1
Thesis title page Type: Title:
Graduation Thesis The Interface: Sharing the border though constructing optimal separation with water at the US-Mexico border
Author:
Kam, L.K.
Abstract:
The US-Mexico border comprises a de facto third nation where economic and social symbiosis exists in spite of the militarized security regime and political rhetoric. The border region is a paradox in that the regime that is supposed to keep people apart acts as a magnet drawing them together. In the center of this paradox, is the dysfunctional twin city of El Paso and Juarez. The graduation studio looks specifically at how specific border conditions can be utilized and to develop architectural, urban, ecological, economical, industrial, and political projects that address the simultaneous violence of the border and its amazing potential as a catalyst for any activity that takes place within its locale. Particularly, this thesis looks at water, the physical entity that separates USA and Mexico at the locality of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez. This thesis looks specifically at what kind of urban and architectural intervention to exploit the border conditions and deal with water issues at the same time. The objective of the graduation thesis is to tackle problems of water storage, flood prevention and lack of public spaces through an integrated architectural intervention. The goal of the thesis is to construct an interface between USA and Mexico to allow people of both nations to share the border while offering optimal separation
Keywords: Mentor:
US-Mexico, border, border conditions, water management Stefan de Koning, Suzanne Groenewold
Faculty: Department:
Architecture Architecture
Programme: Hand-in date: Language:
MSc Architecture, Complex Projects 2016-06-23 English
Study number: Submitter email:
4385934 l.k.kam@student.tudelft.nl/ ronaldkam@live.hk
BORDER STUDIO 2015-16 TU DELFT COMPLEX PROJECTS About Border Studio The border between the United States & Mexico is not a line but an enormous region crucial for both countries. It is one of the most discussed infrastructural border in the world, primary due to the social, economic, and political co-dependency between the United States & Mexico… the obscenely close juxtaposition of wealth & poverty, allows for an unprecedented exploitation between two neighbouring states. The US-Mexico border comprises a de facto third nation where economic and social symbiosis exists in spite of the militarized security regime and political rhetoric. The
border region is a paradox in that the regime that is supposed to keep people apart acts as a magnet drawing them together. In the center of this paradox, is the dysfunctional twin city of El Paso and Juarez. Investigating specific aspects of El Paso/Juarez (the semi-abandoned “Chamizal” zone, its Maquiladora special economic zones, its damaged environmental hinterland), the studio will develop architectural, urban, ecological, economical, industrial, and political projects that address the simultaneous violence of the border and its amazing potential as a catalyst for any activity that takes place within its locale.
Design Focus In my graduation research, I noticed that there are typically two contrasting ways to look at the border: 1. Border as a symbol of oppression and control 2. Border as a physical barrier to keep out undesired conditions
The focus of the design is on how traditional notions of the border can be challenged through urban and architectural intervention.
Particularly, this thesis looks at water, the physical entity that separates USA and Mexico at the locality of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez. This thesis looks specifically at what kind of urban and architectural intervention to exploit the border conditions and deal with water issues at the same time.
Site Located at the periphery of El Paso, and Ciudad Juarez, the site is where cultiple the multiple forces shapoing the international border are present, including the Rio Grande, the international diversion dam, informal and formal Mexican settlements, 16 lanes of US highways, industrial
Design Objective The objective of the graduation thesis is to tackle problems of water storage, flood prevention and lack of public spaces through an integrated architectural intervention. The ultimate goal of the thesis is to construct an interface between USA and Mexico to allow people of both nations to share the border while offering optimal separation
land, University of Texas in El Paso. The currently dysfunctional site allows an urban and architectural proposition intervention to turn the problematic border conditions into opportunity.
THE AUTHOR
Ronald Long Kwan KAM ronaldkam@live.hk Ronald graduated with honours at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Hong Kong in 2010 and thereafter collaborated with AGC Design Ltd. in Hong Kong. His undergraduate project “Cellular Conglomeration� was exhibited in the HKU Degree show in 2010. In 2015, he and his team
represented TU Delft in the competition Vertical Cities Asia for an urban master plan for 70,000 inhabitants in Paya Lebar, Singapore. His research examines how urban and architecture can utilize complex urban situations to contribute positively to the public realm.
CONTENTS
01.
09.
10.
11.
City Scale Water Master Plan
Conceptual Overview
MasterplanEl Paso Lakes
Building in Urban Context
12.
