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DESIGN INVESTIGATION
Settling The Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon Park
Phu Da’s Reconstituted Dune Slacks
By Romi Bramantyo Margono & Zeba Amir Vietnam Studio MaHS Studio Thesis 2019 Supervised by Prof. Susan Kelly Shannon
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Settling The Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon Park:
Phu Da’s Reconstituted Dune Slacks
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DESIGN INVESTIGATION
Master Thesis Studio Written by: Romi Bramantyo Margono & Zeba Amir Supervised by: Professor Susan Kelly Shannon Master of Human Settlements X Master of Urban Spatial Planning Faculty of Engineering Science ©K.U. Leuven Without written permission of the supervisor and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to:
K.U. Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Science Kasteelpark, Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (Belgium). Telephone +32-16-22 88 94 Email: mahs-mausp@kuleuven.be Settling The Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon Park
A written permission of the supervisor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and program described in this work for the industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.
Phu Da’s Reconstituted Dune Slacks
MASTER OF
MaHS
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING
MaUSP
MASTER OF
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By Romi Bramantyo Margono & Zeba Amir Vietnam Studio MaHS Studio Thesis 2019 Supervised by Prof. Susan Kelly Shannon
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Abstract
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1. Introduction
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2. Research Question
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3. Study Area
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4. Context Reading
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4.1 Phu Da’s Geography
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5. Highlighted Issues
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5.1 Conflicting Industrial Plan
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5.2 Water Issues
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6. Identifying the Site
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7. Design
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8. Epilogue
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Reference
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Abstract Over the last 30 years, Vietnam economic development has been increased profoundly. One of the reason is the implementation of Doi Moi policy, since 1986, have stimulated economic growth rapidly, shifting the status from one of the lowest income countries into a middle-income country. The policy has led the industry sector to grow gradually as the nation more open to foreign investment, exporting, and manufacturing activities from the private sector. To support the industry, many areas have been planned to become industrial parks. Nevertheless, in most cases, it overrides ecological and social contexts.
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Phu Da, a commune in Southern part of Vietnam, is facing a serious threat from the industrial zone development plan. About 250 Ha has been planned to support several projects such as processing food for aquaculture and livestock poultry, processed seafood, and electronic industry. It will be built on a contested area, especially from both social and environmental perspectives. In addition water issues and sprawling development are also exacerbated the condition of the existing sensitive dune landscape.
Phu Da
The thesis investigates the eco-centric framework of sensitive dune landscapes and tomb landscapes embedded with local settlements. The project attempts to provide an alternative proposal and framework that emphasize the connections between local communities and their context. In order to protect and maintain the new development in this area.
Figure 1. Location of Phu Da Graphic by author Source: www.123freevectors.com
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Figure 2. Productive Landscape on Dune Photo by author
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1. Introduction As a global phenomenon, the industrial revolution has led to the massive growth of industrialization in many countries. It is perceived as the main push factor in structural shift, a quintessential motor in most process of development. It is still one of the essential factors for the future development of developing countries (The United Nations Industrial Development Organization – UNIDO, 2016). It is explained why many efforts to support industrialization in developing countries such as Vietnam. The trend of industrialization and urbanization in Vietnam has been promoted widely since the Doi Moi Policy released in 1986. The policy has made the foreign investment, manufacturing, and exporting activities from the private sector proliferated all over the country. To support the policy many industrial parks have been planned all over the country. It leads to massive conversions of many types of land especially agricultural land, which simultaneously forced farmer households to shifted their traditional livelihoods and even their lives (Van Suu, 2002).
2. Research Question This thesis project investigates eco-centric framework of sensitive dune landscapes and tomb landscapes embedded with local settlements. The project attempts to provide an alternative proposal and framework that emphasize the connections between local communities and their context. To protect and maintain the new development in this area.
How to provide alternative sustainable development plan for sprawling development, upcoming industrial plan and water issues?
3. Study Area Vietnam
The study area (investigation site) limited within a rectangle 4,5 km to 5 km. Both square and rectangle map has different scale. Another rectangle map represents a 200 m to 2 km strip which highlight the series of dune slacks. It includes the existing typologies of inhabited, sacred and productive landscape of the back dune that are more or less represent entire site condition. The strip also provide the opportunity to showcase the central strategy of living with the dune slacks.
