ANGLEŠČINA Razlage in vaje za več znanja v 8. razredu
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Nevenka Jesenik
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ZBIRKA iZNAM ZA VEČ
ANGLEŠČINA 8
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Razlage in vaje za več znanja v 8. razredu
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Avtorica: Nevenka Jesenik Urednica: Petra Bizjak Rogina Strokovni pregled: Mateja Prevodnik Mayland Lektoriranje angleškega besedila: Stephen Mayland Lektoriranje slovenskega besedila: Katja Paladin Ilustracije: Marta Bartolj Fotografije: iStockphoto
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Vse knjige in dodatna gradiva Založbe Rokus Klett dobite tudi na naslovu www.knjigarna.com.
© Založba Rokus Klett, d. o. o. (2007). Vse pravice pridržane.
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JESENIK, Nevenka, 1961iZnam za več. Angleščina 8 : razlage in vaje za več znanja v 8. razredu / Nevenka Jesenik ; [ilustracije Marta Bartolj ; fotografije Istockphoto]. - 1. izd. - Ljubljana : Rokus Klett, 2020. - (Zbirka iZnam za več) ISBN 978-961-292-005-0 COBISS.SI-ID 302785280
22/01/2020 13:14
Kazalo
Hej! Živijo!
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Present Simple & Present Continuous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Present Perfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Past Simple & Past Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Future Simple & Going to Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Glagolski časi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Modalni glagoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Pridevniki, prislovi in stopnjevanje. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Vprašanja in vprašalni pristavki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Ponovitveni test 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Ponovitveni test 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Nepravilni glagoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Slovar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Rešitve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
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Imaš težave z angleščino? No, potem je to pravi naslov zate. Z zbirko vaj iZnam za več – Angleščina lahko izboljšaš in utrdiš svoje znanje angleščine. Kako? Čisto preprosto. Zbirka ima osem poglavij, ki obsegajo najbolj zahtevno snov osmega razreda. Vsako poglavje je razdeljeno na štiri sklope: Besedilo, Razlaga, Vaje in Test. Jezički na vrhu strani ti olajšajo navigacijo, tako da vedno veš, kje si. V sklopu Besedilo srečaš besedilo, v katerem so predstavljene tiste slovnične strukture, ki jih poglavje obravnava. Te strukture so vedno obarvane, tako da jih lažje najdeš. V drugem sklopu – Razlaga – ti bom pojasnil, kako so sestavljene določene strukture in kako jih uporabljaš. Za utrditev tega znanja naredi naloge v sklopu Vaje, nato pa svoje znanje preveri še v sklopu Test.
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Naloge v testih so točkovane. Skupno število točk v vseh testih na koncu poglavij je 45. Velja pa sledeče: • 0–15 točk: ne znaš še dovolj (Še enkrat dobro poglej razlago.), • 16–30 točk: znaš že precej (Utrdi tiste strukture, ki so ti povzročile največ težav.), • 31–45 točk: znaš veliko (Bravo! Le tako naprej.).
Na koncu zbirke pa najdeš še dva ponovitvena testa. Prvega reši, ko predelaš prva štiri poglavja, drugega pa, ko predelaš druga štiri poglavja. Oba testa imata 60 točk, ki so prav tako razdeljene na tretjine, za katere velja isto, kot zgoraj. Vse rešitve vaj in testov lahko preveriš na koncu zbirke med rešitvami. Če pa med branjem besedil naletiš na neznane besede, si pomagaj s slovarčkom, ki ga prav tako najdeš na koncu zbirke.
Zdaj pa le pogumno! Saj veš, brez muje se še čevelj ne obuje. Malce se moraš potruditi in zagotovo bo šlo.
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Besedilo
Razlaga
Vaje
Test
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PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS
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Člani družine Thomson se ne morejo odločiti, kam bi šli na počitnice. Vsak od njih ima svoje želje, zato upajo, da jim bo obisk v turistični agenciji pomagal pri izbiri počitnic, ki bodo ustrezale vsem. Jim bo uspelo? Preberi njihov pogovor s turističnim agentom.
