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YOL. TIL

A MANUAL OF

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

CODRINGTON, M.D,

LONDON

F.S.A.

PUBLISHED EY THE EOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 22,

ALBEMAELE STREET, W. 1904.

I'UtXTKU

1JY

STKl'tlKN Al'STIN"

AND SONS.

PREFACE.

fTIHIS book

intended for the help of those who, not

know

like to being Arabic or Persian scholars, would

may come

something about the Oriental coins which

way, as well as of others who with a knowledge of

their

languages find

these

the lettering, arrange-

difficulties in

ments, and reading of

the legends, which are often so

different in these respects

or the print of a book,

from the plain writing

and

in the

meanings

of a

MS.

marks and

symbols which are to be found on coins. originated in

copy

notes,

made during

of that valuable but

now

de la Numismatique Musulinane," by a reprint from Revue de

1864, ser.

iv,

and

tome

several years, "

scarce book,

my own

at Oriental coins

troubles

Numismafique

Beige,

me, and the

when beginning

usefully included in such a

as to

Manual

will, I' hope,' b'e

what might be most

as this.

found useful, as one of ready

reference, to Oriental numismatists generally, in the

way

as Soret's has

work

some years ago in India without much

aid frgin.books, have guided

The book

Soret, Brussels,

Considerable correspondence from India

ii.

home, personal references made

remembrance

Elements

been to those who had a copy of

thanks are due to Mr.

same

it.

Guy Le Strange and Mr. H.

Ainedroz for information regarding the location of some-

mint towns, and to the latter also for help in Arabic legends. 0. C.

INDEX.

EEEATA.

Page

12, line 21, for

on Coins read of Coins.

17, line 6, for Hafsidi read Hafsid.

31, line 9, for

UUji

read

U^UjI

Jb read Ujb

31, last line, for

39, line 1, for ci-

41, line 17, for

48, line 25, for

Ghaznawi read Grhaznawid.

51, line 19, for

Julayhid read Sulayhid.

54, line 2, for ,,

Yaku

and

57, lines 5

read

15, for

82, line 24, for

91, line 18, for

Jjs*\

Yakub.

J^l

read

127, line 22, for 44

35' read

27'.

127, line 23, for 67

20' read 68

10'.

read 129, line 10, far ^Irsru^jl ^UsrUjjl 129, last line but 4, for

133, after line 27 insert

Allahabad.

Rodgers read Rogers. :

Jtf.'W.

2526 K; 8155 /

;

Provinces, India.

Dehli Emperors.

134, line 6, for Siras read Sivas. ,,

134, last line but

149, after line 22 insert

for Rodgers read Rogers. :

Junaghar. In Kathia war, India. 70 36' E.

2131 K;

Dehli Emperors.

Local

Rajah. 157, line 27, for Bieyal read Diwal. ,,

160, line 13, for Morocco read Mecca.

ALPHABET.

PLATE

FINAL

SEPARATED.

II.

y / f ^1

CIPHERS.

.f|y

M.^ V

VVv/x/v

-Jg

MEDIAL

MUSALMAN

THE ALPHABET, Osr Plates 1

and II are shown the

In the various forms in

column, on the 'of

the

more or

to the right are other shapes in

less in order of

was at

first

In each

coins.

the letter as written in Kufic on the coins

Khalifs, in isolate, initial, medial, or final

Umayyad

and following

left is

letters of the Arabic alphabet

which they appear on

which

form;

appears,

time and progress of change.

a straight, even, perpendicular line of a height

about double that of the ordinary letters.

It has not

much

changed, except in showing a slight curve at the bottom and

a broadening at the top.

may

be joined to

letter,

but not to the one following, and

isolate

and

letter is often curved over

it is

preceding

therefore in only

In ornamental writing the top

final form.

and when the legend

its

of the

and lengthened into a curl or loop, in. arabesque or

arranged

fancy pattern

often misplaced from its proper position in the word, or

slanting, or even omitted,

in another place doing duty

for it also.

L.J

<i?

The

the Kufic)

diacritical dots are often omitted

there

;

then nothing to distinguish these letters

from one another, or from .

state.

In Persian there

stani the

bearing the

~ C

or, as it is

^ aad

is also

^j in the

the letter

initial

more often written on

aad medial

and in Hinducoins,

;

it is

found on some of the coinage of Indian native states

<?,

(always so in

; C:

name

of ftueen Yietoria,

'and im Persian

Itese

(.',''

letters are also to be

known

one another by their dots; they are subject, as will be 1

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

seen, to

c or

in KiiHc are very like ^j*

upright limb

on the

and may sometimes be mis-

variations of form,

many

taken for

and uJ, but

]s ]o

shorter than in the

left side instead of closed as in

later date the

sometimes

a letter

open

coins of

and

In Hindustani there

final.

i do not present much

be almost a

so thin as to

sometimes very like

final are

and the body

the

at other times approaches in fatness to ^

as a rule the

when

difficulty

in this form, but

when

the upright limbs or

sweeping curve of Persian a

word

be read as L-J L-J

may

initial or final niav "

uJ j must c

by the

replaced

^ or ^

has

The loop

many

e. c.

in medial

nor as

above the line

initial for

(A) instead of

varieties,

^f or

and in Kufic

very like J and

In Persian and Turkish there

mentioned above. letter

be mistaken for

not be mistaken for * medial or

below, as in

are

writing, in the middle of

are subject to a good deal of variation in form.

They v as

teeth talilc

k - are troublesome in Kufie, as mentioned above under J

tjs tje

is also

the

u/.

can almost always be known from

by the curve

to the left at

the bottom, or in Kufic a short rectangular turn.

* has

many

Sometimes

forms.

c medial, or L^J

final

x has

has

many

forms, but

may be

;

may

uJ j

& or ^

made

easily be mistaken for final j

usually easily ,

confused with

in one form for

out.

at other times like ^

and more rarely

ij final or isolate dots

initial, or

variations

sometimes like like

and -

not

so.

usually distinct, but medial or initial without

THE ALPHABET.

a variety of forms that an assortment of represented in such

them

given on the Plate.

c ny and wJ> p are used in Malay- Arabic writing only. For reading Kufie following hints tlie

may

which have no

coins,

The mint names

attention. only parts as a rule which require

begin with the preposition <_?

all

diacritical dots, the

The mint name and the date are

be useful.

and third

letters

initial

If the second

at.'

are both equally about double as

the

tall as

they are probably

there are but

'the

three mint towns beginning with J!

two

In that case the next

will be the initial of the name, which, having

been made out,

as one can then get the help of the simplifies matters much, of

If the second

Hint Towns.'

the second

is of

and third

be not J\

often the stroke for

^ with

List ,

Two

course the initial of the mint name.

upright strokes will probably be u~? C-2 or

then short

a following

;

a little taller than for the other three

Three short upright strokes in succession are most likely

letters.

\j*

letters

letter

;

four,

jji

three strokes of the

one before or after

and

(~~J

Doubts

it.

^ before

or after it

the

are usually just a little shorter than the as to Kufic

^ t uJ may

often

be cleared away by looking at those letters where they occur in

known words

s^aJ

uJo

in the legends on the .-)

same

coin,

such as L

and in the same way comparison

needed with the * and

final

^ can very

may

JJ&

often be found in

one of the words of the date to clear up a doubt between

In reading the dates care

be made

needed not to mistake

^-.xil

and

(one long,

three short strokes), Li-Jj (one short, one long, one short), and L^-V-J

others

;

to tell alike,

as to

.*} and

(four short).

rather taller,

^*J

but there

which

but

and

.j*****

jj.***uJ

sometimes so

meant.

^^AMAJ>.

should have the fourth stroke

the

first

stroke taller than the

little difference

and

<J^AJ

that

it is

are sometimes

hard

much

the strokes after the A can be counted, that will decide

which numeral

the latter but three.

it is, for

in the former there are five and. in

AID The dates

Hijra

always given on Husalmai.

of striking are almost

coins, in words or in ciphers.

Until the seventh century of the

former only, but after that ciphers came

find the

gradually into use, so that

The

they were generally adopted. TJrtukid coinSj e.g.

of the ninth century

by the beginning

earliest dates in cipher are

Sometimes we

on a coin struck at Amid.

find the date given both in

words and ciphers, or partly in words

and partly in ciphers

on a coin of the Golden Horde, c/^y^

for A.H. 770.

;

e.g.

The number

usually expressed in the feminine

The conjunction

form, but sometimes in the masculine.

almost always used,

reading some

^^-^

of the

O and

list of

difficulties

The same

^^^

^x*^

but then the

The following

the numbers.

PEESIAX.

ARABIC.

Jo- 1 masc.

^tX^-l

fern.

two three

four

masc.

five

tsix

fern.

seven

fern.

eight

ern.

nine

no difference between the

the teeth of the (jw

spacing usually indicates, thus

one

but occasionally

numbers in the Kufic writing.

and nine, as sometimes there

height of the

*-*wJ

found often on coins of a later time, especially with regard

to seven

Reference has already been made to

omitted.

will be

e.g. &x/

fern.

masc.

Lj\*3masc.

iuJ

masc.

3IUSAIOIAN NUMISMATICS. AEABIC. *

n or

two hundred

PEBSIA.N,

)

,.M*X)W

three hundred

four hundred '

five

sis

hundred

seven hundred eight hundred

nine hundred

Jue

one thousand \

one-quarter one-half

jjj jb (Hindustani).

5*jLi3

three-quarters one-third

(Pers.)

;

(Hindustani).

one-and-a-half

a?Jj

two-and-a-half

On some

coins of

J (Hindustani).

<J\j\ (Hindustani).

Malay States and Netherlands and English

Settlements in the Straits numerals are given in Malay. i

and

2 3

\ju

^ 7 8

-A-

tf*

NUMBERS AND CIPHERS. The Arabic

forms in which they appear on

ciphers, in varying

Muhanimadan

given on Plate II.

coins, are

They

read them. formed, and require a practised eye to out of place, slanting one

and

as to be taken for cipher,

may

have

i~.

The form %

mixed

horizontal

arm

it is either

an acute angle

reversed to T, or have

top and

so be like

its

Q i

with

tip

so irregularly

same

formed

as one variety of

ancl so

many

some-

may

be taken for V, or be

arm rounded and nearly ancl

has

The

times too small, and therefore like a figure used for 0. its

arm shaky,

used on Turkish and African coins.

forms too, but usually

have

ill-

may

has more variety of shape than any other

in one of its forms is the

and

its

T sometimes has its

so look like

way

neighbouring lettering.

or the other, or

are often

The

closed at the

are usually pretty distinct, but

sometimes they slant a good deal, even to the extent of lying on their sides

they may be taken to have fallen over to V and > is A. ^ may be like a 1 if not

in that case

;

the right, so that

with

and

not rarely reversed,

i.e.

"When ten

indicated

not always visible,

closed at the top,

the right.

and when

whether 5 or

used there is

it is

ring to

its

a doubt sometimes from

its

size

intended.

Bates expressed in ciphers are read from

left to right,

except

those on the coins of Maisur (Mysore), which, as in Arabic writing, are written from right to left.

by mistake

reversed, e.g.

^AV

But sometimes the whole date for

VAp O n

is-

a coin of the Golden

Horde, and sometimes with the further error of the ciphers being

A reversed, e.g. 1 V for

VAf.

Sometimes, too, the ciphers are not

placed in order in a Ike, but distributed in the area of the coin,

IIP e.g.

any

r |

P on coins of Shahs of Persia.

of these cases there is not

much

Generally, however, in

difficulty in discovering the

error or in seeing the proper order of the ciphers, as one can tell

from other signs what

within a century or so the age of a coin.

NUMISMATICS,

DIACRITICAL

These are Knfic coins

;

as has been mentioned, almost always omitted on

on later ones they are found irregularly

generally

there were none or only a few until comparatively modern times.

When

given they often do not help

much

in the reading of the

legend, from being placed not immediately above or below the

consonant of which they form part

ornamented, as

many

are,

;

and on coins which are

by dots and groups

of dots, it is

not

for decoration easy to tell which are for use and which are

;

a difference in size or shape, will, however, often indicate this,

The vowel marks The two a colon

are almost always omitted as in ordinary writing.

dots indicating the

(:),

or <j are sometimes placed like

and the gronps of three in

be ,p may

arranged

in a line

(...).

below certain

the Kufic coins there are

letters in the legends

which seem

points' above or to be

marks

genuineness or engravers' marks, although they are often the correct diacritical ones for the letter near

which they are placed,

ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS.

ISOLATED LETTERS

In the areas

AID WORDS,

Arabic coins, sometimes above, sometimes below

the legend and not forming a part of

it,

are often found letters or

words, the signification of some of which has been a good deal If it

discussed.

be a name,

all

probability that of

a governor, vizier, or moneyer, but more often

words or

initials

genuineness

given in the following

fineness of metal.

The

list is

and *La

very

common on

one of the

being marks of of

weight or

compiled from one made by E. Meir,

with a few additions of other writers.

list,

mint marks, indicating goodness

a single letter

It will be seen that

in some cases given to denote a word, e.g.

for

c-^b

for

the coins of the Abbaside period.

for

These are

MUSAIHAS XOISIA1IC8,

just weight

heavy

mass of weight

regular mass

excellent

rich weight

mass

richly

just mass

t* !

complete

pure

purity

;

^.i) '

lawful

cjj! is

right weight

u^ .

& li J

cus

very just weight

L j

extremely good weight beautiful

jfo

precious

excellent weight

profitable

refined

refined in the fire

excellent good weight j.z

good weight

beautiful, just

increased

increased, just

just weight

excellent

old weight

full

prover (assayer) superior

incomparable fixed

stout

. |

pure

sufficient

weight

of good

augury ,

rich weight

Ml weight pure

. Jb .

Ljjvjb

X OP TYPES OF COINAGE.

OF C0XIAGE AND

OBIGIK OF

VARIETIES.

At the time

of the rise of the

of the early Ehalifs, the

power

coinages of the regions -which were brought under their rule were,

speaking generally, the Byzantine in the "West and the Persian Sassanian in the East.

Oriental conquerors, the

new

the currency to

the

be indicative

making the changes

made use

rulers

country,

the

following the usual practice of

first,

new

which was

of that

altering the

coins

by degrees

ruling power and religion,

but

gradually as not to give an unfamiliar

appearance to the coins in the eyes of the people, but to preserve the continuity of the accustomed coinage with only such changes as

were necessary.

Thus we

an imitation of the coin figure of the Ehalif

see in the earliest gold of the Khalifs

of the

Byzantine emperor adapted by the

with a sword in his hand being substituted for

that of the emperor holding a staff with a cross on

obverse

;

and on the reverse the

altered into a

cross,

column with a ball on

it,

its top.

iJJb

L-jJe

steps,

The legends OR

both sides are changed to Arabic ones in Kufic character

CU-v-J <U*d ,X>A!|

on the

standing on four

<UJl

*AiuJ

Similarly the silver coins of the last Sassanian king were altered

by the

additions of crescents and stars and

<d!

+HJJ

on the margins,

and later by the name of the governor of the province being added in Kufic in the area.

variety of Heraclius

words on them.

So,

too,

the Byzantine copper of the

had small additions

of Arabic

Ifusalman

Others in copper of the same type as the gold

above mentioned were also struck.

N NUMISMATICS. Then when the Khalli Abd-al-Malik with the rale

In A.H. 76, In compliance

the Prophet "which prohibits the

representations of living things

in hell-fire, established the

making

and declares that every painter

first

purely Musalnian coins, he

of is

still

preserved in them a semblance to the gold Byzantine and silver Sassanian, in size, form, and general appearance. in

article in the

The Morphology Khusru

II,

Mr. G. E. Eeary

of Coins,"

shows that the reverse of a coin of

turned a quarter round, at a

little

distance seems

almost identical with one of Abd-al-Malik, struck at Basra A.H. 79 but, looking closer, one sees that the

two

EMe

one

latter,

also.

lines of Rufic

and the marginal Pehlvi legend altered to

But the marginal

and the crescents and

intact,

;

figures with a fire altar

between them on the former are replaced by three Arabic on the

Numismatic Chronicle for 1885 and 1886 on

stars

circles are preserved almost

on the one have changed to

corresponding annulets in the other.

There was

Umayyads

little

variation from this type in the coinage of the

of Spain, the Abbasid,

Buwayhid, Samanld, Hamdanid,

Ukaylid, and other dynasties in Irak and

Yaman up

to the times

of the Mongols, but in Africa the Aghlabis, according to

whose

Mr. Keary,

Morphology on Coins" supplies the substance

of these

paragraphs, founded their currency in both gold and silver on the

The Fatimis followed

pattern of the gold coins of the Abbasis. the Aghlabis with the development of a

which have circles.

this

variety,

Their successors, the Ayyubis, adopted at

pattern, but later changed

and

new

i.e.

coins

their inscriptions arranged in a series of concentric

to a plainer

first

the same

form in straight

lines,

form was continued without much change by theMamluks.

In about the beginning

of the sixth

century A.H. the enclosing of

the area legend in a compartment came into use shapes, circles, ovals

;

4, 6,

and 8

foils, etc.

This

squares, staris

noticeable in

the Ayyubid, Saljuk, and especially in the Mongol series.

There was a remarkable departure from the Musalman type in

some

of the coinages of Asia

Urtukid, and Zangid

Minor and Syria

Ayyubid, Saljuk,

in reverting to imitations of Greek, Seleucid,

ORIGIN OP TYPES OF COINAGE.

and Eoman coin obverses heads and busts, and full and half figures ;

men

;

horsemen, eagle, lion and sun, centaur,

This, no

etc.

doubt, arose from a desire to adapt the coinage to that current in

the neighbourhood and in use in the trading transactions with

the West.

Mongols of Persia followed much the same which they supplanted, and the same character was continued up to and throughout the reigns of

The coinage

of the

pattern as that of the dynasties

Tinmr and But type

his house.

in the farther East there

was an altogether

different initial

the Bactrian, from which sprang the coins of more solidity

The two great coinages and thickness developing into the rupee. of the Muhamniadan world of modern times show a marked difference suggestive of varying original types,

a century ago than now. coin of jSTadir

Shah

perhaps

Compare, for instance, a gold or silver

of Persia

contemporary in Turkey.

with one

of Sultan

llahmud

his

liaMe Persian

the language generally used on ITusalman coins, but

that which

Persia, the kings

usual on the coinage of the Shahs of

and emperors of Dehli, native Indian

and the East India Company, mixed in the cases

named with some

of the

states,

two

last-

Sanskrit or vernacular words, and llalay on

coins of that region.

book

all

legends in the Arabic character are taken into

consideration, for

although some coins bearing them were not

this

issued

by llusalinan

were issued

whom

into

for the use

all

of,

alone that character

coins,

and

rulers,

perhaps be excluded, yet

should,

strictly

speaking,

with Arabic lettering upon them

or to be read by,

Huhammadans, by

used, or were imitations of

Uusalman

convenient to thus arrange Oriental numismatics

Husalman, Chinese, and Hindu.

But there are many bilingual and some

trilingual coins

which

are specially interesting in an historical way, and should be con-

As has been

sidered.

said

above, the earliest

Husalman

coins

were copied from Greek-Eoman and Sassanian ones, with Arabic additions; series

they are therefore bilingual, having in the former

Greek and Latin, and in the

latter Pehlvi

legends,

the

Arabic additions being either pious phrases of translations of the

mint names or some words indicating genuineness. also

some early African imitations

of the

Latin legends, which have been read as Alius non est

and

There are

Byzantine coinage with

Non

est

Deus

nisi

In nomine tuo, Deus Omnipotens"

Deus ;

these

were followed by others having on them the Kalima in Arabic, at first

in part, afterwards entire.

The

coins of Tabaristan, a detached province of the Persian

Empire,

were of a slightly different module to those of the

.Sassanian proper 3 although of the same type, being smaller and

LANGUAGES.

finer

with Tabaristan upon them in Pehlvi.

After the conquest

the Arab Musalmans, governors were appointed

of the province "by

whose names are to be found upon the coins at the side Sassanian king's head, written in fine Kufic

Of Northern India at the end

of the

of the third century (Hijra), there

are coins of the horseman and bull variety, with Sanskrit on one side over the bull

and the name of the Khalif juJuS\ on the other

The same type was used by some

above the horseman.

Ghazni kings, and

early as A.H. 660 a

Bukhara with Chinese on one

in the last century

which are

and Arabic on the

side

there are coins of the time of the

The

of the

by the early Pathan kings of Dehli. coin of Khubilay Khan was struck at

also later

Muhammadan

also in

other,

and

rebellion in China

both these languages.

jSTorman kings of Salerno and Sicily,

who drove

out the

Saracen chiefs from those regions in the seventh century (Hijra), issued Arabic coins in imitation of some of the Ayyubid, but with

a Christian formula of faith in imperfect lettering which might easily deceive their

Alphonse VIII

ascription to the

Amir

Muhammadan

In the same way

subjects.

Spain struck coins on which were in Arabic the

Holy Trinity and the

of the Catholics,

declaration that he

and the Pope the

Imam

of the

was the

Church

Messiah. Georgia, from

it's

position,

was overrun by invaders from the

north and south at all times, and variety,

of bilingual

its

coinage shows a strange

character, in consequence

imitation of Sassanian,

at one

time

another Byzantine with Greek and

Georgian, at others Georgian and Arabic, and in the time of the

Mongol power, Georgian, Arabic, and Mongolian. Mongolian writing of the coins of the

also seen intermixed

Mongols

with Arabic on

many

of Persia.

Armenia was in much the same position regard to exposure to invasions.

Georgia with

Its coinage, with the Christian

king on one side and a lion on the other, with Armenian marginal legends^ was, during the time of subjection to the Saljuks of Asia

MUSAL11AN NUMISMATICS.

Minor in the seventh century (Hijra), changed into one having on one side the figure of the king and Armenian legend, and on the other side Arabic legends similar to those on the contemporary Also

Saljuk coins. al-Din ?

!dng

Muhammad

when

little later

with his own coin dies

coins

the Maniluk Sultan Xasir

raided Armenia, he overstruck the Armenian :

an unusual proceeding for

an Oriental king.

In India, some before referred

of the later

to,

as well as Arabic,

names on

and the

coins in the

M. Drouin

Dehli kings, as well as the earliest

used the Devanagari characters on their coins last kings of the

same characters as did

dynasty had their

also kings of Bengal.

quite lately discovered a Sanskrit legend upon a gold

coin of Akhar.

Many

native states of India have bilingual

coins, partly in

Persian, partly in the vernacular of the state, and sometimes partly in English.

The East India Company

issued bilingual, trilingual,

and even multilingual coins using English, Persian, Hindustani, In the Straits there are Company Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu. coins with. English, Persian,

and Malay legends, and one with

Chinese in addition to these three.

The Netherlands Government with Malay reverses

issued coinage for their states

to the obverses of the

The Portuguese, although

in other

European pattern.

ways very ready

to imitate

the coinage of their neighbours in India, never used the Arabic character.

The French, on the other hand, imitated the Behli

coinage as closely as did the English.

ORXAMBXTATION.

ORNAMENTATION. The ornamentation

Musalman

coins

lies

chiefly

the

lettering, the arrangement and grouping of the inscriptions, and

the shapes and arabesque outlines of the spaces in which parts pf

This

the legends are enclosed.

seen at

its

best probably on the

Hafsidi and other Moorish, the Persian Mongols Said),

(TJljaitu

and Abu

and the Safavi of Persia (Ismail I and Tahmasp I) coinages.

the later Persian and Dehli coins, too,

it is fine.

The Persian

style of writing lends itself well to this in curves, graceful sweeps of the pen,

and prolongation and grouping

very common

practice

is to

as dividing strokes

word ^Ls

where

right across so as to

make

lines of the legend.

The

<-~?

way for instance, on coins way which Mr. Poole called the :

Tahmasp I

mill-sail pattern,

forms the four arms of the sail-wheel with the names of

the eight other

Imams two by two between them, the

of the four initial letters

Behli

the full breadth of

important in the Shiah formula, is a favourite one

for using in this Persia, in the

One

of the letters.

tail <-_

between the

the coin, and to stretch a

them

prolong the

junction

forming a rosette in the centre.

coins, too, the names and attributes of the four orthodox

Khalif s are used in somewhat the same

way

form the 2

sides of

3OJS1L3IAN XUMISlfAIICS.

The

quadrangular areas.

EMc character also

square geometrical pattern in which, the the pretty "bilingual coins of

annulets,

There

are,

meant

arranged on

sprigs

areas are dots in groups

of flowers,

and

knots,

and

so on.

however, certain figures called tamghas which seem

to be It

countries.

rosettes,

used to form the

Said, the Persian Mongol.

commonly on the coin

Interspersed singly,

Abu

Kalimah

the signs of particular dynasties

or persons or

hard to describe in words many of them, or to

say what they are intended to represent, or in what they originated.

Some, as on the gold coins of Great Saljuks, are at the top area

;

others, as

or bottom.

on the large Urtukicl copper

Some suggest an imitation

or Parthian coin

;

of a

of the

coins, are at the side

monogram on

others, as the fleur de lys on the

a Greek

Mamluks and

the thunderbolt on the Great Kaans coins, are recognizable, as also the double-ended trident of the

Golden Horde.

figure in the centre of the area of the Chagatai coins,

Greek

like the cJia

letter

The curious somewhat

has been thought to be the Tibetan letter

inverted, the initial of Chagatai.

The

representations of animals are numerous, and

times.

They

made

in all

are sometimes indicative of a place, or peculiar to

a person or dynasty, as the double-headed eagle on Urtukicl and

Zangid, the lion on the Mamluk, the lion and sun on Saljuk and Persian Shahs, the coins,

fish, birds,

and human figures on the Basulid

and the many varieties on the autonomous copper coinage

Persia.

The

coins of the later

Moghul Emperors

of Dehli

and

of the

native States, struck in the same pattern, have almost always

a symbol within the loop of a final letter on one or both

These are sometimes

sufficiently

a particular State or mint

;

peculiar

sides.

be indicative of

such, for example, as the sun-face of

Indore, and the curiously shaped dagger, like a pair of scissors, of

Kutch

;

mint.

but more often the symbol is not peculiar to one State or " Indian Antiquities," gives a plate with Prinsep, in his

some 126 extent

;

of these

symbols on

it,

and attributes them

some

but there are many more than he describes, and some of

ORNAMENTATION, those wtdeli

attributes to one are also

lie

OIL

coins of other States.

These symbols on modern Indian coins being, in only mark by which the currency

from that of another,

one State

many

cases, the

may be distinguished

has been the endeavour of several Indian

numismatists to reduce them to order and locate their use it is

a very

difficult

several States, and

many

;

but

them have been used by

States have used several symbols at

and local knowledge and tradition give but

different times,

little

The symbols, moreover, are not always mint-marks, but

help.

have been used to indicate the issue or the

seem, sometimes to

year

matter, for

;

for example,

more than thirty

different symbols are to be

found on the coins of the Dehli Emperor Aurangzib, struck at Surat. Perhaps, of

remarked

all

these Indian symbols, the one which

the J.H.S. on coins of Kashmir.

Two

planations or reasons for the use of this Christian

been given, but no doubt

The Tughra is peculiar gram of

consisting of

or three ex-

monogram have

was expected to be a lucky symbol.* Othmanli coinage. It is a mono-

name and

letters intercross

his father,

that of

and have their upright

portions prolonged upwards, curled and twisted in such a to

make an interlacement

most

to the

the Sultan's

which the composing

way

difficult to decipher.

* General G. G. Whilst Lord Pearse, C.B., E.A., writes as follows "William Bsatmck was Governor- General of India, 1828-35, two very remarkable conversions to Christianity took place ; one was of a celebrated Muhamniadau :

These Moulvie, the other of an equally celebrated Brahmin, by name Ammd. men were great controversialists, and their change of religion caused much stir

and excitement.

Annncl died, leaving a son, Anund Messiah, a sharp, intelligent full of energy, a very stormy petrel of a Christian, never

man, good-looking and

when launching

his Christian controversial arguments at the heads In 1850 Anund Messiah was at the court of Maharaja Goolab Sing, of Cashmere, In the Spring of 1851, when I was Assistant -Commissioner of so

happy

of Hindoos.

Hazara on the Cashmere Hazara, came to pay his days.

"With

much

frontier,

delight he

Eoman

Anund

respects to

showed

me.

Messiah, who was passing through I saw a good deal of him for a few

the new Cashmere rupees of G-oolab

J.H.S. conspicuously in the centre of the coins amidst the Persian. He said he had induced the wily, clever Dogra king to place these letters on his coins, assuring him that thereby he would please the British Sing, with the

letters

Indian Government, and would himself be favoured by fortune. Never was any Muhammadan who had somehow managed to make an unbeliever say the Kalima more delighted than was Anund with this little bit of work of his."

MUSAL3IA3S" XUXISMATICS.

EELIGIGIJS LEGffil BS. Some pious

expression or religious plirase or formula

general upon all Musalrsian coins.

was nothing a

little later

else,

the king or ruler was given

then

;

and other particulars about the king were added, displacing deal of the religious forms

there

is little

there

Shah

and

very

except the date and, on the silver, the mint

name

the

the early Khalif ones there

that

;

them left.

when we come

modern Turkish

;

titles

good

modern times

coin, for instance,

way but s^sj \z and on a coin of the late Persia nothing but the names and titles, with mint-place

nothing in this

date.

These religious legends

be divided into (1) formulce, or

may

symbols as they are sometimes called

;

(2) verses or phrases

taken

from the Horan; and (3) pious expressions or ejaculations. Formulae.

(1) '

The formula

Bismillah

found very commonly on coins of

earlier times, usually as the

beginning of the legend referring to

^l^!l 1X& <--^

the striking of the piece:

<d!\*Mj

But

often, too, in other parts of the ield or marginal legends,

detached, but more usually prefixed to the Kalimah

and in that case the formula the beginning of all

of one of the

sometimes or other

such as are to be seen in the following

professions of faith

Is at

it is

Mongol

*p~Jh tf^j^ *&\*** Musalman books and writings.

kings of Persia,

list,

used as

coins

Arghun, and on some

Syria and Palestine, struck under Christian influences, there substituted for

J^li

<dS

"in

this formula

the

name

(jwjjJiM ^-^}\ 5 crf^ J

of the

The same formula

Alphonse Till

Spain into

(or

U!L

name

^.<j

j*w) USL

(jwiJJi!!

^'^ (^

lengthened on coins of

~$)\ j ^)\

c^S! ~uj

^J*^ ^\ ^ J^H M "In

the Eather and the Son and the

whoso believeth and

Father and the Son and the Holy

Ghost, one God." of

Holy

Ghost, the one

baptized shall be saved."

the

God;

11ELIGIOUS LEGENDS. TJie Jialhnah.

The Kalimah (Z*&\

literally

'the

Word/

called

the

also

Muslim

and In numismatic books generally the

Creed,'

madan symbol

found on most of the coins of rulers

or formula, is

The

holding the orthodox faith (Sunni). of

<d)l

it,

verse 21

ail

111

the second part, affirmative, *U1

;

verse of the 48th surah

Muhammad

Kalimah

often followed

There

no god but God,

God " (Palmer's

the Apostle of

the

AA.S-'*, is in

Oj^j

" 29th.

or negative part

first,

taken from, the 47th surah of the Koran,

Muham-

The

translation). '

given in the

list

Uis

part of the

<dSl

Jus

Kalimah

^ 31^

$3&.j

<dl

<d^J!

"who

Lujl dllb

;

<d!l

^.^

<^*

*jj\ is

A,*^

(UU &\ Ju*.

^\ .

ilSb SI

^y3 *lT^^3l\

Jy D

<xU\

^u*

The

first

^ d^l

The second part

A$jA\

"who

varied as follows:

in this

form

<dl\ 3\

*J1 S

I testify that

j^l

Muhammad

^* tc^

This constitutes what

^e ^ en^

( or

referred to

Other Continuations of the Bismillah and the Kalimah.

Ood

31 <11

bless our lord

no God but

Muhammad, and your God

He who

His

coins of rulers of the Shiah sect the

numismatic books as the Shiite formula.

sJt

to it 4-U!

favourite) of God."

U. id!!

servant and apostle."

ail

- *tf 1^1

no god but God, and I testify that

Kalimah has added

<ule

Jusj

a coin of a Sultan of Dehli the Kalimah

there

has no associate," the formula used

<d!

gives complete deliverance."

followed by other endings than the above

on the early Khalif coins ^SJl

Pious Phrases

of the

below, such as the following

& t*^jj$

e.g.,

one or

one

;

there

the compassionate, the merciful.

XTTMISMATIO.

There

no god but God,

the Mahdi

God

the

Muhammad

Imam

L,^\

jU1 God

-J^!i

ill!

the prophet of God,

of the nation.

Huliaminad and his family,

bless

Praise to

etc.

alone, etc.

All

l ^-.-

God

bless

Muhammad,

God

bless

Muhammad and his

God

bless

Muhammad and

God

our Lord,

J'. dAs^

Ij: <d!\

the seal of the prophets.

family, the good, the pure.

his family,

Muhammad

and peace be with them.

our prophet and the Imam.

KELXGIOUS LEG-ENDS. The following Koranic sentences are symbols or formulary sentences of Kor.

cxii,

God

alone,

nor This

God is

\^i<

eternal,

called the

He begets not and is not begotten, Him anyone.

Urnayyad symbol.

*^kJ

J^cSt

^Jj L/^lb

ix, 33.

Muhammad

the prophet of

religion of truth, to religion, averse

This

*L,1

id!!

u^uSI is

amongst the

there like unto

^jjjl

Kor.

J*J

also included

numismatic writers.

God

make

<*L

sent with guidance and the

prevail over every other

although idolaters

may

be.

sometimes called the second symbol.

Kor. xxx,

3, 4.

To God belongs the order before and

after

;

and in that day

the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

The of

translation of the sentences taken

E. H. Palmer, vols. vi and ix of

(2)

Kor.xxxv,

31.

verily our lord

Sacred Books of the East."

Sentences from the Koran.

Praise belongs to God,

Kor.

from the Koran are those

who has removed from us

our grief

;

forgiving, grateful.

^W! L^J

<d!

Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the "Worlds.

Kor. xxii, 40.

Permission

given to those

who

fight because they have

been

wronged, and verily God to help them has the might.

Kor.

JIUSALHAN

iv, 62.

and obey

Obey God,

tlie

Apostle,

and those in authority

amongst you.

Kor. x, 36. ^

Is then

who

lie

guides unto the truth more worthy to he

followed, or he that guides not except he be himself

guided

What

Kor.

Juu

ails

you then, how ye judge

A .

.uLi

^ ^ ^.k^ ^ j^U U *^

256.

ii,

God, there

no God but He, the

Slumber takes

Him

the heavens and what intercedes with

what

before

living, the self-subsistent.

His

not, nor sleep. is

in the earth.

him save by permission

them and what

comprehend not aught

what

Who

is it

that

He knows

behind them, and they

His knowledge but what

pleases.

Kor.ii, 258.

God Kor.

ii,

208, and

God provides Kor.

who

the patron of those

iii,

for

iii,

32.

believe.

whom He

pleases without count.

17.

<d!l

^SLJl

Yerily (the true) religion in God's sight

Kor.

ix,

112.

<dll

Yerily God hath bought 7

Islam.

J.*^:

of the believers their persons

their wealth, for the paradise they are to have shall fight in the

way

of God.

;

and they

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS.

Kor.

Ixi, 4.

Yerily,

God

who

loves those

His cause in ranks as

fight in

though they were a compact building.

LJ<J j

cdll

uXliJ L

i_O Lsft

l-srii

.*S ->

Ivor, xlviii,7 1-3.

we have

Yerily

\'j

1.^ v

^/-y

given thee an obvious victory

pardon thee thy former and later

sin,

that

and

<d!1

may

o-^J* ^o > God may fulfil

His

favour upon thee, and guide thee in a right way, and that

God may help thee with

vj^-

mighty help. <dl\

(j^>-

Kor. xxxiii, 33.

God only wishes of

Kor. kvii, Blessed be over

Kor.

to take

away from you the

horrors as people

His house, and to purify you throughly.

ix,

1. j (J^ fy ujCUl ^A-j ^jJl u jte He in whose hand is the kingdom, for He is mighty

all.

113.

Those who repent, those who worship, those who praise, those

who

fast,

those

who

bid what

those is

who bow

clown, those

right and forbid

and those who keep the bounds

who

what

adore,

wrong,

of God, glad tidings to

those that believe.

Kor. xvii, 83.

l5yy Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished is

Kor.

God

verily falsehood

ix, 130. is

transient.

enough

for me.

^*u^.

MUSAL31AK NUMISMATICS. Kor.

iii,

God

Kor. Oil)

167.

J/J1

enough

vlij

for us, a good guardian is

..^L*** UsJ V W"

123.

our Lord

He. .

*SJ1

c J! LJ \*** L*ifi "

C_>

pour out upon us patience and cause us to die

-Moslems.

Kor.

^\ LjlX LJ\ uXJlj L1<J uXi^ b,

Is, 4.

Oh, our Lord

on Thee do we

unto Thee the journey Kor.

The

unto Thee

rely,

si, 51.

^Jlx*l!

issue is for those

Kor.

who

*^J\ JN

^^^Ul He

the best of keepers, and

-LsUH

fear.

xii, 64.

But God

turn, and

is.

lliiU-

^.-^

^HU

the most merciful

of the merciful.

Kor. xx, 113.

Exalted then be God, the lung, the Truth.

iisb ^.o 1^1, ^ s j

Kor.

>-/>,u.cn

are near to

them

find in

those

who

ii,

you

you sternness

(

and

of the misbelievers,

and know that God

;

/d!\

let

with

^ix!\ " c_" \

suffice

Kor.

66.

iii,

fear.

131.

God will

thee against them, for

He both hears and knows. <d!l

Say, verily the true guidance

Kor.

^JL^I

who

Fight those

Kor.

W.^ J^ >

\.j^j.

is, 124.

^JJb ^J^J!

J5-

U_^ J

Ji-

the guidance of God.

xlii, 22.

Say, I do not ask for

a hire, only the love of

my kinsfolk. And

he who gains a good action we will increase good for him.

J*yJj Kor.

<dH

J* j

Wy.

AlH

^^H

ix, 51.

Say, naught shall befall us save for us

;

what God has written down

our Lord and upon

God

believers do rely.

EELIGIOUS LEGEXDS. lij

Kor.

L_<L!1

25.

iii,

God, Lord of the kingdom

Say,

whomsoever Thou

Jf J L_<U!I iJJl. JM J-

from,

whomsoever Thou

Thou

pleas est

hand

pleasest,

Thou

givest the

pleasest,

Thou honourest whom.

whom Thou

and abasest

pleasest

Say,

God

Kor. scix,

God

alone,

not begotten, nor

He who

o,^.! <tU!

y J-

He begets not Him anyone.

eternal,

and

there like unto

Lp~

JUi^ Ju*j

^,J

(

does the weight of an atom of good shall see

it.

Kor. xviii, 37.

There

Thy

exiij

;

good. !l

Zor.

kingdom

and strippest the kingdom

^dllj SI

no power save in God.

Kor. sxx,

3, 4.

To God belongs the order before and

after

and in that day

;

the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

Kor. xl, 16.

Whose Kor.

^WJLII

the kingdom ?

J^Ul

*il

Jl]

God's, the On'e, the Dominant.

Ixi, 13.

Help from God and victory nigh,

so do

Thou give

glacl tidings

unto the believers. "

Kor.

ii,

ij^tu

Ji tly

A.J

cd!!

