Typical housing layout in Diepsloot’s reception area. (Author, after Goethe-Institute, 2015)
77
HUMAN DISTURBANCE Diepsloot has a seasonal drainage line, with a highly disturbed watercourse that cuts through the settlement. It has a trellised drainage pattern whereby numerous seasonal streams feed into the main watercourse. The watercourse, with its surrounding wetland, forms a tributary of the Jukskei River and the open space structure running through the township. The watercourse is highly disturbed by human habitation. Tarred roads, river crossings that cut across the wetland, footpaths, and illegal dumping in the river channels cause the river to dam up and increases flood vulnerability. During winter months, seasonal streams become dry ground and residents raise shacks along these areas. During summer months these streams flood and the newly built households become vulnerable to flooding. Buildings close to these streams are also influenced by the waste that washes into dwellings due to illegal dumping in the river channels. Diepsloot is underlined by the Halfway Granite Dome. Tonnelat (2006) states that this geology is characterised by open structures and a relatively flat terrain. The soil is shallow, coarse, and nutrient-poor. When it rains, the soil drains quickly and saturates, producing high volumes of runoff. FIGURE 85 RIGHT: Image depicting the river catchment areas and human disturbances along the watercourse. (Author, 2015)
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4.5.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT: TANGANANI EXTENSION 14 In 2010, the City of Johannesburg approved an urban development framework for Diepsloot to establish it as a human settlement that is spatially integrated with the City of Johannesburg, with access to basic services and opportunities. The proposed extension was registered with the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) in 2013, under the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998). The intended development includes the following opportunities (Martin, 2013): • 7 939 mixed-use housing schemes; • A commercial area on the northern extensions with smaller shops located throughout the development, which forms part of the social nodes; • Small parks, created by the layout of housing units; • The natural wetland system, which will form part of Diepsloot’s ‘natural’ park systems; • A Giant African Bullfrog habitat area, which will be a combination of a conservation area, active park, and environmental education centre; and • Social facilities (primary schools, secondary schools, a crèche, clinic, place of worship, and community centre), which will be spread out throughout the development to form part of the social nodes.
SITE
FIGURE 86 RIGHT: Final layout of proposed development, by Metroplan Town Planners & Urban Designers. (Proposed Tanganani Ext. 14, 2013: 11)
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4.5.4 FINDINGS According
to
the
Johannesburg
Growth
and
Development Strategy 2040 (2014), the proposed extension is ideally suited for the creation of a mixeduse, integrated environment that will form part of a new sub-structure in northern Johannesburg. This new development aims to create major employment, housing, and investment opportunities for the Diepsloot residents. The proposed layout plan (Figure 87), and the Urban Design Framework (UDF, 2013) by Metroplan and The Urban Design Studio, outline several key aspects that need to be addressed in order to develop this area into a successful environment. For the purpose of this dissertation, the aspects concerning wastewater management and public open spaces are taken into consideration, and addressed in the design proposal.
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT In their assessment of Diepsloot’s current sewer system
infrastructure (the Northern Wastewater
Treatment Works), GLC Consulting (2014) indicate that “the existing system does not have the capacity to accommodate the proposed Diepsloot East Residential Development.” Therefore, this dissertation proposes that a secondary wastewater treatment plant be constructed to provide the additional 15 l/s required to accommodate the development.
80
FIGURE 87: Final Layout Development Plan, Newton Landscape architects.
(Diepsloot East Development Plan 2020, 2013: 37)
PUBLIC OPEN SPACES The wetlands systems have been identified as the main component for the proposal, and is exploited as a natural asset. Public open spaces are divided into three categories (Martin, 2013: 15): 1. Open space systems that are created by the layout and topography of the proposed housing units. 2. The natural wetlands system which forms part of a larger natural park system, and will link with the existing Diepsloot system. This space will serve as a combined conservation area and active park. 3. The Giant African Bullfrog Habitat area, which is proposed as an environmental education node. The dissertation focuses on the third open space (indicated red on Figure 88) as an area that offers the opportunity to act as a catalyst for the connection process. This is accomplished by incorporating programmes that support a process of generating urban fabric, and blur the boundaries within this setting. This is analysed in the following section.
FIGURE 88 LEFT: Wetland deliniated areas in Diepsloot East. (by author, 2015)
81
4.6 MICRO SCALE According
to
the
Johannesburg
Growth
and
Development Strategy 2040 (2014), the chosen site for the proposed design is zoned for environmental education and bullfrog conservation (UDF, 2013). The proposed site is situated on Portion 123 of the farm Diepsloot 388JR, and is characterised by open grassland: mainly flat with a gentle slope to the west. The site is surrounded by farmlands, and Diepsloot Mall located directly to the west, across the R511. FIGURE 89: Selected site with Giant Bullfrog Habitat as indicated and Diepsloot Mall in the background. (by author, 2015)
82
Diepsloot East
Diepsloot Extension 14
Giant Bullfrog Habitat
4.6.1 CONSIDERATIONS
4.6.2 CONSTRAINTS
4.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES
• Correlation with the Diepsloot Development
• The site is transitional between terrestrial and
• Use sewer treatment effluent as conditioner for
Framework 2020 (2013); • Environmental education node with large open
aquatic systems; • Security considerations of the building typology; • The site is part of a natural wetlands system,
• Reinforce pedestrian routes through the site; • Combination of infrastructural facility and community component, to form hybrid typology;
• Introduce an environmental educational node to create awareness of ecological environments;
• Recognition as a conserved area by local government and residents;
recovery for the community;
which is protected (Act 107 of 1998);
proposed BRT route, and the future road network (K46, K54, PWV9 and PWV5);
• Use a heat exchanger to convert thermal energy into sustainable electricity production and heat
space, which can be utilised as a public park; • Easy access is afforded through N14, R511, the
the wetlands, to enhance bullfrog habitats;
• Potential odour and noise pollution; • Use the building typology as a landmark within
• Link with the Greater Kyalami Conservancy
• Grassland conservation zone (Gm 10);
the landscape;
(GEKCO), the Rhenosterspruit Nature Conservancy, and the Diepsloot Nature Reserve, which includes the Diepsloot wetland system; • Possibility of incorporating a bio-filtration system as part of the proposed sewer treatment plant; • Establishment of a symbiotic relationship with the community, by providing job opportunities.
• Support biological diversity and water storage through hill slope wetlands; • Boundaries to control bullfrog movement within the conserved area; • Seasonal and temporal zones.
• Use ash as a raw material in Portland cement or soil conditioner; • Combine typologies to enhance the learning environment through a sensual journey; • Renovate and maintain the existing wetlands structure.
83
4.7 SITE SELECTION The site is located on William Nicol Drive (R511), on the eastern edge of Diepsloot’s commercial reception area. William Nicol Drive is a busy provincial arterial that connects Sandton to Hartebeespoort in the North West Province. The chosen site for this dissertation forms part of the Johannesburg Growth and Development Strategy 2040, which aims to establish an information, development, and education node near Diepsloot Mall. In accordance with the Environmental Management Plan (Yetman, 2007), public facilities are sited on the western periphery, while the wetlands zone allows restricted visitor access. Figure 90 illustrates the analysis that relates to the facility’s ecological context, seasonal changes to the landscape, bullfrog buffer zones, pre-breeding barriers, environmental restraints, the existing artificial dams, movement routes, and accessibility. The site is bisected by footpaths that are created by pedestrians who cut through the site towards the Diepsloot Mall. A considerable amount of waste has been dumped and some parts have been used as openair toilets. The site is bordered by a prefabricated concrete wall to the north. The eastern side is fenced off, due to several farm holdings on the site’s periphery. FIGURE 90 RIGHT: Site Analysis: Giant Bullfrog Habitat. (Author, 2015)
84
Southwestern view of Giant Bullfrog Habitat FIGURE 91 (by author, 2015)
Southeast view of Giant Bullfrog Habitat FIGURE 92 (by author, 2015)
Eastern view of NWTW sewer infrastructure FIGURE 93 (by author, 2015)
85
4.8 HABITAT STUDY
VEGETATION The site lies in the quarter degree grid square 2528CC (Centurion), which is classified as Egoli Granite Grassland. According to Mucina and Rutherford (2011), this type of grassland falls within a region that is strongly seasonal, with summer rainfall and very dry winters. This vegetation unit is endangered, with only 3% conserved in statutory reserves.
86
FIGURE 94: Burnt Hyparrhenia hirta (thatching grass).
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 95: Eroded drainage line vegetation.
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 96: Sesuvium portulacastrum (perennial herb).
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 97: Brachiaria serrata (perennial grass). (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 98: Typha capensis (perennial marsh herb). (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 99: Hyparrhenia hirta (thatching grass). (by author, 2015)
87
88
FIGURE 100: Schoenoplectus brachyceras (perennial reed).
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 101: Phragmites (common reed).
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 102: Verbena bonariensis (purpletop).
(by author, 2015)
FIGURE 103: Aloe greatheadii var davyana (spotted aloe). (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 104: Aloe littoralis (bergaalwyn). (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 105: Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum). (by author, 2015)
89
A N I M A L S The occurrences of animals in this area are closely dependant on the type of habitat, in particular wetlandassociated vegetation. Due to regular burning activities within the area, smaller mammals are deprived of both food and shelter. The amount of mammals in the area are low, and include species with wide habitat tolerances, due to the homogeneous nature of the site. The site has a low diversity of birdlife, which could be caused by the high level of disturbance (Rautenbach, 1978 & 1982).
90
FIGURE 106: Mus minutoides (pygmy mouse).
FIGURE 107: Lepus saxatilis (scrub hare)
(photo by Klaus Rudloff, http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/185958.jpg, 2014)
(photo by Holly Cheese, http://thewayiseeitdotco.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/che4915.jpg, 2013)
FIGURE 108: Cynictis penicillata (yellow mongoose).
(photo by Frank Vassen, https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4006/4543436815_e9195dbf35.jpg, 2014)
FIGURE 109: Coturnix coturnix (common quail).
(photo by Bhargava Srivari, http://birdsguide.blogspot.com/2012/12/quail.html, 2012)
FIGURE 110: Riparia cincta (banded martin).
(photo by Lee Ouzman, http://www.astrocape.org.za/ktrip09/Martin_Banded30767pa.jpg, 2014)
FIGURE 111: Chaetops frenatus (cape rockjumper). (photo by Bryn de Kocks, 2014)
91
92
FIGURE 112 & 113: Phrynobatrachus (tremolo sand frog).
(photos by Gary, http://www.sareptiles.co.za/gallery, 2014)
FIGURE 114: Pyxicephalus adspersus (giant bullfrog).
(photo by Malcolm Schuyl, http://www.travelandleisure.com/images/amexpub/0008/9753/200909-w-dangerous-bullfrog.jpg, 2014)
FIGURE 115: Pachydactylus (transvaal thick-toed gecko).
(photo by Fras Mouton, http://academic.sun.ac.za/capeherp/cederberg/.htm, 2012)
FIGURE 116: Elapsoidea sundevallii (highveld garter snake). (photo by Herp Photograhpy, https://www.flickr.com/groups/herp_photography, 2010)
FIGURE 117: Aparallactus capensis (cape centipede-eater). (photo by Holocene, http://holocene-views.blogspot.com/, 2014)
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4.9 GIANT BULLFROG CONSERVATION
The following analysis is based on a number of
Bankenveld grassland, three small (albeit man-made)
extensive site visits, as well as the Environmental
wetland dams, the bullfrog population, a diverse range
Management Plan (Yetman, 2007) for the proposed
of fauna and flora, and it is in close proximity of “African
site, which was commissioned by Newton Landscape
Reptiles and Venom” and “Footloose Trout Farm” on
Architects, and conducted by Caroline Yetman. Her
Ridge road. These factors form basis for proposing
report is acknowledged with appreciation.
environmental education, recreation, eco-tourism, and resource extraction at the site. This proposal is
The site comprises disturbed open grassland with
reinforced by the Urban Design Framework (UDF,
extensive hill-slope seepage, and eroded watercourses.
2013), which states that such a venture would benefit
It is extremely degraded and needs to be rehabilitated.
the Diepsloot community (in terms of economic and
In her report, Yetman (2007) states that the area
social upliftment), and even the greater Midrand area.
FIGURE 118: Giant Bullfrog breeding. (Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)
“should be restored to a natural state with particular emphasis on retaining perched aquifers, hill-slope
The Giant African Bullfrog (Pyxicephlalus adspersus)
seepage and wetland functionality.” However, a large
is the largest amphibian in southern Africa, and is
open area that is devoid of human benefit is likely
classified as “near threatened” in the Atlas and Red
to be abused and polluted. The Diepsloot bullfrog
Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa (Yetman, 2007),
population depends on the eastern periphery of
and is thus protected by law. These books cite that
the site for breeding, foraging and burrowing. This
numbers in Gauteng have declined by 80%, due to
dissertation therefore proposes that the wetlands to
habitat loss, road kills, sickness, and illegal collection.
the east be retained as an open space with restricted
Identification: Giant African Bullfrogs have a body-
access, while public conveniences will be sited on the
length of up to 220mm. Their backs are olive green,
western periphery. Figure 124 (far right) illustrates
with a creamy yellow and orange underside. Juveniles
permanent and temporary fencing positions (2007 to
are grey-green with bright green stripes, and Tadpoles
2011) that have led to the migration of bullfrogs to the
are black, and grow up to 80mm.
delineation area from. The delineated area includes
FIGURE 119: Tadpole. (Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)
FIGURE 120: Juvenile. (Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)
94
FIGURE 124 (by author, 2015)
FIGURE 121: Giant Bullfrog. (Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)
FIGURE 122: Giant Bullfrog enclosed in keratin “skin” cocoon. (Caroline A. Yetman, 2007)
FIGURE 123: Foraging area. (Author, 2015)
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4.10 CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHY Diepsloot is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa, in a geographical transitional area between the Highveld and the Bushveld, at an elevation of 1450m. A highland climate offers a sunny climate that is characterised by hot days, afternoon showers, and cool evenings in the summer. Winter months are characterised by dry sunny days, and cold nights. The following is a summary of Diepsloot’s climatic and
DAY LIGHTING
HUMIDITY
[March to May] During winter months, the sun rises at approximately 6:30 a.m. SAST and sets at 6:30 p.m. SAST
Summer minimum: Summer maximum: Winter minimum: Winter maximum:
[June to August] During the equinox, the sun rises at approximately 6:20 a.m. SAST and sets at 5:00 p.m. SAST
WIND
[January and December] During summer months, the sun rises at approximately 5:24 a.m. SAST, and sets at 6:20 p.m. SAST.
geographic conditions (Climatemps, 2014; SAexplorer, 2014).
TOPOGRAPHY The site has a gentle slope from north to south, with 5m intervals as indicated below (Figure 125)
TEMPERATURE AVERAGES Summer minimum: Summer maximum: Winter minimum: Winter maximum:
The average monthly relative humidity ranges between 47% in August, and can reach up to 71% in February. 48% (midday) 75% (morning) 29% (midday) 57% (morning)
The prevailing wind is calm and generally blows in a NNW direction due to the areas geography (Figure 126) (Author after Climatemps, 2014).
18°C (October) 27.8°C (January) 1.2°C (July) 16°C (May)
RAINFALL
Diepsloot receives an average of 552mm of rain per year. The majority of rain falls during the summer months. Lowest rainfall:
0mm (June)
Highest rainfall:
105mm (January)
CLOUD COVER
Cloud cover ranges between 50% in summer, and 10% in winter, with a yearly average of 30%.