Thua Thien Hue Province
About 250 Ha of industrial park has been planned in Phu Da, a commune in Phu Vang District, Thua Thien Hue Province, Southern part of Vietnam. According to the plan, it will seriously create conflict with the existing settlement fabric, unique characteristic natural old dune, and the tombs landscape, due to the grid form of the plan that ignoring the existing natural logic. The condition is also exacerbated by the sprawling growth of agriculture and settlements. So, it is necessary to find an alternative plan.
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DESIGN SITE
Study Area
Another concern is the water issues in Phu Da. Water is quintessential for inhabitants, however, from the last two decades of the industrial park growth has been affecting water stability.
Concerning the latest conditions of Phu Da’s landscape, natural resources, and upcoming challenges, the project aims to explore sustainable tailored interventions and shifting the paradigm of development from grid and ignorance system to contextual and eco-concious system. The site is highly contested for development, from informal settlements, tombs fabric, and new industrial plan. With that condition, it is predicted the site will have environmental, social, and economical problems in the future. The question is
Phu Vang District Figure 3. Serial Key Map Locating Study Area Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
Figure 4. (Top right) Investigation Site: Phu Da Commune Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
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Figure 5. (Bottom right) Design Site: Phu Da Stripe Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
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4. Context Reading
AGRICULTURE
4.1 Phu Da’s Geographies Phu Da is characterized by flat topography conditions with plains and dispersed hills (Thanh & De Smedt, 2014). It is located on the old dune of the coastal dune system. The North part of Phu Da is next to Tam Giang Cau Hai lagoon, which is the largest lagoon in South East Asia with rich in aquatic ecosystems (Pham Hong Nga, 2006). The lagoon has been actively used for aquaculture. On the Southside, it has expansive rice fields. These economic activities are tied with the settlements and villages which dominantly occupied the sloping part of the dune and leave the top undeveloped. The rich in land fertility and lagoon ecosystem, the local communities' primary source of income is dependent on aquaculture, agriculture, and livestock (Binh et al., 2014). B
PATCHES OF VEGETATION
A unique landscape feature of the site is the series of dune slacks that are perpendicular to the dune. According to Tansley (1949, in Boorman et al., 1997), dune slack is defined as a water table near or above the surface of a sunken area in a dune. The area around the dune slack is rich in nutrients and water, it is creating a unique green dune ecosystem. On the site, we can see the dune slack area is indicated by lush vegetation stripes on the dune. Furthermore, many agricultural fields of the local community can be found near the stripes, it clearly illustrates how significant the existence of dune slack to agricultural activities.
RIPARIAN VEGETATION FRESH WATER BRACKISH WATER AQUACULTURE
The section A below is a section through the dune indicate the flatness to the crest which makes it suitable for development. While B section indicate the ecological framework created by the dune slacks.
Figure 6. (Bottom) Site Sections Graphic by author
Figure 7. (Top right) Highlighted Landscape Graphic by author & Vietnam Studio Source: www.earth.google.com
A 0
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KEYPLAN
SECTION - A
SECTION - B
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SETTLEMENTS TOMBS FABRIC ALLUVIAL SOIL SANDY CLAY LOAM SANDY SOIL LAGOON AQUACULTURE WATERWAYS
Figure 8. (Facing page, top left) Paddy Rice Field & Peanut Crop on South Photo by Aline de Bruyne
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Figure 9. (Facing page, second image after top left) Settlement within Forest and Its Agriculture Field Photo by Aline de Bruyne
Based on field surveys and aerial photographs, the urban and ecological system of the site can be identified. The southern part of the site has a lot of agricultural fields, mostly paddy rice. In the middle part, the settlement typology is spread within the existing forest that each plot of the house has its agriculture fields. The dune slacks system on the old dunes is indicated from the green stripes and water table that appears on the dune. 12
The settlement fabric is interlaced with the unique tombs fabric that is primarily located on the open dune. On the north side, vast aquaculture can be found on the lagoon, particularly shrimp farming that has become the prominent source of income for the majority of local people who live near the lagoon.