<ui

^yt^y

Lu.

281.

Fear the

clay

wherein ye shall return to God

soul be paid

wronged.

what

;

then shall each

has earned, and they shall not be

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS. <dH

Ivor, si, 47,

I entrust ray affair to God.

Kor. xvii, 106.

*^r^

Jj3 JLsSl^

In truth have we sent

Kor.

vi,

The

perfect words

down, and in truth has

conie clown

114, 115.

we know

are sent

Ee not thou,

with truth.

then,

down from thy Lord of those who doubt.

Jut

Kor.

And

xlviii, 29.

who

those

are with

believers,

mayest

him

are

from the

;

their

thou

;

marks are on their

effects of adoration.

^j* ill

Kor.

themselves

them bowing down, adoring, craving grace

see

from God, and His good-will faces

vehement against the mis-

amongst

compassionate

^j^So v-^

ix, 34, 35.

Those who store up gold and God's

way

taste, then,

L*l

Kor. sxiv, 54.

God promises

;

and expend stored up.

not in

^^ ^ ^ p$A\~*)

those of you

will give

silver

what yc

who

believe and do right that

them the succession in the earth

gave

the succession to those before them, and He will establish for

them

their religion

and give them Kor.

which

after their fear safety in exchange.

xlvii, 40.

Tor God

has chosen for them,

the rich and you the poor.

*\jL&\

j*)\

(

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. &J\

Kor. xvi, 55. ;

And whatever Kor.

si, 90.

!Nor

comes

t^l

{

c^^ **^

<u!U

Him

God

grace through anyone but

;

Him

<d!l

U\jJb

^Jofi

For we should not have been guided had not God guided EOT.

122.

iii,

For victory Kor.

iii,

I turn.

41.

vii,

favours ye have, they are from God.

I rely and unto

Kor.

29'

rfj\

dd!l

^ ^ 21^1 U

^L^u^, ]s\^

96.

^Ub

^jSte jJii

*&&

guided into the

right way.

^ J^ J ^ N

iii,

dix,

J_Jb

^i LJ J

^SL

^.^U

79.

Whosoever craves other than Islam for a

religion, it shall

surely not be accepted for him, and he shall be in the

next world of those who

Kor.

kv,

lose.

And whosoever issue,

fears God,

and will

will for

provide

make

for

him

a [ happy]

him from whence he

reckoneth not. <d!l

Kor. Ixv,

J*>- jJyl jJb

dill

^t <u*j>-

<d!l

^jj

And whosoever God will

but from God, the mighty, the wise.

But Tvhoso takes tight hold on God, he

Kor.

us.

relies

attain

on God

}

His purpose

is sufficient for ;

God has

him

set for

;

JJLl verily

everything

a period.

Kor. xvii, 99.

And whom God

A^J! guides he is guided indeed.

id!!

J^j

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Kor. xvii, 84.

And we

and Kor.

send down of the Koran that which

-will

ii,

o^V ^

114.

the guidance.

158.

Your God

healing

to believers.

mercy

God's guidance Kor.

r^)\ one God; there

,^^)\

no God but He, the merciful,

the compassionate.

jj^ ^ft^AM,^, J

Kor.lvii,3.

the

and

and the

first

last,

and the outer and the inner

all

things doth know.

sent with guidance

;

Kor. k, 33.

it is

who

make

may

L>3J

of truth,

over every other religion, averse

prevail

although idolaters

and the religion

be.

Ll^ U*U u/UW

Ijl

Kor. sxxiii, 44. Oh, thou prophet!

and a herald \

Kor.

iii,

verily

of glad tidings,

\JLS\

sent thee as a witness

we have

and a warner and

\.J^

on the

alert,

(3)

200.

ye who believe

to call.

be patient and vie in being patient, and be

and fear God, that haply ye

may prosper.

Pious Expressions or Ejaculations.

May God

prolong his kingdom.

God

preserve him.

Long

life to

SjJ

<*U1

him.

KELIGIOTJS LEGENDS.

y^i-Jt JlJ ilN Ulwt The Host High God preserve the Ifusalmans.

God

God order him

Hay God

his

prolong

aid

and

God make him God make him

<dll

him.

assist

glorious.

his

reward be

God make him

;

#;^ -

djJl

a good guardian is

God

<dSl

J^f

<d!l

$L>-

He. J-^&Sl

lu*u>-

^3 ^

enough for me.

God

cdSij^

i-^

great.

diSl

IfcLzJl

illustrious.

most great; glorified be -His glory.

God is enough for us

dUl djlc

^'^

his victory glorious,

Hay

glorious in victory.

God make

i\^

might endure under God's favour.

God

<d!l

aright.

government.

U?U\

<dS!

protect.

aruard him.

'The true God, protector of the manifest truth.

The

eternal

God and

c~?JU JijJ! >^U!1 " y -/

everlasting Lord.

God

our Lord,

Huhammad

our Apostle, the Hahdi our Imam.

God

our Lord,

Muhammad

our Apostle, the Abbas our Imam.

God

is sufficient.

God

Lord,

OGod. God ordered

faith

and

justice.

MUSA.L3IAN XUMISILATICS.

a ^ fy God ordered faith and from

^1,

justice on piety

j J'o ^

UJI.

and reverence. Blessing

Clod.

All power

of God.

I trusted in God.

God make

God

God strengthen

his authority

clear his proof.

AJb^j

^Ifc j

illuminate

proof.

.VJ

e^! <d!l

<d!t

Ajl

jlil

and make him glorious in victory.

LjX*

etc.

<dJ

<d!lj

jjl . ^Jll^L Jjl .

God strengthen him and make him happy.

sd*~\

The Most High God strengthen him.

God strengthen him and

ilS^J

iU\

x+sj

God strengthen and help him.

JJI ^

<Ulc!

According to God's ordinances.

cdl! ^

^JUi'

his victory,

Jj\

il!l

<d!l

seeks guidance in God.

jSrmly trusts in God.

j^j JJL^*J

Blessings. etc.

jl -

Blessing on Musi the successor under the Muslim covenant. ?

Blessings from God.

In the name In the name

God the All

In the name

May

<d!l

of God.

Bountiful.

God the Supreme.

the enemies of God be scattered.

Hallowed "be the might of God.

>^^ *^*!i il!\

aiil

Trusting in God. I have put

trust in God.

<dSI

^* ^> <d!l

***>

<*iSI

IkXc!

+**} i}'

RELIGIOUS LEGEXDS.

Trust in God; glory be to God.

Glory be to God's protection

His glory

arid

<d!

<d!t

$j*\\

protecting and very great.

God

the preserver of

May God

jSbf JSi :

protect

The Most High

Gocl guard

The Most High God guard and make it

The Lord

God

safe.

<dl

l^<\

is sufficient

^!Uj

is sufficient for

God

it.

<UA;

it.

sufficient for

for us.

alone.

U^.^

*!J\

^,>-

diil

l^^

<dl\

^y.U,

J JoJb ifArx. <d!

^USl) ^^Ul

<d!

cdi

Praise to God, Lord of all created beings.

Strength and power are God's.

<d!

^S^

May God

J^^

- 4jlk the Most

High God perpetuate, \*t\

May God

*S1U

adJ\

dU> -

diS

perpetuate.

May He

May

etc.

<ul

perpetuate his kingdom for ever.

<d!l

me.

Praise to God. (or

<U*

LC'

royal order.

God

me.

order of the Just One.

Praise to

<d!t

<d!l

protect him.

by His favour.

it.

all things.

God guard

J-^>

<dH L

God.

Glory,

God

J^ J<^

d!L>-a dlilb dJl J,s>

majesty.

ijSl^ dJJ!

perpetuate.

MrSAJQIAN SOIS1UTIC3.

May God

perpetuate his kingdom, and regard him abundantly.

ITay his kingdom endure.

Hay Ms

khalifat endure.

May Ms

reign endure for ever.

Jjd\j\ Hay Ms kingdom and

Hay

AillaL

*O.

,J J

rule endure to the end of time's revolutions.

his khalifat, etc., endure.

The Imam summons

<uL*

(all

men)

<fc^!aLs

cu^l

to the profession of the

Unity

of the Eternal God.

God guiding them.

Earthly things are transitory,

<dSl

keep them in subjection to God.

y Lord

God.

j jU

Mercy be upon, God reward them.

^A^

<d!l

God reward him.

<Ue diH

Peace upon him. Peace upon

Mm and his ancestors. God

Praise to

Thanks be

God

bless

Mm and his family. God

alone,

<A!

to God.

d\j

bless him.

<uL

<dll

^ulc

<dl\

Bless him.

God

bless

bless our lord

Muhammad

Muhammad.

an'd his

family

*x*s=*

all of

U Juo

1-c-

them pure.

L^%^=>-J

<d!l

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS.

God

bless

Muhammad and Ms

Blessings of

God on him and

family, and save them.

and his

his ancestors, the pure,

descendants, the illustrious.

God

increase

^liU-l <d!l L^

increase his majesty.

majesty and further good fortune, and make

it victorious.

God illuminate them. It

God who

Safety

May

lies in

gains the victory.

<d!i

<dll

scrupulous piety,

his future life he prosperous.

May Ms

future life be praiseworthy.

The Abbasi

May

our Imam.

his victory be glorious.

JUi\

Perpetual glory to the eternal Lord.

Glory

God The glory

^Jl

from God.

glorify his victory, is

a proof of God.

Glory and apostleship are of God.

<dll

Majesty

In the name In God

<JLsf^

d'-L^ij

Glory be to God.

God.

<d!

<dl

God's.

<d!

<d!1

<d!l

^aj

J!l 5jx!l

Jj*H

<uk*ll

my trust,

My reliance

<^J J

on Him.

Peace be with him.

God prolong Peace and piety are of God.

his life.

^jJl

,*LJ jJJl

*LJUin

31CSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.

Vt'ith

God.

<d!

Help, I

God.

seeking protection,

lias

^^2*. <UJ1 dJJI

I have

committed

cause

I cjCu:r <d!

\a^

L^r^ e> -*

whom

God, with

jjyi

w^xi.

conquered.

Vnw"'

ja~

<d!l

reckoning. <d!l

*,x=*.

I have committed alone

^^^

cause to

(

JU;

<d!^

^c. V^jl (

I--

-"'

God the Most High, with Him

my reckoning. In the way

of God.

God The Koran

Power is

Strength

<dl

power.

the word of God.

J-^ d

*SJl

+& ^^!|

ttt]

with God.

<dJU ijJiH

wholly God's.

May

he be happy.

God guard him. All

All power

is of

God.

from God.

o service

!No

<dl

There T

iySj

^SLUb

justice.

J JjtSl;

no victor but God.

o strength

<d!

but of Islam.

crown but by

God's.

no power or strength but from God. T

^d!

strength but from God. All government

There

'ij^&\

but from God.

<OJ\ S!

L.JU

<d!b S\

To God.

To God be the power.

<d!

*ii

UELIGIOUS LEGrENDS.

**.

J^x)

li/

To God be the power, as in old time

J-o u. ^7* >-^

so henceforth.

^^s\

<di

j Ju^el

<di

Praised be God. Praised be God, and to

Him

be the power.

i_L*J!

To God be the

glory.

Sjdl

<d!

dlt

$j&\

<dS

L*A\

aii

^-Jl Jhtfl^U It is God's justice that prevails

<dl

the manifest justice.

To God be the power. Praise be to God.

To God and by Him.

<Lu <d!

Amen, Amen, Amen.

Glory to God for ever and ever. (Christian.)

As God

How near is The

blessing of the

May God

the consolation of God.

<xlll

Most High be upon him. strengthen

him with

The kingdom be

*A&\

victory.

Maledictions on the enemies.

who darken

<uL:

The Faith be

Cursed be those

<dJ\

pleases.

to God. <XjjU!l

<d!l

<dS

counsel.

to the one God, the Compeller.

The kingdom be

The kingdom be to God The sovereignty and

to God.

the Bountiful, whose aid

justice are twins.

^Uly

The dominion and glory be to God.

The dominion and grandeur be

to God.

begged.

Jd*!!^

<dl

<d!

>J\ ^

^O <LUi

MUSAL3IAX ISTMISMATICS.

The The

3Iacllii is

praise be to God.

the Ehalif of God.

<dl

<d)l

the victory and the triumph and the felicity and the prosperity.

Victory

by the goodness

"but

God

Help

Victory from God, and no power

God.

"but

<d!b

^^P-

near,

*^j*

<d!i

by God.

most excellent Lord God.

<d!l

>Ji\

most excellent the able God. most excellent victory from God.

j\sl\

<d!l

ill

"We glory in the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, by

whom we rection,

have our safety and our

and by

whom we are

life

and our resur-

delivered and pardoned.

He He

generous.

the defender.

Oh! protecting God. Oh! Imam

bestowing one, Shahan, oh

^b J

b (jL* b ^kr^ b

oh! ever yearning one, oh!

one, I

recruiter

good and

Lord

of the age.

U;\ !

Ali, son of

evil,

ever

Sultan.

<dH

Ja^far the true.

b ^Is- b

Oh! compassionate

Musa, with

whom God

J^j>\

^y*

well pleased.

L^^U

^ Jjs b

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS, L^OtAu^/* *

judge of necessities,

oli

p-v^.

sufficient in difficulties.

Oh! Lord.

Oh etc.

J^5^

r;/

*U\

Jj J^

trusts in God.

aider.

<d!b

seeks help of God.

Pate works for him.

Holding the rope

of God.

J^ .j^r U jij

glories in great qualities.

i^****

<dH

j^j

UJsic

J Jj

<dJb

OF GOD, Instead of

iSJI,

or in addition to

on coins by one or more

names are

called

^0*^1 *UJI

i <dl!

By tradition

Koran (xx,

there are ninety to

are, as different writers give

the Royal Asiatic

article in

"The most Comely Sames,"

gives as

which he had obtained from various sources

as 552,

comely names/ but there seems

Hr. Redhouse, in an

Society's Journal, 1880, on

many

These

or attributes.

"God, there is no god but He! His

be no certainty as to what those 99 different lists.

sometimes mentioned

in the words of the

(Palmer).

names

excellent

God

are the excellent names

and nine

*UJ1

^j^.s'1

it,

His other names

these have been gathered, in the following

list,

;

from

those which are

the most often used, according to authors (Hottinger, Herklot,

Meninski, Rogers Bey, Yratislas, T. P. Hughes), and usually found

on talismans and amulets, for they are much used in that way.

JoJ

One

The God The "Worshipped One

The Repenter

(of

wrath) <_>ljj

TheTJniter

The All Compeller

^Ls!

The Last

The Awe Inspiring One J-Ls)

The Erst

The Guardian

The Maker

The Outstretcher

The Judge.

UJ!

The Reckoner

The Interior (hidden) One

The All Preserving One

The Sender Porth The Enduring One

The Contriver

The Truth

The

....

Arbitrator

The All Wise*

liui

The Good The All Seeing

The Ever Slow .

Anger

The All Praiseworthy One Ju

NAMES OF GOD. \\

The Ever Yearning One

The Living One The Abaser The Creator

The Externally Evident One

The Just One .

The Most Mighty One

Jj*Jl

The All Cognizant One

The Most Supreme One

The Ever Creating One

The Most High

fi/% jUijj

The All Knowing

Honour

Longsuffering

The Ever Pardoning One

jlsn

Possessor of Majesty and

....

The Pardoner

Possessor of Strength

The Upraiser

The Most Forgiving One

The Ever Forgiving One

. j

The Independent One

Lord

The Compassionate One

The Ever Opener

The Most Merciful One

The Grasper

The Ever Providing One

The Acceptor

The Eight Guider

The Able One

The "Watcher

(

...

The Compellor

The Existent One

The Most Indulgent One

The Most Holy One

The All Hearing One

The Almighty

The Safety

The

'The Swift One

All Previous

One

, i

The Thankful One

The Yery Strenuous One

The Yery Near One

The Yery Strong One

The Grateful One

The All Compelling One

The Witness

TheE ver Self-E xistent

The True One

The

Sufficient

One

The Longsuffering One

The Yery Great One

The Eternal One

The All Bountiful One

The Most Pleasant One L

The Hurtful One

^llail

Ono^^a!

C$$\

3IUSALMA.N

The Glorious One

^O The Putter Forward

The

iL*l:

kwJUll

Just Distributor

;

Owner

of the

Kingdom

TheGiverofDailyBreadc^JUl!

The Hinderer

The

, :

The Originator

t_U!l

The Death Causing One C^/MJ\

. ;

The Manifest One

....

Iving

The Ever Bestowing One ^\L^\

The Taker

*u/

Vengeance

The High Exalted One The Proud One

"Who hath not been begotten

. ;

The Tory Firm One

The Postponer

The Believer

The Favourably Answering One

The Confiding One

The Host Glorious One

The Advantageous One

The Teller or Numbcrer

The Good Patron

The Comprehending One

The Good Aider

TheYivifier

The Light

The A baser

The Perceiver

The

Sole

The

Inheritor

The Eemover

The One whose Aid

invoked |

....

The Shaper

The Eaiser

Honour

The Giver.

j-JUl

^Jd\ }

>*5

**J

jJl .

te*-\^\

.... te~\}\

The Ample One

CJ^Ul

... -j-J^V .

^J\f\

The Most Affectionate One tyfi

The Comprehensive One

The Returner

The Adjoining One

One

....

The Guardian

The Aider

The Maker Independent

^**M

*-*-*^l .

J^V

The Yery Next Adjoining One

The Able One

The All Bestower

The Meter Out

The Eoad Guide

c-;lS^l

-jUi

THE FOUR KHALIFS.

THE FOUR KHALIFS. The four orthodox

very commonly on

two

title is also

added. "What

Umar

the timid,

Uthman

the

lights, Ali the chosen.

The same, with the

definitive

the Dehli coins the Ji irregularly, one or

Abu Bakr

Their names appear

from the following coin legends.

the faithful witness,

father of

arranged around the central legend

coins, often

these titles are will be seen

Abu Bakr

-^ ^\

Sometimes their L-^! or

or obverse area.

Immediate successors of

Imams,

Ivhalifs,

~ the Prophet, are ^Lc (jUls j^z.

to the titles.

Jl prefixed is

two having

the faithful witness,

prefixed to the titles very it,

Umar

the others not.

the eloquent,

Uthman

the defender, Ali the chosen.

Abu Bakr

the faithful witness,

timid, G-od

Grod

God reward him, Umar the

reward him, Uthman the lord

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Haidar (i.e.

Abu

the truth of

modesty

the truth of of

two

lights,

Ali).

Bakr, by the justice of Umar, by the

Uthman, by the wisdom

Abu

the truth of

Abu

Uthman, wisdom

of Ali.

Bakr, the justice of Umar, the modesty

Uthman, and wisdom

^b By

reward him, Ali the chosen, ^od^xawa*44irm.

of Ali.

^Lc ^Uifr

(J^^fr J j^^j ^!

Bakr, justice of Umar, meekness of of Ali.

COALMAN

NUMISMATICS.

THE TWELVE IMAMS, The Shiahs claim

as the only legitimate Khalifs or successors

of the Prophet, his son-in-law All, husband of Fatima, and their

descendants to the number of twelve, the last of

reappear as the

Hahdi

whom

cU-ii

SON OF

i---i!

PATRONYMIC.

Chosen.

Lion

Ali

All

TITLE.

AbuTalib

or Director before the end of the world.

God.

Pleasing.

Aba Abdallnh

The Martyr. Prince by birth.

Husain

Abu ^Muhammad c

Lord

the

servants of God.

.. t

Ornament

of the

servants of God.

The"Worshipper. Ali Zain

Abu

yLJI The

Ja'far

Great.

al-Abidin. 6.

Jbt^s

^luhammad Abu Abdallah

j oLall The

Just.

al-Bakir

\~**Y* Js-.

Ja'far

Abul Hasan

JiliSl

The

Silent.

Abu Ibrahim

Abu Abdallah 8.

Musa

Abul Hasan

*UJ1 The

Pleasing.

The Chosen. 9.

Aliar-Eaza Eakir

Abu Ja'far

Sani

The

Pious.

The

Liberal.

THE TWELVE

^^ SON OF 10,

^s.

13IA3IS.

PATRONYMIC.

Muhammad Abul Hasan

TITLE.

The Pure.

jUl The

al-Taki

Director.

The

Soldier.

J! The Tirtuotis.

Abu

Alial-ffaki

11.

The

Muhammad 12.

^s'* Hasan

Abul Ivasim

al-

Soldier.

The Pure. Coming.

Askari tlsf*-

,_c^f

Hajjat

JL?

Good.

Mahdi

Their names and attributes are on coins of Shiah kings, notably

on some of Uljaitu, Mongol of Persia, and other more recent Persian kings.

The

blessing of

and Husain,

God be on Muhammad and

Ali,

and Hasan

etc. '

The same legend with the the name of the last Imam.

God

bless

Muhammad

addition of Hs^-\ the

proof,' after

the Chosen, and Ali the Friend, and

Hasan [the Pleasing], and Husain the Martyr, and Ali the Ornament of the Servants of God, and Muhammad the Great, and Ja'far the True, and Ali the Pleasing, and

Muhammad

Musa

the Director, and Hasan the Soldier, and

Coming Proof.

the Silent, and

the Liberal, and Ali

Muhammad

the

JIUSADIAN SCHISirATICS,

God Mess the Prophet, and the

J,1

(Jy y

jj-^

Friend, and the Virgin, and

the two Gentle Ones, and the "Worshipper, and the Great

One, and the Just, and the Silent, and the Pleasing, and the Pious, and the Chaste, and the Pure, and the llahdi. Patimi, the daughter of

Muhammad

referred to under the title of the Virgin

Hasan and

and wife of

;

the two Gentle Ones are

Husak

Ali

Ali, is here

the favourite of God.

a -/

iSJ!

the most excellent of the Commissioners and [of God],

the

Vazir

of the best of the

Ali

Messengers

the test of God's elect,

(S.

Lane Poole).

iUl

CLASSIFICAIIOf OF COIIAGES,

In the

introduction, to the first

Oriental Coins Catalogue

it is

volume

will be arranged in the order proposed

and

in other books

such and such a

But Fraehn's arrangement

form

It is here given in the original

each class

Museum

and adopted by Fraehn,"

on Oriental numismatics reference

class.

so spoken of as easily found, although

Supplementa"

of the British

said," These plohammadan dynasties]

of that author, ed. B.

added the name of

if it

made

Nova

as published in the

Born, 1855

;

and alongside

book and in

as used in this

Museum

not to be

were generally known.

modern books generally, and the volume Oriental Coins of the British

of the Catalogue

which the

class

of is

described.

It will be seen that list,

India.

himseli

coinages are not included in Fraehn's

made some

others did the same.

many

notably the Kings of Dehli and the ITuhamniadan States of

Mohammadan

appendices, and Dorn, Soret, and

Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, however, in his

Dynasties/' a book of the highest value to the

student of Oriental numismatics, adopts an arrangement of the dynasties,

west to

after the Khalif s of

east, i.e.

Baghdad, in geographical order from

from Spain to India, with certain modifications

arising from historical sequence

which, probably, will

now

;

and that arrangement

one

be generally followed.

This table of classification will also, difficulties as to

it is

hoped, remove some

names or synonyms used by writers

;

for instance,

Chulaguidse and Hulaguidi for the Ilkhans or Mongols of Persia,

Ehans

of the

of Turkistan,

Patani

DschutschidsDj Dsehudschidse, and Jujidse for the

Golden Horde, Ileki and Eelik for the Khans for

Pathan Kings of Dehli, Sebaktiginiclse for the Ghaznawi or

Kings of Ghazni, and Babaridse for the Moghul Emperors of Dehli,

Ml'SAKMAX ^rMIS3 'S

CONSPECTUS CLASSIOL

CLASSES AS GIVES or THIS BOOK, TV.

Z.3L

Claris.

L II.

Chalifcc Uniaijada?.

Umayyad.

Chalifce Abbasidss.

Abbasid.

III. Chalifoe Umaijadio in

Spanish Umayyad.

Hispania.

Ecguli 3Inrciie

Hamniudid, Abbadid,

Talenciiu.

Zayrid, Jahwarid,

Amirid, HudicL of

Kings Eeguli Hispanire

Denia and Murcia.

l^unid, Xasrid.

Dhirl Xun. Imanii Edrisidoe in

Idiisid.

, ;

Mauritania.

Emiri Aghlebida?.

Aghlabid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid.

IT. Emiri Tahiridsc. Y. Sofiaridic.

Saffarid.

Eeges Bulgharorum

Samanid, Sajid, Dulafid.

Khan

of Wolffa-Bulghan.

Wolganoruin. Emiriis Scheddadides.

VII. Chani Turkistaniso

Khans

of Turkistan.

Held.

VIII, Sultani Ghasnewidac s.

Vnia. IX.

Ghaznawi.

Sibuktiginida).

Glmridee.

Ghurid.

Choresmiscliahi.

Shahs

X. Emiri BuweihidsB.

Khwarizni.

Buwayhid.

Hamdanid^.

Hamdanid.

Principes Sijaridaa.

Ziyarid.

Governors of Sijistan.

Kakwayhid.

XI.

, ,

Tahirid.

TI. Emiri Samanidse.

Einiri Okeilidse.

Ukaylid.

Einiri Merwanidae.

Marwanid, Mirdasid.

r.f

Cat,

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. EEAEEN'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUM.

CLASSES AS GIVEN IN THIS BOOK. Vol.

Ctassis.

J5.il/.

XII. Sultani Seldschukidce

Great Saljuks.

A. In Persia.

Saljuks of Elarman, of

B. In Asia 3iinore.

Of al-Eum, of Arzarum.

Toknaristan, of Irak.

Burid, Saldukid, BaEisn-

mandid.

XIII. OrtokidBB.

XIV.

A. RegesMaredini.

Urfcukid of Maridin.

B. Eeges Keifse.

TJrtukid of Kayfa.

Atabeki.

Zangid.

A. llosulensis.

MosiL

B. Helebensis.

Halak

C. Sindscharensis.

of Sinjar.

D. In Dschesiret

of Jazirah.

ibn Oman.

DD.

Aserbeidscha-

Atabegs of Azarbaijan. Salgharid of Earis, Kings of

E, Buktiginidse.

XIV.

Chalifae Patimida).

XlVfla. Murabitse.

XI VJ.

Muwahliidaj.

Ahar.

Buktiginid,

Eatimid.

Murabit.

Huwahhid. Hafsid, Ziyanid,

Hudid

;

Marinid.

XV.

Sultani Aijubidse.

A. In JGgypto et Syria.

B. In Haleb.

BB. In Hama. C. InMeyafarekin.

Ayyubid. Of Egypt, Damascus, Aleppo,

Mesopotamia,

Hainan, Hinis, and Arabia.

Cat

B. Dsclianidas, Bocliarenses. C.

Chokandenses.

D. Chrwenses.

Janid of Astrakhan,

Mangit

Bukhara.

Khokand.

Khans

Khiva, Amir

Kashghar.

Amirs

XXIY.

Khans

of Budlis.

ImperatoresBaberidse

Eehli Emperors

Tipu Sultan Meisur-

Mysore Sultan.

(Emperors

Xone.

ensis.

Cananore, Atschin. *T.X.

Xepalenses,

Assamenses,

South India, Achin. Xepal, Assam, Ceylon (not Musalman).

Ceylonenses.

XXY.

A. Kara-Kojunli.

Kara-Kuyunlid.

B. Ak-Kojunli.

Ak-Kuyunlid.

C. Schirwanschahi.

Shirwan Shahs.

Till

Vll

CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES.

CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.

PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH.

Vol. of Cat.

B.M.

Claris.

XXV.

Sefidcc, Oweisidse.

Safavid, Afghan,

Efscharidoc, Sendidoj.

Afsharid

Ivatscharidie.

Kajar.

\ ^

Zand,

}

A. Chani Caucasici. a.

Chanatus Derbendensis.

Chanatus

Schirwanensis.

Amirs

Asia Minor.

viii

Schekiensis.

Karabaahensis.

XXVI. XXVII,

Sultani Osmanidas.

Othmanli.

Scherifi Mauritania}.

Sharif s of Morocco, Hasani.

and

Abd

A. Abd-ul-Kadir. B.

Imami

Arabia)

Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,

Felicis.

Eassid,

XXVIII. Afghani.

KN.

Filili.

al-Kadir.

Imams

of Sana.

Durrani, Barakzai.

Xone.

Central Asian.

Asisc Centralis.

Appendix

A. Eeges

Kings

of Spain.

Hispania}.

Xorman Kings

A. Xorraanni

Eeges a.B.

of Sicily.

Sicilia3.

Eeges Georgia

Antiqidores.

B. Eeges Pagratida?.

XX.

Georg. a Eussis

Kings of Georgia.

MUSALUAX NUMISMATICS. Vs

COXSPECTUS CLASSIFM.

CLASSES AS GIVES* ix THIS BOOK., VoL of 3.3T. Oaf.

Class! s.

Europseorum in

E.L Company

Collegia llercatoria.

'Num.

Appendix

II.

I/usit.

Emperors,

and

India Orientali

Malay None.

Settlements.

X.X. lluhaminadani Incerti.

Pathan Kings of Dehli.

Governors and Kings of Bengal.

Governors of Sind.

Kings

Kashmir.

Kings

Jaunpur.

Kings

Malwah. and

Gujarat.

Bahmani Kin^s.

CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES.

CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.

PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH.

Vol. of Cat.

B.M.

Claris.

XXV.

Sefidcc, Oweisidse.

Safavid, Afghan,

Efscharidoc, Sendidoj.

Afsharid

Ivatscharidie.

Kajar.

\ ^

Zand,

}

A. Chani Caucasici. a.

Chanatus Derbendensis.

Chanatus

Schirwanensis.

Amirs

Asia Minor.

viii

Schekiensis.

Karabaahensis.

XXVI. XXVII,

Sultani Osmanidas.

Othmanli.

Scherifi Mauritania}.

Sharif s of Morocco, Hasani.

and

Abd

A. Abd-ul-Kadir. B.

Imami

Arabia)

Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,

Felicis.

Eassid,

XXVIII. Afghani.

KN.

Filili.

al-Kadir.

Imams

of Sana.

Durrani, Barakzai.

Xone.

Central Asian.

Asisc Centralis.

Appendix

A. Eeges

Kings

of Spain.

Hispania}.

Xorman Kings

A. Xorraanni

Eeges a.B.

of Sicily.

Sicilia3.

Eeges Georgia

Antiqidores.

B. Eeges Pagratida?.

XX.

Georg. a Eussis

Kings of Georgia.

MTSALMAN NUMISMATICS. ^\jiL:

(a governor) -

J Jt2 Jyt*u*

A l1

Baysunkur Ak-Kuyunlid.

Ak-Kuy mil-id

On Abu

;t-J J-X- ^ILL:

<_**! Yaku

Sliali's.

*^ ^lliL; Ptiistam (a governor) - J^

^L'i

On Alimad

JU&

Said's.

vr ^u>^u ^ J Ai On

,!ijb (jllsLc

The meaning

~***

Husain Baikara (governor).

coins of Is still

The following counter-marks

are

doubtful.

on Shaybanid coins

c-: J Ai

Most

mentioned here will be found in the

of the places

mint towns, but others are uncertain

;

list of

they are given chiefly on

the authority of Tiesenhausen.

coin of Pir Buclak and

counter-marked AT

Eustanij

^^U^

Muhammad

with a Solomon's

^U^Lc

the date

*z~aj

seal,

^llsLs

J dj:

Karaman Amir, is a counter-strike <d! ; Amir of Mantasha, is counter-struck

Artin,

mark used by the Othmanlis.

counter- struck on a coin of G-hazan Mahrnud,

of Persia,

and

and many

probably an error for

Ak-Kuyunlid counter-marked coins of his pre-

a coin of Ala al-Din,

and one

;

Yakub ^U-

decessor,

Yusuf Fuyan, Kara-Kuyunlid,

on Jalair coins.

One

Mongol

Shaykh Hasan Buzurg

Shaykh Oways bear counter-marks, -

COUXTER-2IAHKS. *

- "f '

-^p-

; 1

{

*"'

v^Hy

t -

;

crr!^-

- ^.p*

some Caving on tliem both one of the niint-nanies and also d!\

These counter-marks are foil, etc.,

of various shapes^ round, oral, multi-

having usually within double lines the words in small

and are often hard to decipher. the Native States of India often bear marks of

letters arranged in a pattern,

The

coins of

stamping with punches of various shapes, known in that country as shrof -marks

commonly

;

they are made by money-changers, uJU*s,

called

shrof,

in the

bazaars

sarraf,

private marks for

currency purposes, and also to see whether the coin

really all

metal coated over, and they correspond pretty much to the chop-marks made on dollars in China. Countermarks are not common on them, but occasionally ^sft or some other silver or gold or a baser

JNagari letter or

two may be

seen.

MUSAL31AX

The names

XOI

iiusalmans are not easy to understand, and are

The

often a difficulty to the student.

following, taken mainly

from an

article

The Proper Xames

of the

Ifohammadans,"

Sir T, E. Colebrooke (Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1879),

will explain the system.

The 1.

names

different classes of proper

The

^L?

Alam,

the proper

name

are seven

of the individual.

Among

the Musalmans there are no family names as in Europe,

and the Alam corresponds nearly with the Christian name, as it is given soon after birth or at circumcision,

that 2.

The

<L^ is

by which he ,

Ejinyat,

the

and

familiarly known.

name

of relationship, as

when a person

described as the father, son, mother, or daughter of some

other person or object. 3.

The

u-^JL!

political,

Lakab, includes

titles

honour, religious and

and terms of reproach, descending even to personal

defects.

i.AwJ^, al-Ansab,

or L^-W*J

name

Ism-i-nisbat,

relations as to origin, kindred, land of birth or adoption, religion, trade or business, personal or other peculiarities, etc. 5.

<uLJI al-Alamat, ,

certain titles borne

by princes which

are not

reckoned among the personal appellations, but appear in diplomas or in the heading of State documents. 6.

The (j\^y Anwan,

The

titles

honour applied to others than

princes.

u^s*,

Makhalas, or

uAsC,

Takhallas, the

name

fancy assumed by poets.

The Alam

are arranged under three heads, viz.

(1)

Names

borne by Muhammad's own. family or his companions, including

the name of the Prophet himself in

its

threefold form

PROPER NAMES. the praised,

JUJsU -

^z~\

(juz

**** the

and

the most praised,

the

praised),

four Khalifs and the twelve Imams.

first

Sanies of patriarchs and prophets mentioned in the Koran, such

(2)

as >jl

Adam, iJU.^

Seth,

(^.^

Enoch,

- J ^oah, >U Shem,

<>*

^Jb^jl Abraham, J-ow-sl Ishmael, fj^s^\ Isaac,

_L^rl

Joseph, L-^-jt-i Jethro,

^-^

Solomon,

.^sT John,

and

its

names,

Some

J^y

CJ*Jli

L^J^-J Jonah, !?jJ Lot,

Job,

Hoses,

Saul, Jjlj David,

Zechariah, y.~? j-s Ezra,

jyb Hud, &\y*\

Imran.

synonyms,

i.e.

u-Ul

(3)

Elias,

<d!l

c^yj

^l^Ls

^c"^

Jesus,

servant of G-od,

God under any

servant of

Jacob,

Aaron,

^,b>

other of His

e.g.

of these are also included

under Lakab.

The Kunyat might be translated as the surname or cognomen it is

made up generally

the father or son, as J^-s*^

word making a such as ija&>-

Under

*J\

sort of character

*}\

this class

father, or

*>\

father of a

s*~^

^j\

;

with the name of

son,

or with

some other

[

name, sobriquet, or nickname,

young

lion,

come such surnames

father of victory.

**\

as Babar,

Arghun, Aghlib,

Arslan, Timur, and others.

The Lakab,

or honorary title, is applied either in the

form of

a compound, of which those expressive of zeal for the faith or of political

importance are the most common, or by a single word or

epithet, like the Augustus, Pius, or Felix of the

Lakab

largely used upon

coins,

known by it than by their Alain oa llusalman coins

or Ivanyat.

given below, and

coins the class or dynasty in

Romans.

The

and ruling princes are more

list of

those found

as a help in attributing

which the particular

title

was used

added.

The al-Ansab and the Takhallas need not be considered with regard to coin-legends, but the al-Alamat and the

much

Anwan

are of

interest in numismatics, as the kingly titles are in

cases characteristic or peculiar to the dynasty

;

a list of

therefore given of a similar kind to that of the Lakab.

many

them

(Lakab).

Brother.

Gujarat,

Choosing the Country and Pteligion.

oJ!

,.;

^U->-

Bengal.

Lion

Alexander Bahadur.

Shaybanid.

Dehli Kings.

Of the Age.

Good Fortune Kings

of the State,

IS.jJi

,jl#

^UjJ!

of the State.

<LL\il

JU-I

Denia and Majorca.

The Trusty.

Abbasid.

Amir

Dehli King.

the Faithful,

Atabegs.

Zangid.

^f^y

Of the Faith.

Ghaznawid.

Zangid,

Marnluk.

Ghaznavid.

^jSljU^I

Full Moon,

Paleinbang Eaja.

Of the Messiah.

Georgia,

Slave.

Of the Shah of the

Shah

illayat, i.e. Ali.

^JuJ-

c-AUU

of Persia.

Dehli King

Hudid.

(Muhammad

Taghlak).

Ghurid.

Buwayhid.

Marwanid.

Ukaylid.

Samanid,

^jjJL Hudid,

Chief of Batika.

Ghurid,

Dependent.

UjJl

Ceuta Kings. Turkistan.

,lJu*l

Splendour. iljdSl

HONORARY Bahmani.

Dehli Kings.

Ghaznawid.

Hudicl.

Governor of

^OuK

King

TITLES.

Ljol

Crown.

of Saragossa.

<LLjJl

&1.^

Sijistan.

Of the World.

Sultan of Aehin.

JUll

Buwayhid. Sitting on the Throne.

Eajgarh State

(of

Queen

The Constant.

Muwahhid.

In the way

]\Iuwahhid.

Seeker.

^^UH

of God.

<d!\

J^f* 1^ 5

^jJljLj^ Golden Horde.

Shah

Pious in the Faith.

Ayyubid.

3Iarinicl.

^j^J

Victoria).

Dehli Kings.

Msabur.

Golden Horde.

Saljuk. Jalair.

Dehli Emperor.

Bengal.

Ghaznawid.

il jJ\

Mirdasicl.

Bengal.

Kashmir.

Shah Inchu Ahu Ishak.

^i^\

^JJi

&^\ j

Beauty.

Mamluk. il^ll

JUS!

Aehin.

Ghaznawid.

<ILJI

Ukaylid.

Dehli Emperor.

Ghaznawid.

Khwarizm.

Ghaznawid.

Fatimid.

JL>-

Georgia.

Dehli Queen Eizia.

Bnrid.

Glory.

->>

<L!jd!\

Hand, ^.l

Conqueror of the World.

aJJl

^d!

Of the mark

Guardian.

God.

<d!l

^Lt

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Maniluk.

Ayrubid.

Dehli King.

Judge.

Fatimid.

Dehli Kings and Emperors.

E.I. Co.

^JJ

Defender.

Indian States.

Bahmani.

Mamluk.

Sword.

Saraanid,

Ukaylid.

Urtukid.

ITamluk.

King

of Toledo.

Georgia.

jSasricL

Idrisid.

Beautr.

Zairid.

Moorish.

Mongols

Slave of God.

of Persia.