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SUN ANGLES Winter solstice: Summer solstice: Equinox:
40° 88° 65°
FIGURE 127: Children washing hands before lunch. (by author, 2014)
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FIGURE 128 OVERLEAF: Existing markets along William Nicol Drive. (by author, 2015)
98
CHAPTER
05
BRIEF, PROGRAMME and ACCOMMODATION 5.1 Introduction 5.5 Transprogramming
5.2 Brief 5.6 Design criteria 5.3 Response to context
5.7 Programme
5.4 Client and funding
5.8 Accommodation Schedule
BRIEF, PROGRAMME 5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the design criteria that address the project aim of acting as a gradient between natural and built environments. The preceding chapters of this dissertation serve as basis and rationale, which provides further insight into ideas and principles that guide the design towards a successful resolution. This chapter states the specific brief, programme, and accommodation schedule for the design of a biophilic wastewater treatment facility (BWWTF) with an integrated hydrological education and research division.
FIGURE 129 TOP: Concept sketch exploring contextual response. (Author, 2015)
100
AND
ACCOMMODATION
5.2 BRIEF The architectural response relates to the design of
CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
interactions.
a BWWTF that provides sewer infrastructure to the
The spaces in and around the facility become an
understanding of hydrological factors that define
local community, as well as a hydrological research
extension of the experiences within the building. It
community structure, and ultimately, ecosystem-level
division, which will inform and educate the users
operates as a controlled medium to accommodate
processes in natural wastewater treatment systems.
about hydrological systems. The design resolution
unprogrammed activities and functions that are most
accomplishes
multi-sensory
expected to arise. These spaces are occupied by
INTERPRETIVE NATURE
exploration of space: a series of spaces with linking
the general public, staff members, and commuters
Nature deficit disorder is on the rise in children who
walkways and paths that address the thesis aim of
crossing through the site. These spaces also function as
live in highly urbanised communities. This disorder is
enhancing architectural experiences. The layout and
the place where strangers meet- a space where social
caused by a lack of exposure to natural environments
criteria needed for the BWWTF is determined through
interactions are encouraged. The wetland system is a
during childhood, which develops into a limited respect
precedent studies, analysis of theoretical aspects, and
secondary function of the BWWTF, which is essential
for their immediate natural surroundings (Tonnelat,
correspondence with the Department of Water and
to the social and economic development of the site.
2006). The proposed BWWTF reintroduces the natural
Environmental Affairs. The brief and accommodation
The facility has controlled, restricted, or guided public
wetland system into the community by incorporating
list is unique in that there are no similar projects in South
access, while the wetlands park is open throughout the
bioswales and lush vegetation to capture and treat
Africa. The design optimistically aims to provide the
day, with spaces left partly unprogrammed.
wastewater, while nurturing a regenerative ecology.
this
through
the
This
information
will
provide
an
This ecology could support an urban wildlife habitat
necessary programmes for a self-sustaining education and information node in Diepsloot, which contributes
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
for insects, amphibians, and birds. The integration of
to the area’s economic and social growth. The facility is
This is the section of the facility that hosts the
natural design processes within the proposal serve
introduced as a social node along William Nicol Drive,
hydrological
with
as an educational precedent for the community. By
which provides safe, multi-functional, sustainable,
educational amenities. The research facility will test
providing an environmental education node, visitors
and exciting spaces for the community. In addition to
hypotheses on the effects of hydrology on wetlands
are introduced to unfamiliar knowledge pertaining
wastewater treatment, the building’s placement as a
functions. The large scale of the wetlands system
to hydrological systems, possibly expanding their
social node aims to achieve the following outcomes:
allows for the opportunity to test community-level
perception of the natural environment.
research
programme
along
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE USER Infrastructural management staff Maintenance staff provide a diverse field of expertise with regards to the broad spectrum of requirements of wastewater treatment and thermal energy conversion. Core staff members, such as administration staff, are provided with permanent office and support facilities. Hydrological research Researchers work in the facility on a full-time basis, while external specialists are employed on a hotdesking basis, and are offered temporary office space. Visitors The proposed facility aims to host a variety of different user groups by providing education and recreation amenities. Education Educators and learners from local schools have the opportunity to use the allocated educational amenities on a pre-determined schedule. Security The facility incorporates a centralised circulation route, which monitors internal movement. Well-trained security staff ensure a safe public realm.
102
FIGURE 130 ABOVE: Typical day schedule of the proposed facility. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 131 RIGHT: Scholars aged 8-10 years old, Diepsloot. (Author, 2015)
103
5.3 RESPONSE TO CONTEXT The proposed facility is set on the boundary
keep up with advanced technologies, modernity,
between the rural-urban fringe, and the natural
and social integration, the facility intends to
landscape. Due to this transitional boundary
acknowledge Diepsloot’s future growth potential.
condition, the building needs to acknowledge its borderline location and combine its contrasting contexts to form an integral whole. In its efforts to
104
FIGURE 132 BELOW: The progressive boundary condition in Diepsloot: driving northbound on William Nicol Drive. (Author, 2015)
5.3.1 MASSING STRATEGY
5.4 CLIENT AND FUNDING
FIGURE 133 (Author, 2015)
The proposed biophilic wastewater treatment facility would be funded by the Johannesburg Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, which aims to support and promote municipalities in complying with drinking water and effluent discharge standards. The National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa has developed the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) as an institutionalised network
of
departments,
universities,
science
institutions, and industrial partners that aim to promote ecological sustainability. Through funding, SAEON will enable the facility to initiate research in the fields of hydrological sustainability, as a division of the Energy Research Programme (ERP), which aims to promote hydrological research through human capacity development and the provision of adequate facilities. This division will enable interested parties to share research and experiences to further promote the field of hydrology.
105
5.5 TRANSPROGRAMMING
Transprogramming was termed by Bernard Tschumi,
provide environments with the intimacy of private
rather than in style and theory alone. The BWWTF
to describe the intentional combination of building
space, and the sociability of public space, while constant
reflects the implementation of transprogramming
programmes, particularly those that seem inextricably
activity is produced to make the building work full-
by exploring different modes of experiencing and
incompatible or contradictory. In this proposal, the
time. This ensures a continuous functional use of the
perceiving space, and educating the building’s users
term is applied to the relationship involving the
building and its integration in the diverse characteristics
in new ways. An innovative formulation of event-
function and the actual use of the spatial relationship
of the environment. Transprogramming promotes the
space is initiated by applying the technique of
and building typology. This takes the form of an overlay
exchange of user experiences, coexistence, and the
transprogramming, . The diagram below (Figure 134)
of secondary use (education and information) on the
ease of integration of functions in the local community.
illustrates the components of the proposed facility:
primary function of the building type (wastewater
It implies vigour and genealogy, illustrating a way
treatment). By mixing known functions and models,
of solving both economic and design problems, so
new genetic alliances are created. These alliances
that solutions are embedded in function and history,
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FIGURE 134 BELOW: Illustration of the BWWTF’s components. (Author, 2015)
5.6 DESIGN CRITERIA Primary principles and facility components were expressed and interpreted into architecture by incorporating the following design criteria (Table 01: by author, 2015):
No. Design criteria 1 2 3 4 5
Wastewater treatment components that maximizes co-management of liquid and solid waste streams. Smallest possible facility footprint to maximise public, open space. Design research laboratories that are integrated with the open wetlands park. Design public viewing areas of wastewater treatment process and research operations. Design a facility that changes the public’s views on hydrological conservation.
Criteria in conflict
Configuration
Requires off-site digestion and composting.
Provide basement-level sludge and grit collection area. Provide adequate pick-up space for vehicles.
Typological unity and sensual variety. Integration of different building components. Security and accessibility concerns. Public accessibility could hinder daily operations and services of the facility. The site is located in a protected wetland system which should have controlled access to avoid disturbances. Link between architecture and the natural landscape.
Repeat materials and use similar geometric shapes and scales to relate building components. Control access at predetermined entrances and define edges between public and private spaces. Create public circulation routes on different levels with views into process areas. Design walkways and movement routes that expose visitors to chemical and natural processes. Use various plants and textures along pedestrian movement routes. Explore sights, sounds and smells.
6
Sensory landscape.
7
West facing facade is unavoidable.
8
Cross ventilation is imperative.
9
Passive heating and cooling system.
Direct sunlight penetration causes glare, heat gain, and heat radiation issues. Design within 12m width and face building perpendicular to summer winds to maximise wind-induced ventilation. Spatial and functional requirements.
10
Integrate natural wetlands system and building.
Animals could enter building.
11
Rainwater harvesting.
Catchment areas could flood or dry up depending on seasonal changes.
Internal ventilation: each space should have two separate supply and exhaust openings. Low-water fixtures and on-site heat recovery system. Use revolving or automatic sliding door when entering the facility. Integrate rainwater harvesting and natural wetland system. Use a separate inlet and outlet control structure.
12
Circulation: general staff members and researchers, visitors, and commuters crossing through the site.
Mixing circulation groups could cause issues with public and private accessibility.
Design separate circulation routes and entrances. Staff and researchers enter from the basement level.
13
Handicapped accessibility.
Handicapped visitors should be able to navigate through the facility.
14
Pedestrian link with Diepsloot Mall.
Pedestrians have to cross a busy provincial arterial road.
Use ‘2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design’ guide to ensure handicapped accessibility. Incorporate median barrier to reduce traffic speed and implement a safe pedestrian crossing.
Use screens for solar protection. Position services and spaces that are not used constantly to face west.
107
5.7 PROGRAMME There are various functional and spatial requirements that contribute to the successful design of the BWWTF. The following section discusses the major components of the proposed facility, and their requirements, all of which are essential in order for the facility to function.
FIGURE 135: Conceptual zoning diagram. (Author, 2015)
108
5.7.1 FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS The main priority of the proposed BWWTF is to
in Tanganani Ext. 14. This treatment process involves
at the NWTWto the west of Diepsloot. The following
produce tertiary quality effluent without causing
four stages, including preliminary, primary, secondary,
diagram illustrates the liquid and solids management
harm to the community, and preventing pollution. The
and tertiary treatment. The solids train (sludge and grit
process of the proposed facility.
facility will be responsible for treating the liquid waste
streams) will be trucked to the existing digestion and
stream produced by the new residential development
composting site via vacuum trucks, which is located
FIGURE 136 BELOW: Solids management process. (Author, 2015)
109
INFLUENT PUMPING
PRIMARY TREATMENT
According to Martin (2013), domestic wastewater from
area prior to being trucked to the off-site digestion and
After adequate flocculation, wastewater flows into the
8 000 residential housing units will be conveyed to the
composting site. After the screening and grit removal
Co-DAF tank where it is gently aerated with pressurised
BWWTF via trunk sewers. This wastewater is referred
process, wastewater enters a flocculation tank, which
air to remove FOG that coalesces and floats to the
to as influent, and will flow into the influent pump
is sized to provide six minutes of flocculation time, at a
surface of the tank. The suspended solids settle over
station of the facility at a rate of 15l/s, which amounts
flow rate that is equal to that of the BWWTF’s influent
by gravity and are removed at the bottom of the
flow rate (1
000m3/d).
The purpose of flocculation
tanks. These solids form a sludge that is de-watered
directly to the preliminary treatment process. The
is to accelerate the pace at which particles collide,
to 25% solids using a de-watering centrifuge, prior to
facility is designed to allow wastewater to flow through
causing the build-up of particles into filterable sizes.
being trucked to the NWTW digestion and composting
to 1
000m3
per day. These pumps transfer influent
the entire treatment train, and outfall into the wetland
site. Wastewater with solids removed is referred to
system by gravity, without additional pumping, saving
as primary effluent and flows in a channel to the
a significant amount of energy.
downstream secondary treatment process.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
Wastewater enters the headworks where preliminary
The role of secondary treatment is to remove organic
treatment takes place. The first stage of preliminary
matter that passes through the Co-DAF process. The
treatment is 25mm coarse screening, and 6mm fine
aeration process mixes incoming wastewater with
screening (Figure 137). Grit removal is inherent in the
oxygen and good bacteria in a biological process that
co-dissolved air flotation (Co-DAF) process because
dissolves and absorbs the remaining organic matter.
these screens remove debris, such as plastics, grit, fat, oils and grease (FOG), which could cause damage
This process makes use of a carbonaceous biological
to downstream equipment such as high speed rotary
aerated filtration (cBAF) process, which uses an
pumps.
activated sludge (AS) biological model, with a solids retention time (SRT) of three days. After the water
FOG and grit are a concentrated source of organic
has been clarified and the bacteria has settled out,
material with a high energy potential. Once it has been
the water is recycled back to the aeration basin. The
de-watered, these solids are conveyed to a conditioning
FIGURE 137 TOP: Section, wastewater screening principles. (Author, 2015)
110
requirement for disinfection is seasonal, and when required, ultraviolet disinfection is used.
MONITORING AND TESTING
TERTIARY TREATMENT The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final
bacteria to grow and degrade odorous components.
A sophisticated console monitors key functions and
treatment stage, which raises the effluent quality
Treated air from both treatment systems is discharged
readings 24 hours per day, throughout the week, while
before it is discharged to the receiving environment.
into a stack to disperse clean air into the atmosphere.
the proposed research laboratory tests the water at predetermined points throughout the process
This final process is also referred to as effluent polishing, and removes any small solids remaining in the effluent.
NOISE MANAGEMENT
to ensure quality control, and to meet and exceed
A free water surface wetland (FWSW) system is
Significant noise emission sources such as rotating
municipal discharge standards. Each water basin has
incorporated because it results in a sustainable system
equipment, pumps, and motors are located in the
a separate inlet and outlet water control structure.
with low operating requirements, and minimum
basement, within enclosures that are acoustically
This should ensure that each basin can be flooded and
biosolids production. The FWSW system provides
insulated. All louvers for the ventilation system are
drained independently from the others, depending on
tertiary effluent treatment and polishing, combined
treated similarly to attenuate noise emissions.
flow demand and seasonal changes.
with enhanced wildlife habitat and public recreational opportunities.
POWER RELIABILITY The proposed facility requires a reliable source of
ODOUR CONTROL
electricity to ensure that safety systems and critical
The design includes provisions for minimising the
treatment processes are in operation at all times,
release of odours from the facility. This includes
in order to meet effluent discharge standards. The
minimising turbulence in open-air channels, tanks,
primary source of electricity is provided from the
and launders. Minimising the amount of septic
Diepsloot West municipal energy grid. In the event of
sludge in tanks will also help prevent the formation
a power failure, there are standby diesel power and
of odours. Air within the containment barriers is
cogeneration. Priority is given to critical, life-saving
discharged to an odour treatment system, and
systems and wastewater treatment. Influent is a
potential sources are contained with physical covers.
significant source of potential kinetic, and heat energy.
Contained air from low and medium odour potential
Similar to geothermal application, heat pumps within
sources are treated directly in an activated carbon
the facility are used to transfer heat from a low-grade
polishing unit. Sources with a high odour potential
source (untreated wastewater), to a higher source
are treated using biowater treatment technology. A
grade (water).
biotower uses plastic media to provide surfaces for
FIGURE 138 TOP: Biological Aerated Filtration, Indonesia.
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerated_pool_for_waste_water_treatment.JPG, 2011)
111
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES • This scenario has the potential to maximise the co-
CO-DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (Co-DAF)
management of solid waste and liquid streams; • The treatment plant’s footprint is as small as possible to maximise development potential; • Sludge is processed at the NWTW to minimise the amount of components on site; • Biosolids with high value can be sold to multiple markets, financially benefitting the facility; • The facility could enter into partnership with the Diepsloot District Energy System for the production of sustainable energy; • Low intensity mechanical components could be upgraded to higher intensity technologies in the future; • The facility could potentially connect the community with the treatment process and the wetlands system; and • The facility will enhances ecological resources. FIGURE 139 & 140 RIGHT: Treatment technologies. (Lions Gate Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant, 2014)
112
BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTRATION (BAF)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC PROCESS FIGURE 141: (Author, 2015)
113
THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY The proposed thermal energy recovery system utilises
costs, the proposed system is more efficient than
The plant incorporates self-cleaning municipal pumps,
the continuous supply wastewater, closing the loop
similar geo-exchange systems. The inner workings
heat pump, separators, peaking boiler, as well as a
of a fundamental energy > waste > energy. Due to a
of the plant lie below grade, but remain visible to
generator, each with expansion possibilities.
higher heat source temperature and lower installation
visitors through viewports and eye-level windows.