Figure 10. (Facing page, middle image) Water Table on Dune Photo by Susan Kelly Shannon Figure 11. (Facing page, second image before top right) Tombs Fabric Photo by Abdul Rachid Afande Figure 12. (Facing page, top right) Aquaculture on North side Photo by Susan Kelly Shannon Figure 13. (This page, top right) Settlements and Tombs Fabric with Soil Type Graphic by Quang Minh Nguyen Source: Center of Survey and Mapping Data MoNRE (https://www.bandovn.vn/) & GIS Data provided by VIAP. Bathymetry: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Mechanics
The primarily soil type of the site is sandy soil, the sandy clay loam can be found on the middle part that near waterways. Alluvial soil is concentrated next to big source of water, for instance lagoon or river. The concentration of vegetation and agricultural field on the site is primarily following waterways. The type of soil is more affecting the amount of nutrition for vegetation and water storage of the area. 13
RENOVATION AREA
PUBLIC CENTER
NEW CONSTRUCTION
SERVICE
EXISTING URBAN AREA
CULTURAL
RESIDENTIAL TOURISM
MEDICAL
RESIDENTIAL FOR INDUSTRY
EDUCATIONAL
EXISTING VILLAGE
INDUSTRIAL
PARK
WATER
SPORT
AQUA CULTURE
Figure 14. Poultry Industry on Dune Photo by author
RESERVE LAND
Figure 15. (Top right) Industrial Map Overlay Graphic by author Source: Hanoi City Planning Information Portal (https://quyhoach.hanoi.vn)
5. Highlighted Issues
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5.1. Conflicting Industrial Plan According to the industrial park zoning plan from government, the plan is massively utilize the site, leaving small parcel land remain untouched (see figure 7). The plot arrangement based on grid system, neglecting the sensitive landscape logic and the sacred tombs. Furthermore, the miss logic of the plan can also seen from the location of planned settlements. It concentrated on the lower part of the site, it brought a concern of disaster regarding the sea water inundation in the future. 14
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Figure 16. Waste Water Pool from Poultry Industry Photo by author
5.2 Water Issues The presence of water is quintessential for Phu Da inhabitants, besides household daily use of water, their primary jobs in agriculture and aquaculture are highly dependent on the water. However, the industrial park growth from the last two decades has been affecting water stability. Learning from current condition the water issues summarized into several following points: B.1. Water Contamination The Industrial park waste water is one of the concern that will bring negative impact to the fresh water body on the site. The industry actually has been controlled by the government, by regulations to provide the waste water treatment facility and provide provincial environmental agency to enforce the regulations in order to protect the land. But in reality, the agency failed, especially facing foreign companies and investor (Phuong & Mol, 2004). B.2. Salt Water Intrusion The water body under the dune has been utilized as the main source of fresh water by inhabitants and also preventing the brackish water entering the dune. The balance amount of water body is crucial to keep the natural stability. However, the industrial park will consume more water, it is also decrease the open area for water infiltration, and make the amount of water body unstable. Thus, may lead salt water entering the dune area and fresh water source loss.
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FLOODING SETTLEMENTS TOMBS FABRIC
B.3 Inundation Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is increase both regionally and globally. Vietnam is included among the most threatened regions. Furthermore, compared to global SLR, Vietnam is on above average (Hens et al., 2018). 16
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0.50 - 2.50 m 2.50 - 3.50 m 3.50 - 5.00 m
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Figure 17. (Top right) Inundation Map Overlay Graphic by author & Quang Minh Nguyen Source: Center of Survey and Mapping Data MoNRE (https://www.bandovn.vn/) & GIS Data provided by VIAP. Bathymetry: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Mechanics
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1. Plots and Roads Dissecting the Dune (Top images) The remnants of the grids from the industrial plan, a web of roads and plots, which threatens the existing dune slack if continued in the same manner.
6. Identifying the Site In this system of dune slacks, a 200 m to 2 km strip chosen, which more or less includes the existing typologies of inhabited, sacred and productive landscape of the back dune. The strip also provide the opportunity to showcase our central strategy of living with the dune slacks. On this strip, there are 4 different existing urban conditions and their impact on the dune slacks. The first is plots and roads dissecting the dunes, the second is sprawling agriculture encroached the dune slacks, the third is infrastructural mandate disturbed the ecology, and lastly growing settlements erasing the forest.