Dehli Emperor.

J?ji J

Just Ruler.

One who invokes (God).

Imam

of Sana.

<U;i

To the

Tabaristan.

Holder

Abbasid.

HndicL

truth.

two

jLsJi

, }

^o-l> J! J M ^ "J U/"

offices.

Of two dominions.

.J'jLJl

Of two swords.

Abbasid.

Spanish King

Of two

of Teifa.

Abbasid.

Dulafid.

Abbasid.

Tahirid.

Of two

glories.

t.;

vizicratcs. (

Behli Emperor.

Dehli King.

,*-J

;S\

Of two right hands.

Asylum

Hoper

for tie

mercy

of the Faith.

God the

bountiful.

HONORARY Saljuk

(

Abbasid Khalif). Samanid.

Abbasicl.

Marinid.

Abbasid.

TITLES,

Orthodox.

<d!b

Easid.

Buwayhid.

Content.

<dib

MuwahMd.

<d!b

The Guider.

Spanish Abbasid.

Zl*d\

Mirdasid.

Abbasid

The

(All).

Dehli Queen Bizia.

^AlLuJwvH Of eminent degree.

Pleasing.

Accepted.

c^W,\!!

^j^}\

Indian State Saronj (of Queen Victoria)

Dehli Emperor.

Behli Emperor.

Ll^l\ !

Saljuk.

^L4 Maoiluk.

Ziyarid.

Urtukid. Saljuk.

Bengal.

Amul

LLjJ Prince.

Khwarizm.

Achin.

^^\

TJkaylid.

Leader of the State.

Achin Queen.

Pure in the Eaith. Of the servants of God.

Kashmir.

^UH

JjjJl

Ornament.

Filili Sharifs.

Mamluk. Buktiginid.

Pillar.

Buwayhid.

Zangid.

Urtukid.

^oJl^LjjJ

Dehli Kings.

Turldstan. Saljuk.

^jJ Mamluk.

Ghaznawid.

Shadow Dehli Emperor (Shah Alam)

Ghaznawid.

of Divine Favour,

ill

Abbadid.

Dehli Emperor (Bahadur Shah).

ty<d\

Lamp.

^i^'

J\^-

MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.

Eamdanid.

<LhjJJ

llamluk.

liarlnicL

The Fortunate.

The Second.

DehiiKing.

Dehli Emperor 3Iurad Bakhsh. Bengal.

Felicity.

.jW

Alexander.

Bengal.

Afalwah.

Jondhpur.

KakwayMd,

Bahmani.

^jj\

"Worthy to

"be

Eminence.

^^J

called the

J*^5-

friend of the Compassionate.

ILjJI

Kakwayhid.

Light.

Ghaznawid.

Spear.

IS^!I

Samanid.

lUl

Burid.

Ayyubid.

Easnlid. ^iL!l!i

Prop.

Sword.

G-haznawid.

^JJI

Yaman.

of Sana.

King

Danishmandid.

Mamluk.

Samanid.

TJrtukid.

King

Jaimpur.

Sind.

Ghaznawid.

Zairid.

Dehli King.

Behli Kings.

Bengal.

,*U^

Hudid.

Fatirnid.

Hamdanid.

Zangid.

Turkistan.

AyynMd.

Zangid.

King. of Tortosa.

Mirdasid

Whelp.

*U "V*

HONORARY

TITLES.

Ghaznawid.

Ail

Spanish Iloiayyad.

Toledo.

Zairicl.

Buwayhid.

<_J

Glory.

&$*^\

Turlastan.

1'kaylid.

Aubid.

i-^

Danishmandid. Bengal.

Atabeg.

^.jJJKLjj^ Sun.

DeliliKing.

Bahmani.

Gujarat.

Turldstan.

Atabeg.

BuwayMcl. Urtukid.

Atabeg.

Budlis.

Jaunpnr. Budlis.

Kasulid.

.\*^\

Hashmir,

^Jdll

DeHi Kings and Emperors. Buwayhid.

1UH

Saljnk.

Eminence.

Ziyarid.

JLwJl

ol*3\

Burid.

Behli Kings.

^jJ^

Bengal.

LjjJ\

Bright Star.

Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).

Ghaznawid.

Turkistan.

Behli Emperor (Shah Jahan). Burid.

dJ j!| 5

Kashmir.

Maniluk.

Tunis.

Just.

ITamluk.

Ayyubid.

Hadramaut.

Good.

ISTasrid.

Queen

Little.

Zangid.

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Ayyubid.

amluk.

Buwayhid. Easulid.

Achin.

Brightness,

Maniluk.

Mirdasid.

Buktiginid. Easulid.

-L>

Rectitude. Easulid.

^jJl^

Achin.

I^t

LjjJ\

^Jl Keen Sword. ^\

Lion.

3IUSAL3IAN

Budlis.

Light.

llarwanid.

Buwayhid.

Ukaylid.

Lc=

Batiha.

Barakzai 'Abel al-Rahman) Abbasid.

Obedient.

Buwayhid.

Sataanid.

Ziyarid.

Sijistan.

Uncertain Moorish,

Abbasid.

Idrisid.

Abbasid.

Ayyubid.

Conqueror.

Jit

Fa timid,

Idrisid.

Abbasid.

Saljuk.

Main Ink.

Ayyubid.

Manifest.

Dehli Xing.

Fatimic'L

Shadow.

Dehli King, Saljuk.

Malay.

A chin.

Saljuk.

Shah

of Persia

Ghaznawid. Kashmir.

(Abbas III).

Ziyarid.

Lucknow.

Kakwayhid.

Supporter.

Dehli Emperor.

Georgia.

Ghaznawid. Danishmandid.

The

Ayyubid.

Just.

Ayyubid. <d!b

Idrisid.

Very commonly Eatimid.

Shaybanid.

used.

Excellent.

<d!l

Of God and his "Waliyat.

Slave.

iJj j

<dll

tX-

HONORARY Othmanii.

Fatimid.

Abbasid.

Dehli King

(Muhammad

Spanish Umayyad.

TITLES.

Taghiak).

The Aster.

Filili Sharif.

Ziyanid, Sintl.

Afghanistan. Fatimid.

Ghaznawid. Abbas.

Dehli Eing. Marinid.

Hafsid.

Umayyad.

Othmanli.

King

of Mercia.

Kashghar.

Sharif of Morocco.

Abbasid.

Shaybanid. '

Fatimid.

Othmanli.

The Adored One.

Bahmani. Abbasid.

Umayyad.

Samanid.

Spanish Umayyad.

Yalencia.

Muwahhid.

Marinid.

Sharif s of Morocco.

Shaybanid.

lluwahhid. Abbasid.

Shaybanid.

Abbasid.

Buktiginid.

<dil

e^^J

Urtnkid.

Zangid.

Ghaznawid.

Little Slave.

Bisposition.

Ayyubid.

Hamdanid.

^^\

Saljuk.

Zangid.

Dehli Kings.

^^11^

LjjJl

Glory.

Bengal.

Shirwan Shah.

Buwayhid.

^^\ ^

Ghaznawid.

Zangid.

Saldutid.

Danishmandid.

Mamluk. Buwayhid. 5

MTJSALMAX NUMISMATICS. Avrubid. Uanxhik,

Fatimid.

Golden Horde.

Excellent,

Fatiinid.

j *.^ >*>

<d!'j

Dchli Emperor (Ahmad Shall).

E.I. Co.

Bengal Kings.

Buwayhid.

<.d!!

Spanish Abbasid.

Ghaznawid.

Arm.

4jLL>-

Siyarid.

^ K

Msabur.

Ghaznawid.

Kakwayhid.

KakwayMd.

TJrtukid.

Saljuk.

Ehwarizm.

Saljuk.

Kisabin.

llongols of Persia.

Karainan.

llalwah.

Bahmani.

Bengal.

Ghaznawid.

Khwarizm.

i!j

Jvl

Sijistan.

&:.^

^^ *\J^.\

Glory.

Is.

Mamluk. Dehli Kings.

Malwah.

Ghaznawid.

Kakvayhid.

j*is

<L!.jJ\

Spanish Kings.

Zangld.

Saljuk.

jjl

Xaraman.

*JjjJ\

Kashmir.

^j^i

(*s

Malwah.

Bahmani.

Achin.

^l] jJ\ *

Bengal.

Ukaylid.

Buwayhid.

Ghaznawid.

Denia.

Urtukid.

Abbasid.

llarwanid.

<LLjJl

Buwayhid.

Saljuk.

Danishmandid. Saljuk.

Zangid.

Mamluk.

&}.^ Saljuk.

^.^\

Pillar or Support.

i!^jj\

Of the Amirs.

Chief or Safety.

\j*$\

Banishmandid.

Khokand.

Pillar.

*k~

jUt

Mamlnk.

Ayynbid.

Saragossa.

Buwayhid.

^oil^ UjjH

Urtukid.

Zangid.

Hudid.

Knowing.

&i^\

Bridle.

Hu^\ <dSl

Eye.

Champion.

HONORARY Xasrid.

Marwankl.

TITLES.

d!b

Ghaznawid.

Luckno\v.

x''

^*rl~

Rich,

&J'o

Xasricl.

^Lu^i

Bengal.

^U^

Mongols ^-

Shahs

of Persia.

Dehli Kings.

Zangid. Bengal.

s'j,;^

LL"

Ghnrid.

eL?*~

cL?^

Assister.

of Persia.

^^i

Defender.

*!L/J!

Buwayhid. Siiliuk. J

e^'U

Overcoming.

Ljjll

Othmanli.

South India.

Gujarat.

Bahmani.

Golden Horde. Saljuk.

Ghnrid.

Urtukicl.

Khwarizm.

Ayyubid.

Malwah.

^\ &:\^

t&\

War.

Overcoiner.

j&j

L*\i5f

Victory,

^.jiU

Ghaznawid.

in-l

Bengal.

^ji\j

Ghaznawid. Urtukicl. Danishmandid.

Mamluk.

*sr

UjjJ!

,.tJ^H

}}

^1^!!

^oM

Abbasid.

LJ jJI

Pearl.

Excellence.

Hamdanid,

JuJ

J*s

^111

Xasricl.

Ziyarid.

Glory.

{

Saljuk.

Buwayhid.

^vi

l!.jj\

Saljuk.

Dehli King (Shir Shah).

j5U

LjjJ\

of Persia.

Buwayhid.

Gujarat.

Bengal.

Shah

Golden Horde.

Fatimid.

Durrani.

Preceptor.

i^Sl

High

Orbit or Ship. Matters.

JUJ1

iJii

31USALMA3? XOII83IATICS.

Abbasid.

Buwayhid.

Kakwayhitl.

Ximitl

Ghaznawid.

3Iarwanid.

Amirid.

Teifa,

Powerful.

<dl'o

,jj

Toledo.

Turkistan.

Valencia.

Spanish Umayyad. Hammudid.

Distributor.

Idrisid.

*J3

Fatimid. Abbasicl.

AJJl?

Saljuk.

Conqueror.

Of the Enemies of God.

Bengal.

A!!!

JbU

J^3

Ghaznawid. Ghaznawid.

Abbasicl.

Fatimid.

Ayyubicl

Abbasid.

Muwaahid.

Eakwayliid.

Ghaznawid.

Turkistan.

Mamluk.

MurabiticL

the Decree of God.

^x^43\

<dll

Ghaznawid.

Companion.

^^^a^Sl

^\j LJjil

Dehli lung.

(c^s^

.^/tl

Pole Star.

S outh India.

Turkistan.

^JjjJl

Buktiginid.

TJrtukid.

Ehwarizm. Ghaznawid.

Zangid.'

Dehli Kings.

Saljuk.

^jJl Kashmir.

Gujarat.

Marwanid.

Bengal.

i'Jjdii

Buwayhid.

iljjJl

Buwayhid. Urtukicl.

^sb

<d!|

Saljuk.

Eatimid.

Bengal.

Guj arat.

Moon.

Support.

^jJI Zangid,

Mamluk.

ajjb

Ghaznawid.

Zangid.

Stedfast.

Saljuk.

Lliaylici

Hasani Sharifs.

Hafsid.

/ Mamluk.

Buwayhid.

Patimid.

Turkistan.

Buktiginid.

Ayyubicl.

Perfect.

HONORARY

TITLES.

Perfection.

^jM

Zangid.

Ghaznavid. Kurdish Chief.

Bmrayhid.

/-!!

Haindankl. Spanish. Abbasid.

King

BehliKing.

LjjJt

^jjJIj

Hamudid.

^l!b

Samanid.

Sana.

Inchu. Cordova.

Benia.

Rasulid.

^SJ!

Marinid.

Hudid.

<d!

^UU

Holding

Trusting in God.

Hafsid.

Badajoz.

Sp.

Ziyadid.

Bahmani. Warrior.

Ayyubid.

iJjA!\

Hudid.

^Ji\ In the Path

Dehli King.

Buwayhid.

of God.

Bengal. TJkaylid.

Kakwayhid.

Badajoz,

Cordova.

Grandeur.

.1^1

Kurdish Chief.

^oJ

Burid.

Ghaznawid.

Ayyubid.

Protector.

Eeviver.

<L!^*xH

Mamluk.

Urtukid.

^\ JU-M

Urtukid.

Saljuk.

fast,

Umayyad.

Gujarat.

Urtukid.

Pious.

Sijistan.

Xasrid.

Tahirid.

Warrior,

Strengthened.

Ikhshidid.

Hamdanid.

Buwayhid.

Abbasid.

Bounty.

Preserved.

of Keifa.

Muwahhid.

Xunid.

Abbasid.

Asylum.

Behli Emperor (Aurangzib).

JUS

3IUSALMAX NUMIS3IATIC&.

^^J,\ c^oUj

Distinguished by the

Bengal.

Grace of the Compassionate One. iluwahhid.

Xasrid.

lluwahhid.

Sp.

Eejcctecl

Umayyad.

Cliosen.

Majorca.

Guardian of Frontier.

BiiwayMd. Timurid.

Guide.

,.JjJ\

ti/

Dehli Emperor (Iturad Bakhsh). Abbasid.

Abbasid.

Sp.

Abbasid.

Atabeg.

Ghaznawid.

Umayyad.

id!b

d)b

Zangid.

Dehli Kings.

Ayynbid.

"Who implores help.

Burid.

Saljnk.

Saljuk.

Urtukid.

seeks directipn.

Seeker of Light.

dlSl^b

2angid.

to.

Atabeg.

Saljuk,

Msabur.

TJrtukid.

Abbasid.

One who

<d!L

Ghaznawid.

"Wedded

^J^

Atabeg.

Easulid.

Who

takes fast hold,

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Bahmani.

Gujarat.

Belonging to al-llust asim ; belonging to al-Salih.

Mamluk Queen

Shajar al-Durr.

Eatimid. Hamudid.

IdrisicL

Abbasid.

^sJJlj

a.Ub

Sp. Umayyad. Mamluk.

Abbasid,

Hudid.

<d!U

Buwayhid.

Dehli Kings.

Bengal.

seeks assistance,

Mebla.

"Who puts his whole

Sp, Umayyad. Samanid.

Yaman.

Who

ISTasrid.

Most High.

trust.

Volga Bulghar. Tuzun. Hamdanid.

Sijistan.

HONORARY Abbasid.

"Who implores help,

^Ul?

Urtnkid.

TITLES,

Zangid.

"Who seeks

<d!b

On many varieties

of coins of

Also 3Iuwahhid. llarinid.

between

A.H.

Hafsid.

Fatiaiid.

623 and 640.

Hammudid.

Dehli Kings.

Sp. TJmayyad.

aid.

Sind. l

Established by

God the

Ever Bestowing, the Overcoming.

Bahmani.

4-LiM

Buwayhid. Abbasid.

Sarnanid.

Ikshidid.

Hamdanid.

Buwayhid.

Amul

Governors.

Abbasid.

Shield, the

Ayyubid.

Amiricl.

Conqueror. 3Iainluk.

Talencia.

Gujarat.

Buktiginid.

^jtJJl^LjjJ

Buktiginid.

\*jL^\ 3

Mangit.

Buktiginid.

Salgharid.

Abbasid.

King Abbasid.

^uJb of

Yaman. "Who

Jj**S

^JJ

made

illustrious.

"Who

relies on.

Saragossa and of Sicily.

Euclid.

lluwahhid.

Valencia.

Easulid.

<d!b

BahmanL

Gujarat.

Abbasid.

-fc-jk*

Yaman

Sijistan.

Badajoz.

Turkistan.

Zayrid.

Obedient.

<0i

Ziyarid.

Prince.

Tuzun.

Easulid.

Exalted.

lluwahhid.

Dulafid.

Dehli Kings.

Saraanid.

Tulunid.

Muzaffarid.

<d!b

Of God the Gracious.

Bahmani. Dehli Kings.

Petitioner.

Abbadid.

0! God the Protector.

NUMISMATICS.

Hammudid.

Tulunid.

Abbasid.

Dawudid.

Saffarid.

"Who

^^L:

Abbadid.

Lion.

relies

upon.

Bulafid. j.ji\

Ukaylid. <d!b

Sp. TJmayyad.

ITamlnk.

Fatimid.

Saljuk.

Atabeg,

DeMi Kings

"Who honours,

Zayrid.

^ojj^ U3^\

Hazandaran.

King.

of Denia, Tortosa,

BuwayMd, Saljuk.

Arranged.

and Saragossa.

(xhaznawid.

Fatimid.

Zangid.

Saljuk.

<L!jjJl

Mirdasid.

Dehli Emperors.

&i^

Maldive.

Fatimid.

<d!l

Ayyubid.

^^^\

Urtukid.

Fixed.

^i\

(

Urtukid.

^Ul!\

Urtukid. Saljuk.

il^jJl

Timurid.

Dehli Emperors.

&}^

<v^

Buwayhid. Saljuk.

Atabeg.

Bengal.

Giving aid

^jJl

Othmanli.

,.^A!! o

Abbasid.

Committed to the care

to.

LoJl

Conqueror. i

of God.

<d!\

Tulunid. Saffarid.

Samanid.

Hudid.

Sajid.

Sijistan.

Yaman

<d!U

Abbasid. Abbasid. Ghazna-wid.

Powerful.

Governor.

<dl^lj Follower of the order of God. Saljuk.

t!&\

~\i

HONORARY The order Abbasid.

Ghaznawid.

Abbasid.

Tulunid.

of God.

TITLES,

<d!l

Who

.VJ

follows.

*Ub

Saffarid.

Murcia.

ITazandaran.

Saljuk.

Content.

Samanid.

cJajJ!

3Iarwanid.

Who

lays the foundation.

Easulid.

J^l

&:.^ Hafsid.

Abbasid.

<dlb

Conqueror.

Of the Eace of the Divine Prophet.

*d!l

J^,

+*>

J'J

Samanid.

The Expected

for the

Command

of God.

di!\^*3^!iu*

Fatimid interregnum.

Avenger

God's Enemies for the sake of God's Religion.

Abbasid (Kahir). Abbasid.

Sp.

Protected

Fatimid.

Ayynbid.

Easicl.

Ghaznawid. 3Iamluk. ^ajahid.

Samanid.

Muwahhid.

Umayyad.

Kings

Ceuta, Eadajoz, and Cordova.

Kings

of Sicily.

Fatimid.

of Valencia,

Hasani Sharif s. ^U

Ayyubid.

Hafsid.

Eahmani.

Kashmir.

ij^

Illuminating,

Undid. Abbasid.

Curator.

Samanid.

Idrisid.

uwahhid.

Hammuclid.

Dulafid.

Denia.

<xi!lj

Majorca.

Favoured.

Badajoz. ^i!b

Faithful,

Samanid.

Basulid.

Ayyubid. Sp.

Undid,

Umayyad. Valencia.

Tortosa.

<dllj

the help of the ITereiful.

Jj*b

^^)\

Bawandid.

<LSjdl!

Samanid.

Jj\J\

<d!l

Turkistan.

Bahmani.

i**^

Abbadid.

Bahrnani.

ITarinid.

Directing

King

^111

by the order

of God.

.^s^j

Guided aright.

<d!b

Umayyad. iFatimid.

Buwayhid.

Hammudid. Easid.

d!U Abbadid.

Idrisid.

Marwanid.

Lovecl of the

Presented. Sana.

iJtjJi

Amir

Sincere.

of the Faithful.

Dehli Queen Eizia.

Zangid.

Ayyubid.

Hammudid.

Sana.

Yalencia.

Marnluk.

Basulid.

Defender.

Spanish.

Bengal. Urtukid.

Dehli King.

Bengal.

Turkistan.

Urtukid.

Zangid.

llamluk. Hamclanid.

Ayyubid,

Dehli Kings.

Sind.

Bengal.

Gujarat.

Samanid. Majorca. Bawandid.

Yery commonly

used.

*1!1

ii^jJ

^^\

^b ^jlf^

of Sicily.

Abbasid.

Sp.

Bahmani.

Jaunpur.

Gujarat.

Bu\rayhid.

Jo **

Ceuta.

Bengal

Strengthener or Strengthened.

Mamluk.

and (

HONORARY

TITLES.,

<LL!

Mamluk. 01

Nazarenes (Christians).

tlie

Norman Kings

of Sicily.

Ayyubid.

**!

Urtukid.

A! \

Star.

3Iamluk.

Ayyubid.

llarwanid.

Helping.

Kashmir.

Buwayhid. Dehli Queen Eizia.

King

Defence,

of Aliar.

Urtukid,

Danishmandid.

Defender.

Urtukid.

Ghaznawid.

Kashmir.

Lucknow.

Ghaznawid.

Of the World,

Afghanistan. Easulid.

Zangid.

Light.

Bengal.

Turkistan.

Ghaznawid.

Urtukid.

Mamlnk.

Dehli Emperor Jahangir.

Durrani.

JU!\

Achin Queen. Inchu.

Marinid.

Ahbasid.

Jalair.

Hudid.

Hasani

MuwahMd.

Sharifs.

BahmanL

Bengal.

Hafsid.

Dehli Kings,

Gujarat.

Dehli Kings.

Confiding.

Bahmani.

Gujarat.

ilSb

MUSALHAX NUMISMATICS.

In the help

of the

Almighty.

Dehli King Firuz II.

Khwarizm,

The

JIalwah.

Eternal, the Firm.

,^j* Ji>

Doubtful.

Inchu.

The King the

llalwah.

Protector.

.^Ui

The King, the Country.

Jalair.

,l;jJ'

Dehli Kings.

llamluk.

Queen

Ghaznawid.

llothcr.

*d*!l

Son

Veigher.

of the Prince of the Apostles.

ct*L^Jl

Bengal (Husain).

Umayyad.

Hasani Sharif,

Son.

Abbasid.

Guide.

Rasid.

ijsA

Sana.

<dii

Rasulid.

o^y!^S

Bengal.

Dehli King, Bengal,

Ghaznawid.

,>^\

ijjU ?J

,jjJ

Lion,

Eight Hand.

ilalwah.

JuL

BEGAL

EEGAL TITLES

/<'

TITLES.

(Alamat and Aawan).

Imam.

Keligious Chief.

UVJ1

Of Amirs.

Chagatai.

Muwahhid.

Of the People.

Hudid.

Hasani Sharif s.

The

Dehli lungs.

Chagatai.

l^l\

Of the Imams.

<rUj-i

+*zl\

Great.

Bengal Kings. Of the Church of the Messiah.

King

Zand

<U.J1

(Of the Pope of Eome.)

of Cordova.

Abbasid.

*srUA/*!\

Of the Truth.

of Persia.

^J-sT or

dUrL

Of the Age and the Khalifat. Shaybanid.

The Manifest.

Ayyubid.

^U!I The

directed of

alll

Lp-

JJ^b

JUl!

Imam, the Overseer by the Command

God, the Evidence of God against the

Creation.

(S.

Lane Poole.)

Eatiniid (interregnum).

Saljuk.

Golden Horde.

tJoljl

Zangid.

King

Lord Father.

of the Horde,

Amir. Samanid.

Buwayhid.

Most

Ghaznawid.

Hafsid.

Saljuk.

Timurid.

Prince.

Illustrious.

Turkistan.

The

Greatest.

ujl^

^\ - j*

MUSAL31AN NI

Bu way hid.

Gliaznairid.

Of Amirs.

Kakwayhid.

Of the Amirs, the Directors. Marinid.

Hafsid.

lluwahhid.

Ghaznawid.

Buwayhid.

Turkistan.

King

Alphonso VIII

Huclid.

Yaman

^"asrid.

J^ltl!

West

*-^ ^iLii!!

Of the Moslems. Cordova.

King.

Conqueror,

Eminent.

Timurid.

King

Just.

Of the Catholics.

Manranid.

3Iurabit.

<_>.i!l

Of the of Spain.

JJ^i

Lord.

Buwayhicl.

Mebla.

,.,

Mirdasid.

Of the East and the West.

Dehli Kings.

LVJ1

Illustrious.

Protector of the Paith.

Dehli King.

Ju-i

Ziyanid.

Turkistan.

Samanid.

.VJ'

Our Lord.

of Mercia. '

Very commonly

Of the Faithful.

used.

of Persia.

Mongols

of Persia.

Mongols

of Persia.

King Alphonso VIII.

King

of Persia.

of Cordova.

Illvhan.

^k^ll

Salgharid.

King

Cordova.

Pope,

Of Islam.

>Lsl

Of Eome.

Padshah.

Mangit.

Mongols

Strengthened.

Mongols

^^>

Hamdanid.

of Persia,

i'Lijb

Ji^S

Excellent King of the Surface of the Earth.

Ataheg.

Zangid.

REGAL TITLES. 1

Of Sea and Land.

Dehli Emperor

alt jb

> xV

(Earukh Siyar). Dehli Emperor.

Of the World.

Dehli Emperor (Jahandar).

Lucknow.

Dehli Emperor.

Queen,

Begum.

Bhopal.

Of the Age.

Golden Horde.

Mongols

of Persia.

Dehli Emperors.

Othmanli.

Durrani.

Native States

Kashmir. of India.

E.I. Co.

Of Ptcalms.

Dehli Emperor (Azam Shah). Othmanli.

Pashah.

Princes.

Saljuk.

Achin King.

Eegent. Prince.

Bengal King,

Mongols

Of the World.

Salgharid.

of Persia.

Prince.

L-X.^

Very commonly used. Samanid.

Kings

of Saragossa,

Chamberlain.

Cordova, and Denia.

His Majesty.

Dehli Emperors.

Mongols

of Persia.

Shahs

Dehli Emperors. Tnrkistan.

Timuricl.

Chagatai.

Krim.

of Persia.

OthmanlL

Emperor.

Turkistan.

Astrakan.

Jar!

Shaybanid.

Mongols

of Persia.

Shahs of Persia. Shaybanid.

2>Us

Greatest,

Most

Krim.

Of the

Two

oble.

Seas.

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Shahs

Son of the Emperor.

of Persia.

Tlmiiriii.

Shaybanid.

Jjlx>

Chagatai.

Dehli Emperor.

Shaybanid.

Golden Horde.

Khokand.

Xoble.

,*t\,4.!<

Khan.

Krim.

Othmanli.

Shaybanid.

^Uls^

Kara and Ak-Kuyunlid.

Turkistan.

J^-S

Great Khans.

^^: ^Uj

Afghan.

Afghanistan.

Indian Native States.

Golden Horde.

Shaybanid.

Great Khans.

Khiva. Turkistan.

Atabeg

of !Mosil.

in very common

*!U jj\ Jo-

World.

Khalif.

lluwahhid.

Abbasid.

Ghaznawid.

Shaybanid.

of the

use.

Abbasid.

Dehli Kings.

Lord

Zangid.

Jaunpur.

^U* Behli Kings.

<dl

Mahvah. (

^^^\

Malay.

Dehli King. 3S"asrid.

King

Hudid.

Abbaside.

-5-^^ Duke.

of Sicily.

Indian Native States.

Eaja.

EajaofEajas.

T j^Jfcj Lord.

Muwahhid. Hafsid.

Of the Worlds.

Marinid.

Hudid.

Dehli Kings.

Zayad.

Ziyanid.

Kings of Mercia. ITorocco Sharifs.

REGAL TITLES.

Of the Easts.

Sliahs of Persia.

Possessed of

Lucknow.

Many

Claims.

Sultan.

Ukaylid.

Shahs

\j"

Othmanli. Dehli Kings.

of Persia.

Uaiwah.

Bengal,

Bahmani.

Excellent.

Atabegs of Mosil.

Mamluk.

AyyubicL

Very commonly

^j-^Lu^ll ^

^!Lo-\

Jas5H

used.

.^\

Othmanli. Munificent.

Bengal.

Of the

Othmanli.

Among Shah

_ *Lsl1

Ghaznawid.

Two

Continents.

the Sultans of the World.

of Persia (Hadir).

Maldive King.

Othmanli.

Afghanistan.

e)^"*

The

Malwah. 1

The

Gracious.

**bz\

*JJ!

Gracious, the Generous,

Kind

to the Servants

of God, the Eich, the Protector.

Bahmani.

Buwayhid,

Ghaznawid,

Bahmani. Afghanistan.

Dehli King. Bengal.

Happy.

Malwah. 6

MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.

Othmanii.

Bahmani.

Besembling the Friend of the Merciful One.

Ghaznawid.

Dehli King.

Mamluk.

Very commonly Mongols

Of the East,

Dehli King.

The Witness.

used.

of Persia.

J JciSl

Othmanli.

_ Jj^Sl .

^Uli ;j

Eara Kuynnlid.

^UJ!^^!!

Shaybanid.

Othmanli.

^-;U!1

Dehli Kings.

Saljuk.

Sen gal.

Conqueror.

Bahmani.

* i

Bahmani.

Powerful

of Persia

Mongol

J jW\

vv J( Of the Epoch and Age. Shahs of Persia.

Atabeg.

^Jl

Ju^j\

Bengal

Ayyubicl.

Bahmani. Saljuk.

(Abu

k Islam.

Said).

Malwah.

Muzafiarid

Obedient and Obeyed,

clk^l

(Shah Shuja).

Yery commonly

Mamluk.

used.

Timurid.

Othmanli.

Golden Horde (Aziz Shaykh),

Deceased.

*p- UM

Mysore (Tipu). Mongols

of Persia

Mongols

of Persia

(Abu

Mongol

(Abu

Said).

of Persia (Sati Beg).

The

Directing.

O~A^

KEGAL 'Samanid.

Buwayhid.

Khiva.

TITLES.

Mangit.

Khokand.

Prince.

Astrakhan. L*l'1

Samanid.

King

Bengal.

L~JJ>\

The

The Sayyid Chiefs Ghaznawid. Fatimid.

Dehli Emperor (Humayun).

^.^JsLJl

Of the Apostles.

Bengal.

Dehli.

ijLJI

*L^

Princes, Chiefs.

^U!

Chief.

Karmati.

llongols of Persia.

^L^M

Shahs of Persia.

Bengal.

Kashmir.

Shah.

Of Armenia.

Behli Emperors.

^J\

UjjJl

OfDiarbakr.

Urtukicl.

Behli Emperor.

Asylum

of the Faith,

J^J^ jj

asl^j

Lucknow. E.I. Co.

Jlc

Indian States.

Achin.

Of London.

Partabgarh State, Eajpntana.

Eong

Buwayhid. Saljnk.

llarwanid.

kJ^rT

Benia and Tortosa.

Behli Emperor.

5 Li

Indian States.

Ayynbid.

Kings

!jJl

of Benia.

Juj

^JcJ

of Kings.

Kakwayhid. Shahs of Persia.

Behli Emperors.

Saljnk.

llongols of Persia.

Bengal.

Behli Emperor (Eafi al-Barjat).

Generous. Jj

JjL

MUSALM1X KU1EISMATICS.

84:

Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).

Of Kings.

Shall of Persia

QMIr).

Shall of Persia

(Muhammad).

Sharifs of Morocco.

Mongols

o*?^

an(i

^M^\

Sharif.

Mamluk.

of Persia.

Hasani

LJ.1

Of the Prophets.

L^i' -*

Shaikh,

Sharif.

Lord.

^UJl

Afghanistan.

Shahs

of Persia,

Othmanli.

^Uj

Of ITight and Victory by land and

sea.

Of the Happy Conjunction. of Persia (jS'adir).

Dehli Emperors.

Second Lord

Happy

of the

Conjunction.

;

^Jll ^\

ATbbasid.

Kings

of Majorca.

(Muhammad

Officer.

t&\

Ayyubid.

Of God and

Patimicl.

Dehli King

Indian States.

Behli Emperors.

Abbasid.

JjUS\

Othmanli.

Shah

L^^

Slave

his Wall.

Taghlak).

<U^

Hoper.

Spanish Umayyad.

Bahmani.

Abbasid.

Shah

IljjJl

of Persia

(Tahmasp

Officer.

Slaye of Ali.

I).

Indian State.

Mongols

of Persia.

Salgharid.

Atabegs.

Kan

.J13 _

REGAL Zangid.

TITLES,

llongols of Persia.

Golden Horde.

Mongols

u^uJ^l - s^*ui

Ctesar Augustus.

King of Sicily. Kutch and other Indian Queen

applie'd to

J J*

of Persia.

Kaiser

States,

L^%^

Hind.

Yictoria.

Dog. Of the threshold of the Pleasing One.

Shah

of Persia

Shah

of Persia (Husain).

Shah

of Persia (Husain).

Of the threshold

Of the Amir

Shah

of Persia

(Shah Bukb).

Shah

of Persia

(Abbas II).

^ ^k

of Ali.

of the Faithful.

Of the Sultan

Kings

Khurasan.

^^\^ ^U .^ Of

Ali.

Count.

of Sicily.

Yictoria.

Jo,j&

^ ^\j\

V.jt^?

Queen.

England or Inglistan. Indian States.

^li

\&j

(Shah Eukh).

Queen Yictoria adorning the throne

Inglistan and Hind.

King. 'Saljuk.

Ghaznawid.

Saljuk.

Zangid.

Atabeg.

Ghaznawid.

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Urtukid. Urtukid.

LJ3U

Excellent.

Atabeg.

Bu^-ayhid.

Danishmandid.

Zangid.

Ahar.

\j*i\

MU8ALMAX NUMISMATICS.

bt>

L^SL

J^JI

Of Amirs of the East and the West.

Zangid.

Of Honoured Amirs.

Urtukid.

^s^

(

AyynMd.

ysdLj

Saljuk.

Of the two Continents and two Seas. Sadite Sharif,

Of the two Continents and two Seas and Syria and the fovo Iraks.

Othmanli (llurad III),

Diarbakr.

Urtukid.

Bengal Kings. Zangid.

Of the necks of the Nations.

** i

Mongol

of Persia (Uljaitu).

Of the necks of Christians.

King

\^J

of Sicily.

Mamlak.

Urtukid.

Ghuricl.

Ghnrid.

Banishmandid.

Zangid.

Urtukid.

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Urtukid.

Ayyubid.

Urtukid.

Danishmandid.

Buvayhid.

Urtukid.

Eatimid.

Mamluk,

JUl!

Atabeg.

Zangid.

Ayyubid.

Maniluk.

Dehli Kings.

Of the Arabs and foreigners.

King

Zangid.

Aden.

Ayyubid.

^slU

c-yJ!

KEGAL Fatrmid.

TITLES.

Ayyubid.

Saljuk. Urfrukid.

Mainluk.

Ayyubid

Shaybaiiid.

Powerful.

Danishmandid. Urtukicl.

Prosperous.

Saraanid (Mansur

Commonly

Strengthened.

used.

Ghaznawid. Delili

b. jSTuh).

of Sicily.

King

Emperor

(Jaliangir).

Kakwayhid.

Buwayhid.

Georgia.

Of Eings and Queens.

Georgia.

Samanid.

Ghaznawid.

Saljuk.

Urtukid.

Zangid.

Ayyubid.

^-?liiU^

llamluk.

Easulid.

Samanid.

Favoured.

Samanid.

Mainluk.

Hasani Sharif s.

Urtukid.

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Kings

Eaja

of Sicily.

Easulid, .^

Christians,

Cannanore (according to Soret)

The Unique Elng

Zurayid.

of the

lungs

of the

Age,

Arabs and

of the

Yamin.

Zurayid.

Dehli Queen (Eizia).

Queen.

Mamluk. Georgia.

Indian States.

Georgia. Georgia.

Dehli Eing (Taj al-Din Tildiz).

Of Queens.

tuliUH Slave.

MUSALMA3T NUMISMATICS.

Mongols

Prince.

of Persia.

Abbasid.

TaMricl.

Samanid.

~i*+i*.\

Amir al-Umara. Ghaznawid.

Of Mamun.

Abbasid.

Indian States.

ITaharaja,

As*-UU* -

Indian States.

ITaliarao.'

The

Malidi.

Our Imam.

Muwahhid.

MnwaliMd.

Imam

of Sana.

Hafsid.

Yiceroy.

SulayMd. Kasbnir.

Banmani.

Eing

Jaunpur.

Dehli Kings. of Sana.

And Great timid Wazir (Abu

Khalii.

Ahmad).

Prophet.

Shahs of Persia. Abbasid,

Mzam.

Haidarabad in Decean. Tnrkistan.

Ghaznawid.

Taman

iljjJ

Danishmandid.

King.

Chief of Makalla.

Marwanid.

^.^

jy^t^

(

Chief.

REGAL

TITLES,

Xawab.

Indian States.

Shahs of Persia.

Governor.

Samanid.

Yizir.

Fatimid.

Belili

^-H

Emperor.

Hurnayun.

BatLmani.

ALbasid.

TJmayyad.

Samanid.

Ghaznawid. Atabeg.

Hamndid.

Abbasid.

Hudid.

Ghaznawid. Saljuk.

King 'Timurid.

Dehli Kings.

Patimid.

Buwayhid. Murabitid.

of Mercia.

Hamndid. Ayyubid.

Bengal.

Zangid. EatimicL

"Wali.

Heir.

31USA.L31AN XOllSMATICS*

LIST OF

THE

The names and dates

who

issued

Musalman

Catalogue.

the kings of the

coins

ilohammaclan Dynasties

Museum

AID

will

many

and in the volumes

list of

dynasties

be found in Lane Poolers

them would be

o! the British

too long to

"be

given here, but as the names of the Khalifs of Baghdad and

Egyptian Ehalifs are upon the coins of many dynasties who acknowledged the authority of the Khali more or less, and the name often helps to fix a doubtful date, the following may of the

"be

useful.

IJmayyad Zhalifs. FULL J^AME.

SHOBT

DATE

A.E.

Mtuiwiya

Tazidl.

Htuiwiyall.

Harwfin

'Abdal-MaHk.

al-Widl.

Sulayman.

'TJmar.

YazidIL

uXUll

^U-L

99 Juj;

^ JLO

101

10.

Hisham.

105

11.

al-WalidIL

125

EHALTFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT.

XOEISilATICS.

22.

d-Mustakil.

24.

al-Ta'l.

25.

al-Qadir.

26.

al-Qa*im.

28.

cil-lliistazhir.

29.

al-3Instarshid.

30.

al-Eashid.

31.

al-3Iuqtafi.

32.

al-llustanjid.

33.

al-Mnstadl.

35.

al-Zahir.

36.

al-Mustansir.

37.

al~Miista'sim.

<d!i

**U

AXJU^S, <d3b

interval occurred between the death of al-Musta'sim in

the month Sal ar 656 and the succession of the ?

first

Egyptian

Khali! in 659 A.H.

Ahhasld Khalifs of Egypt.