FIGURE 142 BELOW: Thermal energy recovery: components. (Author, 2015)
Pipeline support structure
Water pump
Pressure control system
Cooling tower
Neighbourhood energy
Closed-loop pipeline
Return stream
Thermoelectric generator
Transformers
Water pump
Warm wastewater
Wastewater stream
Future expansion
Blow-down separators
Future expansion
Carrier fluid: water
Electrical heat pump
High pressure water
Test control system
Gas fired peaking boiler
114
1. TEMPERATURE MEDIUM Wastewater contains thermal energy, which can be recovered as a sustainable energy source. Once wastewater has been run through primary treatment, it is pumped through a heat exchange system. This process provides an economic and efficient solution to sustainable energy. It leads to a reduction in the facility’s primary energy use, and reduces CO2 emissions.
2. HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEM An electrical heat pump transfers thermal energy from the warm wastewater (12⁰C - 25⁰C) to a higher temperature (40⁰C to 70⁰C). Thermal energy is moved in the opposite direction of heat flow by transferring heat from a cold space to a warmer one. The recovered thermal energy is transferred from the wastewater stream to a closed-loop system, which contains a carrier fluid. 3. BLOW-DOWN SEPARATORS In order to prevent limescale build-up, and ensure that the plant operates at a safe, efficient level, water quality has to be maintained. As hot, high-pressure, blow-down water is removed from the boiler drum, it is replaced by fresh makeup water. The blow-down water, which contains valuable thermal energy, is circulated through the separators to recover heat.
115
4. STEAM FLOW-METER A test control system is used to measure the thermal heat output of the blow-down separators. In case of an emergency, build-up pressure can be redirected within the system. Steam flow-meters are used to monitor the results of schemes implemented by the conductor to save energy, and compare its efficiency with previous schemes. The control system consists of control valves, actuators, controllers, and sensors. 5. GAS FIRED PEAKING BOILER The boiler comprises a burner, combustion chamber, heat exchanger, and a control system. It uses controlled combustion of gas to increase the heat of water. Generated heat is transferred to water through a heat exchanger. Hot water is pumped through pipes throughout the facility to provide space heating and service water heating, or it is converted into electricity through a thermoelectric generator. 6. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR The generator converts thermal heat directly into electricity through a process that involves interactions between the flow of heat and electric current through solid materials (thermoelectric effect). The electricity that is generated provides the facility with a sustainable power source, while excess electricity could be supplied to the community.
116
7. ELECTRICAL CONTROL ROOM The operator uses the control room to monitor the amount of energy being used by the boiler, as well as the volume of thermal energy and electricity produced in relation to the facility’s current demand. Assessments of the system are conducted here, and impact the overall environmental and financial terms of the plant.
8. ELECTRICAL PLENUM Waste steam and build-up pressure is run through a condenser after thermal energy has been recovered. The resulting steam is dispersed of in a cooling tower, situated on the building roof. Temperatures within the boiler’s combustion chamber could rapidly reach several hundred degrees. The pressure release system regulates the pressure within the chamber in order to prevent equipment failure, fire, or process upset. 9. NEIGHBOURHOOD ENERGY Additional thermal energy could be distributed to the new proposed residential development surrounding the facility. An energy transfer station within the development will distribute space heat and domestic hot water to customers. A network of well-insulated underground pipes will circulate the hot water, which will return to the facility slightly cooler.
117
RESEARCH AND LABORATORY
WETLANDS PARK
The hydrological research and development areas
The proposed wetlands park and bullfrog conservation
natural environment: touching, smelling, hearing, and
consist of laboratories, testing facilities, and observation
area serves as an extension of the visitor’s sensory
seeing the natural environment.
space for visitors, while the surrounding wetlands
experience. This area includes pathways with various
system contains test beds and ponds. Equipment used
landscape elements that explore sensory participation,
SERVICES AND SECURITY
includes a weather station, a water chemistry data
as well as spaces with various tactile, gustatory, and
The exposure of services creates awareness of the
sonde in the stream pools, and water loggers in each
olfactory qualities. The primary landscape is the
process of treating wastewater. Loading and storage
of the water collection basins around the facility.
introduction of a sensoscape viewpoint, which will
areas are located in the basement to minimise
exhibit a variety of fauna and flora. This viewpoint
vehicular movement on ground level. Security within
Careful consideration is given to the transition areas
includes circulation ramps to various levels of the
this facility depends on well-trained security staff,
between public and private zones. Spaces are arranged
facility. The wetlands park allows visitors to explore the
effective communication, and surveillance equipment.
along a gradient of intimacy, with different layers of movement to accommodate the different zones.
INTERACTION AND EXHIBITION The reception building functions as an arrival space, where visitors can orientate themselves and find information. Administration offices are located in this zone, and serves visitors and staff- it initiates the narrative sequence. Users of the facility are divided into three main groups: commuters crossing through the site, visitors, and staff. The movement of users brings about a dynamic component, which complements the existence of the space. A multi-sensory awareness of the facility is created by intertwining movement routes, each with different characteristics. The 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design has guided design decisions to ensure handicapped accessibility.
118
FIGURE 143 TOP: Conceptual participation process. (Author, 2015)
5.7.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACES FIGURE 144 (Author, 2015)
119
FIGURE 145 TOP: Functional diagram. (Author, 2015)
120
5.7.3 AD INTERIM PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS Programmatic requirements were tabled in order to get an overview of components that needed to be reconciled and accommodated; Table 02: by author, 2015.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS STAFF AREAS PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
SECURITY
PRIVATE
FACILITY SERVICES
Reception and waiting area
Instrumentation room
Main office
Office
Rainwater collection
Mixed-use space
Office
CCTV control room
Storage
Water collection & storage
Public ablution facilities
Storage space
Data Vault
Services
Geothermal heating/cooling
Exterior landscaping
Security check point
Recreational space
HVAC for laboratories
Bioswale amphitheatre
Storage
Stakk kitchen
Ducts
Sensoscape viewpoint
Document Store
Staff ablutions
Grey water management Caretaker
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY
SEWAGE PUMP STATION
THERMAL ENERGY PLANT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
GUESTS
RESEARCHERS
Hydro Entry
Loading bay
Influent pumping
Reception and lobby
Offices [4]
Incoming influent chamber
Gas fired peaking boilers
Screening
Ablutions
Break room
Wastewater screening room
Generator room
Preliminary treatment
Auditorium
Storage space
Wet well
Observation deck
Primary treatment
Recreational space
Dressing room
Electrical room
Air intake channel
Secondary treatment
Exhibition space
Laboratories
Water pump room
Sewage/Refrigerant heat pump
Tertiary treatment
Testing Facilities
Mechanical room
Exhaust stacks
Monitoring and testing
Electric room
Water storage
Peaking boilers
Effluent discharge
Boardroom
121
5.8 ACCOMMODATION SCHEDULE The programs contained within this facility are atypical in that it contains infrastructure which acts as an educational platform for the public. HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH: (continued)
SITE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT: (continued)
Chemical laboratory & storage
52m2
Catwalk
60m2
Sensoscape and landscaping
1090m2
Water resource engineer office
20m2
Under roof total 611m2
Visitor parking
9 bays
Hydro geologist office
20m2
Landscaping
110.5m2
Drop-off point
231m2
Interfacing office
20m2
Circulation
98m2
Staff ablutions
23m2
Outside total 208.5m2
Dressing area
8m2
Total area 1600m2
GROUND FLOOR SECURITY OFFICE:
Under roof total 813m2 Southern terrace
110m2
Northern terrace
90m2
Outside
total 200m2
CCTV control area
18m2
Data store
10m2
Staff toilet
4.5m2
STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIES:
Office space
60m2
Break room
Under roof total 150m2 HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH:
BASEMENT: Staff parking
14 bays
Goods storage
20m2
Services
10m2
42m2
UPS system
9.5m2
Staff ablutions
22m2
HT substation
9.5m2
Kitchenette
30m2
Generator
9.5m2
Under roof total 200m2
Landscaping 73m2 Under roof total 716m2
Experimental laboratory
60m2
Western terrace
12m2
Plant administration office & storage
44m2
Machine space and electrical plenum
250m2
Division office space & storage
76m2
Outside total 250m2
Staff conference room & storage
40m2
Visitor waiting room
38m2
WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
Safety lobby
8m2
Machine space
Open plan laboratory
96m2
Data interpretation
33m2
122
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
RECEPTION: Reception and waiting area
92.5m2
Goods storage
5.5m2
30m2
Circulation
28.5m2
Pump room
10.5m2
Under roof total 144m2
Viewing deck
30m2
Water feature
20m2
RECEPTION: (continued)
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS: (continued)
Courtyard
120m2
Vestibule
Bridge
28m2
Navigation route
66.5m2
Outside total 234.5m2
20m2
WASTEWATER TREATMENT: (continued) Screening room
126m2
Under roof total 760m2
Wet well
85m2
Landscaping (emerge feature)
160m2
Under roof total 740m2
Observation decks
174m2
Water collection area
100m2
Outside total 344m2
Break area
16m2
AUDITORIUM:
Outside total 141m
Ablutions
60m2
ENERGY RECOVERY:
Sound room
13.5m2
Reception
20m2
Cloak room
8m2
Waiting room & lobby
40m2
Seating area
95m2
Electrical room
41m2
Stage
25m2
Open plan work space
76m2
Vestibule
60m2
Under roof total 445m2
Connecting bridge
8.7m2
Entrance foyer
22m2
Under roof total 480m2
Observation deck
61.5m2
Western terrace
12m2
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS:
BELOW GROUND FLOOR Control station
65m2
Mechanical room
100m2
Pump area
50m2
Boiler room
106m2
Under roof total 410m2
Outside total 95.5m2
Reception and exhibition
82m2
Lobby
25m2
WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
Staff break area
30m2
Odour treatment barrier
14m2
Building management system
12m2
Ultraviolet disinfection
88m2
Data storage
15.5m2
Odour treatment
30m2
Collaboration area
40m2
Sludge discharge
45m2
Learning laboratory
54m2
Storage
5m2
Sample storage
6m2
Refuse collection
10m2
Data interpretation
5.5m2
Biological aerated filtration
52m2
Ablutions
60m2
Co-dissolved air filtration
26m2
Board room and conference room
122m2
Influent chamber
62m2
TOTAL AREA ZONES:
UNDER ROOF
OUTSIDE
SITE
0m2
1 600m2
GROUND
1 774m2
658.5m2
LOWER GROUND
3 285m2
815m2
BELOW GROUND
410m2
0m2
5 469m2
3 073.5m2
TOTAL AREA
8 542.5m2
123
FIGURE 146 OVERLEAF: Concept sketches. (by author, 2015)
124
CHAPTER
06
SITE ISSUES AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Concept 6.2 Site planning 6.3 Concept development 6.4 Conceptual planning 6.5 Development models
DESIGN CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1 CONCEPT
BOUNDLESS TRANSITION The landscape is regarded as a transitional zone, an ongoing process that depicts the tension between human habitation and natural environments. These two environments are considered as isolated entities, but they are integrated as one, through the process of design. This boundary condition allows the exploration of the potential manner in which the relationship between man-made and natural environments manifest as a symbiotic spatial construct, dissolving the abrupt termination at the rural-urban interface.
126
6.1.1 CORE RATIONALE The core rationale of the design explores a shift from a predominantly visual architecture, towards a multimodal, multi-sensory architecture that promotes a rich sensory experience; captivating and embracing the senses. This approach is structured around a design that embodies interactive, informative, and educational architecture, which enhances architectural space and promotes user participation. FIGURE 147 RIGHT: Parti diagram exploring a boundless transition. (Author, 2015)
FIGURE 148 BELOW: Concept sketch: transition from built to natural. (Author, 2015)
127
6.2 SITE PLANNING
A base map is prepared and existing features are plotted from aerial photographs and initial site visits. The following planning issues are singled out for consideration: the siting and relationship of the proposed facility; the natural entities that should be retained; the character and use of the existing wetlands structure; the location of existing and future developments. Proposed site
1
Diepsloot mall
2
Future church development
3
Footloose trout farm
4
African Reptiles and Venom
5
Diepsloot West ext. 4
6
Diepsloot West ext. 7
7
Tanganani
8
Tanganani ext. 14
9
Future provincial road 10 Information node (environmental protection) 11 Giant Bullfrog conservation 12 Groundwater seepage and retention 13 Man-made dams 14 Future residential development 15 FIGURE 149 RIGHT: Base map. (Author, 2015)
128
6.2.1 CHARACTER The following sketch (Figure 150) conveys the character of Diepsloot, evoking images of how the proposed building mass and access roads might be fitted to the existing landscape. FIGURE 150 (Author, 2015)
129
6.2.2 SITE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT
Vehicular access is afforded via William Nicol Drive, which is a busy provincial arterial
High pedestrian movement occurs alongside William Nicol Drive, in a predominant
road (with a speed limit of 60km/h). A secondary access road, which cuts through the
north-south direction. Emanating pedestrian energy is concentrated at the northern
site, is proposed to connect the proposed residential development to the south-east,
entrance of Diepsloot Mall, providing opportunities for edge activators and a link with
with Diepsloot Mall.
the proposed facility.
130
The future housing development in Diepsloot East requires the support of mixed-use
The threshold criteria for the facility’s siting and site design is determined by three
typologies in order to create a sustainable living environment. The proposed facility
main elements: the patterns of circulation, the pattern of activity, and the sensible form
forms part of this transit orientated development proposal (TOD) by Arup (2013). The
that supports all of these elements. The first focuses on movement and its relations to
facility’s placement ensures accessibility to the community it serves, establishing it as
activity nodes. The second centres on existing behaviour settings, like linkage, grain,
part of the district nodal structure.
density, and character. The final element focuses on human experience: what users will see, hear, smell, and feel -a multi-sensory experience that evokes meaning.
131
The site is disturbed by human activities such as fires, snaring, and constant foot traffic.
The predominant vegetation is grassland, with Hyparrhenia Hirta as the dominant
Vegetation has been disturbed in several places by severe spatter and surface erosion
grass species. Although the proposed development has a definite impact on the site’s
as a result of veld fires, followed by heavy rains. Wire fences meant to deter pedestrians
vegetation, major impact on the western periphery is negligible due to its current state
bisecting the site, have been broken through and completely removed in certain areas.
of deterioration. It is proposed that intensive manual labour be used to clear required
A considerable amount of litter has been dumped near the western periphery, which
vegetation. This would provide job opportunities, and form part of an educational
intensifies the site’s deterioration.
programme whereby individuals are trained to remove invader plants.
132
The artificial dams on the southern periphery of the site are an important Giant African
Accessibility and control is an important aspect of the design. In this case, extreme
Bullfrog habitat, which forms part of the conservation area. This area is characterised
accessibility is unwanted due to the conservation status of the site. Given the
by hard, impermeable rock and shallow soil, which results in shallow water surface flow.
homogeneous user group of the facility, the site encourages communication by
Due to the collection of water in the artificial dams, as well as favourable vegetation
incorporating a common entrance and arrival space. From here, movement into the
growth, this area has become an ideal breeding location for the Giant Bullfrog
facility and throughout the site is controlled.
community.