13.
14.
20.
Exploded Axonometric
Plans
Courtyards & Interior Spaces
Structural Principles
21.
22.
23.
28.
Water Principles
Sustainability Concepts
Sections & Elevations
Facade Details Models
City-Scale Water Master plan strategy for El Paso and Ciudad Juarez
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WATER MANAGEMENT MASTERPLAN
01 Schematics
Existing Existing
Existing Existing
01 SchematicsApproach to stormwater management WATER MASTERPLAN ‘Pave,MANAGEMENT pipe and flood’ and its consequences Approach to stormwater management ‘Pave, pipe and flood’ and its consequences strategy Current Water Management Pipe Pave
Pipe
Pave
Large s Large
Flood + Drought Flood + Drought
Underground Drainage
Pave
Pipe
Flood + Drought
Urban surfaces, including streets and parking lots are paved with Pave impervious concrete. These surfacUrban surfaces, streets es channel water including to the drainage and parking lots are paved with system quicky, overwhelming storm impervious concrete. These surfacdrains and drainage pipes. es channel water to the drainage system quicky, overwhelming storm drains and drainage pipes.
Underground pipes (culverts) are Many of the underground infraoften strucure like tunnels are easily Pipe overwhelmed by stormwater, Flood + Drought causing backed-up storm drains to flooded as the the pipes are overUnderground pipes (culverts) are Many of underground infraoverflow into streets. These pipes whelmed the by storm water. Also Rio oftenlittle overwhelmed by stormwater, strucure like tunnels easily allow water to infiltrate into the Grade remains dry as are water is not causing backed-up storm drains to flooded as the the pipes are oversoil around them and offer little channeled to it. overflow into streets. These whelmed by storm water. Also Rio value on sunny days as they pipes are allow little water to infiltrate into the Grade remains dry as water is not covered soil around them and offer little channeled to it. value on sunny days as they are Approach to stormwater management covered
Proposed Proposed Water Management strategies Approach to stormwater management Proposed Passive strategies work with nature
Passive strategies work with nature
Slow
Elevate, Store & Use
Filter + Return
Slow
Elevate, Store & Use
Filter + Return
The use of drainage pumps to manip across the region. As water level cha Underground Drainage moisture that fills the pores between Thefoundations. use of drainage pumps to manip and across the region. As water level cha moisture that fills the pores between and foundations.
Proposed Small Proposed Small Integrated living water system
Improved water level stability in the shrink swellliving cycle.water It also provides Integrated system oped as landscape features. Improved water level stability in th shrink swell cycle. It also provides oped as landscape features.
2
Slow
Elevate, Store & Use
Filter + Return
Basic vegetation (trees, shrubds, grasses Slow etc.) delays stormwater from entering the drainage system, Basic vegetation shrubds, thereby lessening (trees, the stresses on grasses delays stormwater pipes andetc.) pumps. Green roofs, from entering bioswales and the raindrainage gardens system, and thereby lessening the achieve stressesmuch on permeable pavements pipes and pumps. of the same effect. Green roofs, bioswales and rain gardens and permeable pavements achieve much of the same effect.
Underground roads are elevated to make room for & construction of Elevate, Store Use underground flood water storage. Underground roads arelike elevated Urban-scale strategies under-to make room construction of ground floodfor storage tanks and underground flood water storage. convered canals, can safely store a Urban-scale strategies underneighborhood’s excess like storm water ground flood storagewater tanksto and runoff while allowing convered or canals, can safely store a ‘exfiltrate’ slowly seep back in the neighborhood’s storm soil. Water storedexcess in these wayswater can runoff waterrecreto also be while used allowing for irrigation, ‘exfiltrate’ or slowly seep back in the ation, and other purposes. soil. Water stored in these ways can also be used for irrigation, recreation, and other purposes.
Storm water close to the river is collected and filtered before being Filter + Return discharged to the river. The filtered Stormensures water close the river is of water goodtowater quality collected and filtered before being the river, making the river suitable discharged toactivities. the river. The filtered for recreation water ensures good water quality of the river, making the river suitable for recreation activities.
The water management strategies consist of 3 main points.
1. Slowing and buffering water (locally) This is an issue which could be solved by governmental input, but can also be solved by the inhabitants of flood prone neighbourhoods. By allowing water to infiltrate the ground or creating buffer areas for the floodwater, the water will have less of a negative influence on the inhabitants. 2. Storing and Re-using This is something that can also be done on a local scale, but due to the filtration processes related to storing and re-using storm water, it is something that could be achieved more efficiently on a large scale.