^A^\ *J(&\ y\ <dJl^b^l!:i!l

al-Zahir.

al-Hakim

al-llustakfi I.

al-Wathiq

al-Hakim

al-Hu

Xw?-l

^l^l^l

^U-jLa j-^.^ ^^

cdll^b ^iJl

d^s-l

tadid.

S**

*>\

^^\

701

JJUi

740

<wJb JkAdjjt^Ji

753

<d!l

*Ji

661

^1^1 II.

^ix^^uAS^

659

KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT. 7.

al-Mutawakkil

al-Mu'tasim.

al-Mutawakkil

again.

10.

al-"Wathiq, again.

11.

al-Mu^tasim, again.

12.

al-Mutawakkil

13.

al-Musta'in.

14.

al-Mu'tadid II.

15.

al-Mustakfi II.

16.

al-Qa'im.

17.

al-Mustanjid.

18.

al-Mutawakkil II.

19.

al-Mustamsik.

20.

al-Mutawakkil III.

again.

jjj*S!

Passed to Othmanli Sultan Selim

93-

POETICAL IEGEIDS, The legends on

o-j,

called

Sometimes they are

couplet, distich. to the

Owing

couplet.

coins in the Persian language are often in verse,

way

in a double

which the words are arranged

bring the verse within the compass of the area, they are

make

them

so a fairly full list of

out,

difficult

given below, with

" translations, the latter being those in E. S. Poole's

Shahs of

Lane Poole's "lloghul Emperors/' L. "White King's

Persia," S.

'"Baiakzai," il. Longworth Dames'

"Durrani Dynasties," and

C. J. Ptodgers' various writings.

The is

verse begins most often, as

not in verse, at the bottom, and

(<T.)

Persian Shah Nadir Shah

(rf)

as (c) Persian

Ashraf No. 3

reading

first

for the second.

;

upwards, as in

sometimes at the top, as

(c)

and

(d),

for the first verse

all these

the legend

sometimes at the second line

Shah Ashraf No.

in these two,

upwards In

;

when

to be read

'So. 2

2 (5) Persian Shah ITahniud No.

from the top,

the case too

2, or it

lower

still,

will be seen the

and then downwards

examples, too, the words or parts of

words are not consecutive in the way given in the couplets as written out and as the metre and or divided in a fanciful way.

rhyme

require, but are placed

Often one verse of the couplet

on the obverse and the other on the reverse of the (e)

Jahangir No.

and bottom

muhr

22,

coin,

which begins at the top of the obverse

of the reverse.

(/) The double distich on the five

piece of Jahangir No, 7 gives an example of several of these

difficulties

on one coin.

POETICAL LEGENDS.

ls>-

v {c\ \ ;

j j;

t'H

Obv.

j,Ui

(d) N /

;^-

iLi

Eev.

L>a

Ifj-r^^

,^Li

^l^.^ ^U^j (/)

^Ur

Obv.

Key.

.,U; '

J ,o >

Shahs of Persia. ISMAIL

-JLs.*!

^^ LLc

upon Ali, the manifesto! of miracles Thou shalt find Mm a help unto thee in adversities.

Call

;

All care and grief shall vanish

By thy

holiness,

ISMAIL II.

AH,

\z~J\

Imam

Ali.

>Ult-?JLj

L^w:' *\AJ If an

Ali,

\jLs* j

^--*

there be between the East and West,

Ali alone with Ali's house for us

the best.

MrSALDIAX NUMISMATICS,

ABBAS

II.

! .

JL*^L,

Throughout the world Imperial money came, Struck by God's grace in Abbas Sani's name.

(2)

at this time throughout the

world imperial money came,

Struck by God's grace in Ali's watchdog Abbas Sani's name.

II, STJLAI3E1N.

(1)

,-jlJ

^wL^

Since Abbas Sani from the -world

^.mJb

passed away money has imperial sway.

Safi (the second's)

(2)

For the sake

The

winning grace of him who men and genii leads ,

age's Solomon struck golden money

(3)

^U.

,w>

Since on

JJL^-J

v^j

soul I struck the stamp of Ali's love,

The world obeyed

L-

HTJBAIBT.

jJj

for the people's needs.

rule

by grace

God

(above).

Lord

of East

Money he

struck

by the grace

of the

and

"West, the twain

Everywhere, dog of the Prince of the Faithful's Sultan Husain.

shrine,,

POETICAL LEGENDS.

TAHSIASP II.

Similar to the

(I)

first

Abbas

II,

in the second line. "being substituted for (jwU^

(2)

,UL&J! *J

\}\

LJ-^

JUT 5!

-s

Tahmasp the Second struck in purest gold assayed K"o man but All, and no sword but Ali's blade (the Zu ABBAS

III.

r^" J^

(J^*P>

al-fakar).

***** *"*)

jjj""**

Throughout the universe by grace divine a golden money came, Struck by God's Shadow, a new Emperor, Abbas the Third by name.

STTLAIMAN II.

(1)

grace divine he struck a coin of

The Sovereign (2)

just,

who

2^^

Shines as the rising sun and

Heir

MAHMTJD.

moon upon the

of Sulaiman's right, the

(1)

Prom

happy fame,

second Solomon became.

<_>bil

Shah

earth,

of saintly birth.

the east of Iran he struck coin like the solar face,

Shah Mahmud, world-conqueror,

of the saintly race.

(2)

Below the earth sank down the moon and shining sun, Envying the coin of Shah Mahmud, world-conquering one. 7

(3)

Like SUE and inoon the imperial coin

For

its

pure metal by God's grace

world-renowned,

free of alloy.

(4)

For the trne faith te prepared coin by God's

May Mahmiid ASHEIF.

Upon

flourisli,

direction.

the faith-protecting king.

(1)

the Ashrafi vas wrought the magic of his grace's

jSTobility

name

;

from Ashraf's name upon the sun there came.

(2)

Ashraf laid hold on majesty with might

;

Let his

Requited be unright."

coin's legend read

(3)

grace of Ashraf Shah,

The gold

who

of the four friends

^j)j> **

(4)

Gold and the sun of victory

"by

sees the light.

^*j^

^ j^ 5j^LJ In the exalted name (Ashraf) from gold.

keeps the right,

now

Sj*aj

uJ^l

(tij

L^l^i^

sun and moon coin was made

His grace were made bright.

an unsatisfactory couplet, read conjecturally (This by Dr. Eieu from a single coin, on which there is is

POETICAL LEGENDS. apparently another uJl-il or

tJ^j

which he has not

Included in it.)

(1)

gold in all the earth

Phoenix (Nadir)

kingship shall be famed,

Persia's

land,

world -conqueror,

sovereign named.

(2)

Over Sultans of earth Sadir, Shah

Sultan,

of Shahs, Sahibkaran.

(3)

[or ^l^b] jjl^Jj

The

order issued from the

JbLi

Shah

of Shahs, Nadir, Sahibkaran,

Let coin obtain in Herat from Shah Eukh's name and mark (or glory).

ADIL SHAH.

(1)

^J JLI:

AUJ

Decreed of him who ceases not, a currency there came,

The coinage

of the sovereignty sent forth in Ali s

name.

(2)

After the fortune of Nadir, Adil had coin on gold

In the name

of the

king of the

the world was illumined.

faith, the exalted

;

Lord,

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

100

(1)

vvy

grace divine he struck a coinage of imperial worth,

Shah Ibrahim,

his gold sun-like illumining the earth.

" (-> )

l*~***'j~s

^L U, j r By

xtl

(1)

"Whenas Shah

uJy

the Creator's bounty, and

Gold of saintly Eiza has

SHAH BUSH.

<L_X~J ,;_j

its

(J^j

u^-Jl ^-^

^.U,

CL^

fate's decree,

currency.

^jLiL

Eukh

imperial

money

coined,

was then

second time Iran renewed herself again.

(2)

Throughout the world he struck his coin by grace

Shah Eukh, the watchful dog

divine,

of Ali Eiza's shrine.

(3)

Another emperor has

Dog

coined, thanks to Nadir's efforts worth,

of the king of the

East (Khurasan), Shah Eukh, the king

of the earth.

LTJTF ALI.

Its

stamp has golden money won

From. Lutf Ali ; la far's son.

101

POETICAL LEGE2TOS. TAHMASP II and ABBAS

J^^

JJ* tj

III.

Erom

And

Ijo-

out of Khurasan a golden coin

grace divine

was

sent,

aid of Ali Musa's son the kingly saint benevolent.

MUHAMMAD HASAN and

AKA MUHAMMAD.

golden coin by happy fate has run

In name of peaceful Ali, Musa's

EJJIDE

son.

KHAN and

KA MUHAMMAD. "While gold and silver through the world shall flow,

Coin of the Age's Lord (the true

Imam)

shall go.

KAEIM KHAIST ABU ?

SADIK,

MFRAD, and

AKA MUHAMMAD. Silver and gold through all the

moon and Thanks

world have now become the

sun,

the true

Imam's imprint, the Age's

Lord (the

rightful one).

AZAD KHAN.

As long as Azad on the earth shall stand, The Age's Master shall the coin command,

AKA MUHAMMAD.

(1)

<xib

"While stamped shall be the gold and silver ore,

The coinage

of the Age's

Master

shall endure.

MU3ALMAN NUMISMATICS.

102

(2)

"While stamp shall be on gold and silver ore,

The coinage

of the Age's

Master shall endure.

Durrani,

(1)

The order proceeded from the Incomparable Creator

Ahmad

the king

Strike coins in silver and gold from

the ascension of Pisces

to the

moon."

(2)

ali Ju^-1 ilx '

The

xrorld-protecting king

by God's

The

Ahmad Shah

2s'Uij

struck coins in gold

grace.

Mzam.

coin of

Taimnr Shah got current in the world by the

order of Grod and the Prophet of the people.

TAIHUB,

as king.

The revolution

(of the heavens) brings gold

the sun and moon, that

and

may make on

impression of the coinage of Tainmr Shah.

silver

from

its face

the

103

POETICAL LEGEIS'DS.

SHAH. ...MJ

,tj

,%._

Cl^-i-Je^ <WvJ

-r-^J

The currency of the coin of the realm in the name of Shah Zaman obtained permanency hy the order of the Lord both Worlds.

MAHMTJD SHAH.

*J1 J^Jiyj jjj

(1)

X\J* Ja/kS.^ .ols^ *""'

The world-conquering Khusrau Mahmud Shah struck in gold

coins

through God's support.

(2)

Sultan

Mahmud, the second Khusrau,

of the

realm in gold and

SHIJJA Ai-MuLE.

The

religious king,

and gold

Shuja al-Hulk Shah, struck coins in

like the

in gold

silver

sun and moon.

QAISAE SHAH.

The coinage

increased the coinage

silver.

and

silver in the

current in the world

name

of Qaisar

Shah

Grod's grace.

-DlJT.

The coinage became bright from King Kur al-Bin (Light of the Faith), current from the saint Kutb al-Arifin (Pole Star of the Wise).

MUSALHAX

104:

ATTUB SHAH.

In the world the sun and moon were illuminated by the darting forth of the rays of the coinage of

Ayyub Shah.

+~> *j\ j) il

(2)

*J^ jl&Lj JLsT The coinage

in gold and silver

Ayynb Shah

by the order

existence

Ju~

came

into

of the exalted Creator.

(1)

sooner did Dost

Muhammad

reach dominion and dignity

than the period of the circulation of Payindah Khan's coinage arrived.

(2)

<x&ju^

<xy <XwJ

,L^.

The sun and moon give good

!L %

*-**-;

JCO Lj

^X0

J (l.^ a

tidings to silver

k^L^J a

and

gold, for

the period of the circulation of the coins of Payindah

Khan

By the

has arrived,

grace of the great Creator, the Amir, Dost

Muhammad,

struck coins a second time in metal.

SUITA.N

MUHAMMAD.

The money

of the

engraved on

kingdom

its

of the Sovereign of the

face the likeness of the sun

Age has

and heavens.

105

POETICAL LEGENDS. SHIE ALL

(I)

(j^}-i *-^ j*jC lj2

.**>

..A/)

Zt^-j*

AXJ L^^JUJ

^.'sj

the favour of the Eternal Creator the

money

Amir Shir

All has found circulation.

(2) -X

.*/

u*.*a

the abundant kindness of the Beneficent King of Heaven,

Amir

Shir Ali coined

(3)

money

Jjj>

like the bright full

moon.

uJliJL cjljLfi

Jul jl

Through the graces and favours

of the Eternal One,

began to be circulated in the name of Shir

i<W" J^.

(4)

f-^^

Amir

money

Ali,

^ (^T

f~<A-J*'

BIMniA

&:~- J

Shir Ali, a second time, struck coins in the world, like

the bright full moon.

MUHAMMAD

Two

AFZAL.

armies from the East and "West joined in battle, and separated, and so

Muhammad

Afzal became the

Amir

the kingdom of Khurasan.

MUHAMMAD

AZAM.

jJb

*jL

L_JlU!

Jwj Jifil Ju/l..^

As soon

as,

became

by the grace

Heaven's favours, his rights

money began hammad Azam's name. established,

to circulate

Mu-

106

ilUSALMAN" XUMISMAXICS.

SHIS AIT.

^jj

grace o! the eternal

tlie

J ^J^-

God

J*=3j

Shir Ail has become the

GoTernor of Kandahar.

j^i Id

rebel.

make madness till on my head on metal,

till its

master

a tumult

Coin I strike

falls.

found.

Moghul Emperors. AEBAE.

c^J j\ ^

(1)

The sun

of the seal of

"Whilst earth

->1

Shah Akbar

i -^

-^xt

the glory of this gold,

and sky are illumined by the shining sun.

(2)

By On

the seal of Akbar Padishah gold becomes bright. " this gold the Shah's name is light upon light."

(3)

JAHAJSTOIB.

sun and moon,

Like the golden orb

In the

and East the stamp

-world's "West

may

ever pass

of Allahabad.

(1)

The

lord of the realm struck

money

Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shah's

of gold,

(son).

107

POETICAL LEGENDS.

(2)

*U_

Made

tlie

Shall

Nur

sMne

face of gold to

like tlie sun

and moon ?

al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(3)

Money

struck in the city of Agra, the Caesar, refuge of

the world,

Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son

(4)

Akbar Padishah.

The same with Jjlf substituted

for

&j*\

in the

first line.

The Shah, refuge

of the faith,

put this stamp on gold at Ajmir,

Shah "Nui al-Din Jahangir, son

(6)

Akbar Padishah.

u^i

L-^C

^-ib

In East and West may the stamp G-od,

(7)

while the world

lasts,

(iA-*j }}*

(jlAi^

Ahmadabad,

be current.

Ja i^^s.\

_^; -*o

^LJj ^.S jj 1

uUJ o*u.]b

,-u

To Shah Jahangir belongs the whirligig

of time

;

In Agra by his name gold shines brightly So long as the pomp of the Eive Ghiards lasts in the world, :

May

the stamp of his Eiye

Muhrs be

current.

MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

108

<&$

(8)

the

Light,

money the

Lahore

name

1C u5y-^

may

there ever be

Shah Jahangir, Shah Akbars

(son).

(9)

the face of the golden coin, ornament and grace gave

The

picture of Shah

al-JDin Jahangir, son of

Akhar Shah.

The Shah, refuge of the faith, struck this coin of gold Shah !S"ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

at Ajmir,

^j;j ^^/S^^ib

(10)

^Uli teJj^^rf The

face of gold

was decorated at Agra by Jahangir Shah,

Shah Akbar's

(son).

(11)

j\ us^jj

^yjJ\

^UbiU^^jl The money

Agra gave ornament

&\\

(12)

Honey Shah

(13)

L^LjL:^

struck at

ISfar

to gold, etc.

jl_jlju^ljJ

J: ^L-j

Ahmadabad, God's Paradise,

al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

The same, with the instead of

A!!

first line

c^l)

ending

cubUs j\

109

POETICAL LEGENDS.

(14)

jlj \j

jLjltXA^l j\

j^\ ilAx^ To the gold

a Li

^-^J

Ahmadabad gave adornment

Jahangir Shah, Shahanshah, Akbar's (son).

j*j

(15)

^.i>S

J*j

t_ij b

^^ ^b

^Lc^LjL^

*L i *

So long as the heavens revolve, current be

In the name

Shah Jahangir the money

of Lahore.

(16)

In Isfandarmiz at Agra this stamp struck on gold,

The Shah

Shahs of the world, Shah Jahangir, son

Shah Akhar.

(17)

The same, with jUb^jA instead

xj\ jJ

in \j

the

first line,

{^;t*j

(1 8)

jj ji

In the month

and +*\

of the people/ for

in the second.

J5JL) \j

i*r-t\

Tir, the

Shah Jahangir, son

;

b il

j J r-H

King, the defender of the

this coin in

^ ^ O^H^

gold at Lahore.

19 )

JJJ tyj^jA

faith,

Akbar Shah, stamped

Second line as

]S"o.

16.

<*S*J\

MUSA.L1LO" NUMISMATICS.

[10

(20)

j^\

The gold

Lahore in the month Bahman became like

the shiniBg moon,

In the reign

Shah

2s"ur

al-Din Jahangir, son of Shah

Akbar.

(21)

The

light of the

world at Ajmir became the money

the light of the

name

of Jahangir Shah,

of gold,

Shah Akbar's

(son).

(22)

The money

Kandahar became beauteous

Jahangir Shah, Akbar Shah's (son).

(23)

j.\ Uf>.

In the month of Earwardin the gold like a star,

by the

Agra became luminous

light of the stamp of

Shah Jahangir,

son of Shah Akbar.

(24)

jj\

Second line as Ko. 23.

In the month of Earwardin the gold

Lahore became an

object of jealousy to the bright moon, through the light of the stamp, etc.

Ill

POETICAL LEGENDS.

,*: ^>jj

w^-vit>*

*x-j *L.i

*L$ A^S^* ~j\sj>^

(jU^r jy ^l-Jj

order of Shall Jahangir a hundred "beauties gained

Gold by the name of

2frir

Jahan Padishah Begam.

SHAH JAHAK.

the

money

Shahjahanabad current through the world

For ever by the name

of the second Sahib Kiran.

MTJEAD EAKHSH.

Took the heritage

Sahib Kiran Shah Jahan,

Murad Bakhsh iTuham'mad Shah, second Alexander. AdBAXGZIB.

(1)

j++st jjf*

j&~

~^*.JL.c

-x "

U^rTj^

^;u-&jO ^y >

Struck money through the world like the shining sun,

Shah Aurangzib Alamgir.

The same, with the

(2)

jjf*

AZAM SHAH.

}

a\f>-

Struck

substitution of

sun, in the

jJJ, moon,

L^iSaJo

money through the world with might and majesty,

Padishah of the realms,

BAKHSH.

Azam

Shah.

*Uj Ju-ij^^L^j

Jj <3

Struck

for

rst line.

money on sun and moon, the Shah

Kam Bakhsh

Padishah.

iLC if

of the

Deccan

MUSALMIN NUMISMATICS.

112

(1)

L^U

Struck money of gold like the sun, the Sahib Elian

Jahandar Shah, Padishah oi the world.

(2)

,\Jut^- c^jl In the horizons struck money

Abu

like sun

and moon,

al-Path, victorious Jahandar Shah.

SIYAE.

a *-w: j / 'is>- /Lis "^ > p. _y. C/

>j-wa ^ (^y

__ j >

;1 Jl

J; y

^xs

^s^ iL-^jL-j *

Struck money of gold and silver by grace of the Truth, The Padishah of sea and land, Earrukh Siyar.

EAFJ AL-DAKAJAT.

Struck money in India, with a thousand blessings,

Shah

Shahs by sea and land, Eafi al-Darajat.

Struck money through the world by grace of Grod,

Muhammad

IBEAHIM.

Shah, Padishah of the age.

(1)

Money

of silver struck

favour of

through the world,

Muhammad, Ibrahim Shah

of Shahs.

POETICAL LEG-ENDS.

(2)

Another reading of the same

Strack money through the world, by favour of the Bountiful One, Shah of Shahs,

ALAMGIS

II.

*U ^,^

(1)

Muhammad

Ibrahim.

^blj jjg+^jJuZ e^i&^j j:

Struck money in the seven climates shining like the sun

and moon,

Shah Aziz al-Din Alamgir, victorious Padishah.

J\j3 L^

(2)

Bahadur Shah Alamgir Said struck coin

like that of the

Sahib Kiran on gold.

BIDAR BAKHT. U^csTjljuJ

The master

crown and throne,

Bidar Bakht put

SHAH AIAM.

(1)

The defender

(2)

Muhammad Jahan

stamp on gold (or

*JI ^-ob*

Shah,

silver).

of the religion of

Padishah through the aid of of the

ifl-i

Muhammad, Shah Alam,

Grod, struck coins like those

Sahib Kiran. <d!

J^Li

2fl-i

Jj\~ij

jb Jlc

i'La

The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam Padishah,

Shadow

of the divine favour,

put his stamp on the seven climes.

114

MUSALMAIST NUMISMATICS. G-njarat Sultan.

MUHAMMAD

II.

jl>

May

tlie

$li j^^s^*

,.^J^\ ^/*

C^Lc.

,.,lkL-

coin of Mulianiinad Shall Sultan, the

Faith, remain

Aid

of the

so long as in the sphere of the seat of

the mint the orb of the sun and

moon

remains.

Kashmir. EAKJIT DEO.

jLi

1 ,

(j*~r-

Eanjit Deo peopled this part,

Lachmi ^arain made glad

its heart.

Sikh.

Go TINE SINGH.

LjC^JuJ ci ^xxi AxuS ^

jaS

ux-3 1-3

Abundance, the sword, victory and help without delay, Guru Gobind Singh obtained from JSTanak.

CERONOGHRAm

115

CH10IOGEAMS, The Abjad, The f^k>, chronogram, composed by means is

but seldom found on coins, although

record dates in the

MSS. and

four letters J

first

which each

= = c-J or t-j ^ or T = \

an arrangement by

= J = =

2 3

^ = = (jw

= v = j or j - = = o = \y

= = yo j =

8 9

cL> or

= = =

200 300

400

L*J = = ^ j = = yo = c =

60 70

cj=

oi jf

number

u/or uJ

from

so called

letter of the Arabic alphabet represents a

the following scale

The date

in its table,

Abjad system,

commonly used

it is

The Abjad,

inscriptions.

c->

of the

500 600 700 800

900

100

1000

found by adding together the value of the letters

composing the word or words indicated, as will be seen in the following examples.

On a there

= 6, ^ A date

jJ^

coin of

Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, Urtukid

alongside the head on obv.

500

i.e.

+ 50 + 6 = 556

coin of Nadir

Shah

;

or C

of Persia

yJ 1

!L~i

has on

4^ = 500,

Kayfa, =: 50,

of Eijra, its

obv. a couplet and

and on rev. arranged in Tughra f orm j-^J " By the Tarikh, Whatever happens is best."'

HfAj

UJ 100

+ 6 + 1 + 40 + 10 + 80 -f 200 + 10-f 600 -f 30 + 1

1148.

OF COIIS. Until comparatively modern times no otter denominations were coins than put upon Musalman

dirham, on silver

;

and

^Jj

jLjJ,

f als,

dinar,

on copper.

on gold;

*J>jJ,

Exceptions to this

are the fractional pieces of the dinar noticed below.

The

afterwards, jj J first

was

,L> J, or, as it ,

was

spelt in the oldest times

and very rarely

weighing at the time of the

of good gold,

Khalifs about 66 grains, and being about -75 inch in diameter.

later on the same denomination was used for gold coins of greater

The quality

or less weight and size.

always

some

exceptions being Turkish and Morocco coins,

fine gold,

which were far from being

was almost

of the metal

Divisions of the dinar

so.

were but rarely noted in words, the legend being whether the coin was a whole,

this dinar,

but sometimes they were in these terms:

oJJ word in

U~a>, this third,

jbj

much

J following. the same

value of a dinar

LjLaJ

now

we speak

this fourth,

so small in Persia that a

The J&,J of

gold.

f &

the general corresponds

name to

quality.

much

cent.

The

copper piece of

marked .IjJ

But

when used

silver coins

in weight

and

size,

having the

and although

dirhams are not uncommon, they are not so

;

some

plural form ,

a ruba,

for a silver coin, as the <L)J is

denoted in the legends they bear. varies very

the drachma, and

name dirham on them vary much double

thilth,

a weight should equal 48 grains.

half and

without the

of a tiers or a

Nasir al-Din, A,H. 1290, of the size of a penny

and a smaller piece .UjJ

Ijjb,

!jj&, this half,

So they are called a nasf, a

way

IjJb,

j-J^Jl

A^J

half, or quarter one;

The

character of the metal

of almost all periods is of

of the

ten dirhams.

word

On some

very poor

seen on a Morocco coin, coins of the Dehli king

MUSALHAN XUMSMATICS.

118

Muhammad b.

Taghlak

^j o ^j^\

the phrase

>&jAJl

The

dirham legal in the age. or

(joAi cases,

(jwji-i

the ordinary

way

for the copper or, in a

The plural form .j-Jj

bronze coinage.

a general

name

few

often used ia

a falus.'

Besides the above denominations several special ones must be

mentioned.

The nomenclature prehend

of the

Turkish coinage

the changes have been so

;

difficult to

many and

com-

The

various.

denominations are not, however, denoted upon the coins, so an account of them need not be given here value given so

many

;

thus, c^>

and

;

but some have their

,Jj with ciphers above

piastras or ghurush, and c

them represent

stands in the same

way

for paras.

The coinage

of Persia has

much changed

in nomenclature during

the last 200 years, but none of the names are upon the coins

^UJ

on gold, and the jta^ already The autonomous copper referred to on copper and on silver. except

(Jy^

Ashrafi,

and

marked

coins of Persia, too, are nearly all

The curious

jj*>Jj

wire coins called Larin, from Lar, a Persian district at the head of the Persian Gulf,

where they were produced, were between 200

and 300 years ago the chief currency

of the traffic

between the

Western India

much

they became

coast and that Gulf, so

a standard of value in the

so that

Konkan and Dekkan, and were made

there also, the Adil Shah dynasty of Bijapur adopting the pattern.

The coin from

a piece of silver wire of the size of a crow-quill, and

five to six inches long,

doubled on

its

middle, and struck at

the folded part with a stamp on which was some Persian legend,

but only three or four

letters of the

the legend has not been

and

Ai.

its origin.

money

The source Probably

stamp are upon any Larin, and

made out beyond - jjlkLa -

J jlc

of issue of the Larin is not

was found

<y*

known, nor

to be a convenient

form

for carrying about, as they could be so easily stuck into

the folds of the turban or waist-cloth, and in that

way

too be

DENOMINATIONS OF COINS,

119

concealed in case of trouble in those piratical times and regions.

About Ceylon they are often found bent up and are known Gold pieces

in those parts as the of

Khwarizm and

the name, however,

the legend, as

The words very

*L(~:

common upon

LjjU^

<^~;

form of a hook,

money/

Afghanistan are called

tilla

;

not put upon the coins except in a part of <U

and

countries, the former

in the

fish-hook

in silver and gold.

^li

the

meaning coinage

coins

word

or currency, are

India and the neighbouring

especially so,

and often in the phrase

auspicious coinage.

In India the Husalman coinage began with adaptation of the

Hindu currency

was

coins of the Dehli kings

to replace, as will be seen

who

by the early

introduced the tankah,

4&J

standard in both silver and gold, of the weight of about

as the

74 grains

in each metal, and the kani ,<J^> "Ar of a tankah, and equal to

four class.

fals.

These words are found, but rarely, on coins of this

In the reign of Sher Shah, A.H. 946-952, came into use

of 178 grains weight, which with little the silver rupee, *-Jjj, variety in weight has been the standard coin of India to this day,

the gold piece being the^,^

The Emperor Akbar, with

muhr, and the copper the

^J, dam.

his other reforms, instituted an elaborate

coinage with great varieties of value and of shape, each variety

having a special name, but as none of these names, except those of

some

found on the

of the copper, are

mentioned here. the standard.

coins,

they need not be

The muhr and the rupee, however, remained

the copper coins of Akbar

denominations given, ifjti

,jj ^' and &j lJ with ,

find several

their divisions,

*.J half, d*2*- *i^->- fourth part, &^z>- ^lojuJb eighth part, and

<Us>.

*JbJJjU)

Hindustani) also

;

meaning

sixteenth part, and their multiples

and

j>-

the >\ J **j half-dam, and the (j^-*^ damri, a half -dam.

,Jai

the copper coins of Akbar' s son

Jahangir we find ^J^j rawani and *z\j current coin, and their half *.J

(in

raij,

both words meaning

the former corresponding in weight

with the tankah, the latter with one-eighth of a tankah.

MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

120

The gold

was made

coin called ,bj nisar,

for the purpose of

distribution on tlie occasions of great festivals, such as State pro-

when they were

cessions or at marriages,

crowd.

They

somewhat thinner than the

are usually

currency, and are

marked with the word J^J

scattering coin on great occasions is

more than

successors,

now

only of very thin gold,

Also there are the large handsome gold

gold-leaf.

pieces of 200, 100, 50,

coins of

The custom

kept up in the East, but

still

the pieces for the nisar are usually little

amongst the

scattered

and 10 muhrs

Akbar and

his three

which were, no doubt, not for currency use exactly,

but for presentation in the way of honour from the emperor or offered to the emperor or king, for tribute or fealty, <jlj3u

nazarana as

acknowledgment

Under the East India Company the rupee remained the and

its fineness

Gold muhrs

and weight were

of the value of at

have been struck, with of

muhr

fixed.

currency was only temporary.

one time 16 and at others 15 rupees

and sixteenth

but the issue of a gold

Some were made

in imitation of

the Dehli emperor's coinage, others have the arms of the

and the legend .jl$ Jol Jj>

i**^

were

Company

or gold coin of L_J~"^ Ashrafi,

In 1835 and 1854 the lion and

the Honourable English Company.

palm-tree

standard,

has been since.

half, third, quarter, eighth,

at Various dates,

gold pieces,

it is called.

muhr and double muhr, marked ,y-^

lAr^^j

issued, and in 1870 a 10 rupee gold piece of Queen Yictoria. silver, besides

marked respectively

money

the

and the

the rupee, there are &5l

<ui ana,

L^A& -

its divisions i, i,

&j]j\j^

<Ul

^J.

and

The copper

16 to a rupee, the Uu-o paisa, 4 to an ana,

pai, 3 to the

paisa.

The ana

but a money of

account, the copper coins being the <Gl *.J half-ana, the Uu-j or

quarter ana, and the ^l> with

But

in Southern India the

its

multiples

Hindu system

\Jj\$>-

and ^l>

of currency,

j<3.

which had

remained unchanged during the time of the Musalman power, continued to be in use for a considerable period under the East India

Company.

In gold the ^yb hun, or pagoda, and double pagoda

DENOMINATIONS OF COINS.

silver the ,jJ*

fanam,

wJ&

The monev v

kas.

made by

J*-^

and in copper the ^w!J

;

flowery pagoda.

*^ half and quarter pagoda, the *L$

*J and &**

JJ jJ and JJ ^o

fanam, 42 fanam

marked as

*j, one being

a J5

121

kas = 1

table being 20

falus,

falus. 4 falus

But owing

pagoda or him.

and the

to attempts

orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the

became

relative value of the coins

altered,

and we have copper

coins of Ifadras with a variety of legends stating their value, such

u^d

ten, five,

J~r~

^*l

two and

a half,

this is forty kas;

and two kas

others of twenty,

of a like character

others bearing their relative value, such as c^-.-\ ^/wAi

when

L/"A*

Lm^'"

U*^ ^i

5 kas were equal to

an(^ ^*-"~*\ (j*>*^ ^tr"

falus.

inscriptions were proofs not

made

The

and

;

(jj

L^^ L^-^-J

coins bearing the following

current.

Coin of the Ehinpani (Company), 1793, Christian era.

Two

Honourable Company, 1801, Christian

falus of the

^Jyj**Z

lA'V

Jj^S.

(

This coin, three falus, of the Honourable Company,

fanam, 1807, Christian

The Native

States of India

own

which owed allegiance

name

for

them was

The coinage

little

to theltoghul

and

style, often of irregular shape and bearing

The common

dub.'

of the

interesting subject.

one

of the emperor,

a stamp of some figure or device without a legend.

name

era,

emperor, usually coined silver in the

copper of their

era.

Native States of India

The legend on the

a difiicult but

silver is usually a part,

sometimes but a small part, of the coin-legend of one of the later emperors, without date or mint place

;

moreover, the die was

generally a good deal longer than the coin to be struck, and con-

sequently there

but a portion of this imperfect legend on any

l^xS

JULUSA-LALAJN

There are almost always marks or symbols which, were

one piece.

intended to be indicative of the mint-place or State, and sometimes

they are

but too often the same symbols -were used at different

so,

times by more than one State, and a great number of the coins

remain

still

as to

The money-changers and

unassigned.

know them

what State they

are the coinage

years or so the chiefs of a

bearing some figure horse's hoof

Tipu Sultan

dies

made

for

usually

thus, there is the

;

new names

muhrs, rupees, and

them

in the 5th year of his

These names appear on some of his

follows

twenty

Baroda and the sun-face for Indore.

ITaisur had a coinage

paisa or kas, but gave

last

in England,

mark

as a characteristic

and fetlock

During the

of,

little

States hare adopted coinage of

many

modern pattern struck from

reign.

dealers in India

generally by some nickname, but care and know

and are as

coins,

Gold.

$&*JP-\ for muhr,

muhr, and

for half

tJ^

for pagoda.

o t^t-^- ^ or double rupee, .^^

Silver.

half rupee,

tjy V

^ or

for rupee,

^Jolc

for

quarter rupee, i*jjS&>- for one-eighth rupee,

for one-sixteenth of a rupee,

and ^jjJ^

for one thirty-

second of a rupee.

JUdi

Copper.

one paisa,

J ^j

and ^j:^^* for double

for half paisa,

paisa, #Jbj

^>. for quarter \

paisa,

L&j

for

and c-^ks

for one-eighth of a paisa.

The names were no doubt derived the

names

of the

jjjU j*& Imams, 5th,

have

of the

the most part from

for

**>] one

Prophet and the Imams.

Prophet himself, (J-i***

the 2nd Khalif, ^Lc-

^JoU! ^\ -yb

A^jsS*

the

*-*\

j^>-

the

_yi*^

- Ji^

1st

6th, and 7th Imam, ^ssL a Prophet who

discovered the

Water

the planet Jupiter,

Life,

yuj Yenus,

^Uls

the

1st Khalif,

^U\ ^e ^

Imam,

{*y* is

the

supposed to 3rd

Mars,^xc^l

Khalif,

a star.

DENOMINATIONS OP COINS. Travancore

Hindu

State,

and has

still

123

Hindu

coinage, Imt

there are Hindustani words in Persian characters on a few of the

M ^jvJH^*

coins, viz.. <Lu "v-V

The money

chuckram

Xutch and Kathiawar have a

Copper:

*U*J!y

kori

but

really dokda.

some other denominations.

copper.

<U^

fanam.

The denominations dokda

<d^J

;

The word

tranbiya.

dokta on the coins,

find

Native States have the \j** mas,

4JL kapang, the

and the (jwAi

kas,

falus, in

ducat of the Dutch East India Company, written in

Malay <j^Ju! Government,

= =

chuckram ;

coinage of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago

in gold, the

special currency, the standard for

tranbiya

= 24 dokda.

Silver

7 f anam

;

a small silver coin called a kori.

are:

52i-

16 kas

Copper:

"v-^y

rasi= 10 chuckram; varahan=

which

<LJ

= f anam = from 4 J to sorts of various Panam

$e7^r

0^?

rupee.

<LJ **J & xnuhr,' five rupees, " A " v^/

table, according to Mateer, is:

chuckram.

an<^

15^^ called

with divisions

U"*:.^J

f^o

of the

,AJu,

and of the Netherlands

dirham, a duit

rupee of

and a rupee

o:^, and

J, -Ar, T-OO,

TO-Q

Malay

(see p. 6).

marked

coin of the Henglish Company,

a Port

Java rupee of the English East India Company

jj^Lxxfc j^Jui

^Li

Marlborough rupee

Company two

soko,

called

***

and there are

(J^* ?V 4Jo

also

moiie y

and multiples of

the same.

soko corresponds to a quarter dollar.

kapang

a small

copper coin of which 400 equal a Spanish dollar.

The small currency or

of these parts was,

pewter largely composed of

commonest one

and

still is,

that metal,

made

which

of tin, is

the

there, the tin-mines of the Peninsula and neigh-

bouring islands being the source of supply of

in the East.

Portuguese made every endeavour, early in their

traffic

The with

Sumatra and the Peninsula, to get the trade and to control the

3IUSAL1IAN NUMISMATICS.

124

mines, and the Dutch. were not slow in doing the same in the islands where their possessions this the

and influence

Following on

lay.

Portuguese Oovernraent in the sixteenth century made

pewter, or tiitenag coins for currency in "Western India, and as it

became

recognized

Government made

and

acceptable

for

trade,

the

English

tiitenag coins early in the eighteenth century

same parts of India, in very close imitation of the There are also some rare coins in this metal

for use in the

Portuguese coinage. struck in the

name

of the Dehli

emperor Shah Jahan, made

probably at Surat.

Another denomination viz.

to be

found on a coin

Zanzibar,

real.

Jls On some

coins

Dehli and Bengal kings, instead of the

denomination the word t^i&\ the silver (coin),

used.

PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE.

PLACE AID

OF MIffTAGE.

The usual legend about the

[^^] jlijjJl (or

JkJb

dirham) was

ijjts

<LLH

>**o

struck, followed

Instead of the word

(-J+2* *+\

ordered to be struck

ei-vJ^

On some

place of striking.

of the

Norman

God

coin

this dinar

mint place

of the

c^.^ on some

]\Iurabit coins

on some Dehli and Gujarat

;

struck; and on a Great Kaan

name

the

of the striking L-jyaJljlj, place

coins,

some

In the name

and the date. is

Musalman

striking of a

on other Gujarat ones,

;

coin, (^jt^sl\

I^asrid pieces

kings of Sicily

J^c

^J?

J\^s

struck,

at the

and on

made, are used instead

c-jys.

The following phrases are used with reference striking

to the time of the

In the days

of the state or empire,

In the days

of the

djj

<J>

empire of the Lord Sultan.

In the time

At the Under the empire

of the

;fej|

date.

of.

Lord Sultan.

In the time

of.

In the time

of the

Imam.

,*Ui3\

order.

nder the governorship.

authority of the Amir.

The mint name had the preposition L-?

in,

j+*$\

^1 ijL

;

^c.

& j*\ U^

attached to

the older coins, but not often on the later ones k-il^

fV.V

uJl^i *W

of the king.

for instance,

in the time of the early Ehalifs and k*jU in that of the

Mongols of Persia.

names and not

The

to others,

article

the,

prefixed to some

and a few mint names are sometimes

126

31USAL1IAX NUMISMATICS.

written with and sometimes without

and that too even at about

it,

the same date. Before or after the mint

name

place, city, port, etc

meaning

there

l*:\*\s

of quality, title, or condition, as

holy, ifjuJusil the

city, <L*--J2

guarded

them follows that

often a

word

>,Lw&Jt the blessed,

JjJj the good

u->L^

city,

showing the places

the

the blessed

mint towns, and a

titles of

of the mints,

two

<jwJJL*

or both, such as dJjaJLsr* 4jLJJt~

These are called the

port.

title is

new;

~ SjJj ~jjcj, or expressive

list of

which the

given in each case.