133
The arrival space of the facility constitutes an entrance square. This is a sensoscape
The facility is perceived as a gestalt of buildings and natural landscapes. In this gestalt,
that forms an extension of the landscape and a viewpoint over the site, which exhibits
the buildings are designed and orientated to effectively display the natural landscape.
a variety of fauna and flora. This area includes pathways with various landscaping
Building masses enclose architectonic exterior spaces, offering hindered, directed,
elements that explore sensory participation, evoking emotion and emanating various
or obstructed views. The building mass is integrated in the natural environment. The
tactile, gustatory, and olfactory qualities.
gestalt is an interwoven complex of natural and built environments.
134
The wastewater treatment process is used as an architectural sequence, which
The open space system provided by the facility fulfils a number of functions, including
takes form as a cyclic spatial progression. The progression throughout the facility is
resource conservation, hazard avoidance, and ensuring community education and
interrupted and manipulated according to the elastic properties of the architectural
well-being. The proposed wetlands park is divided into passive and active open spaces.
sequence. Building massing accommodates the spatial progression and establishes a
Passive spaces are used for the conservation of the natural ecology and the Giant African
hierarchy that links entities directly or indirectly, vertically or horizontally.
Bullfrog population. Active spaces involve the recreational, research, educational and functional components of the open space system.
135
6.3 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT A more detailed conceptual programming exposes the overlaps in common uses, which address the design concept of a borderless transition. A linked set of structures are zoned by activity, rather than designing completely separate buildings. The site’s gradual eastwest slope seems to provide a logical transitional axis between built and natural.
136
FOCUS AREA
137
6.3.1 NARRATIVE APPROACH
2 - Movement and views
4 - Exploration
In order to establish a narrative approach, the
Humans prefer a refuge with a prospect (view) towards
Users try to hypothesise what will coome next– they
journey is introduced as a strong movement route
the outside. These views can be obstructed, hindered,
anticipate a variety of possibilities and this fascinates
within the proposed design. It addresses five emotive
or directed to elements, eliciting emotive responses.
them.
1 - Enticement
3 - Thrill
5 - Sensory response
The user’s curiosity is triggered by parcially revealed
Thrill encompasses a combination of fear and pleasure.
It is important to create spaces of participation (of the
features in the distance.
The value of architecture is intensified by giving
senses), not just observation, by evoking the user’s
evidence of what it protects against. A sense of security
reality. Thus, to apprehend reality as fully as possible,
is dramatised by the nearness of discomfort.
it must be experienced it in as many ways as possible.
components.
138
6.3.2 WETLAND POCKET CONCEPT
139
6.3.3 BUILDING PLANNING STRATEGY
The facility is divided into five primary building masses, which are each connected with transitional spaces, working in symbiosis to create a multi-functional infrastructural facility. These components consist of an arrival space with security, research and awareness centre, an auditorium, infrastructural plant, and the wetlands system. Pedestrians gain access on the ground floor, into a public arrival space that creates a connection to Diepsloot Mall. It is located on a busy, vibrant pedestrian movement route (along William Nicol Drive), allowing space for gathering and meeting. This public square leads into a quieter courtyard space, which generates a gradual transition into the facility. The auditorium is accessed via the research and awareness centre, or directly from the main circulation route, depending on the type of function. It is situated on the northern side of the facility, physically separated from the research and awareness centre with a bridge, which provides a visual connection to the wetlands system. This space acts as a transition into the quieter auditorium vestibule, and acts as a lobby and exhibition space where information can be displayed.
140
Building masses are orientated in a northern direction, providing optimal natural daylight and creating lines of visibility between the built and natural environments. The buildings are also sited perpendicular to the summer winds, and constitute a width of between 8m and 12m, to maximise wind-induced ventilation. In order to design optimal operable floor space, functions are divided into service and served space. Service spaces are located below grade, on the western side of the served spaces where courtyards will allow comfortable cross ventilation and natural daylight filtration. Building
functions
are
arranged
vertically
to
accommodate user occupancy, as well as an intimacy gradient. Public spaces are located on an undulating ground plane, while services and controlled staff areas are located below ground and on first floors. Flexible planning allows for greater attention to the differentiation in user’s sensory experience (sight, smells, and sounds). Dividing major contrasting areas is an essential objective in providing opportunities for collaboration, learning, working, and education.
141
6.4 CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
142
143
144
145
6.5 DEVELOPMENT MODELS
146
147
FIGURE 151 OVERLEAF: Concept sketch, Initiation of the sensual journey. (by author, 2015)
148
CHAPTER
07
DESIGN SYNTHESIS 7.1 Master plan
7.5 Sections
7.2 Floor plans
7.6 Elevations
7.3 Spatial relationship
7.7 Narrative sequence
7.4 Sensory experience
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
150
7.1 MASTER PLAN Once conceptual designs for the proposed facility are done, a site plan is designed to allow further design development of landscaping, parking, access, roads and walkways. The site plan guides further design development of buildings and landscaping. The concept for activities, buildings, zoning, and on-site movement is summarised in the following diagrams.
151
7.1.1 SITE ZONING
Proposed buildings Public park and grassland conservation Giant Bullfrog Habitat Education, awareness and research areas Vehicular entrance/exit
1
Visitor parking
2
Biofiltration swale
3
Buffer planting using native vegetation
4
Pedestrian arrival and security
5
Education
6
Research and awareness
7
Administration and staff areas
8
Wastewater treatment plant
9
Sensoscape square 10 Information and activity nodes 11 Pedestrian entrance and information folly 12 Park maintenance and storage 13 Rip rap at outlet 14 Demonstration wetland 15 Enhanced wetland 16 Giant Bullfrog habitat 17 Giant Bullfrog forging area 18 Hide and wildlife viewing 19 Hyparrhenia hirta grassland 20 Intermediate flow diversion structure 21
152
7.1.2 ON-SITE MOVEMENT
Staff vehicular movement and park maintenance Guided/seasonal educational trails Perennial stream Public movement through park Controlled pedestrian access points
153
7.2 FLOOR PLANS
the building as a multi-modal typology Perspective sketch of proposal. (Author, 2015)
154
155
7.2.1 ROOF PLAN
The facility is located on a vibrant pedestrian movement route, along William Nicol Drive. Access is gained off a new proposed road which leads to parking areas. The building is divided into 5 primary masses, which are each connected with transitional spaces, working in symbiosis to create a multi-functional infrastructural facility.
LEGEND 01 Additional parking 02 Diepsloot Mall 03 William Nicol Drive 04 Controlled access into facility 05 Proposed staff access road 06 Bioswale filtration (highway flooding strategy) 07 Visitor parking 08 Drop-off and assembly point 09 Ramp to basement (staff parking and delivery) 10 Sensoscape and arrival square 11 Reception area and security offices 12 Auditorium 13 Hydrological research and awareness centre 14 Enhanced wetlands system 15 Exploration route 16 Thermal energy conversion plant 17 Roof Terrace 18 Wastewater treatment plant
157
7.2.2 UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 William Nicol Drive 02 Median barrier to promote safe pedestrian crossing 03 Controlled access into facility 04 Pedestrian entrance 05 Visitor parking 06 Ramp to basement (staff parking and delivery) 07 Sensoscape and arrival square 08 Security offices (public relations, cctv control, and toilet) 09 Viewpoint 10 Effluent discharge 11 Terrace and viewpoint 12 Experimental room 13 Plant administration office 14 Reception 15 Waiting area 16 Safety lobby 17 Staff ablution facilities with dressing area 18 Laboratory with division offices 19 Terrace 20 Machine space and electrical plenum 21 Staff support facilities (ablutions and kitchen) 22 Machine space 23 Primary wastewater treatment 24 Secondary wastewater treatment 25 Courtyard 26 Upland planting and landscaping
159
7.2.3 LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 Basement parking & services 02 Reception and shop 03 Courtyard 04 Public ablution facilities 05 Navigation route & auditorium spill-out area 06 Auditorium, vestibule, cloak room, and sound room 07 Aquatic reed beds 08 Flowforms 09 Water channel & cleansing biotope 10 Collaboration area & data storage 11 Staff break area & terrace 12 Reception, waiting area & exhibition space 13 Learning laboratory 14 Ablution facilities 15 Collaboration area, interfacing & board room 16 Data sonde sampling platform 17 Submerged walkway 18 Electrical room 19 Energy recovery control room 20 Office & interpretation with waiting area 21 Digital learning platform 22 Ultraviolet disinfection & vertical discharge pumps 23 Odour treatment 24 Sludge discharge & services 25 Primary wastewater treatment 26 Secondary wastewater treatment
161
7.2.4 BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN LEGEND 01 Water collecction basin 02 Pump room 03 Heat pump 04 Mechanical room with thermoelectric generators 05 Pipe gallery 06 Blow-down separators 07 Steam flow-meter 08 Gas-fired peaking boilers 09 Neighbourhood energy and distribution control
163
7.3 SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP
The facility is divided into three spatial zones, namely: public, private, and transitional zones. The spatial relationships of these zones are determined by the specific process, or activity in each space. Spaces are arranged along a gradient of intimacy, with different layers of movement to accommodate the different users (staff, researchers, visitors, and security). The hybrid composition of the facility results in a mixture of public and private realms that cannot work independently. Therefore, transitional zones are
ROOF PLAN
introduced where public and private zones meet, with each area responding to its specific programme. These transitional zones provide environments with the intimacy of private space, and the sociability of public space, while interaction between the different users in the facility is promoted. Dynamic and static water is incorporated in different zones as unifying elements, and to communicate the water cycle. The use of water draws the senses together to create an enticing journey throughout the building, while the presence of water is demonstrated and amplified by the tactile qualities of moisture, sounds, and mist. UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
164
LEGEND SPATIAL ZONING • Public • Private • Transition WATER • Waterfall • Collection basin • Flowform • Treatment stream
LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN
165
7.4 SENSORY EXPERIENCE
Multi-sensory integration forms a key component of the proposed facility, and enables users to remember and retain information more effectively. Sensory properties are addressed to create social and educational environments, and by manipulating the spatial conditions, an informative learning environment is created that promotes intellectual and creative manner. Interactive and informative architecture enhance the user experience, as well as improve human stimulation.
ROOF PLAN
Spaces form a cohesiveness and extension of the natural landscape, providing perception, experience and understanding. Spaces are an extension of the natural landscape, and form a cohesiveness that drives existential experience, and directs attention. Qualities of surfaces, shapes, textures, and the introduction of micro-climates create interesting and enticing spaces. By applying this centralised multi-sensory realm, user-focused environments that support educational and social patterns of learning are encouraged.
UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
166
LEGEND SEE • Panoramic view • Hindered view • Partial/framed view • Directional view • Detail view HEAR • Noisy - 80Db • Peaceful - 40Db • Natural - 20Db • Ambient - 60Db LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
• Mechanical - 100Db SMELL • Fragrant
• Chemical
• Minty
• Decayed
• Sweet • Oily • Fruity
• Gaseous
• Pungent
• Woody
FEEL 01 Chronoception (passage of time) 02 Internal sense and interoception (emotional) 03 Somatosensation (physically touch) 04 Thermoception (temperature change) 05 Equilibrioception (balance and movement) BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN
167
7.5 SECTIONS
168
169
170
DETAIL 01: HANDRAIL AND SCREEN
171
7.6 ELEVATIONS
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION
172
173
EAST ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION
174
7.7 NARRATIVE SEQUENCE The following diagram conveys the narrative sequence of spaces within the facility. Public movement is limited to a controlled, circuit route (marked in blue), while additional tours and events are guided by staff (marked in red).
175
PERSPECTIVE VIEWS View 1
View 3
View 5
View 2
View 4
View 6
176
View 7
View 9
View 11
View 8
View 10
View 12
177
FIGURE 152 OVERLEAF: Skylight detail. (by author, 2015)
178
CHAPTER
08
TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 8.1 Materials 8.2 Structural system 8.3 Sustainability 8.4 Technical documentation
TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 8.1 MATERIALS CONCRETE
MASONRY
STEEL
Due to its excellent load-bearing capacity, concrete
Bricks are manufactured locally and constitute a low
Steelwork is used as a lightweight material that
is used as the primary column and slab structural
embodied energy, good thermal qualities, and structural
engages the architectural experience between tectonic
support system of the facility. It is a robust, durable,
resistance. Faceted brick facades play an essential role
and stereotomic elements. Steel contrasts the robust,
versatile, and low-maintenance material that permits a
by responding to the local vernacular and tectonics.
heavy concrete mass. Steel structures accommodate a
number of finishes and textures. The facade finishing is
These facades consist of solid brickwork infill, open
layering of mild steel grid screens to produce faceted
achieved through the application of elastomeric form
latticed brickwork as well as feature walls with brick
facade elements. A hot-dipped galvanising finish of pre-
liners, which gives a fractured rib pattern when peeled
patterns. The open lattice is achieved by removing the
welded components is fixed with bolts to ensure the
away from the integrally coloured concrete surface.
headers in a Flemish bond, thereby allowing for light
longevity of the building, and minimise maintenance.
This texture plays an important role in diffusing sound,
penetration, ventilation, solar shading and maintaining
Standard profile sizes are used to minimise additional
and dissuading graffiti taggers.
the continuity of the brick skin.
construction time and cost.
FIGURE 153: House in Isfahan, detail of concrete facade.
FIGURE 154: Termitary house, detail of lattice brick wall.
FIGURE 155: 3D rendering of steel screen and walkway.
(http://www.archdaily.com/394825/house-in-isfahan-logical-process-in-architectural-design-office)
180
(http://www.decorationconcepts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/brick-and-glass-600x901.jpg)
(Author, 2015)
GLASS
INDUSTRIAL EPOXY FLOORING
VEGETATED ROOFS
Glass is used to establish a visual link between interior
Due to the inherent safety, health and sanitary
The facility hosts an undulating vegetated roof,
and exterior spaces, as well as between private and
requirements of the facility, floor surfaces are required
which constitutes an extensive system, ranging from
public realms. A layered glass facade system promotes
to constitute a range of properties including a slip
200mm to 1 200mm in depth. It is considerably lighter
indoor climate control and illuminates exterior
resistant finish that is durable and chemical resistant.
than intensive roof systems, and requires minimal
courtyard spaces at night, while furnishing the spatial
Customcrete epoxy offers a seamless application
maintenance. It serves several purposes, including
definition of the building. Double glazing with Low-E UV
with a non-slip surface, and seals the concrete floor,
rainwater harvesting, insulation and thermal mass, a
protection is used to control solar heat gain. Northern,
eliminating debris and bacteria collection in cracks and
habitat for wildlife, mitigation of the heat island effect,
eastern and western glazing components are protected
pores. It is easy to clean and maintain, and will resist
and an aesthetically pleasing landscape. The proposed
by a faceted concrete and masonry facade.
acid stains, thereby reducing sanitary contamination
system effectively utilises the natural functions of
within the facility.
vegetation to treat air, and filter water before storage.
FIGURE 157: Industrial epoxy floor.
FIGURE 158: DBSA welcome centre, Holm Jordaan Architecture
FIGURE 156: House in Isfahan, detail of glazing elements.
(http://www.archdaily.com/394825/house-in-isfahan-logical-process-in-architectural-design-office)
(http://www.customcrete.net/wordpressCC/index.php/why-customcrete/)
(http://holmjordaan.com/portfolio_page/dbsa-welcome-centre/)
181
8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
BACKGROUND The structural layout of the facility is dependent on its
concrete columns with support beams that support
The concrete roof construction allows access for
spatial planning and configuration. The floor plan design
pre-cast concrete planks, combined with vertical
maintenance work, visitor movement, and green
constitutes an open plan and a double to triple storey
circulation cores (fire escapes and lift cores) that act
roofs. Accessible roof spaces are covered with precast
configuration, which requires a uniform and efficient
as the lateral load-resisting systems, and sheer wall
concrete pavers, while the green roofs are covered by
construction method; an approach that innervates
components. The columns are 300 mm x 300 mm,
vegetation and a growing medium, which is planted
its hybrid typology. The structure allows a floor area
and are set out on a 6,5 m x 10 m grid with variations
on a torched-on waterproofing membrane. These
with a minimum amount of columns, and service cores
that accommodate different spatial organisations.
localised vegetated areas include additional layers such
that penetrate the floor plane. The structure consists
300 mm thick brick infill cavity walls, as well as glazed
as drainage and root barriers. The entire roof system
of a flat plate structure, which constitutes reinforced
infill panels are repeated throughout the building.
drains into collection ponds around the facility.