Mr Thomson: Good morning. Bob Globe: Good morning. What can I do for you? Mr Thomson: We’re thinking of going on holiday, but we like different things so we can’t decide where to go. One thing’s for sure, though. We always spend our holidays together and we don’t want this year to be any different. Bob Globe: I think you’ve come to the right place. We organise any kind of holiday you want. Let’s talk about your wishes first and then we’ll see what we can do.
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Present Simple & Present Continuous
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Besedilo
Razlaga
Vaje
Test
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Mr Thomson: In my opinion, there’s nothing better than skiing. I love it and I often go skiing in winter. A friend of mine is taking his family to New Zealand this summer. But the problem is that my wife never goes skiing. And she doesn’t want to spend summer holidays in the snowy mountains of the southern hemisphere. Mrs Thomson: That’s right, I don’t like skiing. And I don’t like staying in hotels. I prefer camping. Betty, a friend of mine, is camping in the Australian desert now and she’s having the time of her life. She’s discovering the unspoilt outback and taking pictures of wild animals. But Cindy isn’t old enough for a holiday like that. No, she isn’t. And what do you want, young man? Bob Globe: Mark: Well, I like adventure. For example, our neighbour is spending his holidays on Lake Titicaca in Peru. He’s staying there with a native family. There’s no electricity, no running water and no toilets. And Aunt Linda is spending a month in Ireland. She’s travelling in a horse-drawn coach. She’s sleeping in it, and she has to feed and clean her horse, too. My geography teacher is planning to stay in an ice hotel in Sweden during the winter holiday. I remember he told us that nobody freezes there. Every room has sleeping bags to keep you warm. But you can’t stay there during summer, because the entire hotel melts in May at the latest. Bob Globe: Yes, he’s right about that. What about you, young lady? Where would you like to go? Cindy: To the seaside. Bob Globe: Of course you would. So we’re looking for a place where you can ski, swim, ride horses and do many different activities. There are many excellent camping sites that offer all of these activities and more, if you’re willing to try water skiing, of course. Mr Thomson: Water skiing! That’s a great idea. Why haven’t I thought of that?
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Kakšne nore ideje za počitnice! Kakšne so pa tvoje želje? Jaz bi šel z balonom okoli sveta … ali pa s kamelami čez puščavo … ali pa … ah, dovolj sanjarjenja. Raje si oglejva, katere slovnične strukture naju čakajo tokrat. Nikar se ne ustraši ob besedi slovnica! Če se je lotiš počasi in vztrajno, ti ne bo delala nobenih preglavic! Za začetek si oglej obarvane besede. Kot vidiš, sta v besedilu uporabljeni dve barvi; z njima so obarvani glagoli v različnih časih, ki opisujejo neko dogajanje, dejanje ali stanje. Malo pobrskaj po spominu, saj poznaš že oba časa, ki nastopata v besedilu. To sta Present Simple in Present Continuous. Njuno obliko že poznaš od lani, tokrat pa si oglejva razliko v njuni rabi.
Present Simple uporabiš, kadar govoriš o dejstvih, splošnih resnicah in ko opisuješ navade ali ponavljajoče se dogodke:
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We always spend our holidays together. (navada) I often go skiing in winter. My wife never goes skiing. The entire hotel melts in May at the latest. (dejstvo)
Kot že veš, je glagol v času Present Simple v vseh osebah enak, le v 3. osebi ednine (he, she, it) dobi končnico -s. Vendar pazi pri nikalni in vprašalni obliki. Tam uporabiš pomožni glagol do ali does, pri tem pa končnica -s izgine.
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S časom Present Simple velikokrat uporabljaš prislove pogostosti; povedo ti, kako pogosto se nekaj dogaja. Ti prislovi so always, usually, often, sometimes, never.
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Present Continuous uporabiš, kadar govoriš o tem, kaj se dogaja v trenutku govorjenja (now) in kadar opisuješ dejanja, ki se dogajajo v nekem omenjenem času v sedanjosti, vendar ne nujno v trenutku govorjenja. Betty is camping in the Australian desert now.
Aunt Linda is sleeping in a horse-drawn coach.