The List

Mint Towns has been compiled from the one in

Xumismatique ITusalrnane," with the addition

Soret's

of such

other places as have been found in numismatic writings since that

book was published.

For

the-

purpose of greater accuracy as to

the geographical position of the towns as

"in Irak Arabi,"

latitude

such general descriptions

Khurasan," not being satisfactory

the

and longitude are given when they have been ascertained.

Some names have not been '

Mu jam

in Yakut's

mentioned

located, although they are

al-Buldan"; in such cases a few words of

by that author are quoted. A few more yet remain some of them probably have disappeared or sunk into others may have been new names given to places insignificance

description

uncertain

;

on their capture by a Musalman king, but since forgotten others are most likely misreadings.

been noticed by only one writer his name the authority for including

in the list

and then the

and

added, in brackets, as

all the other

;

have been given by more than one writer.

which the mint name

;

"When the mint name has

The

mint names

class of coin

upon

found follows the geographical description,

title or titles of

the town, which are given as prefix

or suffix according to whether they precede or follow the name.

The

spelling of the

Arzerum

an instance of this

Misreadings spellings

names is

may

not, as will :

**^ \\j\

seen,

**)jj\

always the same

- /*/

ijl

(V/^

;

account for this sometimes, but there are mis-

and variations in spelling some of the names on the

coins.

MINT TOWS.

LIST OF

MINT TOW1S.

LIST OF

36S'K; 4920'E.

In Azarbaijan.

Abhar.

127

Sallarid (Markof).

Old name for Msabur.

Abrashahi;.

Prefix dwj A/

Abbasid.

Umayyad;

C T InFarsistan. 3110'IN .; 53 I5'E.

Abarkuh,

Persia

Mongols

Timurid

Stalls

;

Persia.

al-Abadan min al-Ahwaz.

In Eajputana,

Abu.

Prefix

(Soret).

<?1?

-u

Abushahr.

of Persia.

Mongols

(Some-

.) ;

Prefix

3756'N.

;

E".

;

j^j

;

5915'E.

of Persia.

K'W.

Etawah.

initial

Shahs of Persia.

In Khurasan.

Mongols

Abbasid

Bushire^ in Farsistan.

50 52' E.

Abiwarci

;

times written without the

Utrar.

;

24 35 N.

In Egypt, near Damietta

Abusaidiyab.

26 47'

Buwayhid.

Behli Eings (Eoclgers).

72-45' E.

Abuan.

India.

;

Farab, 20' E.

Prefix jJj

;

3 E. in

jJj .ajj

of Persia

Dehli Emperors

;

India.

44 35'

IT.

;

Chagatai.

;

Attuk. In Panjab, India. 33 53' N.

Attuk Benares.

Xj\2\

Dehli Emperors.

Turkistan.

Mongols .

Provinces

;

72 16 E.

Durrani.

The same.

Dehli Emperors

(Eodgers).

Ajayur. Bakror, in Oudh, India. Dehli Emperor.

\j\J

128

MUSALSTAX In Eajputana, India.

Ajmir,

27'

;

74 43'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefixes^-JsJl^o.

,?fj

;,.

>;\tjt to \jsi

.j*~^Mv*s$ m j JOw$w.A<*i

Ujjain. In Malwah, India. 23 10' X.

Dehli

and Emperors,

Kings

Prefix

;

75 47'E.

and

local.

,Jjb\j\J.

Achah. Acheen, in Sumatra 5 G 10'K; 9535'E. Local Sultan

Ahsanabad. 17

18'

;

Prefixes ,a;j

English.

^j .x

Gulburgah, in the Deecan, India. T

;

Bahmani.

;

Dehli Emperors

54 E,

Prefix

In Gujarat, India.

Ahmadabad, 7

72 38 E.

;

CLJ-^

Dehli Emperors

;

*23

;

Gujarat Eings.

Prefixes

Ahmadpur. 29

Bahawalptir

7118'E.

8' K".;

Ahmadshahi.

State,

Durrani.

Kandahar.

India.

Local Eaja.

Durrani; Barakzai.

Prefix d LN wJ;-il.

Ahmadnagar.

In Gujarat, India.

2338

72 54' E. Gujarat Kings. Prefix jJ

Ahmadnagar. In the Deecan, 74 55' E.

Dehli Emperors

Ahmadnagar Farukhahad.

India. ;

2\.

;

195

;

^T.

;

local Bajas.

Earukhabad, in

C H.W.ProTinces, India. 27 23 N.; 7936'E, /

Dehli Emperors.

Akhtarnagar Oudh. Akhsikat.

Oudh.

Dehli Emperors.

Capital of Earghana.

;

36 F.

;

7l20'E. Abbasid(Tiesenhausen); Samanid; Turkistan (Markof). Ikhshin. Persia.

In Earsistan (Yakut).

Mongols

LIST OP JflXT TOWNS,

In Turkistan.

Akhsi.

55']N

129

7l22'E.

;

Shaybanid (Markof).

Ebelat, in Armenia.

Akhlat.

10'

Mongols

Akhur?

Cliagatai (Oliver).

Adrinali,

Adrianople, in Turkey.

264Q'E.

7349

;

4127 K; ;

Othnianli.

In Eajputana, India.

Udaipnr.

52'

of Persia.

E. Denli Emperors. Prefix

A Province

Azarbaijan.

of Persia.

7'K

;

jWjucs^. Uniayyad;

Abbasid; Tabirid.

Arran.

Province in Armenia.

(Markof)

Abbasid

;

Prefix <L Jw*

1 6'

10'

;

44 O'E.

InTurkistan.

Abbasid; Buktiginid; Buwaybid; of Persia

Abbasid

Saffarid

;

3042

;

Mongols

N.; 5026'E. Tahirid

;

390'K;

;

13 E.

19'

of Persia.

In Azarbaijan.

Abbasid

Buwayhid

In Armenia.

Ardabil.

Mongols

of Persia.

Mongols Arjisli.

Jalair.

;

In Farsistan.

Arrajan.

of Persia.

Mongols Arbil.

Persia.

In Knuzistan.

Arbuk.

Uniayyad of

Mongols

;

Sajid

;

38 9

;

1ST.

Mongols

;

Persia

;

Chagatai; Atabeg; Jalair; Shahs of Persia. Prefix

Jj^Sljlj.

al-Ardun.

Umayyad

The

Jordan

;

Urdu.

Syria.

(Eodgers).

Ardashir Khiirrah.

28 42 N.

district

;

Eirozabad, in Parsistan.

52 48' E.

A camp.

Umayyad

;

Abbasid.

Shaybanid; Shahs of Persia

Dehli Emperors.

;

JIUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

130

Campr on

Urdu dar rah-i-Dakhan. the Dekhan.

Urdu Zafar

road to

tlie

Dehli Emperors.

Camp

Q,arin.

linked to victory.

Dehli Emperor Akbar. Erziroum. in Armenia.

Arzarum.

57'

; J

* !

20' E.

Saljuks

of Persia

Mongols

;

*^J

;

'^' j

Othmanli.

IE Earsistan, on the

Arzakan. I

think

(Yakut),

sea-coast,

Persia

llongols

(Sauraire).

In Armenia.

Arzan.

38" 10' X.

Arzanjan. In Armenia. ;

mandid Karaman

;

18 E.

;

5-i'E.

;

Jalair

Timurid.

;

Danish-

Prefix

ij J^.

In Turkistan, two farsakhs from

Mongols of Persia.

(Yakut). or

Ard-al-Hayr

3238

Arabi.

39 38'X.

of Persia

Mongols

Arsaband.

Marv

;

of Persia.

Mongols

Saljnks

;

Khayr. T

;

Is .;

Karbala, in Irak

Shahs

Meshhed, in Persia.

Arz-i-Aqdas.

^sj\

4433'E. Abbasid. of

\JM&>\

Persia. -

Arkat.

Arcot, in Karnatic India.

79 24' E. local

Dehli Emperor

;

5 5' JT.

E.I Company

;

^awab.

Arakan.

9324

coast of

Persia.

Abbasid; Mongols

3730

;

Sajid

;

Mongols

X.:7 45

Urush, for

Mongols i.'

19'E.

^,1 ^ L5

of Persia

Timurid.

Umayyad

;

of Persia.

Eriwan, in Armenia. X

44 25 E.

;

of Persia.

Province of Armenia.

Arminiyah.

Ariwan.

20 42' N.

Bengal Kings.

Urmiah. Urmi, in

Abbasid

Barman.

;

JT.

;

U"jj\

Othmanli. (?)

^wj

MINT TOWNS.

LIST OP

In Farsistan.

Inimi.

Eaiyunlid

(

Kara

Stalls of Persia;

Fraelin)

Persia

Mongols

;

131

(Earth olomei).

Mount Elvand,

Arwand.

34 40' ST.;

4S21'E.

Hamadan.

near

of Persia

Mongols

;

Shahs of Persia.

Azof, in Eussia.

Azaq.

G-olden

Horde;

Azammur.

Othmanli.

InMorocco. 33

;

10' E.

Prefixes

18'

13' "W.

Marinid.

Azmir.

3827'^T.

Smyrna, in Anatolia.

2712'E.

;

Asbaijab.

Othmanli. in

Tnrkistan.

Chagatai

Tnrldstan.

Sairam,

Asfijab

4142 K; 8150'E.

Astara.

Azarbaijan,

;

38 30 N.

;

(Sawalief)

;

53 45 E. Persia;

50'

;

jbl.L-l

Sarbadarid

Shahs

Timurid;

;

Uratnbe, in Turkistan.

;

68 58 E.

Turkistan

;

In Biorasan.

Mongols of Persia Saffi,

Prefixes <Lo J^

Usrushana.

Asia.

Mongols

Chagatai.

;

Ziyarid; Great Kaans; Mongols

of Persia.

Isfarayin.

Jalair

Caspian. of Persia

In Mazandaran.

Astarabad.

48 50' E.

;

on the

;

Khan. 3'

N. ; 57

Shaybanid.

in Morocco.

Pilili Sharifs.

local

Prefix

3218'F.; S^O'W.

(Tychs.en), J^u

(Marcel). Asfir.

Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).

al-Iskandariyah. Alexandria, Egypt. 31

2952'E.

Fatimid;

Mamlnk; Othmanli,

Zangid;

12'IT.

;

Ayyubid;

132

31CSAL3IAN KU3XISMAXXCS.

2i c 19'E,

;

22-21'X.

;

Othmanli.

Islamabad.

Chittagong, India.

9 1 c 52' E. Delili

41-0'X.

In Macedonia.

IJskub or Skub.

(Mathura, according to Rodgers. }

Emperors.

Istambol. Stamboul, Constantinople. Othmanli.

Othmanli.

Smyrna.

Ismir, IQTJ*S*J\.

Near Isfahan (Yakut).

Uswariyah.

Mongols

of Persia (Maikof). Asir.

Asirgarh, in Central Provinces, India.

2128

^T.

;

59'

;

Dehli Emperor.

Seville,

Ishbiliyah.

7620

Abbadid

;

Murabit

;

37- 22 X.

;

3IuwahMd

;

Spain. ;

Hudid. Istikhan.

Bukhara.

Istakhar.

Persepolis, in Farsistan.

52 C 57'E.

;

FX.

In Irak Ajami, Persia.

51 43' E.

Abbasid

Tahiiid

;

Shahs of Persia. Prefixes

Jj^\

Atarabalus.

;

jx* ^ikLJ^b .

;

Tripoli, in Syria.

51' E.

;

Buwayhid Kakwayhid Saljuks Mongols Persia Kara Knyunlid Timurid Chagatai

Suffix

;

Abbasid.

Umayyad;

Isbahan or Isfahan. 32 42'

Turkistan (Fraehn).

Umayyad

(Larois)

24'

;

Fatimicl

;

(Markof). Izzabad.

Azimnagar.

Dehli Emperor (Tychsen). ?.

Dehli Emperor.

Agharnathah ? for lilJ^i

Aghmat.

In Morocco.

Granada. 31

Murabit. ;

80 /n\Y.

Mnrabit. Afrikiyah.

Tunis.

;

36 48 N.

Umayyad; Abbasid;

;

Aghlabid.

10'

133

LIST OF 3IINT TOWNS.

Afioum, in AnatoKa.

Afiyun.

30 20' E.

48' 2f.

Saljuk (Pietrazewski).

Ak-Sarai, in Karamania.

Aksara, Akshahr.

38 c 23'y.; 33 C 49'E. Saljuk (Soret); Mongols of Persia (Fraehn)

"Uncertain

Aksn.

Khan

30' ST.

46 18' E.

;

(Fraehn). 41

In Turkistan.

10'

80 40' E.

;

Chinese. 1

Akbarabad.

IS".^ ".

Agra,

Dehli Emperors.

te\st\

In Ondh, India.

Akbarpur. 82 34' E.

25'

aJjl^&^^U

al-Akir.

Mongols of Persia

Jalair;

al-Akir, al-Agir.

;

]tf.

;

Behli Emperors.

Akbarnagar Ondh. ?.

DeHi Emperors.

Akbarnagar. Eajniahal, in Bengal.

87 52' E.

India.

Provinces,

Prefixes

10'

fortress

(Soret).

of Caucasus.

Mongols

of Persia

;

Golden Horde. Aksara.

Imam

Akuniah.

of Sana.

Timurid (Bodgers).

Agrah. In N.TV. Provinces, India. 78

Kings and Emperors

Prefixes

Almeria.

Spanish

2710

SJ".;

of Dehli.

In Spam.

Umayyad

;

3650'K;

232'"W".

Mnrabit.

Almalakah or al-Malakah. Knlja. 4358']Sr.; 81

15' E.

Chagatai.

Almorah. In JST ."W. ProTinces, India. 2935']Sr.; 79 41' E.

DehH Kings j

local Eajah.

*-*S*

Karaman.

;

In Circassia.

Aksa.

^-..M

;

"X**"

MUSALMA2? NUMISMATICS.

134

Province to west of Isfahan, Persia.

Alinjali.

Prefix

Jalair.

Alwar.

Delili

Ulns Bnlghar.

Eings

Slras, Asia

;

35 48' E.

local

jUb

40 09' X.

;

Ottonanli.

;

India.

Deecan,

Emperor

aj^j

;

37 56' K.

Diarbakij in Armenia. 8'

;

D ehii

19'

Kavab.

Amid. 40

34'

Kazan.

Minor.

Adoni,

37' B".;

;

o! Persia

Mongols

Imtiyazgarh. 15

local Rajah.

Khan

Bulghar.

Rajpntana, India.

ID.

76" 38' E.

Amasiah.

4*!jl

Abbasid

Buwayhid

;

Marwanid

;

ijj^.

Urtnkid; Ayynbid; Othmanli. Prefix

Amdurman.

;

In Sudan. 15 40'2(.; 32 34 E.

Local rulers.

In the Punjab, India.

Amritsar.

7455'E.

Samanid

Ziyarid

;

Prefix

Persia.

Timnrid

;

j*x*

;

Umayyad

Chagatai

;

Bnwayhid

(Eraehn)

;

4343'E.

Buwayhid (Tychsen). 36

64 30' E.

Marwanid.

Othmanli

4155

( Wellenheim)

Andajan. Andokan, in Transoxiana.

7225'E.

21'K;

Dehli Emperors.

Iniboli, in Asia Minor.

33 50' E.

;

Shahs of

25 C

Sind.

In furkistan.

Anabnlia.

;

52 C 25' E.

;

al-Anbar. Near Baghdad. 33 38' 1ST.

Anbar.

37' "N.

Umarkot, ;

46 E.

30'

Tabaristan

;

Mongols of Persia

Amirkot.

Sikh.

In Mazandaran. 36

Amnl.

N.;

4050

;

Shaybanid; Timnrid; Chagatai.

Andarabak Indarab,

in Turkistan.

;

69 39 E. Abbasid (Bodgers)

Samanid; Ghaznawid.

;

3559

K.;

Abu Daudid

;

135

LIST OF MIA T TOWNS.

Indore, also *Bhartpur, in Central

Indrapur.

Dehli Emperor

India.

50' "W.

Idrisid

local Eaj ah.

Cordova, in Spain.

ai-Andalus. 4

;

Umayyad

Spanish

;

52' 3T.

;

Hamudid

;

j^J

Jj'Jl

Abbadid.

;

2242'2L

Indore. In Central India.

;

54'

^ jj

Local Eaj ah. in.

J^s?l>

Andijaraa.

Samanid

Elhurasan.

(Markof).

373

Antequera, in Spain.

al-Andikaru. C

4 31' "W.

Spanish

Umayyad

E".

;

(Stickel) .

36 11

Antioch, in Syria.

Antakiyah.

;

ikj

36 7'E.

Abbasid; Tulunid; Saljuk.

Anknriyah. An gorah, in C

32 45' E.

Mongols

3115'K; 7634 28

;

]Si".

;

7912'E.

H.;

&>&]

#.^JoJl

y*L&J\

Sikh.

Aoula, in 'N.'W. Provinces, India.

16'

Xj&j\

Othmanli.

Probably Anandpur, in Pan jab.

Anandghar.

Annlah.

of Persia

;

39 56

Anatolia.

dy\

Dehli Emperors;

Durrani (Eodgers). Ani.

Oni, in Armenia.

Jalair

Aujan.

;

4248

]>T.j

1 5'E.

In Azarbaijan. 3750']SL;

Mongols

4640

;

of Persia.

Aujan, also

(

^s>-\

In Malwah.

Dehli

Emperors. Aukri.

2045

Ochrida, r

in Eoumelia.

Emperor

7842

;

local Kings.

;

Local Eajah.

14'

E. Dehli

Prefixes

In Bandalkhand, India. /

410 K;

Othmanli.

Ondh. In India. 26 48'

Aurcha.

ITongols of Persia.

(

25 21 ;

1ST.

;

J^-^\

MUSALXAX NUMISMATICS.

136

Urdu.

102

;

Golden Horde

20' E.

Prefix Ja**tt

Turkistan.

Urdu Bazar.

Serai.

Golden Horde

Urdu

Karakorama. probablr r

also

Serai;

47" 15' X.

> ^, _>

;

Hongols

Persia;

Astrakhan.

;

Golden

!Xew Urdu, Serai.

al-Jadidah.

Horde. ?

Urdu Khanah.

Timurid.

Urdu Humayun.

Othmanii.

Imperial Camp.

Aurangabad. In the Deccan, India.

7522 jLj

;

BeHi Emperors.

1954'K; ^u^s^

Prefix

BeHi Emperor

Aurangnagar.

In Turkistan. 40 3

Uzkand.

Turkistan.

Ousk

28'

ifjL

Prefixes

;

12 E.

Suffix

4045']NT

In Turkistan.

723o'E.

;

Timurid; Chagatai.

Oukak.

the Yolga between Bulghar and ?

Golden Horde (Eraehn)

Serai.

Astrakhan

;

(Markof).

Ounik.

;

now Javan Kalah.

Armeniaj

25' E.

Mongols

Persia

(Soret). T

In Azarbaijan. 38 28' ]N 47 0' E. King of Ahar Kara Kuyunlid (Soret).

Ahar.

;

al-Ahwaz. InKhuzistan.

Abbasid

;

Buwayhid

j\^\jL^\ Ayasulugh.

jj&$\

j*i

Ephesus.

Othmanli; Aydin Amir. lij.

319

;

N.; 4S44'E. See also

Saljuk. .

\\*&1\

55'

;

Prefix

^j^j

27 22' E.

ijJ^.

Earsistan,. afterwards Shabankara.

Timurid (Rodgers).

JsJLAj

("White Eing). .

Jj).M

Aiij

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

3 Pol' 2?".;

Malamir, in Khuzistan.

lidaz.

137

Cl_

49 45' E.

Buwayhid

Eriwan, also J"*^

o! Persia.

Mongols

;

40 C

In Armenia.

8' ]N

^.jj

;

4425'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix x~*j*s?". Ailia,7

with ,.,-laJJ W"

3516'E.

Umayyad; In Berar,

Eiichpur.

77 30' E.

Jerusalem.

Idrisid

JuW " "

;

LL! " "

Ayyubid.

;

India.

46'

10'

;

Behli Emperors.

Shahs of Persia.

Iran.

Persia.

Ilak.

In Turkistan.

;

12' E.

jL\

Ilaks of Turkistan (llarkof ).

al-Bab. Darbend, on the Caspian Sea. 42 5'$".;

Prefix <L> J^

Umayyad.

Bajara. In Mesopotamia. 36 42'$".;

39i2'E.

ITongols of Persia (Soret).

^^o^-lj

Bajnis.

Bar.

T ]N

^J^

Abbasid.

ear Nisabur, in Khurasan.

4rE. Mongols

Earan.

Harv (Yakut).

K"ear

Persia

Jalair

;

Prefix

Mongols

Kara Kuyunlid.

In Khurasan.

Barjin.

3635'K;

of Persia (Soret).

1 7'

;

59 49' E.

Golden Horde. Bari.

Barin, in Syria.

Mongols

;

34 59' E.

of Persia (Soret).

Bariz.

Paris.

Bazar.

Probably

Filili Sharif

^Ub.

Mulay Hasan.

Mongols

of Persia

;

Jalair (Bartholomei). Baziffc.

Near Isfahan (Yakut and Sehindler).

Mongols Baghchih

of Persia (Sehindler).

Sarai.

33 53' E.

In the Crimea.

Krim Khans.

44 44'

;

^\^ tjs*\> \

MUSAL3IAX

138

Baku. In the Caucasus. 40 21' X. Golden Horde Chagatai

Mongols

;

49 50' E.

;

of Persia

Jalair

;

*/b . dj^b ./b 4ui b

;

Kara Kuyunlid (Fraehn).

;

Balapur. In South India. 20-40'X.; 76 '49'E.

^-b

Local (Tufnell). T

Balkan.

ear llerv

Golden Horde (Soret). S

J&\s

;

Bamian. In Afghanistan. 34-49'S".; 67 2S E.

Samanid (Tiesenhausen) Abu Daud; Khwarizm. ;

Banad, Banak.

E"ear

Jalair

Eayy (Yakut).

(llarkof).

Abiward (Yakut).

Baward.

Mongols

Persia (ITarkof).

In Armenia.

Baibirt,

Bhutan

27 3 X.

;

Local (Eodgers).

86 C 45'X.

Bougiah, in Algeria.

54'E.

Muwahhicl;

^j J^t

Haf sid

50 E.

;

Harinid.

;

Island in Persian Gulf.

Bahrayn.

E".

;

Abbasid.

Bukhara. In Tuxkistan. 39 48'

Abbasid

Tahirid

;

Janid; Hangit. <L? d,

10'E.

Northern India.

District, in

90 E.

Bajayah.

Prefis

;

of Persia.

Mongols Batan.

16'X.

jJu

Budaun. In 79 92' E.

Badakhshan.

7033'E. Idrisid

Badaa.

Saljuk

Prefixes

jJj

Ljb-i

;

64 34 E.

Shaybanid

;

\j\ss?

;

i^UJl ^ dIJ\ :

28 G 2'j$L;

^Jo

Dehli Emperors.

In Afghanistan.

Samanid; Chagatai; Timurid

Babar (Eodgers).

;

KW. Provinces, India.

In Arabia.

Abbasid Jalair.

. ^

;

Idrisid

25 ;

16'

Prefix jJj

Aghlabid

;

50 40 E.

Muwahhid

;

LIST OF 3SHNT TOWN'S.

Bidlis. BitKs, in

Amirs

Armenia.

of Bidlis

;

3823'K; 426'E.

Chagatai

Abbasid ?

;

Badhaghis.

In Khurasan.

;

Abbasid.

Dehli Emperors

Bhartpur.

Brij Indarpur.

(Eodgers).

Old name for Earman.

Bardasir.

4220

In Armenia.

Bardaah.

ITongols of Persia

Jalair

;

Saljuk.

;

Abbasid

;

10' E.

Sajid

;

Saffarid (Tornberg).

Barkan.

east

bank

the Jinim, near

Astrabad and Jurjan (Yakut).

Uncertain

(Soret).

Barkaid.

4152

;

Barkah.

Baraka, in

3730 Shahs

;

15 35'N.

;

Africa.

ST.

50'

3ST.

;

4855

of Persia.

2143

Baroch. Broach, in Gujarat, India.

44'

Abbasid.

In Irak Ajami. 33

Barujird.

Mesopotamia.

Local Amir.

jST.

;

Local.

In Gujarat.

Baroda.

;

1 6'

Local Gaikwar.

In Anatolia.

Brusa.

40 10'

;

Othmanli.

Burhanpur.

In Kandesh, India.

7616

Dehli Emperors

;

Prefixes Barili.

j^jJ jlj I

Bareilly, in

;

28 22' F.

;

Durrani.

Prefixes -JaS

29 26' E.

India.

Dehli Emperors .

jb UW (Eodgers)

dbli*! (kelson Wright).

Bazmkobad, Barmisad,

Umayyad.

;

local Eajah.

^^Is ^A!J N.W. Provinces,

Barmkobad.

;

140

3TUSAL3IAX XOIISMAXICS, 31 : 20'X.

In Afghanistan.

Bust,

Tahirid;

In Khurasan.

Bistam.

34- 20' X.

47~

;

of Persia (Markof).

Mongols

In Irak Arabi. 30-26'X; 47 C 56 E. /

al-Basrah.

Umayyad

Abbasid

;

Marwanid Shahs

64'2'E.

;

JA*.

Prefix

Saffarid.

Buwayhid

Jalair

;

Prefix jL!*

of Persia.

Saljuk

;

Mongols of Persia

;

Bnsri.

32 C 21'X.; 36 C 31'E.

Bozra, in Syria.

TJmayyad, Badajoz, In Spain.

Bataliyus.

56 AV.

King

Balabekk.

;

34 s 3 X.

;

26' E.

Bekbek.

Syria.

Mesopotamia.

Mongols of Persia

Kara Ejiynnlid ;

;

Umayyad; Abbasid.

Baghdad.

inanli

of Badajoz.

Baalbac,

36 C 11 E.

44 C

38 C 53' X.

;

Chagatai

Mongols

;

75 44' E.

;

Oth-

JuJU J

of Persia.

In the Deccan, India.

Bagalkot.

Jalair

Mamlnk

Prefix

Slialis of Persia.

22'

;

I l

Abbadan

;

Mongols

(Yakut).

i^W^

Persia

(Schindler).

36 C 47'X.

In Khurasan.

Baikh.

Umayyad; Abbasid; Samanid

Abu Daud

Saljuk

;

Barakzai.

Prefix

Balkh al-Baida.

Umayyad Balid.

Local.

In Khuzistan, between Basrah and

Baljan.

^.'

<ijj

;

Ghaznawid;

Shaybanid

;

67 C 2S'E.

;

Janid

;

Daghastan

(Fraehn).

LiJl

(Fraehn).

In Mesopotamia, near Mosil. 3625'X.

;

jJj

42 50 E. Abbasid; Golden Horde; Ukaylid. C Baliim. Palermo, in Sicily. S8 7

Aghlabid of

Sicily.

;

X 1322 ;

^Jj

LIST OP

Buighar. In Eussia, on the Tolga. 54 59'

490'E. Khan

Great Kaans

of Kazan.

20 28' E.

1$.

;

39 28'ST.

;

Amirid; Toledo Kings; Murabit.

jJu*.

Prefix

Balukan, or Talukan, for

In Java.

1'S.

KKwarizm.

^USU?.

IH^T'E.

;

English

Prefix

Malay.

Bamm.

In Kirman.

Bwayhid; Banares. In

;

29 10

58 13' E.

;

Saljuk (Ejrehl).

KW. Provinces, India.

2518'K.;

Dehli Emperors. Prefix jb

Same

Binakat.

69C'E.

dA^

40 46'

as Shahrukhia.

1ST.

;

Turkistan.

Bantan. Bantam, in Java 6 12

Malay

44 48'

Yalencia, in Spain.

020'W.

;

Othmanli

Balansiah.

83 3

Prefix <j**\

Belgrade, in Servia.

Bulghrad.

Golden Horde;

Golden Horde (Markoi).

Bulghar Garrison.

Bali.

;

141

HI^T TOWNS.

;

106 10'E.

local.

;

BanjarMasin. InBorneo. 332'S.;

11438

;

Local Sultan (Millies). Banjar, for^.*saj

Bandar.

Probably Bandar Abbas or Bushira.

Mongols

of Persia (Schindler).

Bandarabin.

27 23'

;

Bandar Shahi.

Bandar Abbas.

5618'E.

2ST.

"W.

77 44' E.

Proyinces,

Dehli Emperors.

In Laristan.

10'

;

Shahs of Persia.

Bindah.

In Sind:

Bundi.

In Eajpntana, India.

7540'E.

India.

Dehli Emperors.

Local Eajah.

2527'K;

142

IfUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Unknown town

Bink or Bik Bazar.

in Trans-

Golden Horde (Fraehn)

oxiana (Markof).

;

Astrakhan Elan (Hark of). 22 3 20'X.; 8825'E.

In Bengal.

Bankapur.

Dehli Emperor (White King). Chief toTrn of Shash (Yakut),

Binketh.

Samanid

Taskand.

Dehli Emperor Akbar

Bengal.

Bangala.

i.e.

Prefix jJj

Chagatai.

;

(Thomas).

77 3 36' E.

48^T .; 7642 ^T

;

State,

;

12'

Mesopotamia.

Buktiginid (Heir).

2916

]S .;

Behli Kings (Yost).

77 31' E.

Bengal Kings (Eodgers).

Burhandiyah.

Buzjan,

four

from Msabur

days

and six from Herat (Yakut). 60

India.

Panjab,

Budhana. In X.W. Provinces, India.

Buzkan.

;

Dehli Xings(Eodgers).

BuTraibab,

al-Buwazij. 36 25'

57']^".

Sultan of Mysore.

In Patiala

Bannnr, 30

12 C

In llysore, India.

Bangalur.

38' E.

Mongols

12'

;

of Persia.

Bnshahr, for Abushahr.

Mongols

of Persia

(Markof).

Bntah or Buzah.

]^ear

Merv

Abbasid

(MoeHer). Bulis.

(Tiesenhausen.)

Bunt. Alpuenta, in Spain. 39 52' F.

1 ;

3' "W".

Bini E/azin. Dehli Emperors.

Bahadurpattan. Bahar.

In Hamadan.

;

48 25' E.

Golden Horde. Bhanpnra, in Central Provinces,

Bhanpur. India.

2430 K; 7547'E.

(Thomas).

Dehli Kings

LIST OF

In Panjab, India.

Bahawalpur. 71

Prefix

Bajah.

29 24'

Dehli Emperor (Eodgers)

47' E.

143

MINT TOWNS.

;

1ST.

;

local

JLH^ta. 3040'K; 5014'E.

Bahbihan. InKhuzistan, of Persia.

Kings

2713'N.

In Bajputana, India.

Bhartpur.

BeHi Emperors;

7732'E.

Bihkubadh

In the Saki

al-Asfal.

Baghdad (Yakut).

Shahs of Persia

;

JU1

Purat, near

Uniayyad.

In Sind.

Bhakhar.

;

local Eajah.

3137'K;

Dehli Emperors

Durrani.

;

BhopaL In Centrallndia. 2315'jST.; 7725'E. Local Begam.

In Hutch, Western India.

Bhuj.

6948

E. Also written ^j

Bhilsah. In Bhopal State. 23

23 .

15'

Local Eao.

31'K; 7750 E. /

Dehli Emperors.

In Kumis territory, two days from

al-Biyar.

Bistam (Yakut).

^QW

Samanid

Biyarjumand.

al-Biyan.

12'

13'

;

37 E.

local copper.

;

30 21'

estuary of Tigris.

Umayyad

;

(Codrington).

Biyasa. Baeza, in Andalusia.

;

335'W.

Spanish Umayyad.

7720

2657 K; ;

In Eajputana, India.

Biana. r

.<Ulj.!jLj

Dehli King.

BaitJahrin. InPalestine.

3136'K.; 3453 E. /

Abhasid (Tiesenhausen).

In Deccan, India.

Bijapur.

49'

;

7546'E. Dehli Emperors. Prenx.y^^b. Bairut.

In Syria.

Abbasid.

;

29' E.

CJ,/>-j

3IUS1L3L1X XO1XSMATXCS,

1-44

Xear Basinna, which

Brnxlh.

Buwayhicl

(Yakut).

Abbaslcl

Governor

;

of Persia.

;

19 58 X.

Yemen

;

4o s 30'E.

(Markof).

Probably Vairatu. in Rajputana. India.

Bairat.

27=42'y.

;

76 2:3'E.

Dehli Emperors.

In Eajpntana, India.

Bikanir.

73"22'E.

;

llongois of Persia.

In Baluchistan.

^L:

? for

;

28"

Local Eajah.

In Armenia,

Bilakan. Bilu.

near al-Arnvaz

Mongols

;

Bish, in Yemen.

Baysha.

Local

Khan

(Eodgers).

C Biylak In Baluchistan. 26

;

66 23' E.

Local Jam.

Hola Honnur,

Binazir.

7542'E.

Pali.

0'I!\.

Msore.

Sultan of

25 C 48' X.

India.

Rajputana,

25' E.

in llysorc.

Jlj

;

Jodhpur Rajah.

C Panipat In IST.W. Provinces, India. 29 23'X.;

(Eodgers), <Ua5 (Taylor).

Saringapatam, in

Pattan.

12 25'

1".

76 45' E.

Pattan Deo.

uuo Jb

Dehli Emperors (Badgers). Prefix

15'

Mysore,

^ ^

India.

Sultan of Mysore.

Dwarka, in Kathiawacl, India. ;

;

Dehli

Emperors

(Badgers).

In Bengal.

Patnah.

Dehli Emperors.

Pashawar.

On British

340 K; 7138 /

Shahs of Persia Barakzai.

;

37'

Prefixes

Ehwarizm; Sikh;

Ifll

;

teu

12'"E.

frontier of Afghanistan.

Durrani

Prefix

N.; 85

Dehli Emperors

;

MINT OWNS.

LIST OF

Palermo.

Palarm.

Xorman Kings

of Sicily.

Khan

32' E.

22' E.

;

Shnshi, in Kurdistan. 39

Panahabad.

38'

145

40' 3T.

;

Karabagh (Markof)

;

uncertain Persian (Fraehn).

Dehli Emperors (Bodgers).

'?.

Panjnagar.

6935'E.

Panjhir. In Afghanistan. 35 30' ST.; Saffarid

Poulo

Samanid

;

Daudid.

;

Prince

Panang.

25' E.

100

518'N.;

Penang.

Wales

Island,

English

Malay.

Punah. 73

Poona, in Deccan, India.

Local Paishwah.

53' E.

Tajarjara.

Algeria

Tashkand. InTurkistan.

Shaybanid

Murabit

;

Chagatai.

;

35 28'

;

Abel al-Kadir.

Tandah. In Oudh, India. Dehli Emperors

Tanah

4121'K 684l'E.

Tashkand Khans

In Algeria. ;

Prefix

Idrisid (Lavoix).

Talddamt.

3 1 N.

East Africa.

Tajarra,

;

8242'E.

2633'jST.;

Bengal Kings.

Malay Country.

Malayu.

English

local.

In Azarbaijan.

Tabriz.

of Persia

Mongols Timurid

;

Chagatai

Shahs of Persia,

Tattah.

;

3' ST.

;

Prefixes

46 20' E.

;

Golden Horde

;

Othmanli

;

Kuyunlid

In Sind, India. 24

Dehli Emperors

Tadghah.

Jalair

;

44'

;

68 O'E.

Durrani. Prefix jlfsn Jo

In Morocco.

3244'N.

;

547

'W.

Idrisid; Abbasid (Markof).

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

146

;

39- 42 X.

In Armenia.

Tarjan.

Mongols

In Malacca.

Tranganu.

Prefix

Local.

Abbasid

^yC?

Samanid

;

Tarumin.

Sumatra. Prefix

English.

38"

Jliy

jjl

17 X.

;

38' E.

Timurid.

;

O'f

100~30'E.

;

Local

o-xJ.

In Hadramaut.

Tarira.

102 30' E.

;

Chagatai

;

^J Jw*

Prefix JU--'.

5' 2f.

In Bukhara.

Tirmidli.

4(P 30' E.

;

of Persia.

18--41'

49 3 22'E.

;

Local Chief. Shustar, in Khuzistan.

Tustar.

Mongols

Persia (Markof).

Tustar min al-Ahxvaz.

Canton

Alnraz.

Abbasid; Buwayhid. s Tesowy, near Lake TJrmi. 38

TasTri.

23' E.

Tetouan, in Morocco.

Tatv^an. 5

29' TV.

TutilaL 1

;

Easulicl

;

Imam

Persia

;

4410

Prefix

Dehli

c^-A/

4141'3L; 44

Othmanli

LJ J^

Mongols

;

of Sana.

Suffix

;

59' E.

Shahs

Persia.

j^-i

3433'X.; 4333'E.

Takrit. In Mesopotamia.

Talak

;

Abbasid; Great Kaans; Mongols

Umayyad; Prefix

7' 3f.

Tirhut, district in Bengal.

In Georgia.

Tiflis.

;

Spain.

13 30'^T.

Prefix *Jj\

Kings.

35 30' X.

Spanish Umayyad.

In Yemen.

Taghlakpur.

Tudelah,

Ayyubid

;

Filili Sharifs.

39' "W.

Taizz.

18'

of Persia (Fraehn).

Mongols

of Persia (Sauvaire).

Samawi.

Teluk

510'K; 9750'E.

Samay, in Achin.

Achin.

jau

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Till

Lams.

Mongols

Tilimsan. 1

Muwahhid

;

Marinid

;

Prefix <fcoX/.

Telanga, district in S.E, India. Dchli

Talang.

Prefix

Kings.

i^Ln

40 20' N.

In Shras, Asia Minor.

Tukat.

363S

;

Mongols

Haf sid

;

Tunk. Tonk,

36 46' N.

Tunkit

Ilak.

Tui, for

]ST.

;

Province

Shahs

;

Turkistan.

;

jlJ jib

of Persia.

Tirah. Tyria, in Anatolia. 38 of Persia

Ilak - Bukhara.

Samanid

64 12 E.

ufj^

Mongols

2610'N.;

Local Rajah.

10 5'E.

;

Othmanli.

in Eajputana, India.

7556'E.

;

of Persia; Othmanli.

In North Africa.

Muwanhid

Algeria.

Murabit

Ziyanid; Othmanli.

Tunis.

Jalair.

;

Tlemsan, in

1 6'

of Persia

147

Othraanli

1ST.

;

27 42' E.

(LJ^-H )

Shahs

of Persia.

al-Taimarah.

Near Isfahan.

In Yemen.

Thabat.

Umayyad.

Rasulid.

Jahak. Near Tus, in Khurasan ( Yakut). Saljuk.

In Khurasan.

Jajarm.

Mongols

36 51'

38".

;

56 29 ; E.

of Persia.

In the Panjah, India.

Jalandar.

75 87' E. Java.

EJ. Company;

Jarbath.

20'

Netherlands.

Jerbah, near Tunis. ;

10 30 E.

;

jj U-

Dehli Emperors.

Umayyad

(Lavoix),

33 45

Title

IS.

;

t\p-

ci^

ML'SALMAN NUMISMATICS.

148

37 :

In Tabaristan.

Jurjaii.

Abbiijid;

Mongols

12'

54 : 52 E. ;

;

Samanid

Persia;

Tahirid

Buwayhid, (Fraelm);

(Marlvof);

Prefix

(Xornberg).

Jarzuwan, Jarirwan, or Harir\ran (Ptodgers);

Gazarwan

(Eaverty).

Afghanistan.

35 r 40'X.; 6512'E. Ivawarizm Shalis. al-Jazair.

36 C 58' X.

Algiers.

57' E.

Hafsid; Othmanli.

al-Jazirah.

37 I5

Mesopotamia.

;

1ST.

;

42-14'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Marwanid;

Hamdanid

;

Zangicl

Kara KnynnlicL. Jazirali Prins

;

Prefix

^railes.

Persia

Mongols jj *x*

;

(

Prince of Wales

Island orPouloPcnang. 5" IS

C 100 25'E.

;

Englisb. local. Jazirali Silulu or Silung'.

E.I.

Company.

al-Jisr.

Probably ;

34 4 X.

T .

;

pany's Jalalpur.

Shahs

of Persia.

GoldenHorde(Fraehn). 34

Afghanistan.

24'

;

Dehli Emperor, with prefix

24' E.

*Jjil

Syria.

Uniayyad (Rogers).

42' E.

In Daghistan

Jalalabad.

Manbij,

Probably Yeramin, near Teheran.

1 5' ]S

Julad.

Jisr

35 38' E.

;

Jafarabad.

Ceylon. Netherlands

Also counter-strike

on E.L Com-

coins. In.

the Panjab. 29

31'

T 1S

;

22 E.

Dehli Emperors (Yost).

Jalaun.

Is ."W.

7922'E. Jalu.

Persia.

26 9

;

T jS

;

Local Eajah.

Army

distan.

Proyinces, India.

Mint.

Or Jelo District in Kur-

S725']ST .;

440'E.

Shahs

149

LIST OF 3II3TT TOWNS.

Julair.

Delili

jLlj J,:>-

Dehli Emperors.

Jalimabad.

Emperors

(Eoclgers).

Jummun. In Kashmir. 32 44'^.; 7449'E. Dehli Emperors (Eoclgers). Local Governor. Prefixes ..,U81 \,^

,b ...JiS. y> 29 3 31'N.;

Genaba, in Farsistan.

Jinaba.

35' E.

Saffarid

;

Buwayhid.

3420'N.

Junabadh. Grmabad, in Khurasan.

5833

Sarbadarid.

Jannatabad. Lakhnauti, in Bengal. 24

4885'E. Janzah.

55'jST.

;

Bengal Kings.

Sabur.

Juncli

Khnzistan.

18'

1ST.

;

Urnayyacl; Abbasid.

Probably

for

^rsa.i

Umayyad

;

Shaddadid (Markof).

In Eajputana, India.

Jodhpur. 73

Dehli Kings

Delili

;

(Eodgers); local Eajah. Prefixes

19' 2T.

JNT.

District ;

Jaunpur. In 82

Jhalawar.

7650'E. Jahanabad.

near Balkh, in

Ghaznawkl

;

-jy&

Dehli Emperors

Prefixes

eL^d>-

In Eajputana, India.

Khurasan.

2544']Sr.;

Kings

;

_ d'J^ri. _

24 20'

IS.

;

Local Eajah.

In Bengal.

13'

Dehli Emperors.

Jahanpanah.

Suffix

Ziyarid.

KW. Provinces, India.

44' E.

Jaunpur.

;

Emperors

Juzjan.

jj\i:>-

;

Dehli.

Dehli Kings.

;

MUSAL3XAN XCTISMATIC,*.

1-50

Jhansi. In Central India. 25

C 25'K; 78 3S'E.

Dehli Emperors.

In X.

Janansirabad. <-'

24'

X.;

Dehli

India.

Provinces,

"\V.

Emperors

(Hoernle).

6'E.

Delili

In the Panjab, India. 21' E.

;

16'

SiJdi (Rodgers).

Xear Allahabad, X.W. Provinces. India.

26'

Prefix i^j-Vf

Uniayyad

Spanish Uniayyad

;

50'^.; C

lluwahhicl

In Eajputana, India.

Jaipur.

55' E.

Dehli Emperors

Prefixes

2^asricl.

;

26 ;

49' TT.

56' E".

9' E".

;

local Rajah.

**4^ uJ^^ a-

In Zirman.

Jiruft.

Abbasid.

;

Jaen, in Spain.

Jiyan.

Dehli Kings.

58' E.

;

Old Isfahan.

Jayy.

23' 43' K.

Dehli Emperors.

26' E.

Jhusi.

;

Emperor.

Jahangirnagar. Dacca, in Bengal.

Jhang.

24 C 24'X.

Jangipur, in Bengal.

Jahangxrpur.

;

40 E.

Buwayhid. Jaisalmir.

InRajputana.

2654'K

7054'E.

;

Local Rajah.

Cianitza, in Servia.

Chanicha.

Chawalsfcan.

54' E.

Chitganu.

Dehli King (Hoernle).

Chatarkot. In

56'

jST.

;

OthmanlL

2 E.

KW. Provinces, India.

2518'^ .;

Dehli Emperors (Burn).

Chittagong.

Bengal Kings. Chinapattan.

Prefix

2221'K; 9152'E.

Prefix

Madras.

&*j.

Dehli Emperors.

.-^.

MINT TOWNS.

LIST OF

Chunar. 82

In Gujarat, India. Dehli Emperor

36' E.

Prefixes

^UjJK^

;

31' ST.

;

Gujarat Kings.

;

Chhachrauli. In the Panjab, India. 30

7' $".

Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.

55' E.

Chanpanir. 73

2 5C

~N~.W. Provinces, India,

151

1 5'

;

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

25' E.

Shahabad (Yost)

Chushi, or Chusha.

Dehli

;

Kings.

Golden Horde;

;

Prefix

34 47

Jabulta, near Baghdad. 7

37 E.

1ST.

;

1ST.

;

Abbasid (Lavoix).

In Yemen.

Hajr.

;

Dehli Emperors.

46' E.

25'

Astrakhan Khans.

In the Panjab, India.

Hafizabad.

Habulta.

52'

Dehli Emperors.

41' E.

Haji Turkhan. Astrakhan. 46

In Eajputana, India.

Chitur.

;

14' E.

Abbasid. Charroe, in Mesopotamia. 36

Harran. 39

Umayyad

Abbasid

;

52' ~N.

Ayyubid

;

Buktiginid.

al-Hirmin al-Sharifin.

The two Holy

Mecca and Medinah. Hazan.

Salt

Cities

Othmanli. ?.

Country.

Mongols

Persia (Soret).

al-Hasan or al-Khush.

Probably Khush,

Umayyad- (Eogers).

Syria.

Hasanabad or Husainabad.

Bengal Prefix

Probably Gaur in

Dehli Emperors;

^j^.

Bengal Kings.

152

3IUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS.

Tlmuiid

45' E.

Shaybanid.

;

Dehli Kings

50' E.

local E.ajah,

Dehli Emperors

;

-J

Suffix $;

9'X.

In X.TT. Provinces, India.

Hissar.

38 C 25'N.; 68

In Turkistan.

Hissar.

;

Hissar Shadman. Hissar, in Turkistan. Timurid. Hisn.

Kaifa.

Urtukid

Hisn Kaifa,

Turkistan.

Mongols

37 40'X.; 41 20 E.

Trtnldd;

35 30

Atra, in Mesopotamia.

42 50' E.

Umayyad Ayynbid

;

JS".

;

Ak-Ivuyunlid (Soret).

Halab. Aleppo, in Syria. 36 11' X.

;

of Persia.

al-Hadhr.

Jalair

jLa

of Persia.

Mongols

;

Hisn EhifEah. Hisr Kaghi.

^U JU

Abbasid Eatimid

Mirdasid

;

Othmanli.

;

Hamdanid

;

Prefix

Hulwan. In Irak Arabi. 34

E. ;

;

Zangid

Mamluk

;

^o IS-

48'

;

36'

Abbasid.

30' E.

Hamat.

Ayyubicl

Hamad.

Mongols

In Syria. ;

of Persia

Mamlnk.

Perhaps for

16 X.; Suffix LS*

O^A>-

province in Asia Minor.

Jalair

Hims. Emesa, in Syria. 34

25'

40' E.

sr^l

;

^A^-

(Mark of).

36 46' E.

Umayyad; Hamdanid; Eatimid; Tulunid; Jalair.

In Syria.

Hauran.

Othmanli

Hautah.

7' JS

;

40' E.

22' E.

(Soret).

In NajdL

33' BT.

;

Local (Eodgers).

Huwayza. In Khuzistan. 3117'K; 48 1'E. Timurid.

^LsSi

Jalair.

;

In Mesopotamia.

al-Hillah.

iU>.

153

LIST OF MIxNT TOWNS.

Haiclarabad. In theDeccan, India.

Dehli Emperors

32' E.

jLj *JLL^J

Prefixes

;

22' IT.

;

T ]\

izani.

jUsll .b.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Kharpur.

local

C Khalakabad. Chandagal, near Mysore. 12 21'2T.;

7645'E.

Mysore Sultan. In

Khanpur.

2S35'N.

Bahawalpur

7041'E.

;

40 45 N.

Khanjah. Elizabethpol.

India.

State,

Local Eajah.

;

1 4'

Othmanli.

Khanah Eikab.

Modern Knchan,

Zhabushan. 37

2-5'

Army Mint. Shahs

58 22'E.

N.;

of Persia.

EHmrasan.

Persia

Mongols

(Markof).

In Transoxiana, about

Khutlan, al-Khnttul. 37 46'

Timurid (Fraehn)

68 40' E.

;

Samanid.

In Turkistan. 37

Khuttan.

Mongols of Persia (Sanlcy)

Lj-y

suffix

Khan.

Dehli

Aurangabad.

Baniyad.

IQuijastuh

7755'E.

;

local

;

Emperors.

Zhujindah. In Turkistan. 41 Chagatai

Prefix

Chagatai

Khurfah.

1ST.

;

Turkistan.

Diarbakr or Amid.

Khartbirt.

;

Mongols

ITajd, Arabia.

56' IT.

;

of Persia.

Local Khan.

Khazanah.

Alj.

The Treasury.

Khusrushadh Hurmnz.

Eengal Kings.

A district

Tated part of Irak (Yakut).

in the culti-

Umayyad.

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

154

Khilat 42 : al

Marwanid

10'

Khalif an

38 3 52'K;

Armenia.

Akhlat,

Mongols of

;

Persia.

Constantinople.

al-Aliyah.

Otnmanll.

Khulm.

36 : 58' N.

In Khurasan.

8'E.

;

Timurid. Ehalif atabad. Baglmrhat, in Bengal. 22 40' X. 89 49' E.

EMva.

Khwarizm.

Golden Horde Khans.

Xhur.

;

Bengal Kings (Blochmann). 41

55'

Cnagatai

;

Timurid

;

local

Prefixes

village near Balk3i( Yakut). Timurid.

Klmrshid Suwad.

Probably Bliarwar, in the

1527

Deccan, India.

S".;

E. Mysore

Sultan.

Khu?h.

of Persia.

Mongols

4032

Khukand. In Tartary. Local Khans.

^<U! ^1 J

Prefixes

Epithet

7058

;

<uiljuu^

L^JJ

E. -

Khima. In Azarbaijan. 38 21'S".;

4400

;

Abbasid.

Khui.

In Azarbaijan.

Mongols

of Persia

Shahs of Persia

;

38 33

;

ft.

;

Golden Horde

;

Jalair

;

Durrani (Leggett). Prefix

6S48'E.

Khairpur. In Sind, India. 2731'jST.;

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Khizan.

In Armenia.

SS ^']^.

;

Othmanli.

Khayuk. (Soret).

Khiva.

Local

Khans; Timurid

d/^

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

In Mesopotamia.

Dara.

37'" S'K".

;

1'E.

Abbasid (Stickel).

Bar al-Tassuwir.

Joudhpur.

Behli Emperors

(Eodgers).

Barah. In Mesopotamia. 35 28']^.; 3952'E. Saljuk (Lane Poole).

Shahs

of Persia

Mongols

Shahs of Persia. near

$".

;

of Persia.

Bamighan. In Khurasan.

Bamla,

Province in Armenia.

Baghastan.

;

3612'K; 5438'E. Chagatai

Saharanpur,

Timuricl

;

Prefix <wj JL*

;

K"W.

Provinces,

Behli Emperor (Eodgers).

India.

Baniat.

Kafartab

between

Syria,

and

Aleppo of

Mongols

(Yakut).

Persia

(Soret).

Baniat. Benia, in Spain,

Kings

Benia

38 52'

Muwahhid.

;

04' W.

;

Prefix <LJ J^

Bawar. In Afghanistan. 33 15'^.; Shahs

of Persia (Markof).

Bahar.

for

^Uj. In

Babusiyah.

6550

Behli Kings (Eodgers).

Transoxiana.

394S'j$T.

;

Golden Horde; Turkistan.

Babil. Ardabil.

389'N.; 4S19'E. Umayyad;

Abbasid.

Barab, in Earsistan.

Barabjird.

Birband.

Shahs Bizful.

42'

;

Umayyad.

In Baghistan.

Golden Horde

Barwadh.

;

local

fort

S'K

;

4810'E.

Azarbaijan

(Yakut).

Khan.

of Persia.

In Khuzistan.

;

48 22' E.

Shahs of Persia (Eraehn). Bistawa.

In Earsistan (Yakut).

Umayyad.

t^srlj

3IUSALMAN X

156

Dakuka.

35S']NT .;

Tank, in Mesopotamia.

44" 28' E,

Abbasicl

Dilshadabad.

Buktiginid (Soret).

;

Dehli Emperors.

al-Dalikan or Dolijan.

About 33 C

20'

;

ear Isfahan (Yakut).

51- 10' E. (Le Strange)

;

Abbasid (Fraehn).

Damawind. In Khurasan. Timurid

Damask.

3539

;

IJniayyad

Abbasicl

Fatimid

;

4P18'E.

;

Saljuk

;

3Iamlnk; Othmanli. Bunaysir.

33 34'

Damascus,

Ikhshidid

Zangid

;

20' E.

" Ayyubid

.^Au

Suffix &*:

^Mesopotamia.

;

2'$".;

Marwanid; Urtukid. T

of Persia

Dawkar.

Tulunid

;

Dawrak. In Khuzistan. 3051']N Shahs

Shahs of Persia.

;

4855'E.

Timurid.

Saljuk (B.tt. Cat.).

Dogam, Dogaon. Probably Dogon, near j^anpara, In Bahraich, Oudh. fixes

Daulatabad. 19

iils)\j!j

57'

. ;

18' E.

the

In Java.

Decean, India.

Local English.

Aj&J

;

Dahistan.

5524'E. (Dorn).

75 24' E.

the Pass of Dhar.

Dharwar. In south of Deccan, India. 75 3 E.

Dehli

;

Dhar. In Central India. 23 36' Dehli Kings.

Pre-

AwJljta.

Dehli Kings

Prefix iliL^sf*

Emperors.

Daha.

,*!LS!j\j

Deogir, in

T IS

Dehli Emperors.

1527'K;

Mysore Sultan. In Hazanclaran.

;

E".

;

Great Kaans; Shahs of Persia Prefix jJj

DM. 77

2839'}sT

In y."W. Provinces, India. Belli Kings

IS'E.

157

MINT TOWXS.

LIST OP

;

Dehli Emperors

;

Local.

Dholpur. InEajputana. 26

42' 3".

;

54' E.

Local Eana. C Amid, in ^Mesopotamia. 37 56'X.

Diarbakar.

la Syria.

Diyr.

;

Othmanli.

;

18' E.

Oth-

manli; Kara Kuyunlid.

Dairah.

;

322'jNT

;

Durrani.

Dairah fath Khan. 70 50' E. al-Dailim.

24'

Sikh; Durrani.

Deraj at, in the Panjab.

Dairahjat. 4'

Dereh, in the Panjab.

7259'E. Dehli Emperors

Durrani.

Hultan, in the Panjab.

Dairajat.

In the Panjab.

9'^T

;

Durrani.

S?^

In Azerbaijan.

Muhanimad

Bnznngumir

Dingarh. In the Panjab.

;

^.; 4940'E.

"Wahsondinide.

2856'K; 7449'E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

al-Dinawar.

47 36' E. Diogir.

7518

36'

1957'K

Daulatabad, intheDeecan.

Darwat.

CJ.-.a^

India.

Sind,

(White King).

Prefix

Hajaz

^L^\

;

Dehli

Emperors

(Yakut)

;

Easulid

(ISTeitzel).

Dafarin.

;

E. DehliKings; dizain of Haidarabad.

Prefixes &*ks

Dieval.

Irak Arabi.

Buwayhid (Markof ).

Uncertain.

Timurid (LanePoole).

158

Damar.

Imam

of Sana.

Eajar.

Prefix

-o

G E.

jUj

Horde

Golden

or Arjan.

Eajan

;

H~11'X.; 44

In Yemen.

(Sorct).

Mongols

'?.

Eajaz.

of Persia

(Lane Poole).

2618'^r.

In Eajpntana, India.

Eajgarh, C

74 42' E. Eahin.

Eirman.

Eayin,

57 32' E.

38'E.

Eask.

T ]S

;

2850

X.;

Local Eajah.

Eas al-Avin. 40- 5' E.

35'

ITongols of Persia (ScMndler).

lladhanpur. In Eajputana, India. 7l

;

Local Rajah of Alwar State.

In Mesopotamia.

36^52'X.

;

Abbasid.

2618 ^T .; 6140'E. ;

Inllakram.

Sanianicl (Frachn).

EasM.

In Khurasan,

Tarmuz (Yakut).

farsakhs

eight

from

Sanianicl.

36Q'K;

al-Eafikah. Eakkali, in Mesopotamia.

S920'E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Buwa yhid Hamdanid

(Tornberg).

Eamhnimuz. 49 50' E.

;

In Khnzistan.

Umay yad

;

Abbasid

10'

;

Bnwayhid

;

Tulunid ; Shahs of Persia. Dehli Emperors (Eoernle).

Eanajin.

Ribat al-Fath. B^^SO'TT.

In Farsistan.

Eajan.

Morocco.

;

Jiilt

Elili Sharifs. ?

i^&-j\

Golden

Horde (Markof). al-Eahabah.

4011 Easht.

;

In Mesopotamia.

Abbasid; Hamdanid.

Gilan.

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia.

20']Sr.;

of Persia;

Prefix

54'

JS".

4950

;

Knyunlid; Shahs

L ^

MINT TOW^S.

LIST OF

(Yakut)

Arabi.

Irak

Bussid.

Golden Horde

;

3225

In Khuzistan.

llanash.

Mongols

;

Yemen

159

<\^\

4S22'E.

jST.;

<x^

of Persia.

J^j

Shahs of Persia.

Z$j\

Umayyad; Abbasid.

3920'E. Eimm.

360'K;

In Mesopotamia.

al-Eakkah.

Kurds in Earsistan

District of the

;

Shahs of Persia (Markof). 31

In Palestine.

al-Eama.

33'

;

54'

;

UJ1

Ayyubid.

In Palestine. 31

al-Eamlah.

Umayyad

34 56' E.

llanthambhur. In Kajputana, India. 26 76

;

J5&&J

Dehli Kings.

30' E.

2544'K

In Bengal.

Eangpur.

IUJ1

Abbasid.

;

16 E.

j^j^

Local Eajah.

Eevan.

Erivan. ?,

Eotaspnr.

Bengal Kings.

J^AJ^

55'K; 4925'E.

In Gilan.

al-Eoudhbar.

Othmanli.

jV^

Local Prince.

Euha.

Edessi, in

390'E.

Umayyad; Abbasid;

Eikanz.

;

UjiL Uj

Umayyad; .Ayyubid; Othmanli.

al-Rayy. InlrakAjami. 36

Mongols

375

Mesopotamia.

1ST.

Saljuk;

;

5130'E.

&]\

Ghaznawid;

of Persia.

Town

near

Merv (Yakut)

;

Governor

of Sijistan.

Zabid.

In Yemen.

;

20' E.

j^j

Easulid; Yiyadid; King of Yemen. Zirinj.

Sijistan.

Umayyad; Mongols

Abbasid;

of Persia.

33'

1ST.

;

Saffarid;

Prefix

;

38 E.

Tahirid;

-Aj

m'SALMAX NUMISMATICS.

160

In Scrvia. 44

ZamindraL.

X.; 20 52 E.

Othmunli,

Azamur. in Morocco. 33

al-Zamwar. 8

"W.

;}'

In Afghanistan.

2s".

32 : 30'

T 2s .

;

36 : 45 X.; ;

In Khamsah, Persia.

48 2S'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix In East Africa.

Zanjihar.

;

Khwarizni.

30' E.

Zinjan.

17'

ITarinicl (Lavoix).

Zamindawar. :

aj\**u!l ,L\ >

39 C 20'E.

0' S.j

Local Sultan. Zuilat. Zuila, in Tripoli. 27

20'

;

30' E.

HL^J

Fatimid.

Zoha.

Sharif of Morocco (Sorct).

Xcar Cordova,

al-Zahra. 5

20'TT.

40'

52' X.

2s". ;

;

L" ;/"^

jJ^.

Prefix

Spanish TJmayyad.

In Farsistan.

Zaydan.

Ifcj

36 C

in Spain.

10'

a Juj \

of Persia.

Mongols

Ahmadabad.

Zinat al-Bilad.

Dehli Emperors

jLSl

(Eodgers).

In Khuzistan.

Sabir Ehonst.

4740'E.

50'

;

Buwayhid; Kakwayhid.

In Farsistan.

Sabur.

32 C

oQ'ltf.

;

55' E.

Umayyad. Sardis.

Sart, 5'

Sari.

In Malwah. India.

30' E.

26' K".

Timurid

;

Persia

Shahs

IS".

Ziyarid

;

32' ]S

Sabadarid

of Persia;

;

Khan

;

Othmanli.

Mongols

of Dailixn.

Sakiz. Scio, in Grecian Archipelago. 38 20'

;

Dehli Emperors.

In Mazandaran.

Anatolia.

Saljuk.

Sarangpur. 76

;

jixj^

MINT TOWNS.

LIST OP

Samsun. In Trebizond, Asia Minor. 36

161

4121'K;

;

25 E. Mongols of Persia. Prefix

Sarniyah. In Palestine. 3158'JSr.

j.X*

3523'E.

;

Umayyad. In Azarbaijan.

Sauj Bulagh.

45 C 45' E.

In Irak Ajami.

Sawah.

54'

cSb

;

Shahs of Persia.

Buwayhid

2ST.

of Persia

Mongols

;

5026'E.

;

Chagatai

;

Jalair; Timurid.

3555']\T .; 518'

Sibtah. Ceuta.

Muwahhid

Marinicl

;

Sibzawar. In Khurasan: 36

Or in Afghanistan

of Persia;

Mongols

Sabadarid

Shahs

;

Dehli Kings.

Prefixes

20' E.

10'

of Persia.

cjyd>-

;

ll'E.

BuwayMd;

Prefix

38'

Umayyad

Prefixes

K; 5746

in Persia.

Seistan,

Sijistan.

Timurid;

In Bengal.

Satgaon.

W. Hamudid;

Moorish.

j J^

;

25 E.

^r,

Abbasid

;

local

;

Governors; Ghaznawid; Saffarid. Sijilniasah.

In Morocco. 3115'M".

Spanish

Umayyad

Marinid

;

Moorish

Sidi-ah Kiysi.

22 Sarai.

56' E.

Murabitid; Muwahhid;

;

Hasani Sharif s. Prefixes

;

Sanjak, in Salonika. 40

38'

Othmanli.

the Yolga.

Golden Horde; Prefixes

I45 W. /

;

jjj

38' E".

White Horde;

;

46 O'E.

^\ ^

Othmanli.

Sarai al-Jadid. NewSarai, Tzaref on the Yolga. ,

39'

Sarai Chouk.

Ural. 46

;

Golden Horde.

little Sarai. 16'

;

Sarachik, on the

;

25 E. Golden Horde. 11

MUSALMAN

162

Sarai al-Mahmsat.

XUMIS1IATICS.

Golden

Garrisoned camp.

Horde. Srebernltza

Sribarnijah.

Bosnia.

;

In Khurasan.

Sarakhs.

Othmanli.

19 E.

3838'X.

Saljuk; Mongols

Umayyad;

Saiberaik

13'E.

oi Persia

Stalls

;

of Persia.

Sariz. Seriz, in Roumelia.

415'2T.; 2335'E.

Othmanli In Irak ArabL

Surrak.

8'N.

4736'E.

;

Umayyad.

Sarkan, for

;

of Persia.

Hudid.

Prefix

ij J^

10' E.

Surra

min

Mongols raa.

46' 2T.

;

35 20' E".

Zergan, in Irak Ajami.

Sirkan.

Mongols

Saragossa, in Spain. 41

Sarrakustali,

;

of Persia.

Irak Arabi.

Samarra,

3411'K; 4349'E. Abbasid; Buwayhid. Sarmin.

In Syria.

59'

;

57'

Othmanli (Eraenn). Sirwan. In Afghanistan. 34 25' N.

Umayyad

46'

N.;

7742'E. Sirhind.

3843

(Layoix).

In Eajputana, India.

Sirunj.

(lYaehn).

Saraj, In Mesopotamia. 36

Umayyad

;

Dehli Emperors;

In ff/W. Provinces, India. 30

7629'E. Debli Emperors

;

6' IS.

;

local Eajah. 38'

Durrani;

local

Kajah. Srinagar.

In Kashmir. 34

Dehli Emperors .-H;

5'jST.;

7451'E.

Eashmir Sultans.

;

Prefix

Srinagar. In

78 49'

KW. Provinces, India. Eajahs of Garhwal.

3013'E".;

163

LIST OF 31INT TOWXS.

Sughad, also A,^

Turkistan

Samarkand.

tX**Jl

Jx-c

(Fraeki). T

4129'j\

In Georgia.

Sighnak.

White Horde.

Prefix

;

Sifurkan. Shibarkan, in Turkistan. 36

Uskub,

27'

Anatolia.

in.

54'

;

Othmanli.

25' E.

In K!V. Provinces,

Sikandarabad.

;

Aghlabid.

Sicily.

SikaliyaL..

3*5' IT.

Mnzaffaricl.

Skub.

Zhwarizm.

42' E.

"Suk.

;

India.

DehU Emperors

44' E.

(Hoernle). Sala.

Salee, in Morocco.

Malay Peninsula.

j^cUL

;

34 40 N.

;

45'

Muwahhid; Marinid.

Selangor,

'Salangur.

101

19'K;

Salamabad. Salanik.

13' E.

Local English. Prefix

Mysore, S. India. Mysore Sultan.

Salonika.

38'

1ST.

;

56' E.

Othmanli. Sultam,

for

probably

^LjUaL*

Shah

Persia (Eodgers).

Warangol, in the Deccan, India.

Sultanpnr. 1

58'

1ST.

;

Sultaniyah.

4842

Chagatai Prefix

Salmas.

40' E.

Dehli Kings.

In Irak Ajami.

;

Mongols Inju ;

;

Timurid

suffix

****!!

Persia;

Shahs

;

Salamiyah. Abbasid,

;

Jalair; of Persia.

~sJ

In Azaibaijan. SS ^'^".;

Mongols

28'

of Persia

;

In Syria.

Jalair

;

4440

Golden Horde.

356'.

;

3659'E.

164

ilUSALMlX XOXISMATICS.

Samarkand. In Turkistan. 40- O'X. Abbasid

Tahirid ; Samanid

;

Turkistan

;

Prefixes

Janid.

;

<2~*is-* <L?>Xi v

Suffix

jJj

;

Prefix

Sliahs of Persia.

29'K

;

Cliagatai

;

j j^.

Samanjan. Fire days from Andarabah, and

from Khulm (Yakut).

Probably Haybak

Snmanap, in Madura, near Java.

Sumanaf. C

2'S.

Spanish

11345

;

Stamped on some

coins.

Sunargaon. In Bengal. 39

DeHi Eings

v ^>--

Sambhal. In

T iS

;

36 E.

Zangid

90 3 3S'E.

;

Prefix

W. Provinces, India, 28 C 35'

3S[. ;

Dehli Kings.

Ukaylid

;

45'

Bengal Kings.

;

In Diarbakr.

Sinjar.

five

Timurid (Markof).

(Le Strange).

;

iJUlL

Buwayhid Timurid

20' E.

j A^

;

C Scmnoon, in Khurasan. 35

Samnan. 53

;

Khwarizm Chagatai Timurid

;

Shaybanid

67 40' E.

;

Great Kaans

19'

Ayyubid

;

K ;

;

50' E. of

Mongols

Persia.

Sind, or Sindh.

San Lucar, in Spain.

Sanlukah. 6

22'

Snwar.

W. On

jyx&r

Dehli Emperors

Surin.

I) en^-

Emperors. 49

;

Prefix

219'K 7254

of Persia.

;

local Isfawab

uxL/* jJcj

Half-farsakh from

Mongols

]ST.

;

Local Eajah.

Surat. In Gujarat, India.

Company.

;

Yolga Bulghar Khans.

Yolga.

In Jodlipur State, India.

7S37'E.

36 47'

Murabit.

Siwai Jaipur, Sujat.

Shans of Persia.

East India

;

Msabur (Yakut).

OWNS.

LIST OF 1EIAT

31o5'K 4824

Sus. Susa, in Kfauzistan.

Sumatra.

Achin,

50' E.

Abbasid.

Umayyad; Susn.

;

165

44'

;

Straits Coinage.

Suk Ibrahim. Near Tlemsan, in

Algeria. Sulai-

*-j&

manid (Lavoix).

Suk al-Ahwaz. Ahwaz, in ELhuzistan. Umayyad

;

Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Suk Hurrah. In Khnzistan. Umayyad In

Saharanpur. 29

58'

Prefix

"W.

N".

;

(Soret).

India.

Provinces,

;

35 E.

Dehli

Emperors.

^.Jljb.

SahlEanak. In Transoxiana. Half -farsakh from

Samarkand (Yakut). Abbasid (Moeller). In the Panjab, India. 323i ]tf.; /

Sialkot.

;

36 E.

Dehli Emperors.

Sitapur. In Oudh, India. 2734'N.; 8042'E.

Behli Emperors.

In the Panjab, India.

Sitpur.

50 E.

In TurMstan.

Siraf.

Abbasid

35 Sistan.

23 Sik.

Kirman.

Buwayhid

55' E.

Serez, 35' E.

40' E.

20'

;

of Persia.

3721'K;

Minor.

Shahs of Persia (Dorn). in

Eoumelia.

Umayyad (Eraehn)

Sumatra.

30'

Prefix

Sivas,

of Persia;

;

Saljuk.

Sijistan.

40'

Mongols

;

Asia

Adana,

English. Si was.

of Persia.

Mongols

;

10'

3037'N.;

Buwayhid

35 E.

Sis.

Siruz.

;

Saidabad,

Sirjan.

Behli Emperors (Eodgers).

;

^Jl E.

;

102 E.

Local

Eoum, 7'

;

Othmanli.

Asia

Saljuk

;

Minor.

Mongols

Golden Horde; Kkrarnan.

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

166

of Persia

Mongols

(Yakut)

T .

;

suffix

CL;-^=-

Shakan.

Samanid

;

<bS

jJ&lt

Jativa,

India.

Halwah,

ITahrah and Gujarat

J <U-

Abbasid

Prefix jJj Shatibah.

Marv

from

Tashkend, in Turkistan.

11' E.

53'

75 24' E.

;

Kings. Prefixes al-Shash.

44 54' E.

;

Golden Horde.

;

farsakhs

Mandu,

22 18'^

Chagatai (Eraehn).

;

Shadiabad.

Jalair

;

Three

Shapurabad,

39 D 53'

In Erivan.

Shabiran.

^llfiJI

Chagatai.

;

Spain.

24'

jST.

;

Hudid.

Perhaps for ^liK, or perhaps that

in Turkistan.

4027']ST

. ;

713'E. Mongols

of Persia.

al-Sham.

Golden Horde (Eodgers).

Syria.

al-Shamiyah, for L^sUull

Shahabad. 79

Umayyad.

Emperors.

38 N.

India.

Oudh,

59' E. Dehli

Prefix

~^J

Shahjahanabad. Dehli. Dehli Emperor

Nadir

of Persia

Shah Eukhiyah. 69

Shahgarh.

19']S

In Turkistan.

;

Central

Provinces,

India.

Earsistan. of Persia

Mongols

10' K".

;

Chagatai

;

Timurid.,

Shibarkhan.

42 7 E.

"W.

Afghanistan.

Buwayhid (Leggett).

misread for (J&ShibHiyah.

46' E".

7940'E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Shabankarah. 51

Shah

Timurid (Fraehn).

;

Durrani. Prefix 4iLsM

;

35' E".

;

Possibly

<*+*

Seville,

Murabit.

Spain.

37 26'

;

*'4

SMrki. of

the west bank of the Tigris, east

round city

the

Baghdad (Yakut).

of Persia (Soret).

Mongols

Xeres, in Spain. 36 41'

Shirish.

167

MINT TOWNS.

LIST OP

6 9'

;

Murabit.

In Bengal.

Sharifabad. Sharif ah.

In Irak Arabi, near Easrah (Yakut). of Persia (Soret).

Mongols Shafurkan.

Dehli Kings.

Shibarghan,

40' N.

;

Shikar al-Gah.

Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

In Sind.

Shikarpur.

Afghanistan.

Khwarizm.

32' E.

57' tf.

68 40' E.

;

Local.

Shahs

Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia.

Shiki.

of Persia.

In the Deccan, India.

Sholapur.

17 40'

In Trans-Caucasia.

Shamakhi.

47 30' E. Jalair

Golden Horde

;

Kara Kuyunlid; Shahs Othmanli. Prenx a^kLJ \. j

shahi;

Shamsh.

Umayyad

Shamhar. day's

;

Dehli Emperors.

75 56' E.

56' "N.

;

Shirwan-

;

of Persia;

(Lavoix).

mountain in Dailimite country,

from

journey

Sariah

(Yakut).

Barendid (Markof). Shustar.

In Khuzistan.

Mongols of Persia

;

Jalair

58' ;

Shahr al-Jadid al-Maharusah. garrisoned.

The new

city

3515'K 4530'E.

Atabeg (Meier). Shahr Sabaz. In Turkistan. 52^ E.

;

Golden Horde.

Shahrzur. In Kurdistan.

Shahs of Persia.

Chagatai.

;

168

3IUSA.LMAS XUMIS1IATICS.

Shahr

Xew

Xan.

Shahristan. C

Prefix

Bengal Kings.

Bengal.

5;3

Probably Gaur, in

city.

Farsistan.

28'

15'E. llongols of Persia. Suffix ?.

Shaik abn Ishak.

2ST.

^j^j

;

Unknown

*!a*'

Mongols

locality.

Timurid (Markof).

of Persia;

SMraz.

Golden Horde (Markof).

Shahiin lluazam.

In Paiastan. 29 5 30'2s.; 5230'E.

Abbasid

BuwayMd

;

llongols of Persia zaffarid of

&Sj2

;

Chagatai

;

Salgharid

;

Timurid

;

Ak Enyunlid

;

Mn-

Shahs

Prefixes

Persia.

;

In Bengal.

Shirpur.

Atabeg

Jalair

24 40 X.

;

89 28' E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

In Bengal.

Shirgarh.

Also Dehli.

Dehli Kings

Prefixes

24 49' X.

<&JJ

<ulJi

;

8346

Dehli Emperors.

suffixes

Shirwan. ShaniakMj in Trans -Caucasia, llbngols of Persia

;

Jalair

Shirwanshahi (Markof)

;

Othmanli.

Sadat.

In Yemen.

16 42'

4242'E.

2N".;

Eassid Imams.

al-Saghaniyan.

6740 Saghd.

Turkistan.

30' IT.

;

Samanid; Turkistan.

District

Bukhara. 40

between

Samarkand

and

66 E. Chagatai (Tiesen-

hausen). Safuriyah.

Syria.

Abbasid (Lavoix).

32 46'

1ST.;

3516'E.

LIST OF 3IIXT lOTOS.

also

Sicily,

Sikiliyah.

Gorman

Kings.

In Yemen.

Sana.

Abbasid; Easulid; al-Sannabra. Sur.

cLjJLc

10'

Imams

;

4432'E.

;

Sana; Othmanli.

Chief of Batiha (Lane Poole).

3316'N.; 3oll'E.

Tyre, in Syria.

Abbasid (llarkof)

Eatimid

;

In Bulgaria.

Sofia.

Pa timid

Prefix <bj,X*

169

44'

;

Othmanli.

;

15' E.

Othmanli. al-Suayrah. Mogadur, in Morocco. 31 9

30'

;

Eilili Sharifs.

45' "W.

Dharabkhanah

rikab.

Army

Shahs

Hint.

Persia.

In Yemen.

Dhafar.

Imam

Tarim.

;

56' E.

Dhafar.

District

36 40'

Kazvin.

near

;

Timnrid (Markof).

45' E.

'Talakan. In Eadakhshan.

3645'K.

6928'E.

;

Ehwarizm. Tans, Tus. In Khurasan. 36 30' N.

;

Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Chagatai;

26' E.

Timurid

(Markof). 'Tabaristan.

5340'E. Prefix

ProTince of Persia.

Shahs

Abbasid;

uXUH jlj

Tabariyah.

14'

;

Persia.

Tiberias,

in Syria.

3247'K;

3539'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Ikhshidid; Fatimid. 'Tarabalus.

5rE.

Tarabalus. 13

23'

Tripoli,

in Syria.

3424'K

;

Eatimid; Mamluk; OthmanH?. Tripoli,

in Africa.

E, Hafsid; Othmanli. Prefix

48'

1ST.

c-i

;

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

170

Taraz.

45' E.

Chagatai

Prefix jdj

38'

;

Turkistan (Harkof).

;

Trebizond.

Tribizun.

Turkistan.

Ters,

39 46' E.

;

Othmanli.

36 C 57'

In Syria.

Tarsus.

2s.

;

55' E.

Abbasid. Tnrtnsa. -Tortosa, in Spain.

Kings

4050

030'E.

!s .;

and Denia. Prefix

of Tortosa

Tarif ak Tarifa, in Spain. 36

I' ~$.

Jjj .x*

;

40' 1V

Spanish Umayyad.

Taghamak 75

;

Turkistan,

Tuiitala. Toledo, In Spain. 39 54 of Toledo

Kings

;

Idrisid

Umayyad;

Shahs of Tersia;

;

flkli?

Elngs of Spain.

;

3540

;

<JsrLL

;

Pilili Sharif s. T

In Irak Ajami. 35

Tiliiran.

44' JN

Jalair. Prefixes

51 25' E.

;

iikLJJ

In Yemen, near Sana, or according

Zafar. to

;

Tangiers, in Morocco.

47'TV.

;

Samanid (Praehn).

2o E.

TanjaL

Sana

some,

itself

Easulid

(Yakut).

(JSTeitzel).

N.W.

Zafarabad. In

33' E.

Provinces, India.

In the Panjab, India.

Zafarpur.

260'N.

;

Behli Emperors. ?.

Dehli

Emperors. Zafarnagar. India.

al-Aal.

Fathabad,

3) enl\

32^.

46'

1ST.

;

3552'E.

(Tiesenhausen).

Alumpur, in the Deccan, India.

Alamgirpur. 15

Provinces,

Emperors.

In Syria.

Umayyad

in 'H.'W.

;

11' E.

Dehli Emperors.

JU11

LIST OF MIXT TCHYXS.

Alarnglrnaglr.

171

near Chittagong, Bengal.

fort

Dehli Emperors. al-Abbasiyah. $ear Baghdad (Yakut). Abbasid.

^"earKairowan,

j^".

Africa (Yakut). Aghlabid.

In Yemen.

Aththar.

15'

42 20' E.

;

Abbasid.

38' E.

Aden.

Yemen

Umayyad

Ayynbid

;

46'

;

Easnlid

;

10' E. ;

King.

3555

Araban. In Mesopotamia.

Abbasid.

4049'E.

;

of Persia.

Mongols

el-Arish, in Morocco.

al-Araishah.

630'W.

T JST.

;

Klili Sharif s.

wa al-Kairuwan. Zayrid

Izz al-Salam Usfan.

i^ll.

Zangid

;

Irak or Jabal of Persia.

al-Irak.

(Lavoix). Prefix

S. Arabia.

Zurayid

Madain.

al-Ikah.

al-Atibakah,

Mecca.

JSTear

58 ^.;

(Soret).

^jj*i&\

A Lull

3942'E;

TJmayyad. Askalan.

Ascalon, in Palestine.

83' E.

Umayyad

Askar PanjMr.

3139'K;

Abbasid

;

Fatimid.

;

Samanid

of Panjhir.

Army

(Markof).

Askar Mukram.

In Khuzistan.

Abbasid

48 58' E.

Azimabad.

Akar.

Patna.

Many

40'

;

Buwayhid.

;

Askar min al-Ahwa2:.

Ahwaz.

Buwayhid.

Debli Emperors.

places of this

name

Prefix

in Meso-

potamia (Yakut). Probably !ikr al-Humaydiyah (Le Strange).

Akka.

Jalair

(Markof). 32 55' N. 35

Acre, in Syria.

IJmayyad

Kingdom

;

Patimid

;

of Jerusalem.

Othmanli

Latin

JLs

OTSAI^IAX NU3IIS3IATICS.

172

: Ukbara. In Mesopotamia. 33 50'X.; 422G'E.

Ukaylid (Lane Poole). al-Aliah.

probably Fez.

Amman.

TJmayyad

Prefix

Also

Abbasicl (Tiesenliauscn).

telsriyj.

Idrisid (Lavoix).

3158'X.; 36

Syria.

Abbasid

;

Buwayhid.

;

la Irak Arabi.

Ain.

Othmanli.

Constantinople.

30 36'X.

;

Abbasid (Lane Poole). GliursHstan.

35 C X.

Gharnatah. 3

Umayyad (Codrington). 37 C 14']^.

Granada, in Spain.

41'

Idrisid

Hamudid; Murabit.

Zayrid

;

3330

Ghaznawid; Zhwarizm

15'E.

Kaaiis

Dehli

;

Prefixes

3Tasrid

Kings jjj

Barakzai

;

&&* .\j^s\.

Prefixes

Ghaznah. Ghazni, in Afghanistan. 68

34 to

District in Afghanistan.

64 C to 66 E.

;

]Sr.

;

Great Sind.

;

T C Ghazzah. Gaza, in Syria. 31 29']S .; 344l'E.

Fmayyad; Abbasid. In

Ghnr.

3425

Bengal.

T i\

;

8 E.

Dehli Kings. T

Ghur.

Khwarizm

Ghian, for

10'

;

632S'E.

Gaur, in Bengal. Dehli Kings.

Otrar,

Fans.

rT.

(3Iarkof).

jSTear

Ghiaspur.

Tarab.

Herat.

ear

Turkistan.

;

]S". ;

Chagatai.

Ears, in Persia.

inKuhistan.

340

;

50 E.

N.; 58 38'E. Abbasid;

Safiarid; Tahirid.

Earuki 75

ISTagar.

Bednore, in Mysore. 1348'E".

Mysore Sultan.

;

Fas.

Umayyad Marinid

&j A^

^H j\i

*^^-

57'

;

^wli-

;

Othmanli.

;

36'

jUl^d

;

Bengal Kings,

;

Sikri,

44' E.

;

Muwahhid

Eilili Sharif

;

Fathpur

Fathpur. 6'

;

Dehli Emperors

50' E.

Prefix

Murabit

Faridpur, in Bengal.

Fathabad.

Spain

Moorish

;

Prefixes

34 46' X.

Fez, in Morocco.

173

MINT TOWXS.

LIST OF

j^ ^

near Agra, India.

Dehli

Emperors.

Prefix

al-Farab ? near Isfahan (Yakut)

or al-Furat,

;

C-^Lall

on eastern bank of estuary of Euphrates and Tigris, facing Ubulla.

Farakhabad. T

2724']S

7940'E.

. ;

;

IS".

India.

Dehli Emperors; ^.x}j^=wl

Ghituldrug, in Mysore, India.

;

Chagatai.

ProTinces,

Also as a suffix to

Durrani.

Farkhab Hissar. 14

Umayyad;

"W.

"N.

27' E.

Farakhnagar. j^ear Dehli.

Mysore Sultan.

2842

;

7724'E.

Dehli Emperors. Farukhi. Calicut, Malabar, India. 75

15' IT.

;

50 E.

Mysore

vSultan.

Farghanah. Khokand, in Turkistan. 40 32' E". 70 58' E.

Abbasid

;

Samanid

Khan

;

Khokand. In Malay

Parlis.

100

28' E.

Farama. 32

Firazan.

Mongols

;

313'N.

Egypt.

Abbasid (Lavoix).

Farwan. Parwan, inAfghanistan. 69

;

30 N.

Local Eajah.

Pelouse,

82' E.

Peninsula.

12' If.

;

Ghaznawid; Samanid. Village

near

of Persia.

Isfahan

(Yakut).

MUSA.L3IAX NUMISMATICS.

174:

In Afghanistan. 3227'X.; 62

Eirah,

Abbasid (Eogers)

;

One day's march

Pirim.

Bailimite

Highlands ;

;

nawid

Mongols

Abbasid

28 57'

Umayyad; Buwayhid

Old Cairo, in Egypt.

In llalay

Patani.

10120'E. Eilistin.

Talunid

31". ;

(jhaz-

;

Peninsula.

Palestine.

Umayyad

Hamdanid

;

Umayyad.

;

Abbasid

;

20'

Local Eajah.

KarmatMan. Also

Local Eajah.

;

Ikhshidid

;

Eatimid ;

;

as suffix to LJj\

Palambang. In Sumatra. 2 48' Suffix jJj

;

109 30' E.

104

015

S.;

*jy

Abbasid (Moeller)

;

of Persia.

Eiruzabad.

Panduah, in Bengal.

8818'E.

Firuzpur.

Local Eajah.

Eirim. Probably for

Mongols

PuntianakdanlEampawah. In Borneo.

Bengal Kings.

Eis Hissab

Umayyad

Xj&s*

30 55'

;

Behli Emperors (White King).

or Hissar.

In Khwarizm.

Umayyad

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

District, S. India.

al-Fayum,

Prefixes

In the Panjab, India.

38' E.

Eiruznagar.

Fil.

;

of Persia.

(Soret).

al-Eustat.

SIriya,

la Farsistan.

or Besa.

5348'E.

from

(Yakut).

Buwayhid Bavendid Eisa,

Samanid (Eraehn).

Gooty, in

Bellary

Mysore Sultan.

4150'K; 580

.Lars;

(Blau).

In Egypt. ;

2925'K; 3052

Abbasid (Layoix).

MINT TOWNS.

LIST OF

Kadis. Cadiz, in Spain. 36 33'

King

;

19'

Granada (Longperier).

4Q37'F.

In Armenia.

Kat*s.

E".

175

;

10' E.

Othmanli.

Kazan. Sarai?.

J^K

Kashan, for

of Persia (Bodgers).

Mongols

Prefix 3 <*j\j\)\>

Saljuk

Mongols

;

Persia.

Fatimid

Cairo.

al-Kahirah.

Zangid

;

Prefixes

suffixes

In Khurasan.

Kain.

;

25' E.

Mamluk.

;

Lj^\

5910'E.

Persian

10' E.

Gulf.

^1-3

Bini Kab.

Turkistan (Fraehn).

In Mesopotamia.

al-Kudasiyah.

100

;

3340'lsr.;

4835'E.

Kutla Arku.

<Lo^

Goban, at head

20'3ST.

Kadah.

of Persia.

Mongols Koban.

Ayyubid

;

j\ ;

~E.

Abbasid.

In the Malay Peninsula. 18' E.

1ST.

Unknown town.

Kara Urdu.

-jJi

jJ,l L5

Turkistan.

KaraGhaj. In Azarbaijan. 370']Sr.; 470'E. Mongols

*ji'

;

Local Rajah.

of Persia

Kara Tagh.

;

Montenegro.

UUy ^U ^J .

-.Ul

Jalair.

Othmanli Medal.

Karatova. InEoumelia. 4217'ISr.

clt

13*

2233'E.

;

Othmanli. Karkhi.

In Turkistan.

Mongols Karshi.

54'W.

Cordova.

;

3848'N.; 6540'E.

In Turkistan.

Kurtubah. 3

of Persia.

Shaybanid

37 30'

;

Shahs

Cordova,

of Persia.

in Spain.

Abbasid; Prefix

Murabit

37 ;

54'

King

1ST.

;

^SALMAN

176 Kark

;

35 C 12'

Krira Khans.

10' E.

Circesium,

Karkislya. 2s

Ukaylid

40 : 26' E.

;

Mesopotamia.

Abbasid (Rogers)

Muhammad

;

Crimea.

in the

Tschufut Kalch,

Ir.

44 : 52 X.

XUIIISMATICS.

;

Safwan (Lane

ibn

Poole).

In Eajputana. 26 : SO X.; 77 ;

Karauli.

J^J-

Local Eajah.

Golden Horde

Crimea.

Krini.

Krim

Elans.

Suffix Lt*

Othmanli

;

i'jdj

Prefixes

<-\JJ

;

-/>

Krim

Xe~w Krim.

al-Jadid.

Part

Euiiyah.

Golden Horde. of

Mongols

Baghdad.

J^ Jcal

<L\3

Persia (Eodgers).

Kazwin. In Irak Ajami. 36 Abbasid

;

Buwayhid

Muzaffarid

Shahs

58' E.

(

Jalair

;

Prefix

Mongols

;

49 55 E.

;

,b.

Persia

Timuricl

;

liLJl

In Anatolia.

Knstamuniyah. 33

Mongols

;

Chagatai

;

of Persia.

16'

;

21' IT.

<UJ

;

Kustamid

Amir. Kustantiniyah, Suffix

Constantinople.

Othmanli.

i-^sA

Kusantinah. Constantine, in Algeria. 36 80 6

30' E.

Hafsid (Lavoix)

The Palace.

al-Kasr.

Kasr al-Salam.

;

Othmanli.

Idrisid (Millies).

,*AR!!

al-Eakkah, in Mesopotamia.

Abbasid.

Kasr al-Kakhar, or al-Kadir, Doubtful.

Kutbabad. Kilat.

Old Dehli.

Kelat,

66 30'E.

al-Pakhir.

Abbasid.

Dehli Kings.

Baluchistan.

Local.

;

177

LIST OF 3IIXT TOWNS.

Urdu.

Jvllij

Turkistan.

Kalat Ayub. Calatayud, in Spain. 41 40' "W.

Kings

2s".

;

Calatayud (Lavoix).

In Syria.

55'

Ejinmi. In Irak Ajami. 34 36'

Kalat Jabir.

25'

;

38 20' E.

;

Ayyubid (Layoix).

Abbasid

Samanid

;

Timurid

Buwayhid

;

Ak-Knyunlicl

;

Cliagatai

;

Tahirid

;

57' E.

Shahs

;

Persia.

Kamarnagar. Kamul, in 78

1547

S. India.

ov".

;

Dehli Emperors.

Kanna. TownnearSharhzur. Samanid (ilarkof). Kancluz. In Afghanistan. 36

45'K; 6955'E.

Snlaiman Mirza (Eodgers). In

Kandahar. ;

Afghanistan.

Timurid

55 E.

Dehli

;

40'

Shahs of Persia Barakzai. Prefix ^-kL^! ;

Umayyad

;

yi 4430'N.

In Servia.

Kujaniyah.

;

Abbasid.

See

Kanuj.

35 56'

In Syria.

Kinnisrin.

1ST.

Emperors

;

22 E.

Othmanli (Moeller). Kuras. Coras, in Syria. 36 42'

Umayyad Kus.

(Soret).

In Egypt.

Eatimid.

Prefix

43'

j Ju

Umayyad;

40' E.

5420'E,

;

Abbasid.

Cnenca,

50'W.

;

Knmis. In Tabaristan. 3540'Is[".

Kunkah.

36 56' E.

;

Spain.

Prefix

Mnrabit.

55'

Kuniyah. Iconium, in Asia Minor. 37 55' 32

31' E.

Karaman

;

Saljnk

Mongols

;

Othmanli

;

io^,.

1$.

Persia

;

Arteinid (Markof).

Prefix <Uj Ju.

178

MUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS. In Tunis,

al-Kairawan.

10iO

;

jS\

Africa.

O'K;

*LJ1 vJs.

E. Fatimid; Zayrid. Prefix ;

Eaisariyah.

Cassarea, in Anatolia.

40'

Caesarea, in Syria.

30' tf

Persia;

SO E.

3454'E.

Saljuk

Golden Horde.

Mongols

;

Prefix <wj A/

;

Palambang. In Sumatra. 246'S.; 104 50' E. Local Eajah.

Prefix jJj

Sumatra.

Pulopercha, or Pulopenelia.

Local

English. Pirak.

101

In 0'

Local English.

Peninsula.

Malay

Kabul. In Afghanistan.

;

<s&

Prefix

S430'K;

Shahs oi Persia (Fraehn)

30'

;

18'E.

Behli Emperors

;

Prefixes

Durrani; Barakzai.

4142'.K

Kath. Near Khwarizm.

6023'E.

;

Golden Horde (Fraehn). Karhi. Unknown. Mongols of Persia (Markof). '

Karit.

Mongols

of Persia (Soret),

Kazarnn. In Farsistan.

Mongols

of Persia

2934 K; 5153'E. /

Muzaffarid

;

Chagatai

;

Inchu.

Kasan. -In Turkistan.

10'

;

35' E.

TurHstan (Markof). Kashan. In Irak Ajami. 34

Mongols Chagatai

of Persia ;

;

Muzaf arid

Ak-Ehiyunlid

Shahs of Persia.

;

51 23 E.

Timurid

;

Kara Kuyunlid

;

Prefixes

;

LIST OP

In Turkistan. 3924'^.; 76

Kashghar.

Turkistan; Atalik

;

AjaUl jb

Prefix

Chagatai; local

uJJJ

Suffix

7948'E. Prefix

Suffix jlj 1 AAS*

uJpt

O'N.

;

Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

80 32' E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Kanan.

Kandi.

In Bengal.

DehH Emperors (Eodgers). Kabir Shaikh.

Jilura (Yakut)

;

Prefix

ci^J^b

Mongols of Persia.

Hasani Sharifs.

3025'N.

S^>-

Prefixes

Ivatak. Cuttaok, in theBerars, India. 20 28'N.

55'

;

ijlifll

;

Dehli Emperors.

Kuchawan. In Jodhpur State, India. 27

1 2'

;

e^J^-F

Provinces,

J. .^f

Local Eajah.

74 48' E.

In Paniput,

Kachrauli.

~N.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers),

India.

Kuchbhnjnagar.

2315

Kabirah, a village near the

;

Lektawa, in Morocco.

al-Kitawa. 30'

In N. W. Provinces, India. 25

Kalinjar.

Dehli Emperors.

Dehli Kings;

Ik^-

179

Khans.

In :OT. Provinces, India. 26

Kalpi.

TOWNS.

HIxN'T

E'.;

Kadhaj.

Bhuj,

6948'E.

Portress

Mongols

Kutch,

India.

Local Eao. Azarhaijan

(Yakut).

of Persia.

Kurbuj al-Dinar. towards

Kear Ahwaz,

Basrah

(Yakut).

8 farsakhs

Ishmailite

(Bartholomei). .al-Karkh. Part of

Baghdad. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Kard Einna Khusrah. Close to Shiraz (Yakut). Buwayhid. Kurdistan. Province. 37

1ST.

;

44' E. Othmanli.

S uuri.

180

31USALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Eurdasht. In Azarbaijan. 3S~ 53' N.

46"' 8'

;

Shahs of Persia (Fraehn).

Eurzuwan. Gourzan. 65

11'E.

;

Khwarizin.

In Shras.

Karkin.

in Khurasan. 35 2S'X.

58'

36- 52' E.

;

of Persia (Bartholomei).

Mongols

Eirman. Capital of District in Persia formerly ;

Bardasir.

3Q25'K

Abbasid

Great Eaans

;

of Persia

;

2'E.

Umayyad:

Atabeg

Mongols

;

Muzaffaiid; Chagatai; Timurid:

;

Ak-Euyunlid

Shahs

;

Prefixes

of Persia.

J^.b.jJL.-Iyx,. ... v j

In Kurdistan.

Eirmanshahan.

Shahs

52' E.

;

Prefixes

Persia.

;

34 X.

I!jj^j.SjJj. Karminah. 65

40- 16' X.

Transoxiana.

Turkistan (Fraehn)

2'E.

;

Ghaznavrid

;

(Eraehn). Eirni.

Jalair (Fraehn)

Kuyunlid (Eraehn). 26 30'

In Eajputaoa, India.

Earauli.

;

Local

Eirimabad.

;

Eajak

Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Eurin. Perhaps Earin on the upper Euphrates, called

Jalair

Kalikala and

also ;

Chagatai

;

Mongols

Theodosiopolis. of Persia (Soret).

Easakar. Between Kufah and Basrah (Yakut).

Umayyad Eash.

(Porter).

T In Transoxiana. 4348']S .;

in Afghanistan.

Mongols

Shaybanid

;

Persia

55'

(Fraehn)

8215

;

Chagatai

;

Turkistan. T

Eisham. In Badakhshan. 3657'JS .; 70

Ehwarizm

62 20 E.

(Bodgers).

LIST OF MIX! TOTTXS.

181

C Kashmir. 344']^.; 74 58'E. Dehli Emperors;

Kashmir

Kings

Sikh

;

Durrani.

;

2635'X.

Kishangarh. In Eajputana, India.

7455'E.

;

Local Eajah.

In the Crimea.

Kaffah.

Prefix

5' tf.

;

35 C 35' E.

Kriin Khans. T

Kaffah Jadidah.

Golden Horde

Kaffah.

(Markof).

In Turkistan.

Kilat.

5' ]N

. ;

59 48' E.

Local Khan.

In the Panjab, India.

Kalanur. 75

11'

51'

Cannanore,

;

54 E.

;

Local (Millies).

;

Horde

;

1 7

1 S'

Dehli Emperors.

Kulisan, Kulistan.

Mongols

!N".

Malabar, India.

24' E.

Kalburgah. In the Deccan, India. 75

Dehli Emperors.

Kalawanur. 11

Grolden

Sarai.

of Persia. Prefix

;

suffix

^i^wJl

of Persia.

Kulistwan, for ^bwuulS*

Kalkata.

2236 K; 8824'E.

Calcutta.

Mongols /

Dehli Emperors. Kalantan. In the Malay Peninsula. 6 29' 101

52' E.

Kalian.

Kalibar.

;

Local Eajah.

In the Deccan, India.

7718'E.

1748'IsT

Local Eajah.

In Azarbaijan

(Eraehn).

Perhaps yul

Mongols of Persia on Mount Sablan.

Azarbaijan (Le Strange). Kalishahr.

Mongols

of Persia (Eraehn).

Kalikut. Calicut, in Mysore, India. 11

75 49' E. Kiliwan.

Mongols

Mysore Sultan.

Suffix

15'

Jcj

;

Small town in Khuzistan (Yakut). of Persia

(Markof).

182

IITSALIIIX ^

Gumishkhana, la Armenia.

Kumishklianuh.

402S'X.

:j9

;

Kamnazar.

Cambay,

2s.

of Persia.

Dehii Emperors.

40' E.

;

Great Kaan*

22' E.

Chagatal

Othmanli

;

India.

Guzarat,

4Q~35'2sL

ElizabethpoL in Georgia.

Ganjali.

Othmnli.

44'E.

Mongols

Hambayat. 22" 18'

;

Shalis

;

o! Persia

Mongol?

;

Persia;

IGaans of Ganjah. : Kinkiwar. In Hamadan. 34 38 X.

47 C 55'E.

;

J\^

Abbasid (Tiesenliausea). Eangush.-

Eucba.

Asiatic copper unassigned.

'?.

4136']\

In Turkistan.

;

U"5*^ /

55 E.

U-/

Local Eebel Chief.

Kara.

Xora, 6' 2f.

;

~E.

"W.

;

24 E.

Provinces,

Dehli

India.

Emperors

;

E.L Company. Kurat al-Muadliam. The Superb Town. Mecca? Abbasid (Soret).

Kurghaznan.

Gnaznawid,

Gnazni.

4512'S~.

Euzlu. Enpatoria, in the Crimea.

330'E.

2512']N .; 75 54'E.

In Rajputana.

Kotah.

;

KrimEhons;

Local Eajah. al-Kufah. In Irak Arabi. 32

;

Umayyad; Abbasid; Buwayhid In

Kufin.

Khurasan,

Abivard (Yakut).

Knkaban.

T lN

Emu.

Hamdanid. from

Shaybanid; Timurid.

1534

]N[.

;

Easnlid.

eai Isfahan.

Mongols

44 37 E.

farsakhs

In Yemen, near Sana.

4352'E. Kiz.

six

;

3248'N".;

of Persia.

Saljuk (Lane Poole).

42' E,

183

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

In Arabia.

Eiyfa.

Or Hisn Haifa

Ek.

27=

10' 2T.

Urtukid.

(see p. 152).

In Armenia.

;

45'

;

10' E.

o! Persia.

Mongols

Shirwan, shore of Caspian Sea,

Guslitaspi.

about 40

49 E.

of Persia;

Mongols

Jalair.

Golden Horde.

Sarai.

Gulistan.

New

Gulistan al-Jadid.

Prefix A!J

Golden

Gulistan.

Jo <X<s \ j\z (

Horde.

Golden Horde.

Gulistan Sarai.

1722'E".

In the Deccan, India.

Gulkimdali.

Dehli Emperors

26' E.

;

Kutb Shahs.

;

Gangpur. In Chutia Nagpnr, India. 220'ls

8520'E. Gvalior.

In Central India.

Dehli Kings

12' E.

Prefixes

869 Guti.

;

13'

;

Dehli Emperors.

^13

AiSLsJljlj.

2338

Govindpur, in Eengal.

Gobindpur. /

Dehli Emperors.

;

E".;

Dehli Emperors.

Gooty in

S. India.

;

77 41' E.

;

Dehli Emperors.

Gorakpur.

26 44'

Gokalgarh.

;

8.3

X. "W.

Provinces,

23' E.

Dehli Emperors.

Dehli Emperors (White King).

Gohad. In Dholpur State.

Eana

Lar.

India.

2624'K; 7830'E.

Dholpur,

In Laristan.

38'

;

18' E,

Muzafarid; Timmid; Chagatai. Laridah.

020'E.

Leridah, in Spain.

Hudid.

34'

JST.

;

MUSALMAX XUMISMATICS.

184

Larandah.

Karainan.

Karaman

;

;37

9'X.

;

JjJ

OthmanlL

In Morocco.

Lanitah.

40' 2^.

Ik^

IG50'E.

;

Murabit (Tyehsen). In Gilan.

Lahijan.

TImmid Prefix

;J7

Kara Kuyiinlid

;

IE the Panjab, India.

74 C 21'E.

^WvJbS

aU*!!

;

34'

Durrani

A^kLJi ,b -/

Prefixes

;

j^ -j^

Shahs of Persia;

Ghaznawid;

Dehli Kings and Emperors local.

\j*.\

Lahore.

;

Shahs of Persia.

;

tel<^\

Sikh;

*jjj. T l\

Lahaj.

ear Aden.

12' ST.

;

04' E.

Local Sultan.

Ludd.

;

57 U.

Lydda, In Palestine.

;

34 56 E.

Umayyad.

In Kashmir.

Ladakh.

8058'E.

Dehli Kings Prefix

Lakhnauti.

Lampong.

;

uJ.^-

51 N.

Dehli Emperors

c^3 ^

; ?

;

aJlsJ^b.

Dehli Kings .

J jj

Gaur, in Bengal.

10' E.

;

local Governor.

}

local Kings.

Prefixes

35 ^.

to ;

In Oudh, India.

Lucknow.

Kashmir Kings

79 E.

1$*?*$

;

Bengal Kings.

;

*Jjil

52'

In Sumatra. 550'S.;

10525

C^A!

Local.

Ludhiana. 75

54' E.

Lurdijan.

the

Pan jab.

54'

ajLfcJj!

;

Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Near Isfahan.

3147K

510'E.

;

a l^j!

uV^

Saljuk; Mnzaffarid. Luluih.

A fort in

Syria.

Saljuk; Mongols

3720

of Persia.

N.;

3420

Prefixes

^Jv/

XjJjJ

LIST

185

;

,Jcj

^.^1

Dehli Emperors.

67 24' E.

Astrabad?

4410'E.

jblui-J

Sarbidarid.

In the Caucasus.

Majir al-Jadid.

44 50' N.

Jj Jusll

;

j>-U

Golden Horde.

Majun.

2432'X.

In Sind, India.

Lahri Bandar.

Laitsabad.

MIX! TOWXS.

01-

the

Gulf

Persian

Timurid

oifT^*

(Fraehn).

Martulah. 4

Marbella, in Spain.

52'

In Diarbakr.

Marklin.

Abbasid

Ayyubid

;

Mongols

aJj^U

of Persia

37 ;

16'

Urtukid

40 44' E.

^.-^

;

Chagatai

;

Ak-Kuyunlid Othraanli.

;

aU^I.

Suffix

al-Mas Bazar.

Saljuk (Castiglione).

In Gujarat,

Jaipur. 73

36 34' N.;

Murabit (Escudero).

Malaga,

4 29'

Kings

21'

;

Spain.

45' IT.

;

Idrisid

Muwahhid

;

Dehli Emperors.

28' E.

Malaka.

^*^!S .j\;L .^UJl

India.

Hudid

;

Granada.

Prefix <Lji<x*

Multan, in the Panjab.

^"ear

Malkiriyan.

;

Sikh (Eodgers).

Manurka. Minorca. 40 Manikpur. 81

4E. Muwahhid,

;

i^,JU

<LJLjU

;

Dehli Emperors (B. Burn).

26' E.

In Bengal.

Maughir.

IN".

In Oudh, India.

23' 3".

86 31' E.

;

Dehli Emperor.

Mah 34

al-Basrah.

Jtlahawind, ;

1ST.

48 29 E.

;

Mah al-Kufah. 34 33

;

in Irak Ajami.

Abbasid

;

Buwayhid.

Dinawar, in Irak Ajami.

47 36' E.

Umayyad Abbasid ;

;

Buwayhid; Tahirid. Mahi. Near Marv, in Khurasan

Umayyad

;

Abbasid.

Hamadan ?

is*i!l

186

MUSA.L31AX X13IISMATICS.

al-Mubarikah.

Umayyad

village In

Ehvrarizm (Yakut).

Abbasid.

;

of Persia.

Mongols

al-3Iubarikiyah.

35 22' X.

In Irak Arabi.

3 4 2 8' X.

;

Matgharah. Madrava, In Morocco 5

57' "W.

Idrisid (Lavoix).

al-Mutawakaliyali.

Umara

Tamrid

;

Mattarah.

;

3S E.

al.

Provinces, India.

Dehli Emperors.

77^ 43 E.

In Xorthern Africa.

Majaz. C

X.W.

;

Amir

;

Prefix ^ujj^

(Sorct).

Muttra, in

27 30' X.

Abbasid (Markoi)

50' E.

40'

;

Abbasid (Lavoix). Masnlipatam, on Coromandel

Machlilipatan.

Coast, India.

;

Behli

Emperors.

Maldive Islands.

Mahal.

ST.

;

Local Sultan.

Mnhammadabad. Applied to Udaipur. jU.AAJsr fa>-

.fc^J

&2JS*,-

_xV v

u-l J^

Muhammadabad.

Applied

Gujarat Kings,

Muhammadabad.

times alone, sometimes with.

53'

Bidar 77

. ;

Champanir.

Applied to Kalpi.

Muhammadabad.

34' E.

probably Firozabad In

Some-

Deccan.

the

Bahmani.

Also

Bengal

Bengal.

Kings.

Muhammadabad

Banares.

Benares.

Dehli

Emperors.

al-Muhammadiyah. A.H. 148.

The name

u^ll

after.

Abbasid; Samanid; Buwayhid; Also unidentified mint

Tahirid

;

town

Hasani Sharif s.

for

Sajid.

187

LIST OF MIXT TOWSS.

Golkondah, in

Muhammadnagar.

Decean.

tiie

Dehli Emperors. C 36 46

InQilan.

Mahrmidabad.

;

5215

IS .;

Golden Horde. In Bengal.

Mahrmidabad.

Lahore.

Mahmudpur. Mukhshi.

Bengal Kings.

Grhaznawicl.

Golden Horde.

Mukhsusabad. Murshidabad,

in.

Dehli

Bengal.

Emperors (Eodgers). In Spain.

Madrid.

In Lower Mesopotamia.

44 40' E.

40'

Madinat Easul 35'

In Irak Arabi

Illah.

;

Madinat al-Salam.

10'

;

Probably

;

Abbasid (Eogers).

Baghdad.

Hamdanid

Madinat al-Atikah.

in Arabia.

Fatimid.

;

Abbasid

Bmvayhid

Jalair, as prefix to J^dAj

lledinat,

55' E.

Ifadinat al-Satailam.

al-Umara

Abbasid.

Baghdad.

;

Amir

Saljuk.

Southern suburb of Bagh-

Umayyad.

al-Madinat al-Makhtara.

;

Abbasid.

Madinat al-Taslim.

dad

ff.

a coin of circumstance, A.H. 1201.

Maclain.

40 25'

The Chosen Town.

Abrit Kharib Canal, half-way between

Basrah and Abbadan (Le Strange). of the

Chief

Zanj (Casanova).

Madinat Madain.

Madain.

Mongols of Persia

(Soret).

al-Madhar.

670'E.

Mazar, near Balkh,

49'

Durrani.

;

Umayyad; Abbasid.

Muradabad. 28

36 52'

;

K "W.

49' E.

ProTinces,

India.

Dehli Emperors

;

188

MUSAEMAX NOIISMATICS.

C Maraghah, InAzarbaijan. 37-43'X. 46 2S'E. AkJalair Sajid Mongols of Persia ;

;

"Kuyunlid

Shahs of Persia.

;

Morocco.

iXTarakash.

Murabit

Muwahhicl

;

Hasani and cOjJw

Filili

40'

Prefix

iu ,X*.

30'W.

PIO'TV.

Moorisli

;

.*>

Prefixes

Sharif s,

<*>]/

;

Murcia, in Spain.

Mursiyah.

;

Marinid

;

^..s'*

suffix

;

c^U

59' K".

;

^^-^

Murabit; MnwaliMd; Kings of

Mureia.

Prefix

MursMdaTbad. In Bengal. Dehli Emperors

88 18'E.

2411'K;

^\^J^

East India Company.

;

Marghinan. In Tnrkistan. 40 31'^

7i40 ;E.

uW^r*

Turkistan.

Marlaan. 53

29 C 28

Maharlu, in Farsistan.

10' E.

Mongols

;

of Persia (Schindler).

Maraud. In Azarbaijan.

3830'K; 4550'E.

&)y*

Timurid (Markof), Marv.

Umayyad; Abbasid

Saljuk ^Shaybanid

Timurid

Marv

35 55

Marv

Eud.

;

30'

;

Tahirid;

Saffarid- Great

Kaans;

Shahs of Persia.

al ;

Turkistan.

MerT,

6210'E.

;

Menchak, 45' E.

Shaliijan.

Marv.

Turkistan.

JjJ!

Saljuk (Markof).

Khan

Khiva

^W^l^j

(Fraehn). al-Mariyah.

232

"W.

Mazandaran.

Almeria, in Spain.

50' $".

Province in Persia.

Shahs of

Persia.

Mazang Achhara. al-Muzilah.

;

L^\

Murabit; Nasrid.

Mosil

Sikh (Eodgers). Zangid.

jjljJJ:L.(j1j<AJU

LIST OF ML\T T TOWXS.

Missaria.

Messina,

Norman Kings

15 31' E.

38 D 1FN".

Sicily.

;

Prefix

of Sicily.

Mastakar al-Mulk. Azimabad. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

23 C 37'

In Oman.

JSIuskat.

S".

;

35' E.

Local Imam.

Mashhad. In Khurasan. 36 29' N.

Timnrid

Shaybanid

;

Durrani.

,w-/i-\

Misr.

Shahs

;

wJj!

Suffixes

Egypt. Abbasid

;

59 30' E.

The

Tnlunid

Ikhshidid

;

Misr al-Fustat.

;

>l*\

Fatimid Ayyubid Othmanli. Suffix ;

Persia

old capital

;

<wjj

.s?

Egypt.

Umayyad.

Masrin.

town

Asia Minor (Yakut)

;

Earaman (Markof). Mustafabad. 21

31'

Prefix

Junaghar, in Kathiawar, India. 70

;

(Jiff

1 2'

In the Panjab.

al-ltisisah.

Kings.

Gujarat

Mustafiabad.

;

36 E.

Dehli Emperors (Yost) in Adana,

Missis,

12'

T ]S

. ;

Asia Minor.

3655'K; 3537'E. Abbasid; Hamdanid. Muzaffarabad.

Panduah,

!N"ear

Bengal.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

;

14 E.

Maadin.

;

Dehli Emperors.

In Armenia.

Samanid

304']ST

In Panjab, India.

-Muzaffargahr.

Saljuk

;

Jalair

18' ;

;

Artanid.

34' E.

Suffix

^"' Maadin Ba janis. Bajanis, in Armenia. Abbasid; Tahirid.

Maadin Babirt.

Baibirt, in Armenia.

Saljuk.

MUSAL1TAN XUMIS1IATICS.

190 Maadin al-Shash.

Maadin Luluah.

Haarah 36

In Syria.

Saljuk.

37'

]ST.

;

Umayyacl.

al-Muiayah. al-Kahirah.

Muazimabad.

Eatimid.

Cairo.

The Camp.

al-Muaskar.

Saljuk.

Probably Sonargaon, in Bengal.

Dehli Emperors

Maakar.

(

Luluiah, in Syria.

Ifasiin.

48' E.

Khurasan.

al-Shash,

Abbasid; Tahirid (Fraehn).

Prefixes

Bengal Kings.

;

Samanid (Moeller).

c Maghaz. Magas, in Gilan. 36 37jN\; 5525'E.

lEongols of Persia (ITarkof).

Morocco.

al-lEagkrab.

Magabastan

Mongols

49 20' E.

of Persia.

Hadramaut.

al-llakalla.

Abbasid.

25'

Miknasan, Mequinaz, in Morocco. S3 57' 5

40'

Prefix

MuwaliMd

lf&>.

Abbasid

;

Mill

IT.

;

Sharifs.

Mecca.

Makkali.

Local ^akib.

27' K.

Eatimid

;

Othmanli.

Malatiyak In Armenia.

S828'K; 3829'E.

Saljuk.

In the Pan jab, India.

JVIultan.

30'

Durrani

;

Dehli Kings

.Malikanagar.

12' IT.

;

^U3\

39' E.

3256 K; /

Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Mulharnagar.

Indore,

Dehli Emperors.

Mumbai

Behli Emperors (Rodgers).

In the Panjab, India.

'Malut.

Prefix

Sikh.

;

Dehli Emperors

Surat.

Central

India.

Local Holkar.

Bombay.

E.L Company.

191

LIST OP HINT TOWNS.

Manadhar.

Dizful river, half-way between

Askar Mukram and Ahwaz in

Bambuch,

Manbaj.

380'E,

7722'E.

IS".;

2221

Hamdanid Persia

Abbasid

;

Jalair

;

19'

;

]ST.

Zangid

Othmanli.

46'

^J^

;

7 E.

;

Prefix

ij J^ ;

;

Hongols

India. 18 42

Mumanabad. In the Beccan, 76

Buwayhid (Fraehn)

;

Ukaylid

;

ET.

Ayyubid.

;

Musil. In ITesopotamia. 36

Umayyad

Dehli Emperors.

;

In Morocco.

Patimid

10' TV.

j&j^Jo*

Local Rajah.

Dehli Kings

26' E.

al-Mansuriyah. 7

;

Big, in Bhartpur State, India.

-Mandu. Mandogarh, in Centrallndia. 75

30' K".

Umayyad.

Mandurpur. 27 28'

(Le Strange).

Syria.

Dehli Emperors. Or Binclraban,

24' E.

according to

It.

Burn. ;

alOIahjam. InTaman. 15 12 K.

42 55' E.

;

Easulid.

In North Africa.

al-3Ialidiyah.

630'W.

;

Abbasid; Fatimid.

.Maharandurpiir.

Bhartpur

Dehli Emperors.

Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Maharpur.

Mah

Indarpnr.

Behli

Bhartpur.

Kings

(Eodgers).

Mahisnr. 76

Mysore, in S. India.

Dehli Emperors

41' E.

Mayyafarikin.

In Mesopotamia.

Hamdanid

40 58' E.

;

1 8'

;

local Sultans.

SSMO'N.

Bnwayhid

;

Mar-

wanid; Ayyubid. Mirath.

Meernt, in Jtf.

;

KTV.

77 48' E.

Provinces, India.

Dehli Emperors.

Maysan. In Irak Arabi. 31 20'

Umayyad.

;

47 20' E.

192

MUSAL3I1X NUMISMATICS.

DeHi Emperors (White

Madras.

-Mailapur.

,yL,^

King).

Miyurka. Majorca. 40

Xabha. Capital C

India.

;

3 E.

of IS'abha State, in the Panjab,

24' K".

;

Sikh

1 2'

<Ls,^

Muwahhid;

Prefix teJ**

of Majorca.

Kings

;

^lj

U>lj

Local

;

Eajali.

Kandahar.

Nadirabad.

In Eajputana, India.

Narnul.

76 20' E.

Dehli Xings

Shahs

Teheran.

l^asiri.

Shahs of Persia.

agur.

Emperors

Sirmur State,

7721

;

Fajafgahr. T

1 8' ]S

;

7'E.

Prefix

King).

(TThite

2711

E".

;

Dehli Emperors.

46' E.

30 34'

9-'

In Jodhpur State, India.

!N"ahan.

;

(Codeira). T

agpur. In Central India. 21

Dehli

!iS.

Prefix

Persia.

T ]S

jbl,jlj

;

Dehli Emperors.

;

Umayyad

Spanish

;

N".

Local Eajah.

Provinces,

80 36' E.

. ;

India.

Panjab,

Dehli

India.

Emperors

(Eodgers).

Fajibabad. T

29 36' JS

;

78 23' E.

Nakhjman. In Armenia. 39 Great Kaans

Kuynnlid T jN

Mongols ;

Shahs

iikhawi. lathe Caucasus. 41

Khan JN

;

Jalaii*

India.

Provinces,

Dehli Emperors.

15'K 4521'E. ;

Persia

;

Ak-

of Persia.

12'

;

47 10'E.

of Caucasus.

arimkabad. (Soret).

In Irak Ajami

Umayyad

(Jy^^

LIST OF MINT TOWXS.

In Gwalior State, India. 25 39

ISTarwar.

;

Dehli Kings.

77- 56' E.

In Khurasan.

Xisa.

-J7

53'

58-10' E.

;

Eliwarizm (Markof). Xisabur.

luisirabad.

In Bengal, in Ghoraghar Subhah

Kisratabacl. of

Dehli Emperors

Akbar.

Sissibin.

TJmayyad

Abbasid

;

Marwanid

Zangid

;

L.^

Xaklat.

;

Atabeg

10'

.A-.J

;

3235

India.

Pan jab.

DeHi Emperors

G-reat

48'

;

Kaans.

;

Pind daran Khan, in the

Ifamak.

ui;^

of Persia (Rodgers).

Mysore Sultan.

for

ISFiinroZj

*~*aJ

;

Ayyubid.

;

Also for Beclnore.

(Rodgers).

15'E.

Ukaylid

Probably Xaggar, in Eannn,

Kinarkan.

Xu.

Bengal Kings.

Hamdanid ;

jbb'^zi

Mongols

K"agar.

;

372'K

In Mesopotamia.

Prefix

jW-AJ j

Samanicl.

N.; 73

Shahs

jSTnh, in

uXJ

Pan jab,

Sikh.

of Persia (Eraehn).

the Panjab, India.

;

Dehli Eings (Rodgers).

77 2 E.

Kurabardah. InServia.

4235'K; 2150

aJjta _/ j

Othmanli. ISTuvar.

ISTiiTabardah

Othmanli.

2226'K;

Nowanagar. In Kathiawar, India.

7016'E. jSTubanjan,

Mongols

Xnkan.

LocalJam.

In Farsistan. 30 C 8'K;

U^y

3550'N.;

^15^

5152

of Persia.

Nurkan, in Khurasan. ;

58 40 E. INTul.

.L}

Mongols

Lamtah,

1050'E,

of Persia (Soret).

Morocco.

;

k*l

Murabit. 13

Jy J J .

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

194

Nihawand. In Irak Ajami. Abbasid,

Prefix

10'

;

48 29'E.

;

44' E.

;

TricMnopoiy,

^"ahtarnagar.

&j.x

345

India.

Sultan

Mysore

(Marsden). 3>ahr Tirah.

Umayyad; Abbasid.

(Le Strange). Nisa.

Ahwaz, on Kerkna river

STear

Probably f or

,^'uw-J

Shahs

IMsabur. In Khurasan. 36 12'

Abbasid

Shahs

Ghaznawid

;

Tiarurid

local

;

of Persia

Amir ;

N".

;

Samanid

;

Saljuk

;

Mongols of Persia

;

Khwarizm. Prefix &j tX*

;

(

In Irak Arabi.

al-^il.

of Persia.

58 49 E.

32 3 5'

44 42' E.

;

JJ1

Abbasid (Karabacek).

Nimruz.

TTasit.

of Persia

danid

of Persia.

30'K;

asrid.

Mesopotamia.

Umayyad ;

JJj***

Guarda, in Portugal.

sh.

T 15' ~W. 46

Shahs

Sijistan.

Jalair

;

Abbasid

Buvayhid

;

(Tychsen)

;

Mongols

(Soret)

Eatimid

;

51'

;

Ham-

(Marsden)

;

Samanid (Tychsen). Uncertain.

AYatil.

Van.

Idrisid (LaToix).

3835 K; /

In Armenia.

Mongols

of Persia

;

Jalair

;

4314'E.

Ak-Kuyunlid

;

Othmanli.

Wabah.

In Palestine.

Umayyad In

Ubada.

;

3530

(Lavoix). Spain.

3756'K

;

322

of Tortosa (Saulcy).

King Ujtah,

248

3038'K

Oudjda, /

^T.

Morocco.

Idrisid (Lavoix).

34 43

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Udaipur.

j^d^J 32

in Algeria.

Warghah,

512'E. Urmi.

Local Eana.

j%*?\

Warzighah.

195

;

Great Kaans (Harkof).

7940'E.

Lf'VJ

175S'K;

In the Deccan, India.

Warangul.

Delili Kings. Jc

"Wazkand.

;

Turkistan.

-/^

"Wazakur.

Idrisid (Lavoix). v y

38 25

In Armenia.

;

435

;

Jalair.

Uncertain.

Utit.

al-Watah. 2

38'

Idrisid (Lavoix).

al-Hueta,

in Spain.

4012'.N.;

Spanish Umayyad.

34 28'K.;

In Irak Ajami.

Walastajird.

Mongols

of Persia.

Half-way "between Khnlm and

"Walwaliz.

Tayikan, in Turkistan (Le Strange). Gha2nawid.

In Morocco.

Walikh.

340 K; 530'W. ;

Idrisid.

Holland.

.al-"Wilandi.

o^.^

^jJu^\

Batavia.

Hapur. In

KW. Provinces,

77 49' E.

Hamnabad.

4645

India.

28 43' N.

;

Dehli Emperors (Hoemle).

Kurdistan.

10'

;

Ablbasid.

al-Harnniyah. In Baghdad district. 33 40' N. .; ;

44 5o E.

Abbasid.

al-Hashamiyah.

Near Kufah, "between

Hillah (Le Strange).

Hajaz.

bj ^

Idrisid (Lavois).

L**j\

Yastan.

Z~jj

and

Abbasid.

District of Arabia on the north-east

coast of the

Eed

Sea.

Local Othmanli.

J/'jj

MFSAOIAX XOtISATieS.

196

Umayyacl; Abbasid

C^U J^

04 c 29 ^.; 62"8 E, ;

In Afghanistan.

Hirat.

Ghaznawid; Saljuk;

;

Great Kaans; Shaybanid; Tahiricl; Timurid;

Samanid ;

Soffarid

Kara Kuyunlid Barakzai. (Sjjjw*

Prefixes jJj

Khwarizm

;

Shahs

;

Cliagatai

;

of Persia

;

Karts

;

fciL^ ^b. L^~!Uj

^-U

i'jJj

D al-Harrar. In East Africa. 9 20'N.; 42 22'E. :

Local Kings.

&j JL*

Prefix

: Hardwar. In X.T. Provinces, India. 29 57 E".

12'

Huzu.

^il

Dehli Emperors.

Prefix

c-^-o

;

Kish (Yakut).

SJ1

.^\ j^j&

Fort on the coast opposite to the

island of

jifc

Ommereh

Beni

(Tiesenhausen).

Hamadan. Haxnazan, inlrakArabi. 3448'N. 48 30' E.

Umayyacl Abbasid ;

Buwayhid

;

^d^-

;

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Timurid;

Kara Kuyunlid

;

Shahs

Prefixes d-J^ JjJj

Hind.

the

. ^

of Persia

jjj

Dulafid.

;

Indus.

Behli

Kings

(Leggett).

Canton

al-Husam.

mountains

Tabaristan and Bailim (Yakut),

behind llongols

of Persia (Fraehn).

Hit.

T 2s

ear Baghdad.

Mongols

;

51' E.

of Persia.

Yarkand. In TurkLstan. 3825'E".; 77 30'E. Chinese

Yamur.

;

Turkistan (Markof).

village

near

Anbar

(Yakut).

Khwarizni.

Yubni.

Yobna,

Jabneh,

Palestine,

8151']S .; 34 45'E.

Umayyad

(Lavoix).

XJ&

LIST OF MI^'X TOWNS. Uncertain.

Yajirlaan.

Yazd.

Idrisid (Lavoix).

In Farsistan.

Mongols

Atabeg

;

Persia

;

Timurid

Ak-EIuyunlid

Prefix sjUjJl ilj

197

;

Chagatai

;

Shahs

;

47' E.

;

Persia.

Shamakhi, In Trans-Caucasia.

al-Yazidiyah.

Abbasid (Lavoix). Yikishahr. Yeskisher, in Anatolia. 3944'JNT.

3022

;

Othmanli.

Yimash Bazar.

Saljuk of

al-Yainamah. In Arabia. 24

Bum

(Markof).

4710

;

j\j\>

Abbasid.

al-Yaman.

Yemen,

Yangi Bazar.

in S. Arabia.

Unknown.

Abbasid.

Mongols

of Persia

(Markof).

Yangi Shahr. Shayer, in Turkistan. ;

84 36 E.

Golden Horde.

4155'K

Suffix

;

i^^l

198

TOWIS.

TITLES OF

Most Holy Ground.

The Host District.

Mother

j&l*X,sJ

'Noble of Cities. .

j^Jix;

^j^

L^,

JCJ^A^

;

til

lcsr

ili^ -

<iji

(*j

4>Wj.^J

jbUSix/*

City.

Excellent City,

The EseeUent

The

/%U1

j^j^ ~j*. "J^

bil .

Good

A*!-!

j\j\ ,!^\ -

t)LJS A\

}**>j$ xlil

(J ^

uJ^t

jb-lp-

^ City.

jbUiix-

J^A^

Place of Glory. ilJfl .

J^^x!

jSLJt

i-aj

of Cities,

Pleasing Road.

City.

U"^

j^,

j^ City.

Fortified City,

A Port. The Port

of Peace.

Aj-1

Blessed Port.

Throne Place.

the'

Throne Place.

|*LJ1

TITLES OF MINT TOWNS.

199

Pilgrimage.

Plain.

The

ew.

The Great

Island.

i.ls>.

Of Happy Protection,

Fort.

J^;

Presence (of the Eang).

Presence of Majesty.

The White.

Jlf,L->

jib jU>

j!L>-

c^*

ILU^

Of Happy Foundation,

jbLxu^

Treasury. City.

Territory.

e-^l^-

JjJ^

Blessed City.

The Seat

of Eectitude.

The Seat

of Islam.

The Seat

of Safety.

The Seat

J^l Jj* J

&j*

of Prosperity.

The Formed

Place.

The Seat

of the Khalifat.

War.

^ Li

-with

djl;^

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

200

The Seat

of "Weal.

The Seat

of the Empire.

The Seat

of the Sovereign.

The Seat

of Happiness.

The Seat

of Peace.

The Seat

of the Sultanat.

. "

^WJLjU/ ,^.J\Jbj

sjUJl J b

^J*

jbb^t

JLJ^b b

fciaLJ!

oi Pleasure,

The Seat

of Yictory.

of the Pious.

*jL*!i

-/"

The Seat

of Justice,

The Seat

of Learning.

The Seat

of Yictory.

The Blessed

j^Ji jb

.^J ,U*

^IsTj

J\Juu

The Seat

The Ahode

J~SL\ jb ii.jJl

-X

..,"

Place. p\j\

The Glorious The Seat

Place.

)&*

Jj't

of the District,

The Sculptured

Place.

j*+*fr

The Seat of the King,

Juj^

The B eautiful Place

j ..Jb jy>-

The Abode

of the Faithful,

The Seat

of Yictory.

The Seat

of Yictory.

The

Pleasing.

The Beauty

Town

of Peace.

jb^

ob b u'

j^=^! ^ b I

^UK

^^1 ^b

jU^i *\j&

j^ Towns. -w*>- \

obU*>.\

jLJl vi-x

;

TITLES OF 3IIOT

TOWS.

201

District.

City,

Great City. City, the

Asylum

City of the

Age.

Eoyalty

-JLx>-

^Ivj^

Blessed City.

Eminent T

City.

oble City.

City of Great Light.

Province.

s^\ /,

Tract of Land.

Known

as Champanir.

Known

as Behli.

Udaipur Conquered.

*,+

Known

Kanouj.

Known

Muhammadabad.

Known

as Tirhut.

West.

jjjJjl^L

Choosing Peace.

Conquest

of.

Of Happy Foundation, Prosperous.

Town.

Passing. Fort,

jUss-

Metropolis of Islam.

Citadel.

-Jux>-

1+****

202 -n

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS. ^

Port.

District,

Throne.

jw. ,Uo

Blessed.

JjJ

Beautiful.

A;J?4^. J

,.^>. C/

.x^K j

Jj&lJi

Garrisoned City.

jM .^,Ub

iiwJ

UA ^1

Prefixed to a great

City of Hen.

u-J.^.

number

mint

j&9?\

jb^l

J\jL*il

<Uu

J^S

The Eminent,

*j;\^

^u^l

The Flourishing.

<Ljlkl-*

c.j-

j-J^

Holy. Country.

Country.

tovrns.

Place of Learned Men.

Captured.

JcJ .AJ

Resting-place of the Kingdom.

Mine.

Eesting-place of the Khalifat.

The Shining.

i'U^-

J^ J

Guarded City.

^ci

District.

City.

*<tej+z

^axip-

-^j-O

<teJ

L .yllcy

\g*)J

ERAS.

The

dates on

llutammadan

coins are, as a rule, given according

to the Hijra Era, but otter eras are also used.

Hijra.

The

era dates from the flight o! the Prophet

Mecca The

to Medina,

first

This era

day is

Muhammad

from

which took place on the 15th July, 622

A.D.

with the 16th July of that year.

of it corresponds

a purely lunar one of

and to make

lunations,

accord as nearly as possible with the moon's motion a day

intercalated at the end of 11

of the years in a cycle of

thus the mean length of the year is

a very simple

rule of

thumb

is 354-J--J-

days.

by Dr. James Burgess for con-

verting dates of the Hijra to the Christian (Julian)

From Hijra

date deduct 3 per cent, and add 622 for the date A.D."

year

As each

shorter than a Christian year it begins earlier in the

season than the preceding one. of the

30:

The following

month

of the Christian

begins up to 1325 A.H.

The following Table shows the day year upon which each Hijra year usual to give as the corresponding

year that one in which the greater part of the Hijra year

included; for instance, A.H. 700 began on the 16th September, 1300, and ended on the 5th September, 1301, that in is

1300 and

8-J

The

months in 1301.

is,

3-J-

months

latter A.D. year therefore

the corresponding one, unless, of course, one of the early months

of the

Hijra year

in question.

Dr. Forbes gives this rule for "

working out the corresponding date

Express the

Huhammadan

date in years and decimals of years;

multiply by -970225; to

sum

will be the precise period

the product add 621*54, and the of the Christian Era.

"Date

Another rule

of Hijra multiplied

separating

by a decimal point the

that given

Soret

97, to the product add 621-84, last

two ciphers

of the product.'*

2G4

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS. 1st

Example: 621-84

1300-84,

that

and -84

1300

Is,

700

700 A.H.

day

67900

67900.

which

of the year,

corresponds with the middle of September.

Commonly

there

the Hiira one, but A 5

S^^r

u^-: -

of Persia, is

no indication on the coins of the date being

occasionally so stated, as i's-k _j

It is

i.js^

which bear

^jj

LJS-^

On two

Khanian

also the

date, the

J^stfl*

coins of

word

Mongols

<ui3j&

lunar,

added to distinguish the date in that way from the Khanian,

which was a

solar era.

Tipu Sultan, of Maisur, In the year 1201 A.H., year of his reign, instituted a dating from the birth the year of the

new

era for use In his kingdom,

Muhammad J*ks"*

^jcJ&u/*, instead of

generally given as

570

from

The date

The years were Luni- Solar.

flight.

the birth of the Prophet

the fifth

i.e.

but

A.D.,

it is

not certain whether Tipu counted from that time or about a year

was held by some

later, as

year of his reign the date

(see p. 7).

new

The

according to the

and the for

era and in the

flight of the

new way

written &

on one that

is,

of arranging the ciphers

14 years between the dates

difference of but

two

a coin of the fourth

If" ^*<s^ tU^ and

given

of the fifth year of his reign the date

1215 of the

to be correct.

eras, although the period between the birth

Prophet was some 52 years,

is to

be accounted

the Miiludi years being longer, luni-solar, than the Hijra,

lunar, ones.

Khanian.

The Khanian Era was

established

on 1st Bajab, A.H. 701, but

it is

Abu

Said,

time of his nephew,

by Ilkhan Ghazan Mahmud

not found upon coins until the

some 33 years

the coins of one or two of Abu's successors. one, and

written <Ljl^M

There

The

later,

era

and on

was a

solar

difficulty in computing

the corresponding year in the Hijra and Christian Eras, for the

year

1 of

Khanian

701 A,H. and 1301 A.D.

205

ERAS.

Christian,

Bates in the Christian Era are found on coins of Native States of India, E.I.

Company, and

Straits Settlements,

Christian Syrian coins in Arabic characters.

z as

on some

It is usually indicated

only, but on one of the Syrian

(jy+z

siU*4Jl tXlrsrUSI <&*i

also

put

rear of the Incarnation of the Messiah.

IlaM,

The Tarikh the 30th year

Ilahi

was established by the Emperor Akbar in

of his reign (A.H. 992),

and began with

his reign

on 5th Eabi al-Sani, A.E. 963, or 19th February, 1556 A.D.

The months and The names

of the

Persian ones.

are

clays

Solar,

without any intercalations.

months and days are the same as the old

The months have from 29

no weeks, but each day of the month different

to 30 days is

;

there are

distinguished

name.

The era was used by Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, often together with the Hijra date.

written on the coins

^\.

Samvat The Samvat

Era

Yikramaditya began at

To convert Samvat

luni-solar with intercalation.

years era

it is

coins

some

when the legend

Hijra date also.

written

It is

into Christian

necessary only to subtract 57 from the

used on

generally,

B.C. 57.

elate.

The

the Native States of India,

in the Arabic character, with the

'^^^^

The Spanish, The Spanish, from of

called also the

1st January, B.C. 38,

Spain by Augustus.

Alphonse VIII

of Spain,

Era

of the Caesars, is reckoned

being the year following the conquest It

found on

and there called

bilingual

coin

206

MUSALITA^ NUMISMATICS.

CYCLE YEARS,

Sultan Tipu, of llysore, in the

of sixty years, each distinguished

was

in use in his dominions

Cycle.

But instead

or second year of

first

Hindu

reign, adopted, in addition to the Hijra dates, the

cycle

a particular name, which

and known as the Tamil Brihaspate

of the original

he gave them new ones made up

names

of the respective years,

which by the Abjad

of letters

system would denote the number of the year in the cycle.

The

second year of Tipu's reign, A.D. 1783-84,

was the 38th

current cycle, which began in A.D. 1747.

That year he named

J;l next

30), the

j!j (4

the word

next year

JLSJ-

6),

year are found upon coins of the Sultan of the

Hijra respectively.

Q I

Muludi

and replaced the Abjad system by the Abtas gave other names

to the years

on his coins from his

+ 10+1),

IjL (30 The names ju^l and systems, to the first

If**

(see p. 204),

(see p. 116),

fifth

and these

regnal year, such as li (40

1),

etc.

Ju/K.=*.l

were given

arbitrarily, in

and second years, because no words

short could be assigned to

which would indicate the number

of the year in the cycle according to the latter system,

"When, however, in the 5th year of his reign

Tipu altered his era from the Hijra to the

and the

and these three names preceded by

2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of his reign, and dated

we find

of the

them

to express

one

and

both

sufficiently

two.'

CYCLE YEARS.

20?

^USALMIX

208

XUMISIIATICS.

BATES. Ordinarily the date of striking of the coin

word 4i!

year, sometimes *U~j

Some Samanid

variations from this.

some Dehli and others i-s^ i^-s

coins have

The word ^Ls,

on some Spanish and African given the form

On some

of the

Hijra year.

-;AJ

^ o~* tf-i-s

i^c-s*

year

used instead of

^^^^

in the

*tx; is

months

month

his successors the

A~ban.

by the name

"When the Ilahi year

employed with the Persian word

month

of the year,

"When the Christian date

in the month, followed

Akbar and

<La**.

^5*^-^ cL^, when the Sam vat

Ilahi

thc-

of the

on some others the name of the month of issue

;

-2-i <Ji

is stated,

coins.

year,

coins the phrase fc~sj*$~>

used

year,

preceded by

--^ ^-s^

Turkistan

year in the Hijra of the Prophet, Bhopal of the holy Hijra.

in the year, but there are some-

of the

month

given on the coins

of the old Persian calendar

month, as ^jLI

Yery rarely the day

of the

iU ,d\,

month

added

a cipher, or in words as in the following legend on a coin of

a Governor of Bengal, !L~tjS>$\

iU^s $ Akhir

^j^

of the

Sultan, Li

^jl\

on the date the twentieth

year six hundred and twenty

c5?W

^ e third

/*^~>j

^JL*!t *^J^\ <J> month Eabi al-

of the

;

and on one

Tipu

(month) Bahari of the

(cycle) year Sha.

Names

of the Months.

OLD

HIJRA.

jLs

JjJl j_-.^

[or

^yW^^l ^j

Jpl ^4}U>-

^^^-

^\~\

j&3\

PERSIAN'.

209

BATES.

HUB A.

OLD PERSIAN.

10.

11.

12.

Tipu Sultan, on giving to the cycle years new names, which should denote the numerical order in which they stand in the cycle (see p. 206), treated the

months of which the year consists

in a similar way, but instead of the whole

name being taken

was made

express the

number

to do so.

Afterwards, with the change from the Abjad to the

Abtas,

system.

Abjad the

was again necessary to

initial

letter only

names

alter the

to suit the latter

Only one or two of the months have been noted as

being on Tipu's coins, but more

may

be found, and therefore

the names are here given.

Names

Abjad.

of the

Twelve Months in Abjad and Abtas.

Abtai

Abjad.

Abtas.

Abjad.

Abtas.

10 11

The numbers the \

first

(1)

two

and c->

of the

llth and 12th month are made by using

letters of the

(2)

name, and in the Abjad the

usual in writing in ciphers the numbers

Abtas the units

are on the right of the letter

and t-j are on the

in the order in which the ciphers

Tipu Sultan's system (see

and

as is

(10),

whilst in the

left of the decimal

were placed,

letters

and

p. 7).

that f

is,

MUSALMAX XUMIS1IATIC3.

210

REGIAL YEARS,

The year

reign of the ruler

of tlie

also usually noted

the coins of the Moghul emperors of Dehli, Afghanistan, Native

modern times,

States of India, Otlirnanli, and some other series of "but

not on the old Arabic.

is,

as a rule, on the other face of the coin to that

the date

and in ciphers, except for the

is,

often written

word used

^=>-l

(jw*l>-

first

on which

year,

which

accession or enthronement,

to express regnal year,

with

or without !L~s before

^^>- ^> m '

The phrase reign

^JL*

c^-^.^

the it.

the Y ear oi ^is

tranquil prosperity, adopted for Aurangzih,

has been

a favourite one ever since in the East.

The regnal year

is of

the same length as the Hijra lunar one,

and consequently, beginning each year on

the

enthronement

number on the same day the enthronement was on

anniversary, does not change its latter does, unless, of course,

lluharram,

and

apparent discrepancies occur;

as the 1st of

for instance,

Jahangir was proclaimed Emperor in Jumacla, 1014; one half, therefore, of his issue

one half in 1015. to

carelessness

time

the regnal year

But there are many

of the

was

in 1014

mint masters or die engravers.

Jahangir and Shah Jahan,

Ilahi Era

real discrepancies

when the

and

owing In the

solar year of Akbar's

was being again replaced by the Hijra, there was some

confusion, and mistakes were made.

The E.I. Company

in 1793,

in trying to establish a standard currency, ordered that all the

rupees coined for Bengal should for the future bear the impression of the rupee of the 19th year of 1

L^i was

Shah Alam's reign;

thus, the

retained on the obverse of the Sicca or 19 San rupee

of Murshidabad,

whatever the Hijra year might be on the reverse,

REGNAL YEARS. until 1835.

In a similar way

Farukhabad and Surat coins

from 1805

of the date of issue,

On some

te~a

i~"!

of the

211 was put on the E.I.C.

Shah Alam

pattern, irrespective

to 1835.

coins of Indian Native States, of the pattern of the

Shah Alam rupee,

(j*>- J ear

cipher which

not that of

the Dehli Emperor, but that of the Eajah of the State, although his

name

not given upon the piece.

the Othmanli coinage

of Abel

since the beginning of the

reign

al-Haraid, A.H. -1187, only the date of the year of the

Sultan's accession

given throughout the reign, with a cipher,

usually above the area of the reverse, indicating the regnal year. It

necessary, therefore, to add the

to the date in order to arrive at the

number

year in

of the regnal

year

which any piece was

the coins of Mahmud II bear the Hijra date 1223, he although reigned 32 years, and some of them were struck as struck;

e.g., all

iate as 1254, as is

shown by

their bearing the regnal year 32.

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HHHHHHHHH

HIJRA AXD CHRISTIAN TEARS.

213

214

3IUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

HIJEA AND CHBISTIAN TEARS.

215

3IUSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

222

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

HIJIU AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.

223

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EIJBA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.

225

226

HUSA.LMAN NUMISMATICS.

HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.

227

' '

A.H.

A.I).

A.I1.

-|.^

A.D.

-fc

A.II.

A.D.

1045; 1635

Jn. 17-: 1067

1656

1046

Jn.

1068

1657

My.26-:i069

1658

1638 :Hy.l5H 1070

1659

1636

1047; 1637

1048

;

1089! 1678

1090

9..

29^ 1091

1679

1680 ;

1092! 1681

Ja.

;

1049

1639

My.

1050: 1640

1051

1641

;

1071

4';

Ap. 23 :1072 ;Ap.

1052: 1642 JAp.

6.;

1682

1093

Ag.27; 1094

1073

1662

Ag. 16

1074

1663

Ag. 5

1682 ID. 31

;

1661

1660

1095: 1683 ID.

1096; 1684 ID.

;

1053^ 1643

1054J 1644

Mr. 22

1075

Mr. 10

1664

Jy. 25

1685

1097 |

*. ,7

1076

1665

Jy. 14

10981 1686

27 |1077

1666

Jv.

1687

1078

1667

Jn. 23

1100

1688

1079

1668

Jn. 11

1101

1689

1080

1669

Jn.

1102

1690

0.-

1081

1670

My.21

1103

1691

1671

My.lOJ 1104

1692

1083

1672

Ap.29

1105

1693

1084

1673

Ap. 18

1106

1694

Ag.22

2JJ1085

1674

Ap. 7

1107

1695

Ag.12

1086

1675

Mr. 28

1108

1696

Jy. 31

1087

1676

Mr. 16

1109

1697

Jy.

1088; 1677

Mr. 6

1110

1698

Jy.

1055

1645 IF.

1 i 1

1056

1646 !F.

1057! 1647 IF.

6 j|

1058

1648

Ja. 27

! j

1059

1649

Ja.

1060

1650

Ja.

4JJ1082

1650 JD.

1061

25 1

;

1062

1651 ID.

1063

1652 |D.

1064

1653

1065

1654

1066

1655

JiJLJKA

AJNJD

UHllIttTlA^

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

230

;

A.I).

II. ;

= 5

if'^

1763

1177

A.H.

1199

1784

;

A.H.

A.D.

Jlf=

i ;

14:1 1221

1806

Mr.21

;

1178

J ^5

Jy. 12;

;

A.D.

;

1764

Jy.

1765

Jn. 20;

1200

;

1785

;

4J: 1222.

1807

Mr.

1 1

1179

1786

1201

24M 1223

1808

;

1180, 1766

1767

1181

Jn.

1787

1202

13:: 1224

0. I

My.30

1203

1788

1204

1789

1225

2;;

1809

1810

1182s 1768 'Mv.lS My. 18

1226; 1811

Ja.

1769

1183|

My.

1790

1205

1812

10!! 1227

I I

1184

1185

1770

Ap.27

1206

1791

Ag.31h 1228

1771

Ap. 16

1207

1792

Ag.l9l|1229 ;

1186

1772

Ap. 4

1208

1793

Ag.

1187

1773

Mr. 2 5

1209

1794

Jy. 29

1813

ol!

1230

1814

1231

1815

1774

1188

1795

1210

Mr. 14

Jy. 18

1189

1775

Mr. 4

1211

1796

Jy.

1190

1776

1212

1797

Jn. 26

1191

1777

1213

1798

Jn. 15

1214

1799

Jn.

1192! 1778

Ja. 30

1232

1816

1233! 1817

1234| 1818

1235, 1819

1236

1820

j i

;

1215

1800

My.25

1237

1821

1216

1801

My. 14

1238

1822

1217

1802

My. 4N 1239

1823

D. 17

1218

1803

Ap.23

1240

1824

Ag.26

1197! 1782

1219

1804

Ap.12

1241

1825

Ag. 16

1198! 1783

1805

Ap.

11242! 1826

Ag. 5

1193

1779

Ja. 19!

;

1194; 1780 !

1195- 1780

Ja.

B. 28 j

1196! 1781

1220

HIJBA AND CHRISTIAN TEARS.

231

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

233

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BXBLI0GBAPHY.

will be found useful in studying

The following books and papers several classes of

Musalman

All classes,

coins

MAESDEX,

" Suniismata Orientalia

(Copper).

NN", J.

Besehreibungderbekanntesten

Kufermiinzen," Band

All classes of Arabic,

Illus-

London, 1863.

trata."

LAXE POOLE,

Catalogue of Oriental Coins

in the British

Prag, 1863.

iii.

Museum."

10 vols.

London, 1879-90. i

PKAEEN, medanonim."

Becensio ETumorum

LANE POOLE,

Ch.

Muham-

Petropoli, 1826.

Catalogue

Arabic Coins in

the Khedivial Library, Cairo."

London, 1897.

LANE POOLE,

S.,

" Easti Arabic! "

J^um. Chron.,

1885-86-87 and -1892. u Sur quelques points de la JSTumis-

SAULCY, F.,

naatique Arabe": Journ. Asiatique, ser. in,

tomes

TJmayyad andAbbasid Khalifs.

vii, viii, x, si, xiii

TIESENHAUSEN, AY.

;

ser. IY,

tome

vi.

" Monnaies des Khalifes

St. Peter sbourg, 1873. Orientaux." " LATOIX, H. Catalogue des Monnaies Musul:

manes de tome

ROGERS BET, E. of

Bibliotheque

Rationale," Paris, 1887.

T,,

Catalogue of his Collection

Mohammedan

Coins:

^um.

Chron., 1885.

234

MUSAL31AX XUMISMATICS.

Spanish

G-AILLAUD,

Uiaayyad and other Dynasties.

" J".

des

Description

Espagnoles composant

Cabinet de

Jose Garcia de la Torre.'' COEDBP.A Y ZAIDIX, P.

f :

Tratado de Xuniis-

matica Arabigo-Espanola."

LAYOIX, H.

tome

Norman

King's

of Sicily,

and Spain.

Bibliotheque

SPIXELLI, D.

" Monete

Principi LongoLarcli

due

delle

LAVOIX, H.

Cuiiche battuta da

Xormanni

e Srevi nel

Wajioli, 1844..

Sicilie."

Catalogue de la Bibliotlieque

Rationale," tome ii. " Tableau J. J. :

MAECEL,

Egypt

Rationale," Paris, 1891.

ii.

Regno Horth. Africa

Madrid, 1879.

Catalogue des Monnaies Musul-

manes

Bon

Jfiadrid, 1852.

general des Monnaies

Paris, 1844. ayant cours en Algerie." u and Syria. LATOIX, H. Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes de la Bibliotneque Rationale," :

tome

iii.

Park's,

ROGERS BET, E. 7

Dynasty'

" Coins

T.,

the

1894.

Tuluni

Internet. jSTumis. Orient., Tol.

London, 1877. Oh.azn.awid,

" Coins

THOMAS, E.,

of the

Kings

Ghazni"

London, 1848; and JOUITL. R.A.S.,

and

Turkuman.

xvii.

GHALIB EDHEM,

Meiyafariken."

GHALIB EBHEIT,

Seldjoukide."

Baaislimandid.

CASANOVA,

P.,

mendites"

Catalogue des Monnaies

Beni Zengui, Meliks Eyoubites de Constantinople, 1894.

Beni Ortek,

Turcomanes,

Prou Atabegyeh,

Saljuk.

TO!S. xii

" Essai de ^umismatique Constantinople, 1892.

jSTumismatique

des

Danish

E,evue Numismatique,

1895

and 1896. rtukid.

LANE POOLE, mans' 1875.

7 :

S.,

" Coins of the Urtuki Turku-

Internat E"umis

Orient., vol.

235

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

KakwayMd,

TOENBEEG, "

inedit

Ecv. Beige Xum.,

LAXE POOLE,

Kir, H.

Num.

Kakweihicl

m, tome

ser.

Chron., 1875.

"Notes on the History

C.,

Banu Okayl"

ii.

Coins of the

"Unpublished

Kakweyhis" Ukaylid.

Un Birhem

J.,

the

Journ. H.A.S., vol. xviil,

1886. Basulid.

NETZEL, H.,

" Munzen de Rasuliden "

Zeitschrif

Xumismatik, Band xviii. " Coins of the Benee Rasul PEEDEA.UX, "\V. E., fiir

Dynasty

Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. syi.

" Mongols of Persia, DEOUDT, E., Is otice sur les Monnaies Xongoles"

Journ. Asiatique, 1896.

Jalair.

MAEKOF, A.

Chagatai.

" Coins of the OLJTER, E. E., ChagataiMughals

Katalog Djelairesch Monete.

St. Petersburg, 1897. 5> :

Journ. Beng. A.S., 1891.

OLIVER,

"The

E.,

Hughals"

Chagatai

Journ. E.A.S., 1891.

Othmanli.

GHALIB EDHEH:,

"NumismatiqueOttornane." 1307 (1890).

Constantinople,

LAKE

POOLE,

S.,

the

"Weights

Denominations of Turkish Coins":

and

Num.

Chron., 1882. (feorgia.

LANGLOIS, Y.

" Essai de Classification des Suites.

monetaires dela Georgie."

Paris, 1860.

Supplement d 1'Essai": Eey. Beige Num., ser. in, tome v. " " Sur les Monnaies Georgiennes : BEOSSELT, M.,

LANGLOIS, V.,

Journ. Asiatique,

Sudan,

A&m PACHA T

v {

Ahmed." NUTZEL, H.

ser. HI,

tome

ii.

Monnaies du Mehdy Mouharamed

Cairo, 1882, " Mahdi-Aufstand in Sudan."

Berlin, 1894.

SMITH,

S.,

" Coins struck at

Mahdi and Khalifa

" :

Omdurman by the Num. Chron., 1902,

2-JG

MUSALMAX

Shahs of Persia,

POOLE, R. S.

Shahs

XUM1S1IATICS. "

Catalogue of the Coins of the

of Persia in the British

Museum."

London, 1887. 0.

COBEIXGTOX,

" :

Some Rare Arabic and Hertford, 1889.

Persian Coins."

Dehli Emperors. *LAXE POOLE.

Catalogue of the Coins of the

Moghul Emperors British Museum." RODGERS, C.

Hindustan

Calcutta, 1893.

Catalogue of the Collection

of Coins purchased

by the Panjab GovernCalcutta, 1893.

ment."

the

Catalogue of the Coins of the

Indian Museum, Calcutta."

RODGEES, C.

London, 1892.

RODGERS, C.

various papers in the Journal

Bengal Asiatic Society in 1880-8385-86 and 1896.

of the

" " Rare J., Copper Coins of Akbar Indian Antiquary, 1890.

RODGERS, C.

TAYLOB, 0.

"The

P.,

Coins of

Ahmadabad"

Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. ss.

Dehli Kings.

^LAXE

POOLE, S.

Catalogue of the Coins of the

Sultans of Dehli in the British

Museum."

London, 1884.

THOMAS, E.

" ;

Chronicles of the Pathan Kings

of Dehli."

London, 1871.

" Coins

C. J., Supplementary to Thomas' Pathan Kings of Dehli " Joum. Beng. As. Soc., 1880 to 1896.

^ RODGEES,

RODGEES,

C. J.,

Rupees

of the Suri

Dynasty ":

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1888. >,

" HOERNIE, A. P. R., Copper Coins

Dynasty" RODGEES,

of the Suri

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1890.

" :

Catalogues of the Indian

Museum and Panjab

Collections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. BTative States of Xl*A2nB POOLE, S.

"Catalogue of the Coins of

Muhammadan British Museum the

India.

States of India in the

Bengal, Kashmir, Sind,

Jaimpur, Malwah, Gujarat, Bahmani." London^ 1885.

EODGEES, C.

"Catalogues of the Indian

Museum and Pan jab Collections." PBDTSEP,

London, 1858.

" Notes on Coins

HOEENLE, A. E. E., States"

Bengal.

Essays on Indian Antiquities,"

by E. Thomas.

edited

" :

of Native

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1897.

BLOCEQUNN-, H.,

and History

Contribution to the Geography " Journ. Beng. As. Bengal

Soc., 1873.

" ^HoEBifLE, A. F. 11., Early Muhammadan Coins " Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1881. of Bengal :

^ THOMAS,

Initial

E.,

Coinage

Bengal

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1867.

Jaunpur.

DELMEKICZ,

and Jaunpur Kashmir.

" Coins of the Kings of Dehli

J. Gr.,

" :

C. J.,

RODGEES,

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1876.

Square Silver Coins of the

Sultans of Kashmir": Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1885.

^ EODGEES,

" Bare Kashmir Coins"

C. J.,

Gujarat.

Journ.

Soc., 1896.

Beng. As.

-^TAYLOK, Gk P., "The Coins of the Gujarat Sultanat" Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. xxi. :

Bahmani.

-V

GIBBS,

J.,

" Gold and Silver Coins of the Bahmani

Dynasty": Num. Chron., 1881.

CODEIN GIGS',

" 0.,

Coins

the

Bahmani

Dynasty": Num. Chron., 1898. Sikh.

EOD&EES, C.

J.,

" Coins of the Sikhs "

Journ.

Beng. As. Soc., 1880. " EODCKEES, C. J. Catalogue of the Pan jab :

Collection."

SOIISXATICS.

Coins of the Modern Native Pan jab " : Indian Antiquary,

* :

TEMPLE, C.

Tanjal).

J.,

Chiefs of the

1SS9.

WEBB, W.

Eajputana,

TT.

Currencies of the

Catch and

" The

CODRIXGTOX, 0.,

KatMawar, Deceaa.

Chron., 1895.

; *

E..

ABBOTT,

States

Coinage of Cuteh arid

Xum.

Katliiawar":

Hindu

London, 1893.

of Puijputana."

Study

Preliminary

the

Chhutrapati Copper Coins": Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. sx. Shivarai or

EAXADE, M. CK, ''Currencies and Mints under Mahratta Piule

Journ. Bomb. As. Soc.,

vol. xx.

Travaacore*

MITEER,

Coinage of Travancore"

8.,

lladras

Journ. of Lit. and Science, 1889-94.

Afghanistan.

PCODGERS, C. J.

Coinsof Ahmad Shah Durrani

4 ' ,

' ' :

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1885.

DAMES,

31.

Kum.

LOXGWOE.TTT,

'Coins of the Durranis":

Chron., 1888.

u KING, L. WHITE. History and Coinage of the Barakzai Dynasty of Afghanistan

" :

Xnm.

Chron., 1896.

'South India,

^ELLIOT, W., "Coins

Isumis. Orient., vol.

South India": iii,

H. C.: "Hints

TUFSTELL, E.

Int.

1886. to Coin Collectors

in Southern India."

X DODGERS, of

.Mysore.

Madras, 1887. " Coins of the Mnsalman Kings

C. J.,

Ma'bar"

TOTJESTOX, E.

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1895.

Catalogue of the Coins of the

Museum, Madras:

Central

3>o. 1,

Mysore."

Madras, 1888.

HATTOS, H. Silver,

" :

Brief Sketch of the

and Copper Coinage

Gold,

Mysore."

Bangalore, 1856.

MARSDEX, TV.

" :

^"uniiymata Orientalia," vol.

ii.

AGAMEMNON