3. Filter and Return Returning water to the Rio Grande may seem like a bad idea for El Pasoans and inhabitants of Ciudad Juarez, but the Rio Grande is actually a lifeline throughout the desert until it reaches the Gulf of Mexico on the East coast.
Furthermore, the river also replenishes the Hueco Bolson aquifer, which is the most used aquifer that has been depleting for the last decade(s). To create the new masterplan, it was important to further examine the flood areas in maps, and to make an inventory of: 1. How much we can improve? 2. Where are the areas where we can intervene? 3. In what ways should we intervene in specific areas?
The amount of improvement is dependent on the area of intervention of the masterplan. Where the areas suitable for intervention are, and in what way we should intervene in them was to be solved first.
Current Condition
Existing Existing
Large shrink-swell cycle Large shrink-swell cycle
Underground Drainage The use of drainage pumps to manipulate water levels changes the height of the water table Underground Drainage across the region. As water level changes greatly, the ground shrinks and swells with the The use of drainage pumps to manipulate levels changes heightof ofstreets, the water table moisture that fills the pores between the soilwater particles. This affectsthe stability utilities across the region. As water level changes greatly, the ground shrinks and swells with the and foundations. moisture that fills the pores between the soil particles. This affects stability of streets, utilities and foundations.
Proposed Condition
Proposed Small shrink-swell cycle Proposed Small shrink-swell cycle Integrated living water system Improved water level stability in the integrated living water system will lessen the effects of the Integrated living water system shrink swell cycle. It also provides points of access for water in the city, possible to be develImproved water level stability in the integrated living water system will lessen the effects of the oped as landscape features. shrink swell cycle. It also provides points of access for water in the city, possible to be developed as landscape features.
3
nism
r system
STORMWATER RUNOFF
Systems to recharge Rio Grande
TIO
N
1. FILTER
02 Mechanism
2. STORE
A) River system
3. IRRIGATE STORMWATER RUNOFF
FIL TR
1. FILTER
AT IO
N
RIVER
CULVERT
2. STORE 3. IRRIGATE
ST OR
AG
IR
E
RIVER
RI
CULVERT
GA TI
ON
determined all locations
Sand filter locations determined by storm water out fall locations
Low water Dry Season
Low water Dry Season
1)Storm water enters the culvert 2) Water is filtered in chamber 1 3) Water is stored in chamber 2
1)Storm water enters the culvert 2) Water is filtered in chamber 1 3) Water is stored in chamber 2
4
High water High water Wet Season
Wet Season
1)Water is filtered in chamber 1 2) Water builds in chamber 2 3) Water enters chamber 3
1)Water is filtered in chamber 1 2) Water builds in chamber 2 3) Water enters chamber 3
1)Water builds in chamber 2 2) Water enters chamber 3 3) The culvert irrigates the river
1)Water builds in chamber 2 2) Water enters chamber 3 3) The culvert irrigates the river
02 Mechanism
B) Road system
(Copyright Street Creeks)
1
Bioswale
2
First Flush Cistern
3
Street Channel
Cleans first flush before releasing back into channel
Located below street surface, intercepts and captures first flush from each block for relase intp bioswale Collects stormwater runoff from catchment area and directs it toward collection system
5
4
Pervious planting zone
5
Catch Basin
2
Absorbs sotrmwater runoff from sidewalk
Collects debris and floatables for removal 6
Cistern Inlet Inlet point for first flush. When cistern is full, clean runoff proceeds over inlet to creeks
1
6
4
4
3 1 3 2
STREET CATCHMENT AND CLEANING SYSTEM The ‘first flush’ of street-runoff contains the majorty of surface pollutants during a rain. The cleaning system cleans the first flush by biological means, drecting the remaining sorm water runoff into the storm water collection system.