182
183
8.3 SUSTAINABILITY
BACKGROUND
OPTIMAL ORIENTATION
VENTILATION
and
The facility is orientated northward in order to
Passive ventilation and cooling principles focus on heat
wastewater treatment systems, a number of energy
achieve optimal solar exposure throughout the year.
dissipation and heat gain control in order to improve
saving measures that aim to reduce environmental
The building receives ample levels of sunlight on
the overall indoor thermal comfort level. The design
impacts and the overall running cost of the facility are
northern facades, while southern facades remain
relies on the evaporative process of water collection
incorporated. Areas with alternating air quality and
shaded. Western facades are minimised by lowering
ponds to increase the relative humidity of external
lighting requirements are separated in order to use
the building mass below the ground level. Louvre
areas, and cool down air before it enters the building.
climatically responsive design interventions without
panels and skylights control solar gain by filtering and
The building’s perpendicular siting to summer winds
abating health and safety standards in the critical
reflecting natural light, thereby preventing the building
maximises wind-induced ventilation, which improves
environmental areas and control zones.
from overheating.
cross ventilation and stack ventilation.
In
addition
184
to
thermal
energy
recovery
185
GENERA
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
8.4 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
LIST OF DRAWINGS
TANGANANI EXT. 14
01 of 12 • LOCALITY P
ERF 123/388
02 of 12 • SITE PLAN
03 of 12 • BELOW GR
04 of 12 • LOWER GR
05 of 12 • UPPER GRO
06 of 12 • ROOF PLAN
PROPOSED STAFF ACCESS ROAD
07 of 12 • SECTION A • SOUTH ELE
BUS PARKING FUTURE RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT
08 of 12 • SECTION B • DETAIL 14
1445
ERF 5063/2003
09 of 12 WATERPROO
• DETAIL 1: E • DETAIL 2: C • DETAIL 3: T • DETAIL 4: P
PEDESTRIAN ROAD
PROPOSED SITE
VEGETATED R
ERF RE/138/388
• DETAIL 5: E • DETAIL 6: P • DETAIL 7: L
Clearance Proposed wetlands rehabilitation
1444
10 of 12 • EDGE DETA • SECTION C
11 of 12 SKYLIGHT • DETAIL 8: S • DETAIL 9: E
1443
1442
MASONRY D
• DETAIL 10: • DETAIL 11: • DETAIL 12:
FUTURE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 1441
ERF 4537/2005
12 of 12 • DETAIL 13: • HANDRAIL
1440
50 Year flood line
Existing dam
R511 - WILLIAM NICO L DRIVE
ABRAMS STREET
DIEPSLOOT WEST EXT. 7
ALBERT STREET
1439
1438
Giant bullfrog conservation
Upland planting
Unnam ed dirt
1437
road
1436
1435
Existing dam
RI DG E
1435
RO AD
Existing dam
1436
Existing dam 1437
Groundwater seepage and retention
T
1438
Existing dam
Existing dam
ERF 9646/2002 1440
AFRICAN REPTILES AND VENOM ERF 4538/2005
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
1441
Existing dam
M
.
ACHILLES STREET
1439
DIEPSLOOT MALL
1442
1443
Name
ROHAN VAN 1444
1ST AVENUE
Student number
210005331 Project description
186
N
LOCALITY PLAN
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:1000
Drawing description
LOCALITY PLAN Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:1 000
Date
8S
GENERA
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
PROPOSED NEW BIOPHILIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ON ERF RE/138/388, TANGANANI EXT. 14, DIEPSLOOT
1445
1445
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
Site area 13 637, 478m² Open grassland
SITE: Contractor is res out of the building; all with particular refer boundaries, etc.
1445 22 000
100m Boundary 93°
B
Kerb line
30 600
SS ROAD STAFF ACCE PROPOSED
Backfill
1443
Road 5.5m wide
Vehicular entrance
H = 1.5m tion pond Bioswale filtra
Stormwater fall
Contractors are to lo services on site and to throuhout the duration o
1440
13 m
135°
Sto rm wa ter fall
SUPERFLUOUS SOIL: e wetlands rehabilitation a be dumped where indic
D ry 28m Bounda C
4m High cast insitu concrete retaining wall
Upland planting and landscaping
Final dimensions to be t supplying and fixing pro
line ding Buil 3m ry nda Bou 16m
Road 5m wide
1444
1444
WILLIAM NICOL DRIVE
Contractor to verify dimensions on site and drawing before putting a
110°
3m Building line
3m Building line
255°
3m
Bo un da ry
Bu ild ing
FIRE PROTECTION: A f with these drawings an protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
lin e
E
DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.
130°
Water line
9,160
A
30 600
Sidewalk
1.8m High boundary wall
Planter
Kerb line
33 245
All drain pipes: minimu 1:10.All waste pipes accessible along entire
x 99 670
Paving
x 95 020 lands Cleansing wet biotope 3 200
on pond Water collecti
1439
x 95 020
R 5m 3m
Reed bed
EDUCATION & AWARENESS 480m²
x 99 670
2 200 200 3 200
Stormwater fall
All waste pipe fittings t and be suitably vented with suitable gully gradi surrounding levels.
All drains under buildin from load. Concrete all stacks to be vented w drain bends or junctions 3 000
Keep all drains 900 mm All I.E. 's to be mark approved concrete mark
S.O.P.
x 99 500
Tarred road
HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTRE 1 573m²
Tertiary quality effluent discharge
13 500
Visitor parking
Painted direction markings
1438
BASEMENT PARKING 716m²
3 000
S.O.P.
Ramp 1:1 2
y wa ath ep ret 00 nc 8 o C H=
Storm water fall
77m Boundary
R 3m
S.O.P.
New trees
Focus area
Planter
38 850
H = 1.5m
Water collection pond H = 1.5m
x 95 350
THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY 1 055m²
x 95 670
1438
ie
ce
G 34 560
Datum: 1443.5 = 100 000 measured at top of round steel rod set into a concrete base
90°
1.5m Building line
F
148m Boundary
Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep
M
87°
.
5 280
H = 500mm
T
Dumping of superfluous soil
S.O.P.
Sewage main
Stormwater fall
WASTEWATER TREATMENT 1 351m²
R 710
x 97 400
25 625
Proposed trees
Upland planting
1437
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
Grille
6 000
Planter x 94 070
H = 400mm
R 8m
Ramp 1:6
Ramp 1:8
1 800
R 1.4m
R 5m
2m Building line
x 95 020
3.2 m
23 000
ie
i.e. To be provided a change in direction a marked covers at ground
Concrete pathway
R 710
Water collection pond
Turning circle
98m Boundary
1.5m Building line
R
S.O.P. S.O.P.
RECEPTION 294m²
Painted road markings
1.5m High retaining wall
Grass 1.8m High boundary wall
2 000
R
300
5 000
98°
65,530
Concrete pathway
Grass 7 200
Fire connection point
Pedestrian 95° entrance
1445
300
Proposed trees
Bioswale filtration pond
Sidewalk
Planter
New trees
Road 8m wide
x 96 255
R 1.8m
300
m 3.8
m 3.4
Ramp 1:12
R
R
H = 1m
H = 2m
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 1443
SITE PLAN N
SCALE 1:250
1442
1441
1440
1439
1438
Project description
187
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
SITE PLAN Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:250
Date
8S
GENERA
1 CL
2 CL
3 CL 6500
5 CL
6500
6500
6 CL
7 CL
6500
8 CL
6500
9 CL
6500
10 CL
6500
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
6500
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
Sec B 08/12
6500
4 CL
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
5 135
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
300
50
110
Thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
90째 95째
3 100 BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed
Planter to detail
12 260
x 94 190 Concrete pit slab
Catwalk above
11 170
300 1 700
CL
2 700
R
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
6100
300
15
x 94 000 Concrete pit slab
300mm thick reinforced concrete foundation wall on 500mm thick ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding
R
300
20 0
3 350
2 190
300
50
E
CL
D
1800
50 110 110
300
110
300
50 0
0 50
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTRATION x 95 000 Concrete pit slab
5400
x 94 000 Concrete pit slab
5 100
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
110
6 350
150 4 650
1 550
300
300 50 1 200 110
5 850
2 300
4 050
Thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
CL
B
CL
A
300
MECHANICAL ROOM x 90 629 Power floated concrete
Sec A 07/12
10000
Grille above
10 300
930
2 000
2 000 300
300 Thermoelectric generator
300mm diameter x 2.7m high reinforced concrete column to Eng. specifications
Heat pump control station
Up 1
2
Up 2
1
2
3
Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
9
8
7
Up
1 6
5
4
3
2
1
50
10
110
110 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column on reinforced concrete pad cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding
C
10mm painted plaster finish
Up
300
2 095
fall
2 780
110
1 Layer DERBIGUM SP4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm side- and 150mm end laps, torched onto fully primed surface, protected by 110mm masonry wall
x 92 270 Power floated concrete
GERBERIT pluvia outlet in floor slab
150
300
Intake pump
PIPE GALLERY
Movement joint: 38mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant
300mm deep beam above
Control station 220 1 400 150
4 590
450
x 92 270 Power floated concrete
fall
300 x 300mm reinforced concrete stub column on thickened surface bed
2 770
300
50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive
1 470
PUMP ROOM
Sec C 10/12
x 94 300 Concrete pit slab
Planter to detail
4 590
Mentis grid panels above
2 930
Line of foundation below
WATER COLLECTION POND
300
6 470
Concrete pit slab
3 235
13 100
HYDRAULIC LIFT
300
3 230
50
50
A CL
110
7 400
Suspended concrete walkway above
50
300
10000 Sec A 07/12
CL 13 120
300
2 850
2 800
2 150 300
300
B CL
5 400 300
300
2 650
1 550
300
110
Beam above
10 500
50
50
Balustrade to detail
6 350
300
300
Sec C 10/12
3 550
6 350
2,800
300
13,300
110mm high concrete upstand
300
50 110
50
300
50
300
110
2 800
110
50
T
110 110
50
0 50
0 50
R
R
300
13 900
2 500
4 000
4 600
R
0 50
R
0 50
950
50
50
50 300
R
5400
110
CL
CO-DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION
R
C CL
2 690
5 700
1 650
110
1800
D CL
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
85째 90째
E CL
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
WATER COLLECTION POND
300mm thick reinforced concrete retaining wall
F
0 00
6100
300
ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION
R 3 100 300
F CL 6 350
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
31 00
Planter: garden soil (12% organic matter) with 100mm thick extensive substrate on 1.9mm thick VLF-100 filter membrane on 25mm thick DIADRAIN25 drainage- and reservoir board on 3mm thick VLU300 protective membrane on 1 layer DERBIGUM CG4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm laps, torched to primed concrete pit slab
110
50
300
5 750
6 800
300
50 110 1 390
7 400
4 190
300
50 300 1 500 110
4 650
1 550
440
2 320 440
1 500
300
6 800
3 500
2 700
300
6 500
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
26 900
Sec B 08/12
M
.
Floor slab above
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
188
N
BELOW GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:100
Drawing description
BELOW GROUN Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:100
Date
8S
GENERA
1 CL
2 CL
4 CL
3 CL
6500
6500
5 CL
6 CL
6500
6500
7 CL
8 CL
6500
6500
10 CL
9 CL 6500
6500
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
6500
39,988 13 000
7 490 120
6 075
300
300
2 700
4 190
110 300
H = 1m
150
150 1 800
x 95 690 Power floated concrete
1 100
Up
300
1 400 85 300 570 fall
x 95 350 Power floated concrete
300
7 720
300
2 890
300
1 500
8 850
300
300
600
5 900
165 110 2 300
300
50 190
W20
220
CL
A
220
0 60
6
ENERGY RECOVERY 7
8
9
10
x 93 905 Power floated concrete
110
Up 1m high steel handrail to detail
80 W21
W21
W21
Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
fall
10000
10 300 2 550
55 0 5
3 015
4
2 300
650 930
3
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Paving x 95 670
fall
W21
W21
W21
W21
1439
ie
110 mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe (fall 1:40) to municipal connection with influent pumps
6 200
110
325
215 2 500
ie
Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
2
Sec A 07/12
ce
300
300
1 550
300
2 800
ce 1 550
520
4 210
220
1 550
300
6 200
300
6 800
19 650
Sec B 08/12
28 950
M
.
300
1440
1441
BREAK AREA
R 1
110
Overhead shelving unit
Void
220
vp
1 200
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
1 860
RECEPTION
85 3 100
450mm high bench to detail
300
Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep
300
ce
1 500 mm high concrete retaining wall
2
1 500 220
ce
0 60
D6
825
10
9
6
5
4
3
1
ie
R
Reception desk to carpenters specification
Access to duct
H = 170mm
fall
2 550
50 x 50 x 6mm frame welded to 160 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle
1m high steel balustrade to detail
Landing above
Planter to detail
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
2 550
300 Sec C 10/12
300
B
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
2 400 x 2 400 x 4mm mild steel mentis grille panel
Concrete ring-beam above
UP
55 0
W19 1 200
300
LOBBY
W12
4 115
85
2 850
D3
Fire escape x 95 500
R
R
0 55
720 85 1 500
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall
CATWALK ABOVE
300
2
Bitumen membrane waterproofing
Bitumen membrane waterproofing
W18
WATER COLLECTION POND
Bitumen membrane waterproofing
x 96 850
2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail
Bitumen membrane waterproofing
WET WELL
Drainage weepholes @ 2m intervals
x 95 550
Transfer beam above
Compacted filling
300mm thick reinforced concrete foundation wall on 500mm thick ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
SCREENING ROOM
x 97 750
2 550
3 950
WAITING ROOM
CL
2 300
RAMP Slope @ 1:12
4 170
By specialist
165mm thick clay face brick exterior wall, see detail 12
R
300
550
300
340
HYDRAULIC LIFT
110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall between column supports
300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
2 930
5 895
C
2 800
1 500
Movement joint: 50mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant
85
Sec C 10/12
5 500 D7
Mild steel MENTIS grille screen to detail
INFLUENT CHAMBER
70 0
CL
Transfer beams above
1 310
300 2 500 1 000 13 900 7 715 1 000
W22
x 95 350 Power floated concrete
0 55
0 55
10000
W22
WALKWAY
D6
x 95 550 Power floated concrete
R
R 550
400
W22
1m high concrete handrail
ODOUR CONTAINMENT BARRIER
300
2 800
Extractor and ceiling defusers D6
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
1 000
Custom made interactive media screen
0 41
x 95 750 Power floated concrete
x 100 000 Tertiary quality water
3 735
R
D2
UP
Slope @ 1:12
12
WATER COLLECTION POND 450mm high bench with 220mm masonry wall
3 180
Biowater treatment system
W22
CONCOURSE AREA
RAMP
To upper ground floor level
D
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
1 2 3 4 5
220
2 950
300
R 4 265
CL
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
T
220
220
E
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
3 860
x 95 690 Power floated concrete
Steel ship ladder: Width 1100mm Tread 300mm Riser 300mm 1 800 220
2 765
CL 1800
220 fall
1 600 220 3 285
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
220
x 95 750 Power floated concrete
fall
300
D2
ODOUR TREATMENT
SLUDGE DISCHARGE
0 80
800
600 R 1 500
220mm thick masonry wall with 10mm thick painted plaster
D2
Det 14 08/12
D2
x 95 690 Power floated concrete
D5
R
REFUSE COLLECTION
6 400
Void
D5
fall
300
STORAGE
PASSAGE
5400
UP
Transfer beam above
20 0
2 160
MEDIA ROOM
x 95 690 Power floated concrete
Activated sludge unit
x 95 950 Power floated concrete
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
85째
R
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
fall
5 000 x 3 000mm U-panel perforated zinc tilt garage door with track type fitting to manufacturers specification
PASSAGE
F
0 00
15
200
Rib transfer beam above
300mm wide cavity wall with 40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards
UP
fall
D5
R
D5
A CL
CL
1 700 300
300
W17
900
Planter to detail
RAMP Slope @ 1:8
x 95 750 Power floated concrete
4 000
32,499
Planter to detail
W17
300 1 500
1800
300
120
W23
Void
Skylight above
RAMP Slope @ 1:6
fall
5400
W17
1 520
fall
1m high steel handrail
Sec A 07/12
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
95째
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
To upper ground floor level
Void
B CL
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
W17
fall
110mm diameter uPVC storm-water pipe (fall 1:50) to catchment pits, to sump
300 80 110 110 120
5 800
2 580
300
ENTRANCE
C CL
il 1m high steel handra
50 0
500mm wide mentis RECTAGRID grid over storm-water channel
fall
BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed
500mm high concrete upstand
DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.