2. Sprawling Agriculture Encroached Dune Slacks (Bottom images) the dune slack has vanished under excessive agriculture. Due to the availability of water, the dune slacks are under attack by the sprawling agriculture fields. The dune ecology is destroyed.
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DESIGN SITE Figure 18. (This page, top right) Design Site on Phu Da Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com Figure 19. (Facing page, top) Plots and Roads Dissecting the Dune Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com Figure 20. (Facing page, bottom) Sprawling Agriculture Encroached the Dune Slack Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
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3. Infrastructural Mandate Disturbed Ecology(Top images, facing page) The third condition arises due to the strategic infrastructural links. The Võ Phi Trắng road, connects the dune with other major areas such as Phu Bai and the front dune hence attracting development, which disregards the landscape logic. 4. Growing Settlements Erasing the Forest (Bottom images, facing page) The growth of settlements and the growth of agriculture fields erasing the forests, and vegetation has been cleared to make way for urbanization.
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7. Design In order to tackle the issues, the big idea of this project is to “reconstituted dune slacks”. Which translated into a proposal to disallowing the industry and provide an alternative framework for development. There are 4 strategies to guide the development. The first strategy is densification/ requalification, the second strategy is living between the slacks, the third is framing the large development, and lastly establishing green campus. The funding scheme is included to the design proposal, involving key stakeholders to enhance the feasibility of the project.
500 m
Figure 21. (Facing page, top) Infrastructural Mandate Disturbed Ecology Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
DENSIFICATION/ REQUALIFICATION
LIVING BETWEEN THE SLACKS
FRAMING THE LARGE DEVELOPMENT
ESTABLISHING GREEN CAMPUS
Figure 22. (Facing page, bottom) Growing Settlements Erasing the Forest Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com Figure 23. (This page) 4 Strategies for An Alternative Development Framework Graphic by author Source: www.earth.google.com
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Figure 24. (Both page) Design Proposal: Reconstituted Dune Slack Graphic by author
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LIVING BETWEEN THE SLACKS
7.DENSIFICATION/ REQUALIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS KEYPLAN
With the concentration of the infrastructure and settlements in this area, the strategies is to densify on the relatively high area. In addition, stilt housing typology also introduced for the settlements. Those are intended to avoid inundation and more friendly to environment. Furthermore, the densification is linked with a cemetery and ecological park created to safeguard the dune slack from further encroachment.
Eco Subsidy
KEYPLAN
As the dune slack was engulfed by agriculture, the strategy is to include new forms of economy and new agricultural belts, in order to restore the dune ecology. The restore dune is then tied with recreational activities to ensure a positive relationship with the proposed settlements. Moreover, rainwater harvesting scheme and bio-pore are introduced to keep the balance of water table.
Eco Subsidy
Investor Tax
Investor Tax
Forest Eco Tax Subsidy
Figure 25. (This page, second top right) Cemetery and Ecological Park Source: 112.com.vn Figure 26. (This page, left) Strategy 1: Densification/ Requalification Graphic by author Figure 27. (Facing page,second top right) Slack-Front Source: Bradley Murphy Design Figure 28. (Facing page,third top right) Riparian Trail Source: Iteriad and Stephenson Halliday Collective
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Figure 29. (Facing page, left) Strategy 2: Living Between the Slacks Graphic by author
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ESTABLISHING GREEN CAMPUS
FRAMING LARGE DEVELOPMENT KEYPLAN
The third strategy becomes an exercise to utilize the potential of the existing road, as it is bound to attract investors and development, this project propose a landscape structure, in which these bigger development, such as our institutional/ cultural center, can sit and become part of the landscape.
Eco Subsidy
KEYPLAN
Green Campus, in the view of depleting forests, we propose a green campus, a vocational training/institutional campus, the main strategy here is afforestation tied with the green campus as an investor and sort of an in charge. This project is also propose a new settlement with the new economy of bamboo plantation, which can also be linked with the green campus in a symbiotic system of urbanization.