5
Impression of a recharged Rio Grande 5
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Urban & Arch-Scale The Interface: Integrated River & Storm Water Reservoir International Institute of Water Research & Education
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THE INTERFACE
INSTITUTE OF WATER RESEARCH AND EDUCATION EL PASO, TX, USA
Orgaization Concept
to MX
PROJECT STATEMENT
PROGRAM ORGANIZATION
This architectural thesis envisions an international water institute located in an international zone between USA and Mexico in the border twin city of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez. The site for the new building, located in Central El Paso, adjacent to the International Diversion Dam, borders residential neighbourhoods and the University of Texas El Paso. It is intended to enhance the Water Institute’s public presence, accessibility and symbolic role within the US-Mexico border, while rethinking the concepts of physical borders in this specific locality.
to USA
ORGANIZATION CONCEPT
to MX
to USA
The proposal for the International Institute conceives the building as ‘water voids’ which emerges out of the waters of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez, becoming a humble landmark for both nations. The roof features a shallow pool of water which flushes with the waters of the surrounding waters, appearing as an infinity edge pool reflecting the natural and artificial landscapes of both cities. The strong El Paso light floods the building from above. The massing is carved out as six luminous courtyard spaces which diffuse light into the interior and organize the six main uses of the building: Public areas, Teaching, Research Offices, Laboratory, Library and On-campus accommodation. Courtyards creates a variety of large and intimate enclosed spaces that are either enclosed or open to air. The water roof and the building’s semi-buried condition enhance its thermal mass and insulation to maintain a cooler interior during the summer and a warmer one during the winter. The ultimate goal of the architectural thesis is to conceptualize the border as landscape to be shared, rather than to be neglected and feared. Through careful urban and architectural intervention, we can construct optimal separation which celebrates the commonality between two cultures.
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Sunken Courtyard for ambient light
CONCEPT DIAGRAMS
Program around courtyard Public Roof changing water level
Site Plan Route & Access
Conceptual Overview9 Conceptual Overview 1/19
View from USA looking towards Mexico
View from Mexico looking towards USA
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Master Plan Master Plan 2/19
Normal Water Level
Peak Water Level
Lowest Water Level Elevated Highway
Mexican Promenade
US Promenade
Shallows
Deep Storage
Shallows
Shallows
Deep Storage
Shallows
Urban Section 1:500
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Building in Urban Context Building in Urban Context 11 3/19
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Exploded Axonometric Exploded Axonometric 4/19
B1/F PLAN
B2/F PLAN
B3/F PLAN
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Plans Plans 13 5/19
The Stepped Waterfall Plan 1:200
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Entrance Courtyard Entrance Courtyard 10/19
The Reading Terraces Plan 1:200
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Library Library Court Court 15 11/19
The Colonnade Plan 1:200
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Teaching Court Teaching Court 12/19
The Wooden Court Plan 1:200
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Research Research OfficeOffice Court Court 17 13/19
The Desert Garden Plan 1:200
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Laboratory LaboratoryCourt Court 14/19
The Labyrinth Plan 1:200
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On-Campus Short-stay Housing On Campus Short-stay Housing Court Court 19 15/19
Structural Concept 13.5m
16m
Highest level of underground water level 60m
Fig. 1: Basement construction and sub-surface water level 90m
Se
cti
on
A
Se
cti
on
B
50mm expansion joints
The building is similar to most standard basement construction. Conceptually it is a ‘giant-box’ measuring 90m x 60m inserted into the soil. The depth of the basement ranges from 4.5m to 13.5m. The basement retaining wall is constructed of 800mm thick reinforced concrete to be cast on site. The basement external walls form a continuous box-like structure which are rigid in itself to withstand the pressure of the surrounding soil.
Se
cti
on
Fig. 2: Basement outer wall (grey), compartment structural wall (blue) and structural infills (red)
C
Hydrostatic pressure exerted by ground water is also a concern. However according to the data by El Paso Water Utilities, the highest water table at the locality of the site is 16m below grade whereas the lowest point of the building below grade is 13.5m. No necessary measures are needed. Inside the outer ring of retaining wall, 300mm thick structural walls divides the building into 6 compartments. Each compartment will have independent structural infills that attach to the outer wall and compartment structural walls for vertical and lateral stability. These infills can be classified into three systems: A) Giant Column System (Library court, Office Court) B) Standard Column and Beam system C) Structural Wall System Given the large scale of the building, expansion joints are required to relieve stress on building materials and cope with thermal expansion and contraction. The whole construction is broken into 3 parts by making two ‘cuts’ with 50mm thick expansion joints at either sides of the entrance court and laboratory court. Basement tanking is important to prevent the infiltration of water. Spry Seal is applied externally.