Tudi pri tem času že veš, da je sestavljen iz dveh delov: pomožni glagol be + glagol s končnico -ing V nikalni obliki pomožnemu glagolu dodaš nikalnico not, v vprašalni obliki pa pomožni glagol prestaviš pred osebek. 6
To se dogaja v trenutku, ko mama o tem govori.
Teta Linda ne spi točno v trenutku, ko Mark to omeni. Present Continuous izraža, da se to dogaja v obdobju, ko potuje po Irski, ni pa to njena navada.
Present Simple & Present Continuous
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Besedilo
Razlaga
Vaje
Test
I love skiing. NE I’m loving skiing.
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Če pozorno pogledaš besedilo, lahko vidiš, da so nekateri glagoli v zeleni barvi tudi podčrtani, na primer want, like, love, prefer, think, remember, has. Ti glagoli so nekaj posebnega, saj jih skoraj nikoli ne rabiš v continuous obliki. Imenujejo se stative verbs, izražajo pa dalj časa trajajoča stanja:
My wife doesn’t want to spend summer holidays in the snowy mountains. NE My wife isn’t wanting to spend …
Rekla sva, skoraj nikoli. Nekateri taki glagoli se lahko pojavijo v continuous obliki, kadar opisujejo dejanje, ki je v teku. Vendar pa imajo takrat drugačen pomen:
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I think you’ve come to the right place. Mislim, da ste prišli na pravi kraj.
Glagol think opisuje določeno stanje misli. V slovenščino ga prevedemo z glagolom misliti.
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We’re thinking of going on holiday … Razmišljamo, da bi šli na počitnice.
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Glagol think v tem primeru opisuje, kaj se dogaja, in ni stative verb. V slovenščino ga prevedemo z glagolom razmišljati.
Dobro je, da si zapomniš najpogostejše glagole, ki spadajo v skupino stative verbs. Tako bo reševanje vaj lažje in napak bo manj. Stative verbs: be, believe, care, dislike, feel, forget, hate, have, know, like, love, mind, remember, see, think, understand, want, wish.
In zdaj veselo nad izziv – vaje. Potrudi se!
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Test
Add the -s and -ing endings to the verbs below. Spodnjim glagolom dodaj končnici -s in -ing.
2.
fly
3.
buy
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smile
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put
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take
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swim
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study
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enjoy
-ing
catches
catching
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catch
-s
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1.
Končnica -ing make + -ing making (e odpade) run + -ing running (pri kratkih glagolih, ki se končajo na samoglasnik + soglasnik, se zadnji soglasnik podvoji)
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Večina glagolov dobi končnico -s. Glagoli go, do in tisti, ki se končajo na -s, -sh, -ch in -x, dobijo končnico -es Pri glagolih, ki se končajo na soglasnik + -y, se y spremeni v i. Končnica je tako -ies. Prav poseben pa je glagol have – v 3. osebi ednine ima posebno obliko: has.
10. watch 11. do
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Circle the correct verbs. / Obkroži pravilne glagole. 1. Where do you usually go/goes on holiday? 2. What time do/does school start in your country? 3. Both of my parents teach/teaches history. 4. John and Ann play/plays the violin very well. 5. My dog Spot always chase/chases our neighbours’ cat. 6. We don’t/doesn’t like hamburgers. 7. She spend/spends one week skiing every winter. 8. In my family we all love/loves ice cream except for my father – he don’t/doesn’t like anything sweet.
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Present Simple & Present Continuous
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Besedilo
Vaje
Razlaga
Test
Jack is watching ice hockey on TV. His brother Mike can’t watch it, because he’s still doing
homework in his room. He wants to know what is going on so he’s asking lots of questions. Write what he asks. / Jack gleda hokej na televiziji, njegov brat Mike pa ga ne more gledati, ker dela nalogo v sosednji sobi. Želi vedeti, kaj se dogaja, zato ves čas sprašuje. Napiši njegova vprašanja.
Who is playing right now
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? (who / play / right now)
Rodick, Jameson, Watts and two others.
? (what / they / do)
2
Rodick is passing the puck to Watts.