W17
300mm thick reinnforced concrete retaining wall acc. to Eng. specification
D CL
95째
Void 108 x 220mm COROBRIK PA 'Burgundy' paving brick kerb line
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
E CL
150
110 8 000
14
13
Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail
12
Sump pit with sump pump, pump drains pit to water collection basin through discharge pipe
6100
W16
300mm thick reinforced concrete column, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
11
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
W17
R
ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION
400mm high concrete upstand to acc. to Eng. specification
10
x 95 350 Power floated concrete
80
Staff parking
75mm high storage platform
500mm high concrete upstand 1m high steel handrail
5 050
31 00
x 95 690 Power floated concrete
R
110 110 1 645
5 000
STORAGE
D2
D2
R 200
Control station
2 050 fall
fall
H = 1.5m
220 3 875 300
12 200
x 95 190
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
D5
SUMP
F CL
BASEMENT PARKING
Fire hose
x 95 690
95째
Planter: garden soil (12% organic matter) with 100mm thick extensive substrate on 1.9mm thick VLF-100 filter membrane on 25mm thick DIADRAIN-25 drainage- and reservoir board on 3mm thick VLU-300 protective membrane on 1 layer DERBIGUM CG4 waterproofing membrane with 100mm laps, torched to primed concrete pit slab
fall
2 000
UP
D6
W15
fall
108 x 220mm COROBRIK PA 'Burgundy' paving brick line spaced to measurement, used for parking dividers
300
2 000
300
x 95 520 Power floated concrete
fall
300
fall
SERVICE/DELIVERY
4 300 80 110
110
2 000
300
6100
300
6 200
Sec B 08/12
300
300
150
2 080
2 700
235
2 580
150
2 580
300
2 580
3 050
8 020
13 640 220
3 420
4 100
110
1 865
8
300
7
50
Strip windows above
5 920 110
55 400 6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN N
SCALE 1:100
189
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
LOWER GROUN Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:100
Date
8S
GENERA
2 CL
4 CL
3 CL
6500
6500
5 CL
6 CL
6500
6500
7 CL 6500
6500
6500
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
6500
13 160
32,350 300
10 CL
9 CL
6500
32 650 300
12 700
1 160
300
300
1 500
300
9 450
8 050
300
5,110
6 200
300
1 550
300
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
Sec B 08/12
R 500
6 350
8 CL
0 22
x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist
300
6 200
300
6 200
300 fall
Mentis RECTAGRID bridge to detail
fall
fall
Up
110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals
x 99 400 Power floated concrete
fall
85째
fall
fall Fixed aluminium sliding casement window with plastered reveal
W2
W1
W3
W4
Skylight above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Skylight
300
3,150
1 200
1 200
300
4 850
95째
W11
W11
W11
W11
W11
W11
W11
Fire escape
1440
1441
300
2 950
300
2 950
300
2 950
150
4 470
300
1 580
300
2 950
300
2 950
300
2 950
690
300 1 655
Landing
W12
5,901
600
1 550
3 100
1 550
110 170 220
2 045
110
1 300
110
2 415
CL
A
2 800
2 300
2,300
10000
5 100
Sec A 07/12
300
ROOF TERRACE x 98 850 Concrete pavers
80
110
x 99 020 Power floated concrete R 34 0
W14
2 530
160
Drainage duct with ARGO galvanised sheet metal access panel built into lattice brick wall
300 600
STAFF KITCHEN
450mm high bench to detail 95째
W12
PAVIA wall hung electronic WC complete with in-wall flush valve
10 300
190 110 110 110 1 740
Lockers
Autoclave
x 99 020 Power floated concrete
Shower
R 2 550
525
1m high balustrade
Bay window with 450mm high concrete bench to detail
1439 80 110 110 1 485
160
2 900
160
110 80 1 485 110
6 200
23 050
5 900
30 240 6500
6500
6500
1 955
300
6 500
300
6 200
300
6 200
19 950 6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6 800
Sec B 08/12
3 550
M
.
3,250
Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
110
W11
B.I.C.
D4
Sink 110 1 200 1 200
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
D4
WC
x 99 020 Power floated concrete
12
110 110 80 110 615 110 1 200 1 200
110
300
W11
WHB
WC VP and IE
11
D4
STAFF ABLUTIONS
WHB
UP
13
14
18
19
15
16
17
21
20
W12
450mm high bench to detail
Kitchen furnishing to carpenters specification
1 300
D4
B
1m high balustrade: 50mm diameter steel handrail fixed to 500mm high concrete upstand beam
300mm thick masonry cavity wall with 25mm thick ISOBOARD insulation
220 1 700
Sec C 10/12
x 99 020 Power floated concrete
UP
985
110
300
80
A CL
300
D3
LOBBY
220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall
Machine space
2 850
300
Mild steel MENTIS grille screen to detail
150
D1
2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail
fall fall
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
Transfer beam above
D2
D2
x 97 407 Power floated concrete
MACHINE SPACE 1 800 150
PASSAGE
x 97 357 Power floated concrete
Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail
Mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid panels to detail
6 615
x 97 307 Precast concrete pavers
2 940
CONCOURSE AREA
W9
W12 1 200
CL
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
2 000
BREAK ROOM x 99 020 Power floated concrete
DRESSING AREA
By specialist
C
300
W13
300
4 990 10 000 1 770
10000 Sec A 07/12
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
H = 600mm
99째 D6
HYDRAULIC LIFT
fall
fall
fall
W10
220
1 070
300
fall
2 220
0 56
50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete wall with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres
fall
x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist
Void
Up Up
VEGETATED ROOF
fall fall
H = 600mm
CL
2 000
fall
300
GERBERIT pluvia outlet in roof slab
Screed to fall
fall
x 97 917 Power floated concrete
870
fall
VIEWING DECK
1
Machine space
300
Void
300
1 550
2
750
300
fall
Sec C 10/12
W5
R
W9
300
300
D2
Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm 3
D2
RAMP Slope @ 1:16
fall
1 860
RAMP Slope @ 1:12
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
W4 Steel ship ladder: Width 1100mm Tread 300mm Riser 300mm
300
Skylight above
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
fall
5400
300 1 715 110 95
Skylight above
450
x 97 357 Power floated concrete
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
T
Skylight above
2 500 300 Control station
2 500
W7
CONCOURSE AREA
2 500
2 800
B CL
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
300
300 810
1 110
26 400
R 500 60mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant
Skylight above
D
fall
x 98 790 Power floated concrete
W6
x 97 917 Power floated concrete
W8
300
C CL
PUMP ROOM
95 W8
CL fall
MACHINE SPACE
1m high balustrade
1m high steel handrail
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
W5
110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall
4 350
4 000
4 600
5400
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
E
fall
Fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal 500mm high concrete upstand
220
W1
W1
1 100
300
fall
W1
CL 1800
300
Walkway
fall
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
x 99 775 Power floated concrete
1 000
fall
1 500 300
300 1 500
50mm deep or 1/4 of slab thickness tooled contraction joint with DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant
WALKWAY
2 000
3 150
fall
fall
H = 1 200mm
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
220
0 22
6100
fall
fall
220
fall
0 55
R2
1
fall
fall
F
fall
1 585
R5 00
5 800
Slope @ 1:6
7 900
0 22
fall
3
3
0 39
5 42
1800
CL fall
2
RAMP
500mm high steel handrail on 500mm high concrete upstand
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
fall
1
6
D CL
fall
6 200
15 65
Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 750mm Riser 170mm
300
3 510
H = 1 200mm
220
7 790
R 500
fall
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
fall
fall
x 99 000 Tertiary quality water
1 555
WATER COLLECTION POND
52 0 1 x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist
VEGETATED ROOF
fall
VEGETATED ROOF
8 00 3,
6100
R 500
fall
1 890
E CL
DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400.
fall
fall
0 22
x 99 775 Power floated concrete
F CL
0 55
Walkway
0 55
1
1
fall fall
fall
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
1 CL
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
190
N
UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:100
Drawing description
UPPER GROUND Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:100
Date
8S
GENERA
1 CL
2 CL
4 CL
3 CL
6500
6500
5 CL
6 CL
6500
8 CL
6500
6500
10 CL
9 CL 6500
6500
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
6500
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
Sec B 08/12
6500
7 CL
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
3
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
4 5 6 7
VEGETATED ROOF x 99 775 Vegetation by specialist
x 99 000 Tertiary quality water
WATER COLLECTION POND
0 33
0 22 1 0 56
VEGETATED ROOF x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
0 22
Concrete Stair: Width 1500mm Tread 750mm Riser 170mm
Up
CL
8 7
300
F CL
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
8
7
F
1 6 2
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
5 3
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
6100
RAMP Slope @ 1:8
7 900
6100
5 800
4
WALKWAY x 99 775 Power floated concrete
CL
E
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
CL
D
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
12 700
1 550
4,951
300 400 300
1550
300 400 300
1 550
300
1 100
6,800
2 950
fall
R 620 Skylight
x 101 025 Screed laid to fall
4 650
300
fall
1m high cast in-situ concrete upstand, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
3 500 x 780 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip above, type 023a
Fire escape
1440
26 000
1 655 300
4,093
600
32 050
5 900
300
500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange
fall
12
13
14
19
16
17
15
CL
A
2 300
2 800
B
Sec A 07/12
VEGETATED ROOF
300
1 550
2 930
fall
fall
Landing below
Fire Stair 1: Width 1300mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
3 100
x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist
10
9
8
7
5
4
300
fall
1441
18
21
11
1m high steel handrail
300
300
fall
fall
GERBERIT pluvia outlet in roof slab
OPEN VOLUME BELOW fall
1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 021
fall
22 1
fall
fall
A CL
CL
H = 700mm
220mm thick clay face brick lattice wall
3
Sec A 07/12
2 000 fall
x 102 270 Concrete pavers
10 300
3 235
2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening
6
fall
20
fall
2
fall
Sec C 10/12
10 545
10,000
10000
fall
1m high handrail, see detail 13
fall
ROOF TERRACE
H = 1m
x 100 570 Vegetation by specialist
300
fall
10000
fall
VEGETATED ROOF
300
300 1 650 550 300
fall
fall
2 000
fall
C
300
fall
CL
2 550
fall
x 99 000 Vegetation by specialist
10 300
fall
VEGETATED ROOF
300
18 500
fall
fall
R
x 99 070 Vegetation by specialist
300
fall
VEGETATED ROOF
2 930
Skylight fall
B CL
300
0 20
300
2 800
2 500
Skylight
1 200
300
300mm high concrete upstand
OPEN VOLUME BELOW
C CL
2 850
fall
1 655 300
1,100
1 100
fall
Sec C 10/12
fall
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
2 550
Skylight
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
220
Skylight
3 000
4,300
5400
Skylight
CONCRETE ROOF
5400
fall
fall
300
fall
2 000
fall
300
fall
2 800
fall
1 830
fall
7 870
fall
1 255
300
550mm high concrete upstand
T
3,550
2 950
6 340 300 300 220 1 550 220 800
220
D CL
6 800
1439
1 550
300
6 500
6 050
300
6 350
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
1800
1 500
32 500
1800
300
85째
E CL
300
Sec B 08/12
M
.
20 100
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
ROOF PLAN N
SCALE 1:100
191
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
ROOF PLAN Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:100
Date
8S
GENERA
1 CL
2 CL
3 CL
6 500
4 CL
6 500
5 CL
6 500
6 CL
6 500
7 CL
6 500
8 CL
6 500
9 CL
6 500
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
10 CL
6 500
6 500
IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 200 support ring beam, welded to frame
Top of tower 106 100
SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres
Sec B 08/12
26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass
Top of tower 105 836
LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail, powered by SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor
1 740 50 350 600
4 600
2 400 x 2 400 x 4mm mild steel mentis grille panel in 50 x 50 x 6mm frame welded to 160 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle, fixed to concrete beam with M10 expansion anchor bolts acc. to Eng. specification
Reinforced concrete ring-beam acc. to Eng. specification
20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face
MECHANICAL ROOM Finished off-shutter concrete
Thermoelectric generator
Thickened surface bed below column
Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant
Concrete pit slab 94 300 Mezzanine level 93 905 Below ground floor 92 270
Below ground floor interim 90 629
Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max
SECTION A-A
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
Sec B 08/12
SCALE 1:100
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
50mm cement screed laid to fall to GEBERIT series 5 Pluvia outlet installed by approved contractor
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding
2 700
290
Balustrade to detail
NGL
40 150 100 50
Heat pump
50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats over 100mm thick concrete surface bed
1 110
Lower ground floor 95 520
Acoustic soundproofing
BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
Finished off-shutter concrete
1 000mm high steel balustrade to detail
50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive
Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant
Upper ground floor 99 020 200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail
Exposed clay facebrick
PUMP ROOM Controlled water level
Reinforced concrete ring-beam acc. to Eng. specification
CONTROL AREA
WAITING ROOM
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
510
10mm thick plaster to 500mm deep reinforced concrete inverted t-beam acc. to Eng. specification
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
DRAINAGE: All plumbi installation work sanitar relevant local authority SABS 0400. Top of roof slab 102 270
150
50
W19
Painted plaster
1 500
2 700 240 210 50 60
LOBBY Stroked concrete
BREAK ROOM
50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh
200
60 990
500
25mm expansion joint with joint filler, finished with BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod
Det 2 09/12
W12
Suspended ceiling, see ceiling plan W13 6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification
3 000
BALCONY
3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows
3 250
WATER COLLECTION POND
300 x 300mm reinforced concrete stub column on thickened surface bed
Waterproofing: 4mm min thick BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, see detail 1 to 4
LOBBY Stroked concrete
3,000
530 1 780 500
2째 fall
150 190
113째
"Brush and steel" concrete finish
170 1 000
3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid on 100 x 100 x 5mm galvanised mild steel equal angle support frame bolted to concrete surfce with M10 expansion anchor bolts
BALCONY
270 570 270 660
530 270 1 500
50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres
855 Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max
Finished off-shutter concrete
Vegetated roof to detail
1 400
50 170
3 060
Det 4 09/12
D2
WET WELL
100
500 Screening room interim level 92 943
Controlled water level
170
235 1 950
500 25mm screed on 85mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 0.25mm polyolefin DPM on compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max
Screening room top of slab 94 357
Det 3 09/12
320 580 330
145째
1 000
1 220
158째
735
1 110
150 190
Influent chamber top of slab 96 300
Finished off-shutter concrete 150mm thick concrete wall
Det 1 09/12
650
2 890
Finished off-shutter concrete D2
50
200 x 100 x 50mm BOSUN concrete pavers on 20mm thick sand-bitumen setting bed, laid to fall to DONCASTER mono slot drain NGL Top of catwalk 97 407
SCREENING ROOM
500 600 550
INFLUENT CHAMBER
Painted plaster
2 890
PASSAGE
1 890
Top of roof slab 100 570
845
Doweled key construction joint to detail
Vegetated roof to detail
Det 6 09/12
Det 8 11/12
500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange Det 7 09/12 200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail Vegetated roof to detail
300 2 700 300 200 1 100 1 100
10/12 Det 5 09/12
240200 60 154
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
Edge 1
Top of roof slab 102 270
1 000
ROOF TERRACE
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
1 CL
2 CL
3 CL
4 CL
5 CL
6 CL
7 CL
8 CL
9 CL
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
10 CL
Top of tower 106 100
Top of tower 105 836 "Brush and steel" concrete finish
Drainage duct with ARGO galvanised sheet metal access panel built into lattice brick wall vp Clay face brick lattice pattern
"Brush and steel" concrete finish
Exposed clay face brick Top of roof slab 102 270
Top of roof slab 102 270
Top of roof slab 100 570
"Brush and steel" concrete finish
Clay face brick lattice pattern
W14
Vertical MENTIS RECTAGRID screen to detail
WC
Clay face brick lattice pattern
Upper ground floor 99 020
T
Line of structure behind
"Brush and steel" concrete finish Top of catwalk 97 407
ie W20
Line of substructure Screening room interim level 92 943
ce Lower ground floor 95 520 Concrete pit slab 94 300 Mezzanine level 93 905
.