800mm outer wall 1200 x 800 beam
800mm outer wall
1000 x 400mm Secondary beam
300/250mm structural wall 1000 x 600 Primary beam
800mm outer wall
2m overhang
400 x 400 Secondary column
800 x 800mm high performance R.C. L- column
600 x 600 Primary column
A) Giant Column and Beam with high performance R.C. Concrete
B) Standard R.C. Concrete and Beam
C) Structural wall system
This structural system is applied at the library and office court which have high ceilings and column free spaces. The span for the beams is big, with a typical span of 8m and a maximum span of 10m. The giant beams measures 1200 (D) x 800mm (W). They could be cast on-site or be precast. The 800 x 800mm giant columns are made of high-performance reinforced concrete and has a typical height of 9-13.5m and has a L-section to resist buckling.
This structural system is applied at the teaching court. Primary columns measure 600 x 600mm and secondary columns measure 400 x 400mm. Primary and secondary beams measure 1000 x 600mm and 1000 x 400mm respectively.
This structural system is applied at the laboratory, entrance and housing courts. The structural walls are 300/250mm thick and has fenestrations at different intervals to make windows and doors. There is a maximum 2m overhang at the housing court and laboratory court.
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Structural Structural System Principles 6/19
DAY
Protection from hot dusty wind
from roof
Evaporativecooling
Cool air from courtyard
Sunken courtyard typology
Conduction to Protection from cool ground hot dusty wind NIGHT
Sh a
Conduction through ground
External sunshade
Cooling Mode
Evaporativecooling
Protection from hot dusty wind
Cool air from roof
Protection from hot dusty windto Conduction
Radiation
Conduction through ground
cool ground
Geothermal Heat Pump
2 Circulation
Cool air from roof
Heating Mode
1 Heat excahgne and absorbtion
Cooling Mode
Radiation
Soil Temperature ~19°C Cooling Mode
Night time: passive cooling
2 Circulation Protection from hot dusty wind
4 Recirculation
Heat Pump 3 Heat discharge
Soil Temperature ~19°C
Day time: reduce heat gain
Water radiates heat
Soil Temperature ~19°C
1 Heat excahgne and absorbtion
Radiation
Conduction through ground
Soil Temperature ~19°C Cool air from roof
NIGHT
DAY NIGHT
Protection from hot dusty wind
Water radiates heat
de
Water insulates and store heat Conduction to cool ground
Water radiates heat Cool air from courtyard
Radiation
4 Recirculation
Heat Pump
Soil Temperature ~19°C
NIGHT
3 Heat discharge 1 Heat excahgne and absorbtion 2 Circulation
4 Heat exchange and use
Soil Temperature 4 Recirculation ~19°C Soil Temperature ~19°C
Heat Pump
1 Circulation
3 Heat discharge
Conduction through ground
Recurculation
Heat Pump 2 Heat abcorption
Soil Temperature ~19°C Heating Mode
Cooling Mode
Summer: cooling mode
4 Heat exchange mode Winter: heating
Heating Mode
and use
1 Heat excahgne and absorbtion 2 Circulation
1 Circulation 4 Recirculation
Heat Pump
Heat exchange Thermal comfort: Ventilated 4double facade 3 Heat discharge
Soil Temperature ~19°C
Recurculation
Heat Pump
Soil Temperature ~19°C
2 Heat abcorption
and use
1 Circulation
Recurculation
mechanical system to maintain fresh air 2supply Heat inabcorption cavity
Heat Pump
Soil Temperature ~19°C
Heating Mode exhaust air drawn off by mechanical systen
1 Circulation air convection keeps air cavity cool
exhaust air drawn off by mechanical systen
4 Heat exchange and use
Recurculation
Heat Pump
window open partially
2 Heat abcorption
exhaust air drawn off by mechanical systen
Soil Temperature ~19°C
top window opened bottom window closed
window opens fully
cool air
cool fresh air
warm fresh air 30 º C
25ºC
23 º C
bottom slit opens fully
3ºC
10ºC
bottom slit opens minimally
medium natural ventilation
23 º C
underfloor heater
23 º C
23 º C
cool fresh air
bottom slit opens partially
minimum natural ventilation
SUMMER
23ºC
maximum natural ventilation
WINTER
TRANSITIONAL SEASON
Sun shades closed
Day lighting : Operable Sun shades
Rotatable Shutter/ External blind closes light defelcted by Shutter/ Blind Rotatable Shutters/ External blind open fully
Internal blinds regulate daylight condition
light penetrate deep inside
view summer : 50 º
winter : 30 º
view through louvre slits
view
SOUTH, EAST AND WEST FACADE
OVERCAST
SOUTH, EAST AND WEST FACADE
DIRECT SUNLIGHT