Investor Solar Subsidy Tax
Investor Solar Tax Subsidy Source: Topio7
Source: Reza Aliabadi, Pape Bird Watch Tower
Figure 33. (This page,second top right) Expandable house with Bamboo Components Source: Sephen Chairns
Figure 30. (This page, second top right) Landscape for Cultural Activity Source: Topio 7
Figure 34. (This page, third top right) Green School Source: Shutterstock.com
Figure 31. (This page, second top right) Bird Watch Tower Source: Reza Aliabadi
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Figure 32. (This page,left) Strategy 3: Framing Large Development Graphic by author
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Figure 35. (left) Strategy 4: Green Campus Graphic by author
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Before The leveled, higher ground of the old dune in Phu Da is sought after for development. The growing population and agriculture exploits the dune slacks as a water source, threatening the dune ecology. The inundation is gradually coming with the climate change.
LIVING BETWEEN THE SLACKS SECTION KEYPLAN
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After As a way of sustainable development, the project reconstitutes the dune slacks as a public space to reinstate the value of landscapes in the new development strategies of the old dune.
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Figure 36. (This page) Plan and Section for Living Between the Slacks Graphic by author Figure 37. (Facing page) Before and After Illustration Photo & graphic by author
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8. Epilogue
Reference
Phu Da as one of commune in the Southern part of Vietnam is under the threat of capitalist investment. An immense number of industrial plans are waiting to be built above the sensitive dune slack. In the future, it will sacrifice the existing sacred tombs, settlements, biodiversity, and landscape. Causing problematic impacts that can be identified from the current condition.
Binh, M. N., Rebancos, C. M., Pacardo, E. P., Guerrero, R. D., Cardenas, V. R. (2014), Sustainability of Polyculture M odel for Small Aquaculture Farmers in Phu Vang District, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam, International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 2, 5, 798-806.
The current industry in Phu Da is responsible for the water issues that happen. Water contamination, salt-water intrusion, and inundation are the main concern. Moreover, the sprawling growth of settlements and agricultural fields are also becoming a threat for the balance of the natural environment. It is now can be taken as an opportunity to rethink and provide an alternative for the industrial narration. The main idea of reconstituted dune slack is to choreograph the development within the unique landscape framework. It derived into four strategies as follows: Densify/ re-qualify the settlements, living between the slacks, framing the big development, and establishing a green campus. It took a huge decision to disallow industry on the site. However, the proposal strive to create another narration to design the future of Phu Da through careful reading of both landscape and urbanism. To make it more adaptive and resilient built environment.
Boorman, L. A., Londo, G., Van der Maarel, E. (1997), Communities of dune slacks. In:Van der Maarel E (ed) Dry coastal ecosystems, Part C. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp 275–293
Thanh, L. & De Smedt, F. (2014), Slope stability analysis using a physically based model: a case study from A Luoi district in Thua Thien-Hue Province, Vietnam, Landslides 2014, 11, 897-907. Van Suu, N. (2009), Industrialization and urbanization in Vietnam: How appropiation of agricultural land use rights transformed farmers’s livelihoods in peri-urban Hanoi Village?. Final Report of an EADN Individual Research Grant Project, EADN Working Paper, 38.
Hens, L., Thinh, N. A., Hanh, T. H., Cuong, N. S., Lan, T. D., Thanh N. V., Le, D. T. (2018), Sea-level rise and resilience in Vietnam and the AsiaPacific: A synthesis, Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(2), 126-152. Nga, P. H. (2006), Proposal of environmental monitoring indicators for Tam Giang – Cau Hai Lagoon , Thua Thien Hue Province , Vietnam, Vietnam - Japan Estuary Workshop. Phuong, P. T., Mol, A. P. J. (2004), Communities as informal regulators: New arrangements in industrial pollution control in Viet Nam, Journal of Risk Research, 7, 4, 431-444. UNIDO (2016), Industrial development report 2016: The role of technology and innovation in inclusive and sustainable industrial development, Vienna.
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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Architecture MaHS Studio Thesis 2019 Supervised by Prof. Susan Kelly Shannon