Municipal drainage connection point 2.5m deep
ie
M
Screening room top of slab 94 357
110 mm dia. uPVC sewer pipe invert level 600mm min (fall 1:40) to municipal connection with influent pumps
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
ce Influent chamber top of slab 96 300
Below ground floor 92 270 Name
Below ground floor interim 90 629
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
192
SOUTH ELEVATION
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:100
Drawing description
SECTION A-A an SOUTH ELEVATI Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:100
Date
8S
GENERA
A CL
B CL
C CL
10 000
D CL
2 800
E CL
5 400
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
F CL
1 800
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
6 100
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
Sec A 07/12
Top of tower 105 836
Top of tower 105 836
21째
Det 9 11/12
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140 support ring beam, welded to frame Glass fixed to frame between neoprene gasket and thermal break, see detail 9
26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail, powered by SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
500 100
500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange 160 x 80 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete wall with M10 expansion anchor bolts
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
"Brush and steel" concrete finish
1 150
"Brush and steel" concrete finish Top of roof slab 102 270
Top of roof slab 102 270
4,060
BREAK ROOM
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
Painted plaster finish
W13
1 740
Painted plaster
D3
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
50
W14
2 700
Clay face brick lattice pattern
D6
125 105
1 800 x 900mm high top hung aluminium casement window
Exposed clay facebrick
Exposed clay face brick finish
W19
Det 10 11/12
3 300
D3
W23
100 190
150mm concrete surface bed with thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
150mm concrete surface bed with thickened surface bed, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max
2mm thick Polyethylene waterproofing sheet
Lower ground floor 95 520 Mezzanine level 93 905
Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity
T
PLANTER
500
50mm thick cement screed
150 60 400
1 000 100 100 50
60 750
300 x 100mm precast concrete coping with drip to exterior
150
2 580
PIPE GALLERY
150 50
Acoustic soundproofing
170 100 Thickened surface bed below column
BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats over 50mm thick cement screed to fall 1:200
Below ground floor 92 270
40 100
Thermoelectric generator
25mm expansion joint with joint filler
Concrete pit slab 93 962
50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres
190
170 50 2 680 50 150
290
CL
Pipes fixed to concrete soffit and floor with approved wire hangers
CL
Arc length 5 345
1 840
300mm thick cast in-situ concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
300
1 840
1 840 300
INSIDE
Below ground floor interim 90 629
20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face
Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or cement-screed blinding
.
1 800 x 900mm high top hung aluminium casement window
M
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup 50mm screed on 150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days on 30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats over 100mm thick concrete surface bed
300
Concrete Stair: Width 1200mm Tread 300mm Riser 170mm
Controlled water level
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
Porous material covered with bidim filter Construction joint with 150mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant
Acoustic soundproofing
Line of waterproofing cap sheet
BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod
Window opening line Reinforced concrete rib transfer beam acc. to Eng. specification
OUTSIDE
2 300
Below ground floor interim 90 629
150mm diameter pitched GEO-TEXTILE perforated pipe to discharge at NGL
150 50
Well rammed 12mm aggregate Free-draining fine porous aggregates
MECHANICAL ROOM
40 100
1 000mm high steel handrail to detail
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2 916
50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive Below ground floor 92 270
165mm thick clay face brick exterior wall, see detail 12
CONTROL AREA Finished off-shutter concrete
110
Mezzanine level 93 905
1 000mm high steel handrail to detail
1 490
Concrete pit slab 93 962
W23
175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties to manufacturers spec.
210
6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification
W23
110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall between column supports
2 725
50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh
30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
W23
5 350 x 300 x 100mm thick pre-stressed concrete plank lintel between column supports
50
4 565 DPC
NGL
1 000mm high steel balustrade to detail
200 50
170 min.
Weep holes in perpend joints
Lower ground floor 95 520
Upper ground floor 99 020
Finished concrete reveal
110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
Vegetated roof to detail
200
WAITING AREA
200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers to detail
1 200 x 2 500mm high fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal
120
1 080
Line of UFFL
200
200 50
200
15mm diameter sealant backing cord placed in 10mm thick expansion joint, sealed with elasto-plastomeric sealant
50
125 515
100 540
Upper ground floor 99 020
1 000 x 450 x 245mm MODCON precast concrete window sill with drip, type 042
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
380
50mm diameter steel handrail with 16mm diameter rod supports, welded to 100 x 100 x 5mm thick mild steel plate fixed to concrete coping with M5 anchor bolts at 1.2m centres
Det 11 11/12
Name
ROHAN VAN
Sec A 07/12
Student number
DETAIL 14
SCALE 1:50
SCALE 1:50
CL
R 15 000
SECTION B-B
R 12 700
210005331 Project description
CL
193
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
SECTION B-B an DETAIL 14 Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:50
Date
8S
GENERA
150 110
400 40
400
170
400
23
147
170 23
400 147
60 20
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
552 20
20
325
225
300
400
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
CL 50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days 1m high concrete wall acc. to Eng. specification
SCREENING ROOM
SCREENING ROOM
400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification
ABE butyl joint sealer, cold applied over backing rod Mild steel MENTIS grid catwalk, detail 3
100
INCRETE CLEAR-SEAL epoxy filmforming concrete sealer over screed
50
70 x 70mm chamfer
0 10 880
500mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
Waterproofing note: 4mm min thick BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat
500
SCREENING ROOM
400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification
Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed
CL
DETAIL 2 - INTERNAL, EXTERNAL CORNERS
DETAIL 3 - TANKING EDGE
DETAIL 4 - PIPE PENETRATION
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:20
100
Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity
270 10 30 30
CL 1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 025
100
232
839
81
220
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity
1 000 x 300 x 80mm MODCON precast concrete coping with drip, type 021
300
3mm thick galvanised mild steel counter flashing system
10mm thick VLF-100 filtering sheet
200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers
10mm thick rigid filtering sheet
25mm thick bedding sand
60mm thick drainage sheet
Metal sleeve around penetrating pipe
VEGETATED ROOF PETROMAT interlayer
150 min
ECO TURF LM BEREA lawn in sunny areas and KIKUYU lawn in shaded areas, as determined by landscape architect Land for planting: garden soil (12% organic matter) and layer of soil with drainage capacity
60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200
50
200 and
ABE DURACORD compressed into joint to approximately 70% of original size
56mm Ø horisontal GEBERIT pipe fixed to concrete soffit with PLUVIA rail-system method to manufacturer spec., spacing of guide- & coupling brackets @ 800mm c/c
Free-draining fine porous aggregates laid around contraction joint 100mm thick extensive substrate
37 x 35mm white powder coated main tee's fixed to hanger wires, to manufacturers specification
2 layers BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, torched and fully bonded onto primed concrete surface
270mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with dowled key construction joints over transfer beams, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
47 x 35mm White powder coated recessed SHADOWLINE wall angle plugged and screwed to wall to manufacturers specification
WET WELL
WET WELL
120 g/m² separation fleece membrane 30mm thick rigid rock wool plates placed without adhering, 200 kg/m3 density 4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with 75mm minimum overlaps
.
270mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with 570mm high concrete upstand beam, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
10mm thick plastered finish
100mm cement mortar protective layer
40mm thick ISOTHERM insulation laid between tee's to manufacturers specification, laid between tee's on 16mm thick medium density perforated fibreboard finished with birch verneer
10mm thick plastered finish
300mm deep reinforced concrete beam acc. to Eng. specification
2mm thick polyethylene waterproofing sheet
M
120 g/m² VLU-300 separation protection fleece membrane
Galvanised hangers with approved plugs and screws to manufacturers specification fixed into finished concrete soffit spaced @ 1200 c/c max
200
50
100
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
100
T
60mm thick DiaDrain-60 drainage- and reservoir bord laid to fall to 150mm diameter pitched geotextile perforated drainage tube
50
4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps
10mm thick VLF-100 filtering sheet
10
CSSR-200 aluminium expansion joint cover
ROOF TERRACE
DPC
BREAK ROOM
Concrete screed lighten H150 kg/m3 for gradients formation, minimum 50mm thickness and 1200 kg/m3 density Porouse padding gravel
2 500 x 1 935mm high fixed aluminium casement window with plastered reveal
150mm diameter pitched perforated drainage tube
CL 5
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
290 10
270
2 layers BITUMAT POLYFLAME modified bitumen membrane reinforced with 200gms/m2 polyester mat, torched and fully bonded onto primed concrete surface
geotextile
228
220
100mm thick extensive substrate
213
16 120 77
Free-draining fine porous aggregates laid around contraction joint
340
and
polypropylene
GEBERIT series 5 PLUVIA outlet installed by approved contractor
59
Line of skylight
120
60mm thick DiaDrain-60 drainage- and reservoir bord laid to fall to 150mm diameter pitched geotextile perforated drainage tube 120 g/m² VLU-300 separation protection fleece membrane
955
230mm diameter steel ventilation pipe
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
DETAIL 1 - EXPANSION JOINT
5 CL
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed
Backfill material as specified
CL
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
5mm steel wire pipe anchor cast into concrete wall
BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed
Backfill material as specified
ECO TURF LM BEREA lawn in sunny areas and KIKUYU lawn in shaded areas, as determined by landscape architect
300
50 50
BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed
500mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
100
20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face
BITUMAT membrane flashing torch welded around penetrating pipe and onto second waterproofing layer
50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill
70
Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT ribbed centrebulb pvc waterstop profile sealed with DURAKOL sealant
Backfill material as specified
50
23
800 500
100mm wide mortar cant strip
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
50
0 10
Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT ribbed centrebulb pvc waterstop profile sealed with DURAKOL sealant
0.25mm polyolefin DPM
170 70
300
400mm diameter, 10mm thick galvanised steel flange
CL
200mm thick free-draining fine porous aggregates to support and protect pipe
Wastewater flocculation and screening
300mm wide BITUMAT membrane flashing torch welded over mortar cant strip with 100mm overlaps on ends
200
300mm diameter carbon steel sewer pipe
200
20mm expansion joint with joint filler
100
50 170 20
300mm nominal size transition sewer clamp coupling with PVC adapter gasket
20mm thick screed protection layer 400mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
310
23
BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 2: Fully torch welded onto first layer, both layers staggered or crossed
25mm min thick bitumen membrane waterproofing, see detail 4
Controlled water level
50 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel equal angle support frame bolted to concrete surface with M10 expansion anchor bolts
500
50
80
170
BITUMAT POLYFLAME Layer 1: Fully torch welded onto concrete with 100mm side and 150mm end laps fully torched and sealed
70
0.25mm polyolefin DPM on 50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill
2 000 x 1 780 x 80 x 3mm mild steel mentis RECTAGRID grid on equal angle support frame
50
Cold applied BITUMAT concrete primer fully penetrated into surface pores, pin holes and cracks
50
50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed on 20mm thick screed protection layer
20 50
INCRETE CLEAR-SEAL epoxy filmforming concrete sealer over screed
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
ABE UNIGUM bitumen- polymer reinforced plastomeric waterproofing felt fully torched to under membrane and applied with staggered side and end laps
100
50
1 000
ABE DURACORD compressed into joint to approximately 70% of original size
ABE UNIGUM bitumen- polymer reinforced plastomeric waterproofing felt fully torched to under membrane and applied with staggered side and end laps
Compressed backing cord on 20mm expansion joint with joint filler, sealed with clear sealer, see detail 3
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
Cold applied BITUMAT concrete primer fully penetrated into surface pores, pin holes and cracks
380
PASSAGE
Backfill material as specified
380
2 125mm high aluminium double acting double door
Name
geotextile
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331
CL
Project description
194
DETAIL 5 - EXPANSION JOINT
DETAIL 6 - PIPE PENETRATION
DETAIL 7 - LOCALIZED GREEN AREA
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:20
Drawing description
DETAIL 1 to 7 Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:20
Date
8S
GENERA
Det 13 12/12
Sec C 10/12 3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to 150 x 40 x 5mm mild steel rectangular hollow section
4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps
115 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid, flush with opening
Position of 1 000 x 90 x 90mm floor mounted outdoor light fixture to lighting specialist specification
UPN 200 galvanised mild steel profile bolted against concrete slab
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass
100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post
FOUNDATIONS: In acco H. Foundations to size as per engineers spec. a
PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer 4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps
60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200
60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
10mm thick painted plaster finish
ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, to manufacturers specification
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame
3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods
10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
FILLING: SABS 0400 p wetted and compacted accordance with recommendations.
60
300
200
75 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to RHS
25mm thick bedding sand
B CL
2,132
Precast concrete coping with DPC underlay
957
25mm thick bedding sand
94 154
120 x 80 x 10mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to post and bolted to concrete floor slab
ROOF TERRACE
PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer
150 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted onto concrete slab
200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers
1 000
30 x 30 x 3mm mild steel equal angle frame welded to RHS and angle supports
100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post profile bolted to support profile with 2x M10 nuts and bolts
200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers
60
10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass
1 000
2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening
15
43
3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to RHS
150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section
50
94
40 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISOZELL thermal tape, sealed with silicone bead
15
BALCONY
10mm thick plaster
50 200
7 CL
40 x 10mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame
50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods
300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
LOBBY
SURFACE BEDS: Re beds/slabs on fill w accordance with recommendations.
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete surfac
50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods
300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification 2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid
12mm thick construction joint with bitumen impregnated expansion softboard
50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods
50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame
6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification
HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column acc. to Eng. specification 2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh
HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
10mm thick painted plaster finish 100 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete floor with M10 expansion anchor bolts
BALCONY
LOBBY ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, to manufacturers specification
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rod
3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows
3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows
LOBBY
12mm thick construction joint with bitumen impregnated expansion softboard
NGL
HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns
60
190
230
170
40
BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod
300mm thick cast in-situ concrete column with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
WATER COLLECTION POND
25mm expansion joint with joint filler 150mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 dayst screed to fall 1:200
Waterproofing membrane fully bonded onto primed 75 x 75mm cant
Waterproofing membrane fully bonded onto primed 75 x 75mm cant
150 400
150 190
400
100 x 100 x 5mm galvanised mild steel t-section supporting grille
170
50mm cement screed to fall 1:200
25mm expansion joint with joint filler
50mm cement screed to fall 1:200
Controlled water level BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats
BITUMAT granular membrane cap sheet over backing rod
490
50mm thick VITAFOAM rigid polyurethane acoustic wedge soundproofing foam tiles fixed to finished concrete surface with LOCTITE clear construction adhesive
290
170
BITUMAT granular finish waterproofing membrane applied in three coats
150mm thick concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 dayst screed to fall 1:200
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame
100 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete floor with M10 expansion anchor bolts
60
230
2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid
50mm thick cement screed topping over 170mm thick concrete surface bed on 20mm thick screed protection layer
190
350
6500 x 1300mm precast reinforced concrete ECHO slab planks acc. to Eng. specification
190
490
WATER COLLECTION POND
660
2 022 x 1 650 x 3mm mild steel ventilation mentis RECTAGRID grid
170
100
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame HEB 160 galvanised mild steel profile bolted between concrete columns
T
0.25mm polyolefin DPM on 50mm thick sand/cement screed blinding layer over backfill
PUMP ROOM
1 000
3 000
Compacted filling in layers of 150mm
20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
Controlled water level
50mm thick cement screed topping with D49 screed reinforcing fabric mesh
50
50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods
50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rods 1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille welded into SHS frame
50
BALCONY
660
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille set in 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame welded to support frame with 16mm diameter rod
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame
1 880
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
M
.
Compacted filling in layers of 150mm, max
500
Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or ccement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
Reinforced concrete ground beam cast in trench over 40mm thick ash or ccement-screed blinding, sizing and reinforcement acc. to Eng. specification
Construction joint with 200mm ABE DURAJOINT centrebulb pvc waterstop sealed with DURAKOL sealant
SCALE 1:20
154 35 100
ROHAN VAN
CL B
50mm thick cement screed Sec C 10/12
100
EDGE DETAIL
Name
50
CL 7
150mm concrete surface bed with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
Student number
210005331 Project description
30mm thick horizontal asphalt applied in three coats 100mm thick concrete surface bed
SECTION C-C SCALE 1:20
195
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
EDGE DETAILS Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:20
Date
8S
GENERA
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
90 x 65 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded to skylight frame and painted to suit
90 x 65 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle closure, welded to skylight frame Glass fixed to frame between neoprene gasket and thermal break, see detail 9
50 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISO-ZELL thermal tape
50 x 15mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape
SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame, bolted to 300mm thick concrete wall with M10 chemical anchor bolts @ 500mm centres
SKYBRIGHT custom made mild steel skylight frame
26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass
140 x 60 x 8mm thick UPN 140 support ring beam, welded to skylight frame 12mm diameter condensation permavents spaced @ 1m intervals, to manufacturers specification
Skylight glass supported on IPE 140 support frame with neoprene gasket tape
SOMFY RODEO direct drive actuator motor screwed to unequal angle frame with screws
INSULATION: Cavity wa 204 CR requirements, with holding back ties se
140 x 73 x 8mm thick IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140
LOUVRE TEC adjustable louvre system with perforated mesh to manufacturer's detail
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
140 x 60 x 8mm thick UPN 140 ring beam, welded to skylight frame
140 x 73 x 8mm thick IPE 140 galvanised mild steel profile welded to UPN 140
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
10mm diameter tap drill holes @ 500mm centres for fixing M10 thread chemical anchor bolts
26mm thick SERENE GREEN LOW-E semi-tampered, insulated glass: 12mm cavity + 6mm clear float glass + 1.52mm PVB interlayer + 6mm clear float glass
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
300mm thick reinforced concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days, acc. to Eng. specification
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
160 x 80 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted to concrete wall with M10 expansion anchor bolts
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
500mm high BROOKE AIR powder coated aluminium curved side wall bar grille with vermin proof screen, fixed with countersunk screws in flange "Brush and steel" concrete finish Line of 300 x 300mm reinforced concrete column behind
DETAIL 8 - SKYLIGHT
DETAIL 9 - SKYLIGHT EDGE
SCALE 1:20
SCALE 1:5
300 110
55
1 800 x 900mm high top-hung butthinged aluminium window fixed into concrete precast concrete casement ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, sealed both inside and outside
ABE DOW CORNING 888 silicone joint sealant with JOINTEX joint former to prevent three-sided adhesion, sealed both inside and outside
175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties with drip, spaced at 600mm intervals max. horizontally and every 6th course max. vertically
Fixing set in sealant and sealed over head of fixing, to manufacturer's specification
Fixing set in sealant and sealed over head of fixing, to manufacturer's specification
40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards
Fixing hole filled with sealant prior to inserting fixing, sufficiently overflowed to reinstate membrane
Fixing hole filled with sealant prior to inserting fixing, sufficiently overflowed to reinstate membrane
220 x 110 x 75mm COROBRIK SATIN standard face brick 10mm wide extruded joints, tooled with grapevine jointer
10mm thick painted plaster reveal
230 x 165 x 75mm purpose made COROBRIK SATIN fbx face brick
110
10
50
220
110
50
10
40
150
10
150
220 110
110
40
300
55
110
B CL
300
110mm thick clay face brick lattice wall: punctured Flemish bond with headers removed, supported with columns at 1.5m intervals
A CL
165
1 200 x 2 500mm high fixed aluminium window fixed into masonry casement
Urethane waterproofing membrane applied to opening before fixing window
Urethane waterproofing membrane applied to opening before fixing window
5 350 x 300 x 100mm thick pre-stressed concrete plank lintel between column supports
Removed header
DETAIL 12 - PLAN SCALE 1: 5
T
"Brush and steel" concrete finish
Weep holes in perpend joints
15mm diameter sealant backing cord placed in 10mm thick expansion joint, sealed with elasto-plastomeric sealant
1 000 x 450 x 245mm MODCON precast concrete window sill with drip, type 042 10mm thick painted plaster finish
0.375mm polyolefin DPC 40mm thick SAGEX EPS cavity wall insulation boards
170mm min.
.
165mm thick clay face brick exterior facing wall, see detail 12
M
Half-brick protective walling on 150mm concrete pickup
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
0.375mm polyolefin DPC
20mm thick vertical asphalt, applied in 3 coats to rough concrete face
175mm wide x 4mm diameter stainless steel BRICKTIE wall ties with drip, placed to manufacturers spec.
NGL 1 000mm high steel handrail fixed to concrete staircase at base
230 x 165 x 75mm purpose made COROBRIK SATIN fbx face brick
110mm thick exposed clay facebrick infill wall with extruded joints, supported by concrete columns as indicated
300mm thick cast in-situ concrete wall with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days
CL A
10mm wide flush perp joints and 10mm thick flush tooled mortar beds
CL B
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
196
DETAIL 10 - BRICK LATTICE WALL
DETAIL 11 - PATTERNED FACING WALL
DETAIL 12 - ELEVATION
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3
SCALE 1:10
SCALE 1:10
SCALE 1: 5
Drawing description
DETAIL 8 to 12 Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:5, 1:10, 1:20
Date
8S
GENERA
THESE DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS AND LEV THE LATTER ON SIT BEFORE COMMENCEM SETTING OUT OF WORK
QUALITY OF MATERIAL COMPLY WITH THE LAT SPECIFICATIONS AF S MINIMUM STANDA PRELIMINARIES (JBCC)
40 x 10mm thick rubber based, pressure sensitive backing neoprene gasket tape 40 x 10mm thick self-adhesive ISO-ZELL thermal tape
FIRE PROTECTION: A these drawings and s protection measures p 10400, Part A9, A10 and
Silicone bead sealant
3mm thick galvanised mild steel purpose made sheet handrail screw fixed to 150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section
DAMP-COURSE: SABS (KK15). Install 275 m underside of surface be DPC to walls with a m junctions. All brickgrip window sills.
10mm thick COOLVUE laminated clear coated safety glass
WATERPROOFING: mem and 150mm end laps, surface, protected by 1 shown and specified
HANDRAIL DETAIL 3D VIEW
CONCRETE ROOF SLAB as described in accord and recommendations.
100 x 15mm galvanised mild steel post profile welded to 120 x 80 x 10mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle, bolted to concrete floor slab with 2 x M8 chemical anchor bolts
SCREEDS: All cement thick on concrete slabs.
BRICKWORK: SABS 00 damp in strecher bond 12mm. All external wa (unless otherly specified
75 x 50 x 5mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle welded 150 x 40 x 5mm galvanised mild steel rectangular hollow section 30 x 30 x 3mm mild steel equal angle frame welded to RHS and angle supports
BRICK REINFORCING: B be installed in every co for min. 5 courses and Brickforce over lintels.
2 150 x 300 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid over opening 25mm thick screed laid to fall 150 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel unequal angle bolted onto concrete slab
LINTELS: Precast con brickwork openings ins spec.
200 x 100 x 50mm precast concrete pavers
25mm thick bedding sand
PLASTER WORK: All external to be min. 10m
PETROMAT polypropylene geotextile interlayer
GLAZING: SBAS 0400 p glass unless otherwise s and scedules and thickn following: 0.75sqm - 3mm 1.5sqm - 4mm 2.1sqm - 5mm 3.2sqm - 6mm Glaing in bathrooms to specified.
4mm torch on bitumen waterproofing with min. 75mm overlaps
60mm cement screed laid to fall 1:200
200mm thick cast in-situ concrete slab with a strength of 10MPa after 28 days 10mm thick painted plaster finish 115 x 3mm mentis RECTAGRID grid, flush with opening UPN 200 galvanised mild steel profile bolted against concrete slab with M10 chemical anchor bolts at regular intervals as specified by engineer 100 x 100 x 8mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section support frame 50 x 50 x 3mm galvanised mild steel square hollow section frame, welded to support frame with 50mm x 16mm diameter rods 3 000mm high aluminium sliding door with pivot windows
M
.
C Tech. D ON Architec O T ture C R : Pro U
T
1 822 x 2 700 x 4mm mild steel MENTIS grille
Name
ROHAN VAN Student number
210005331 Project description
DETAIL 13 3D VIEW
197
Biophilic Wastewa ERF RE/138/3 Drawing description
DETAIL 13 Date OUT
28 JULY 2015 Scale:
1:5
Date
8S
FIGURE 159 OVERLEAF: Portrait sketch, Boy from Diepsloot. (by author, 2015)
198
CHAPTER
09
CONCLUSION 9.1 Self-assessment and conclusion 9.2 Acknowledgements 9.3 References 9.4 Addendum
CONCLUSION 9.1 SELF-ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION This dissertation has afforded me the opportunity to
to a better understanding of the area’s unique ecology
purpose of this dissertation is to act as a catalyst for the
explore architecture that opportunistically re-connects
and how architecture has to respond to its immediate
development of future infrastructural interventions,
the environments we live in; architecture that reinvents
environment. Its manifestation as a symbiotic construct
which could achieve social inclusiveness. The most
itself within a rapidly urbanising environment. By
offers a unique opportunity for ecological awareness
challenging aspect of the design was exploring ways in
designing in a natural landscape, I was able to explore
and education. This response could create awareness
which the building could become a functional hybrid
the tactile qualities and components, and apply
by involving the community to participate in the
construct, yet fit into its context in a phenomenological
principles that not only conserve the existing landscape,
treatment of water and the conservation of natural
way.
also but enhance it. I also acquired an understanding
environments- the most valuable resource. Diepsloot
of how sensory properties could be utilised as
West proved to be a dynamic and exciting area, with an
architectural components. These explorations have led
abundance in design generators and opportunities. The
“water is a necessity, as a resource for commerce and industry, as an essential - and central - part of how we define our civilization” - author
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9.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THANKS TO... My design mentor Pieter Greyvensteyn, for your continuous motivation, inspiration and crits. My supervisor Prof. Gerald Steyn, for your productive insight and guidance, and for leading me through this course. Mr. Philip Crafford for your input and direction. The Tshwane University of Technology, CETA, and CSIR for the financial support and opportunities afforded to me. Finally, my biggest thanks are due to those closest to me, who have put up with me during this project: My parents, for their love and patient support throughout my years of study. To my brothers Rinus and Heinrich, and best friend, Phillip, who is always my first reader, editor, and adviser. Thank you for the constant support and essential encouragement. FIGURE 60 LEFT: Boy playing with water, photo by Brittany Corner.
(http://lalasparkles.tumblr.com/post/285032450/brittanycorner-my-heart-from-the-national, 2012)
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KOSKINA, A & HASANAGAS, N. 2013. The Water Element as Aesthetic Factor in Landscape Design. Kavala: University of Kavala. KUHN, M. 2007. Water and Architecture: Fixed, Dynamic, Fluid, Stable. Unpublished Thesis. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati. LALDAPARSAD, S. 2014. The reshaping of urban structure in South Africa. [Online] Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/isibalo_conference/docs/Sharthi%20 Laldaparsad%2015July 2013%20Cruise%20Conference.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2015]. LYNCH, K. & HACK G. 1994. Site Planning. Third edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. MARTIN, Y. 2013. Diepsloot East Residential Development: Tanganani Ext 14. Diepsloot redevelopment framework strategy 2020. Johannesburg: NLA. MCCULLOUGH, M. 2004. Digital Ground: Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD, M.C. 2011. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. MULLER, B. 2007. Continuity of Singularities: Urban Architectures, Ecology and the Aesthetics of Restorative Orders. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon. NATIONAL WATER ACT 36 OF 1998. 1998. Water management strategies. [Online] Available at: http://www.energy.gov.za/files/policies/act_nationalwater36of1998.pdf [Accessed: 20 February 2015]. NEWMARCH, J. 2010. South Africa: Sewage Works in Parlous State. [Online] Available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/201004280012.html [Accessed: 1 March 2015]. OBERHOLSER, P. & ASHTON, P. 2008. State of the Nation Report. An Overview of the current state of water quality and eutrophication in South African rivers and reservoirs. South African Parliamentary Grant Deliverable. OLMSTED, F.L. 1865. Introduction to Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove: A Preliminary Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/olmsted/report.html [Accessed: 8 April 2015] PALLASMAA, J. 2000. Hapticity and time: notes on fragile architecture. [Online] Available: http://iris.nyit.edu/~rcody/Thesis/Readings/Pallasmaa%20-%20Hapticity%20 and%20Time.pdf [Accessed: 28 February 2015]. PALLASMAA, J. 2012. The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. United Kingdom: John Wiley. PASCALE, H & HANNAH, G. 2007. Report on Rural – Urban Linkages for Poverty Reduction. Elaborated for the State of the World’s Cities Report 2008: Creating Harmonious Cities, London: UCL Development Planning Unit. POSTAL, S. 2003. Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. USA: Environmental Protection Agency. PUBLIC WORKS. 2011. Small Wastewater Treatment Works: DPW Design Guidelines. South Africa: Department of Public Works. RASMUSSEN, S.E. 1959. Experiencing architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. RAUTENBACH, I.L. 1978. A numerical re-appraisal of the southern African biotic zones. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 6: 175-187. RAUTENBACH, I.L. 1982. Mammals of the Transvaal. Ecoplan Monograph No. 1. Pretoria: RSA. REES, W. 1992. Ecological footprints and carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out, environment and urbanization. London: Earthscan.
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9.4 ADDENDUM 9.4.1 STAFFING GUIDE
Chart 1: Operations and processes
Chart 2: Maintenance
Chart 3: Laboratory operations
Chart 4: Yard work
Chart 5: Automation
Chart 6: Considerations for additional plant staffing
Chart 7: Conclusion of findings
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