? (what / the opposite team / do)
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They’re trying to block Watts.
? (what / go on / now)
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Watts is getting ready to shoot the puck.
? (he / aim / at the goal)
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Yes, he is.
? (why / people / shout)
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Because Watts has scored.
? (who / tend / the goal) I don’t know his name. But he isn’t very good. 8 ? (why / the referee / whistle) It’s the end of the second period. I’m off. 9 ? (where / you / go) I’m going to Andy’s place. I’ll watch the last period there. Oh, come on! What about me? Sorry. Homework’s first, remember?
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Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack: Mike: Jack:
Choose the correct verbs. / Izberi pravilne glagole.
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1. Mum isn’t going / doesn’t go shopping today. 2. What do you usually eat / are you usually eating for breakfast? 3. Helen is in the kitchen. She makes / is making me a cheese and tomato sandwich. 4. My best friend doesn’t like / isn’t liking meat. She’s vegetarian. 5. I don’t believe / ’m not believing his story. He often makes things up. 6. I think / ’m thinking of buying a new MP3 player. This one’s too old. 7. Look at Jane! Why does she cry / is she crying? 8. Please wait for me. I’m not wanting / don’t want to go alone.
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m zna eč za v
Besedilo
Razlaga
Vaje
Write sentences. Use Present Simple and Present Continuous
and the given words. / Zapiši povedi. Uporabi Present Simple in Present Continuous ter dane besede. Bob and Mary / drink coffee / usually / drink tea / now
Pazi na vrstni red besed v povedih, še posebej na prislove pogostosti.
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Bob and Mary usually drink coffee, but they’re drinking tea now.
Claire / walk to school / every day / her mum take her / today
Mike / help dad repair the car / often / help mum wash up / now I / phone granny / sometimes / granny / phone me / today You / watch late TV shows / never / watch it / now
They / not get up late / usually / sleep long / today
They / come on time / never / be here / already / today
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Test
Choose the correct answer. Circle a or b. / Izberi pravilni odgovor. Obkroži a ali b.
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1. It’s Sunday and we to school today. a) ’re not going b) don’t go 2. I usually jeans and a T-shirt. a) wears b) wear 3. What are you doing? – I my history book. Have you seen it? a) look for b) ’m looking for 4. Where’s dad? Someone talk to him on the phone. a) is wanting b) wants 5. Why ? – I think there’s someone at the door. a) does Rex bark b) is Rex barking 6. Hurry up! The school bus . a) comes b) is coming 7. Mr Brown, our new neighbour? a) Do you know b) Are you knowing 8. My grandma in Celje anymore. a) don’t live b) doesn’t live 9. My sister loves cooking. She an omelette. a) just makes b) ’s just making
10 Present Simple & Present Continuous
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Besedilo
Razlaga
Vaje
Test
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Present Simple or Present Continuous. / Dopolni povedi s pravilno obliko glagolov v oklepajih. Uporabi Present Simple ali Present Continuous.
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1. I never get up early on Sunday mornings. (get up) 2. Why you so loud? I’m right here. (talk) 3. She two kilometres to school every morning. (walk) 4. It so we to the park. (rain, not go) 5. you swimming in cold water? (like) 6. Why you ? Why don’t you use the dishwasher? (wash up) 7. A: Where’s Lilly? B: Oh, you she’s never on time. (know) 8. My English better with every exercise I . (get, do) Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box. Dopolni besedilo. Uporabi pravilno obliko glagolov iz okvirja.
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be (2x) take study do come (2x) not want not have need clean have to help wait
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are you? Mum: Katie, where 1 Katie: I’m in the bathroom. Mum: What 2 you ? 3 my teeth. Why? Katie: I 4 you downstairs. Your grandparents Mum: I 5 over and I 6 go to the drycleaner’s to pick up dad’s trousers. the time. Katie: Oh, mum. I 7 8 for me. Millie for the maths exam. What about We 9 10 you. Nick? He never 11 he? Where 12 the rubbish out. Mum: He’s downstairs. He . But please, hurry. Katie: OK. I 13 14 Millie to wait for me again. I
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