view
NORTH FACADE
OVERCAST
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Sustainability Principles Sustainibility Principles 21 7/19
Rain water harvest
Rain water Harvesting Pump water when level is too low
Pump water when level is too low
Catchment area
Catchment area
Reservoir
Reservoir
Water Usage: Landscape, Flusing Tank
Rainwater Storage Sand Filter
Pump
Water Usage: Landscape, Flushing
Rain water harvest Pump water when level is too low
Catchment area
Water after certain level in main tank allowed to flow freely into soil, through a combination of valve and filter
Main Concrete Tank
Rainwater Storage
Tank
Reservoir
Pump
Normal Situation
Sand filter
Big Seasonal fluctuation
Water Usage: Landscape, Flusing Tank
Main Concrete Tank
Rainwater Storage
Deep Storage (8m) Water after certain level in main tank allowed to flow freely into soil, through a combination of valve and filter
Main Concrete Tank
Water management
Flood situation
Normal Situation Big Seasonal fluctuation
Small Seasonal fluctuation
Water overflows when level too high
Pump water when level is too low
Shallow storage (2m)
Rio Grande
Shallow storage (2m)
Rio Grande
Pump water when level is too low
Shallow storage (2m)
Rio Grande
Sand Filter
Pump
Small Seasonal fluctuation
Deep Storage (8m)
Deep Storage (8m)
Low water level: Pumping water to roof Flood situation
High water level: Overflow
Water overflows when level too high
Shallow storage (2m)
Rio Grande
Deep Storage (8m)
Lowest water level scenario
Highest water level scenario
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Water Management Principles Management Principles
SECTION A-A
SECTION B-B
SECTION 1-1
SECTION 2-2
SCALE 1:250
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23 Sections Sections
D2
Finish Materials:
ELEVATION 1 Light Beige Wood
Grey Granite
Fair-faced Concrete
Black Pebble
Grey Granite
Dark Beige
Black Granite
D3
Finish Materials:
ELEVATION 2
Dark Beige Wood
D5
D7
Finish Materials:
ELEVATION 3 SCALE 1:75 Grey Brick
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Elevations and Details
16/19
D4
ELEVATION 4
Finish Materials:
Fair-faced Concrete
White Pebble
Grey Granite
Black Granite
Grey Aluminium
D1
Finish Materials:
Grey Brick
ELEVATION 5
D6
Finish Materials:
Rough white spray paint
Dark Beige
White Pebble
ELEVATION 6 SCALE 1:75
01 Schematics
Existing
Approach to stormwater management
‘Pave, pipe and flood’ and its consequences
Pipe
Pave
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Flood + Drought
Pave
Pipe
Flood + Drought
Urban surfaces, including streets and parking lots are paved with impervious concrete. These surfaces channel water to the drainage system quicky, overwhelming storm drains and drainage pipes.
Underground pipes (culverts) are often overwhelmed by stormwater, causing backed-up storm drains to overflow into streets. These pipes allow little water to infiltrate into the soil around them and offer little value on sunny days as they are
Many of the underground infrastrucure like tunnels are easily flooded as the the pipes are overwhelmed by storm water. Also Rio Grade remains dry as water is not channeled to it.
Elevation & Details Elevations and Details 25 17/19
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Appendix 1 Facade Details Scale 1:20 & 1:5
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Appendix 2 Models: 1:2500 Urban Model 1:200 Architectural Model 1:20 Facade Model
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1:2500 Urban Model
1:20 Facade Model
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1:200 Architectural Model
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1:200 Architectural Model
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1:200 Architectural Model
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CREDITS Design Report Ronald Long Kwan Kam Š 2016, June Delft University of Technology c/o Faculty of Architecture Delft Complex Projects 2015-16 Border Studio El Paso, TX, USA & Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico Project Partner (Water Masterplan): Pieter van Hall Faculty Members: prof ir Kees KAAN (Professor & Chair of Complex Projects) Stefan DE KONING (Lecturer) Suzanne Groenewold (Lecturer) Contacts Delft University of Technology c/o Faculty of Architecture Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands