CO
Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum Calcutta Including the Cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
Volume Part I
:
I
The Early Foreign Dynasties and
the Guptas
o
-
Vincent A. Smith I.C.S. Retd.
Published for the Trustees of the Indian
Oxford At
the Clarendon Press
1906
f
'I \r
>
M.A., F.R.N.S., M.R.A.S.,
>
/
Museum
HENRY FROWDE,
M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK AND TORONTO
c
A * -;
57
ADVERTISEMENT A of
SMALL separate impression of Part I is issued for the convenience collectors and students specially interested in the classes of coins
who may
not care to purchase the complete volume. The General Introduction, General Index, and complete Tables of Weights and Measures appear in that volume only. Here it may be noted that treated in this Part,
almost exactly -^th of an inch, or, in other words, one inch is very little more than 25 millimetres and that ten English grains are equivalent to -648, almost two-thirds of a gramme. Weights are a millimetre
is
;
given in English grains, and measurements in decimals of an inch.
CONTENTS PART SECTION
I.
II.
I.
THE EARLY FOREIGN DYNASTIES AND THE GUPTAS
BACTKIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS, INTRODUCTION CATALOGUE
THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES, INTRODUCTION CATALOGUE
III.
KUSHAN
COINS, INTRODUCTION
CATALOGUE IV.
... ... .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
........ ........
PAGE 3 7
35 38
63 65
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS, INTRODUCTION
CATALOGUE
ADDENDA TO PART
127
I
INDEX OF RULERS, PART
95
99
I
128
LIST OF PLATES Bactrian and Indo- Greek Coins. I.
II.
SOPHYTES, DlODOTOS, EUTHYDEMOS, DEMETBIOS.
PANTALEON, AGATHOKLES, ANTIMACHOS THEOS, AND EUKEATIDES.
III.
HELIOKLES, LYSIAS, ANTIALKIDAS, DIOMEDES, AND AECHEBIOS.
IV.
APOLLODOTOS, AGATHOKLEIA WITH STBATO, AND STBATO ALONE.
V. VI.
VII.
MENANDER AND
DIONYSIOS.
ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOEOS, PHILOXENOS, HIPPOSTBATOS, THEOPHILOS, AMYNTAS, HEBMAIOS WITH KALLIOPE, HEBMAIOS ALONE, HEBMAIOS WITH KADPHISES.
ZOILOS,
MONOGRAMS AND MARKS
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK
:
KUSHAN.
Indo-Parthian Coins. VIII.
MAUES, ONONES, SPALAHORA, SPALAGADAMA, SPALIRISHA, AZES I. I, AZILISES, AZES II, GONDOPHARES, PAKORES, ZEIONISES, SOTEB MEGAS.
IX. AZES
X. MONOGRAMS AND MARKS, INDO-PARTHIAN.
Kushdn Coins. XI. XII.
KADPHISES
I,
KADPHISES
II,
KANISHKA.
KANISHKA, HUVISHKA.
XIII.
HUVISHKA, VASUDEVA, VASU. XIV. KANESHKO, VASUDEVA (LATER), BHADRA, SAYATHA, SITA, SANA, BACHARNA, CHHU, SARVVAYASA, SRI SHAHI, BAZODEO, HORMAZD, KINGS OF KALINGA, HYRKODES, HERAIOS. Gupta and W. Satrap Coins.
XV. CHANDRAGUPTA I, KACHA, SAMUDRAGUPTA, CHANDRAGUPTA II (GOLD). XVI. CHANDRAGUPTA II, KUMARAGUPTA I, SKANDAGUPTA, PRAKASADITYA, SASANKA, UNCERTAIN (GOLD). XVII. GUPTA
SILVER AND COPPER COINS (?)VALABHI, SILVER AND COPPEB.
XVIII.
MONOGRAMMATIC MARKS, GUPTA GOLD
:
WESTERN
COINS.
SATRAP
SILVER
:
ABBREVIATIONS copper, including bronze.
&
silver.
A.
S. B.
M
.
.
.
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
.
.
British
.
.
Brahmi
G.A.I.
.
.
Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India.
M.
.
.
Br.
C.
gold.
M.
B.
.
I.
Museum. script.
Coins of Mediaeval India.
ditto,
C. S. I.
.
Elliot, Coins of
diad.
.
wearing diadem.
Ep. Ind. ! C. I.
.
.
Epigraphia Indica.
.
.
.
Rapson, Indian Coins.
.
.
.
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
M.
Ind. Ant.
A.
J.
R. A. S.
S.
.
Indian Antiquary, Bombay.
.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
.
J.
B.
Royal Asiatic Society.
.
.
Kh.
.
.
.
Kharoshthi
1.
.
.
.
left,
L
.
.
lead.
.
.
.
monogram
obv.
.
.
.
obverse.
fc
Proc. A. S. B. r.
.
R.-C.
.
sq.
Z. D. M.
or similar
mark.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal., right, of reader.
.
Rep. or Reports .
script.
of reader.
mon.
rev.
Southern India.
.
.
from cabinet of
Col. Rivett-Carnac, C.I.E.
Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India (old
series).
.
.
reverse.
.
.
square.
.
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft.
G.
Vf
r
PART
I
THE EAELY FOREIGN DYNASTIES AND THE GUPTAS
SECTION
I
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK INTRODUCTION THE
coins of Sophytes, king of the Salt Range in the Panjab, the contemporary of Alexander (PI. I, 1), form a class by themselves, and
are not connected with the subsequent development of coinage in India. The Bactrian issues, on the contrary, are intimately associated with the local Indian coinage, and a few words of historical explanation needed to show how the association arose.
are
In or about the year 250 B. c., Diodotos, governor of Bactria, revolted against the authority of the Seleukidan sovereign, and succeeded in founding a new kingdom, the independence of which was formally recognized some forty years later by Antiochos the Great. Justin may be believed, the founder of the Bactrian monarchy
If
survived his success but a short time, and was succeeded by his son of the same name. The extant gold coins of Diodotos, one genuine of which specimen (PI. I, 2) is in the Asiatic Society's cabinet, exhibit
a rather youthful portrait, and
it
seems reasonable to accept Justin's
statement, and attribute the coins to Diodotos II. After some years, say about 230 B.C., Euthydemos, a native of Magnesia, made himself master of Bactria. His coinage, which has high artistic merit, is well exemplified in PL I, 3, 4, 7, 8. The barbarous imitations, supposed to have been struck at Characene in Susiana (PI. I, 5, 6), are excellent illustrations of the way in which a fine numismatic type can be degraded
by uneducated
copyists.
Demetrios, son of Euthydemos, and son-in-law of Antiochos the Great, brought the Bactrian power into contact with India by effecting considerable conquests in the border lands of the latter country about
190 B.C.
Specimens of his
coins,
purely Hellenistic, are shown in
PI. I, 9-11.
The clumsy rectangular coins of the closely related princes Agathokles and Pantaleon (PL II, 1, 2), which belong to the same period, obviously are semi-Indian in character, and derive their peculiarities B 3
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
4
|
from the native coinage of Taxila, which will be described in Part II of this work. 1 The exact dynastic position of Antimachos Theos, who issued some The scanty data available fine coins (PI. II, 3, 4), cannot be defined. are sufficient to prove that Eukratides (about 175-156 B. c.) was one of the most notable of the Bactrian kings. He defeated Demetrios, but
was himself murdered by his own son, supposed to be Apollodotos, who while became king of the whole or part of the Indian dominions ;
Heliokles, apparently another son of Eukratides, ascended the throne of The portraits on the coins of Eukratides are particularly Bactria.
and well executed (PL II, 5, 7). Heliokles was the last independent Greek sovereign of the short-lived Bactrian kingdom, and about 140 B. c. was overwhelmed by the irruption of swarms of nomads from Central Asia. Specimens of his coinage, distinctly inferior in merit to that of Eukratides, are shown in Plate III. The coinage of The square Apollodotos (PL IV) is very abundant in some types. Bactrian the varieties are much more Indian than Greek. Although Hindu Kush overthrown north the was to the of by the monarchy nomad hordes, Greek princes continued to rule the country which we now call Afghanistan, as well as the Panjab and Indus valley, for some time longer. The most famous of these Indo-Greek princes was Menander (Milinda or Milindra of Indian literary tradition 2 ), who reigned from about 160 to 140 B.C., and effected an invasion of India, His during the course of which he traversed Rajputana and Oudh. well-executed coinage (PL V) was issued in large quantities, and some varieties are quite common. Numerous other Greek princes ruled at various on the Indian frontier, and specimens of their locally points be will found coinage represented in Plates III-VL The last of them was Hermaios, king of Kabul, who was subjugated by Kadphises I realistic
chief of the Kushan section of the Yueh-chi horde, For a time the Greek king and the barbarian chieftain shared the sovereignty of Kabul, but gradually the Greek power was wholly obliterated, and the Kushan attained undisputed dominion. The political changes are reflected in the coins (PL VI, 11-15, and
(Kujulakara,
&c.),
about 45 A.D.
PL
XI).
The following alphabetical list of Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings and queens (reprinted with some slight corrections from The Early History of India by kind permission of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press) will be found useful for reference :
1
For decisive proof of this statement, see Cunningham, Reports, xiv, p. 18, PI. X. Milindra in the Avaddna Kalpalata of Kshemendra and the Tibetan Tangyur collections (J. Buddh. Text and Res. Soc., Sept. 1904, vol. vii, part iii, pp. 1-6). *
'
INTRODUCTION Alphabetical List of Bactrian
Serial
No.
and Indo-Greek Kings and Queens 1
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS Serial
No.
INTRODUCTION Numerous types
7
of the issues of the kings included in the catalogue are
also wanting.
The marks supposed
to indicate long
vowels in the Khar5shthi script
are applied in such an irregular fashion that I have thought it better to ignore them in transliteration, and to write simply maharajasa,
and so forth. The table of Bactrian and Indo-Greek monograms and marks in Plate VII has been reprinted, by kind permission of the Council of the Royal Numismatic Society, from that published by Cunningham in Num. Chron., N. S., vol. viii, PI. VII.
tratarasa,
CATALOGUE Serial
No.
8 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
PLATE
~--.
/
j<S cX?
V:
><
VV S*
i'\^v*^ -/T :
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS SOPHYTES, DIODOTOS, EUTHYDEMOS, DEMETRIOS
I
EUTHYDEMOS, DEMETRIOS Serial
No.
9
10 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
PLATE
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS PANTALEON, ACATHOKLES, ANTIMACHOS THEOS, AND EUKRATIDES
II
PANTALEON Serial
No.
EUKRATIDES
11
12
Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
HELIOKLES Serial
No.
13
14 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
LYSIAS, ANTIALKIDAS Serial
Nn
15
16 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
PLATE
\
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS HELIOKLES, LYSIAS. ANTIALKI DAS, DIOMEDES, AND ARCHEBIOS
III
DIOMEDES, ARCHEBIOS Serial
No.
17
18 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
APOLLODOTOS Serial
No.
19
20 Serial
No.
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
PLATE
-.
-
\v 10
1 f
v 12
BACTR1AN AND INDO-GREEK COINS APOLLODOTOS. ACATHOKLEIA WITH STRATO, AND 5TRATO ALONE
IV
STRATO Serial
No.
I
21
BACTBIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS Serial
No.
MENANDER Serial
No.
23
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS Serial
No.
PLATE
BACTRIAN AND INDO-CREEK COINS MENANDER AND
DIONYSIOS
V
MENANDER Serial
No.
25
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS 9 Serial
No.
MENANDER Serial
No.
27
BAgTRIAN AND INDO-GKEEK COINS Serial
No.
DIONYSI03 Serial
No.
ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOROS
29
30 Serial
No.
BAQTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
PLATE
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS ZOILOS,
ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOROS, PHILOXENOS, HIPPOSTRATOS; THEOPHILOS, AMYNTAS. HERMAIOS WITH KALLIOPE, HERMAIOS ALONE, HERMAIOS WITH KADPHlSES
VI
PHILOXENOS Serial
HERMAIOS
31
BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS Serial
No.
HERMAIOS Serial
No.
33
EACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK COINS
34 Serial
No.
2
Metal,
Museum
He verse
Obverse
Weight, Size
I.M.
JB
M
3
105 As No. 85 legend. 105 Ditto; 85
4
1
;
fragments
As No. 1
oi
legend, Kujula sa dhramathida . . Ditto legend,
ditto.
;
sa
M M
6
6
85
Ditto; ditto.
83 Ditto; ditto.
78
9
.
.
Ditto; ditto.
.
.
.
dhramathidasa.
Ditto
kasd
85
legend, Kujula . dasa.
Ditto; legend, -jula ka .
Ditto; ditto.
8
;
Kasasa ka Ditto; ditto (barbarous).
7
Kushana yavu Ditto
Ditto; ditto.
82
;
.
;
.
Kujula
legend,
.
Ditto legend kashanasa yavugasa .... Ditto legend, Kujula dramajhida .
;
.
.
;
Ditto
;
yavugasa dhramathi
85
.
.
.
.
.
.
legend,
(All these coins are rudely executed, and in poor con-
10
A.S.B.
Ditto; ditto. .82
11
12
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; legend, dhramathidasa Kujula Kasasa. Ditto legend, -gasa
Ditto; ditto.
dhramathidasa [or ? -tasa\ Kujula Kasasa. Ditto legend, [dhra]ma-
Ditto; ditto.
thitasa Kuju\la\. Ditto ; legend, [Ku]shana
Ditto; ditto.
M
-87
85
13
14 15
M
dition.) Ditto; legend, \yd\vugasa dhramath idasa.
;
;
yavugasa dhrama-. Ditto; ditto.
Ditto legend, Kujula Kasasa [Kusha\na[yavu\;
gasa dhramathidasa. (No one coin has the
gend complete
;
the
le-
full
is Kujulakasasa Kushanayavugasa dhramathidasa
text
or -thitasa], pious
l
[coin] of the
Kushan chief Kujula-
kasa'.)
PLATE
VII
BACTRIAN AND 1NDO-GREEK 3
*
A
ro
R
AA
N
N
AP 27
Ifl
M
E
tf 32
4-fc
37
"33
+0
56
S4
4-7
64
66
67
81
82
70
4-3
4-1
H
57
(.0
71
nr 80
86
83
87
B a
M
K 100
107
A
E
E 108
10?
Ul
112
102
102
101
w M
ier
113
117
la 128
125
122
lei
ye-
Ifl
21
Ifl
101
131
1*5
a 60
lie
ier 133
34
'
it
KUSHAN
ttrt
UU UJJ
UJ
tLLl
O
xV
166
1
67
0* 168
169
O 173
MONOGRAMS AND MARKS
o
,
I
SECTION II
THE COINS OF THE
INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES FROM ABOUT
1
20
B. C.
TO ?0
A. D.
INTRODUCTION THE Indo-Parthian coins present many difficulties. My views on the historical relations of the kings and satraps whose coins we possess are explained at length in an article entitled ' The Indo-Parthian Dynasties, from about 120 B.C. to 100 A.D.', published in the Journal of the German Oriental Society (Z. D.M. G.), Jan. 1906, to which I beg to refer the reader desirous of studying the subject in detail. In this place
only the results of the discussion can be given. The key to the chronois to be found, I think, in the history of Parthia, that is to say the
logy
Arsakidan kingdom of Persia and if that history had been more fully preserved than it has been, the position of the Indo-Parthian dynasties would no longer be obscure. ;
I accept the statement of Orosius that Mithradates I (Arsakes
VI)
of Parthia annexed the country between the Indus and Hydaspes (Jihlam), or, in other words, the kingdom of Taxila, towards the close
of his reign, in or about 138 B.C. That kingdom, the Western Panjab, seems to have formed an integral part of the Parthian dominion for
a few years, but during the troubles which ensued upon the death of Mithradates I, about 136 B.C., the control of the central government over the outlying provinces was relaxed, and about 120 B.C. a chieftain named
Maues (Moa) made himself king of Taxila, and enjoyed practical, if not nominal, independence. About the same time, or a few years later, a Parthian chief named Vonones (Onones) became king of Drangiana (Sistan), and extended his authority over Arachosia (Kandahar) and the Indian border-land. These latter provinces were administered by relations of Vonones, first his brother Spalahora, and then his nephew, Spalagadama, son of Spalahora. 1 When Vonones died, he ^was succeeded by another brother named 1
The names on the
coins are spelt with the palatal sibilant,
p. 105, n. 2).
D
2
(J.
R. A.S., 1902,
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
36
who
continued
to
administer
Arachosia
by a viceroy named Ay a, or Azes, perhaps his son. But when Spalirisha and this fact may be explained on died, he was not succeeded by Azes Spalirisha
(fepalirises),
;
the supposition that Mithradates II, the Great, suppressed the independence, or quasi-independence, of Slstan with its appanages, and inAzes, corporated those provinces directly in the Parthian empire.
however, although deprived of Arachosia, was permitted to succeed Maues at Taxila, and to establish a dynasty there. He was succeeded,
a long reign, by Azilises (Ayilisha), presumably his son, who was followed by Azes II. To him succeeded Gondophares, who reigned after
prosperously for many years, and about 40 A.D. extended his authority over Arachosia, Slstan, and the valley of the Lower Indus probably by taking advantage of the weakness of the central Parthian government at ;
that period.
When
about 60 A.D., his extensive dominion broke Orthagnes, perhaps his brother, succeeded to the up Arachosian provinces, while Abdagases, son of an unnamed brother, obtained the kingdom of Taxila. At that time the Sakas, Yueh-chi, and other nomad hordes from the steppes of Central Asia were swarming down upon the north-western frontier of India. Abdagases reigned for
Gondophares
died,
into smaller states.
a short time, and apparently had no successor of his lineage, his kingdom 1 In Arachosia probably passing into the hands of the foreign invaders. the Parthian power endured for a few years longer, and Orthagnes was succeeded by Pakores (Pakura) and Arsakes Dikaios. But about 90 A.D.
Kushan (Yueh-chi) monarch, Kadphises II (Ooemo) became master of the Panjab, Arachosia, and Sind, the Parthian chiefs being restricted to a narrow territory in the Delta of the Indus, from which they were
the
by Kanishka, about 130 A.D. The following tabular statement conveniently summarizes my views on Indo-Parthian chronology, and will serve as a guide to the arrangement of the coins in the catalogue dislodged, probably
:
Parthia.
Mithradates I ace.
.
.
.
about 171 B.C.
annexed kingdom of Taxila died
Mithradates II ace. died
138
.
.
.
136
.
.
.
123
.
.
88
.
Indo-Parthian kingdom of Taxila.
1
Maues
ace.
Azes
(from Arachosia)
I
.
.
. .
.
120
.
90
Mr. Kapson has lately discovered coins of a son of a chief named Bagapharna, which District (J. R. A. S., 1905, p. 790).
come from the Jihlam (Jhelum)
INTRODUCTION
....
Azilises ace.
AzesII
ace.
.
37 40
about
B.C.
15
.
.
Aspavarma and Satrap Jihunia
Strategos
(Zeionises) subordinate.
Gondophares
ace.
.
.
.
20
.
conquered Arachosia and Sind died
.
Abdagases (Avadagasha)
ace.
A. D.
40 60
.
Indo- Parthian kingdom of Arachosia.
?
Vonones (Onones), king of Slstan, ace. Spalahora and Spalagadama subordinate. .
115 B.C.
Spalirisha, king of Slstan, ace.
.
100
.
Azes (Aya), subordinate. Direct rule of Parthian central government
90 B.C to 40 A.D.
Conquest of Arachosia by Gondophares
40 A.
Orthagnes ace. Pakores (Pakura)
Arsakes Dikaios
.
.
ace.
.
.
70
;
.
ace.
?
.
,.
Kanishka
.
.
130
.
.
75
90
Extinction of Parthian power, except in Delta Final extinction of Parthian power by ?
D.
60
.
The following publications are the principal authorities on IndoParthian numismatics :
1.
Von
Sallet,
Alfred:
Die Nachfolger Alexanders des
Grossen in Baktrien 2.
3.
Cunningham,
Sir
und Indien (Berlin, 1879). The Coins of the Sakas*
Alexander
'
:
(Num. Chron., 3rd S., vol. x). The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Gardner, Percy Bactria and India in the British Museum Kings of (London, 1886). The author's attempt to arrange :
the kings historically
is
undoubtedly erroneous.
Indian Coins.
4.
Rapson
5.
Cunningham:
:
For the Satraps, besides the above 6. Biihler,
7.
8.
:
Coins of Ancient India.
Rapson, and Bhagwan Lai Indraji:
/.
R. A. S. y
1894, pp. 525-54. J. R. A. S., 1900, p. 97 1905, pp. 783-814. Rapson V. A. Smith: /. R.A.S., 1903, pp. 38, &c. ; Early :
;
History of India, pp. 187, 201, and, superseding ' * these, The Indo-Parthian Dynasties (Z. D. M. G. y 1906). 9.
10.
Fleet:
Rodgers
J.R.A.S., 1905, :
p. 227.
Catalogues of the Lahore
and Calcutta Museums.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
38
The
collection described in this Catalogue, although very far
from
representative. The coins of Spalirises or Spalithe king and those on which he is associated with
is fairly
being complete, risha as brother of '
'
Azes are wanting. The attempt to distinguish the coins of Azes I from those of Azes II is
now made for the
first
time.
I
am doubtful as to the proper attribution
of the issue with the reverse device of Zeus holding out an image of Nike, but am convinced that the coins of both Aspavarma and Zeionises or
Jihunia belong to the period of Azes II. The proof that Thomas and Cunningham were mistaken in describing the coin No. 11 of Maues in the catalogue, formerly numbered as A. S. B. 256, as having been issued
by Azes and Vonones is a matter of some importance. No. 87 (catal.) of Azes I does not seem to have been published before. No. 2 of Gondophares is remarkable because the king is turned to the 1., and is given the title apratihatachakra. The word sasasa, which has been interpreted as the genitive of a proper name, Sasan,' is, I believe, a mere epithet, like jayatasa, which occupies the same position on the nearly contem'
porary coins of Aspavarma, but I cannot
fix its
meaning.
The specimens
of the coinage of Orthagnes and Pakores or Pakura are all extremely poor.
CATALOGUE Serial
No.
MAUES Serial
No.
39
40 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
VONONES, SPALAHORA Serial
No.
41
42 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
PLATE VIM
.-
>,
-
INDO-PARThlAN COINS MAUES. ONONES. SPALAHORA, SPALACADAMA, SPALIRISHA, AZES
I
VONONES Serial
No.
AZES
43
44 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
AZES Serial
No.
45
46 Serial
No.
COINS, OF
THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
AZES Serial
No.
47
48 Serial
No.
COINS' OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
AZILISES Serial
No.
49
50 Serial
No.
?l*
i
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
AZES Serial
No.
II
51
52 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
AZES Serial
No.
II
53
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES Serial
No.
PLATE
C~xvr^v 'X t>'~ -
15
..'
15
v
^fffl '^A
\Sj^
-*.
16
INDO-PARTHIAN COINS AZES
I,
AZILISES, AZES
GONDOPHARES, PAKORES, ZEIONISES, SOTER MEGAS
II.
IX
GONDOPHARES Serial
No.
55
Metal,
Museum
Reverse
Obverse
Weight, Size
Greek legend blun- tre in 1. mon. PI. X, 11, 51,1. dered and unintelligible. mon. r., and also Kh. pra ;
;
33, L, and also Kh. Si and o or au. Kh. legend [ra-
yard\yasa apratihatachakrasa devavradasa below, traces of sasasa (PI. IX, 9 this coin is remarkable because the king is L, and ;
;
the epithet apratihatachakrasa has hitherto been known only on coins of Raiijubula).
Similar to No. 2, but Similar to No. 2, but king r. ; much worn. only mon. PL X, 33, 1.
A.S.B.
Kh. legend, \maha\tasa tradarasa devavravisible.
names lost. As No. 3 mon. PI. X, 8 r. 33, 1., and Kh. va, r. fraghorse's legs worn. ment of marginal legend, and sasasa. 163 Ditto mon. r. a chaDitto same mons. madasa
I.M.
Mt
;
;
As No. 3; mon. PL X, 51, Kh.pa and cha between
;
;
;
;
;
78 racter between horse's 151-2 8
haraja legible. Ditto; same mons. maharajasa and sasasa legible.
Ditto; ditto; ditto.
Type 3 ; horseman and Zeus holding Nike ;
;
;
legs.
;
(?)
billon
with legend SASASA
;
Zeus, standing L, holding diad., on horseback mon. PL X, 51, r. no out Nike in r. hand mon. character between horse's PL X, 37, r., and Kh. va mon. PL X, 21, L; legend legs.
A.S.B.
King
r.
;
;
;
;
illegible.
8
I.M.
Ditto; worn;
mon. PL
X, 32, between horse's
legs.
Ditto; mon. PL X, 20,1.; mon. PL X, 37, and Kh. bu, r.
9
Ditto; mon.
77
r.,
and Kh.
si
;
;
legend illegible.
mon. PL X, 2 1,1.; no character mon. PL X, 37, and Kh.
PL X,
Ditto;
51,
between horse's legs. va, r. legend illegible. As No. 9 but condition Similar; mon. PL X, 41, 75 r., and Kh. ? vra. worse legend illegible. ;
10
;
;
(The B. M. spec, read
itia-
harajasa rajadirajasa .... Gadapharasa, and in ex11
33-6
48
ergue sasasa.) Similar mon. PL X, 51, Similar; mon. PL X, 21, no other character or L mon. PL X, 37, and ; ;
r.
mon.
;
;
legend
illegible.
Kh. va, r. traces of legend (PL IX, 10 uncommon in ;
;
this size).
56 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
ABDAGASES, ORTHAGNES Serial
No.
57
58
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES I
Serial
No.
PLATE X
y
22
rib 25
x/
I
V-
26
25*
,--&
V-V-V )fc 31
32
31a
,^
S*J/*^
X 43
44
t
51
Gondophares
56
57
Soter Megas
INDO-PARTHIAN COINS:
MONOGRAMS AND MARKS
PAKURA Serial
No.
SOTER MEGAS
59
60 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
SOTER MEGAS Serial
No
61
62 Serial
No.
COINS OF THE IN DO-PARTHIAN DYNASTIES
SECTION III
KUSHAN COINS FROM ABOUT 50
A. D.
TO 550
A. D.
INTRODUCTION IN the Introduction to Section I we have seen how the last Greek prince of Kabul was overthrown, about the middle of the first century A. D.,
by the Kushan
thirty or forty years
chief conveniently known as Kadphises I. Some later, his son and successor, Wima (OOHMO)
Kadphises, similarly designated for convenience as Kadphises II, extended the Kushan power into India Proper, and suppressed the IndoParthian chiefs who had inherited the dominions of the Indo-Greek princes in the Panjab and Indus valley. Kadphises II established a gold coinage, suggested by the contemporary Roman aurei, with which agrees in weight, and also issued an extensive copper (bronze) coinage,
it
specimens of which are very common in the whole of North- Western Good examples of both the copper and gold coinage are represented
India.
in Plate XI.
So far, I believe, all scholars at present are agreed that my approximate chronology may be accepted, and that I am not far wrong in placing the accession of Kadphises I about 45 A. D., and that of his about 85 A.D. The dates used to be placed But considerably concerning the chronological position of the monarch Kanishka, and his successors, Huvishka and Vasudeva, powerful the widest difference of opinion exists. Dr. Fleet holds that Kanishka established the era dating from 58 B.C., which subsequently became known as the Malava or Vikrama era. On the other hand, not to successor,
Kadphises
II,
earlier.
mention rival theories, I hold that the balance of evidence favours the hypothesis that Kanishka came to the throne about 120 or 125 A.D. Dr. Fleet's view involves the assumption that Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasudeva all preceded the Kadphises kings. The reasons for this
view not having been published, I can only say that to me it appears opposed to indisputable facts, numismatic and other; and that I still adhere to the ordinary current opinion that Kanishka succeeded
KUSHAN COINS
64
Kadphises II! This catalogue, therefore, is arranged on the assumption that the following chronology is approximately correct, namely :
Kadphises
I ace. about
Kadphises II
Kanishka Huvishka Vasudeva
,,
45 or 50 85 120
A. D.
A. D.
150 180
The Vasudeva coinage undoubtedly shades off into Indo-Sassanian types based on Persian originals struck subsequent to the establishment of the Sassanian
understand
how
A. D., and I have never been able to can be reconciled with Dr. Fleet's view of the
monarchy in 226 this fact
Kushan chronology. The southern frontier of the Indian dominions of Kanishka and Huvishka probably was the Narbada (Narmada, Nerbudda) river. Nothing is known about the political events of the reign of Vasudeva, but it is evident from the coins that the Kushan empire broke up in The third century A. D. may be regarded as the most obscure his time. in the whole of the Indian historical period, and it is quite impossible at present to give any distinct account of what happened in India during
that century. I am inclined to date the
Vasu coins (PL XIII, 11) in the first half Some specimens come from Sistan, and it is quite of the third century. The coins possible that Vasu may be distinct from Vasudeva Kushan. of
Kaneshko
1, 2, 3,
(not Kanishka) and a Vasudeva depicted in Plate XIV, little later in date, but also struck in the third
are probably a
century.
The
chiefs
with various names, some Indian and some Tartar (?Turki),
who
struck the coins illustrated in Plate XIV, 4-9, seem to have ruled in the Panjab and neighbouring countries during the third and fourth centuries. Some of them must have been contemporary with the earlier
Gupta kings of Pataliputra (Patna) and Ajodhya. The debased Kidara coins (PL XIV, 10, 11) are later, and are believed to have been issued by chiefs of the Little Yueh-chi horde in the Panjab and other parts of North -Western India during the fifth and sixth centuries. The coins of this class merge into the Kashmir coinage, which endured for centuries, and will be described in Part III of this work. The showy Kushano- Sassanian coins (PL XIV, 12, 13) seem to have been struck in Sistan in the fourth and fifth centuries. It is impossible to fix the date of the excessively rude coins from Purl and Ganjam, of which an example is shown in Plate XIV, 14. They may have been issued by rulers of Kalinga in the fourth or fifth century, and it is possible that they may have been struck only for use as temple
INTRODUCTION offerings.
65
All numismatists acknowledge that they exhibit a reminiscence
Kushan type. and chronological position
of the characteristic
of the chiefs named Hyrkodes, but all three were foreign and is doubtful Heraios, extremely Sapadbizes The coins of the Western Satraps (post, Section IV) resemble to India. in the obverse the coins of Hyrkodes. I do not propose to attempt any discussion of the rich and varied issues of the great Kushan kings, Kanishka and Huvishka, which may be studied in detail in the works cited in the Introduction to Section I to which should be added Cunningham's valuable series of papers in -the Numismatic Chronicle for 1892 and 1893, also published separately. The collection of Kushan coins now described is immeasurably inferior to that in the British Museum, and multitudes of types and varieties are wanting. Certain very clever forgeries of rare gold coins, about twenty in number, have been excluded from the catalogue, after careful and prolonged examination, in which Professors Rapson and C. W. C. Oman
The
local
;
;
kindly assisted. Nearly all these forgeries belong to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, but no record of their history is traceable. They are so well executed that they may be ascribed with confidence to the skill of the late
of Rawalpindi, who including Sir Alexander
Chanda Mall
was
able sometimes to deceive
Cunningham and Sir Wollaston few doubtful specimens have been admitted into the catalogue, as noted in each such case.
the very Franks. 1
elect,
A
CATALOGUE Serial
No.
66 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
KADPHISES Serial
No.
I
67
68
Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
KADPHISES Serial
No.
II,
KANISHKA
KUSHAN COINS
70 Serial
No.
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Reverse
Size
I.M.
A.S.B.
N N
Exactly as No.
Exactly as No. 1 (PI. XI, 8, rev.). Ditto except that king Male moon-god, stand120-2 8 has sword at waist. ing 1., diad., clad in tunic and robe (? chiton and 122-5
1.
8
;
with himation) extended, holding ;
r.
hand
(?) calli-
and 1. hand resting on hip a crescent moon springs from his shoulders, and he wears a sword at his side mon. PI. VII, 154, 1. Legend, r. MAO, Mao. pers,
;
;
I.M.
A.S.B.
N N N
As No. 3 112-5 77 perfect.
;
As No. 3; except that
legend im-
a sceptre
is
The coin though of 121-8 -78
120 8
As No. 4
;
legend com-
plete.
Similar
;
com-
legend
plete.
held in
1.
hand.
genuine, allight weight. As No. 4. I doubt the genuineness of this coin. is
Male sun-god, standing diad., nimbate, and radiate; clad in tunic and 1.,
r. hand extended; hand on hip sword at
robe; 1.
;
side;
mon.
PI. VII, 154,
1.
Legend, r. Ml IPO, Miiro. As Nos. 1 and 2 king As No. 5. 118-5 78 has no sword. Legend im;
I.M.
N
perfect.
Similar
sword doubt-
Draped goddess, standing r., diad. and nimbate, holding in r. hand sceptre tipped with a (?) horse's head; mon. PI. VII, 154, r. A, Nana. Legend, 1. As No. 7 ; but goddess 119-5 Similar; sword; legend wears sword, and legend is 77 nearly complete. 121-3 -83
;
ful; legend complete.
MAN
A.S.B.
NANAPAO,
Nana-shao.
Four-armed Siva, standSimilar; sword; legend 8 complete. ing facing with head 1. ; holding in upper r. hand vajra or thunderbolt (' small
121-2
hand-drum/ Cunningham), in lower r. hand a watervessel with mouth downwards, in upper 1. hand nothing,and with lower l.hand on hip. Antelope (' goat/ Gardner) on its hind-legs in r. 1.
field;
mon.
Legend,
r.
PI. VII, 154,
OHPO,
Oeeho.
PLATE
KUSHAN COINS KADPHISES
I,
KADPHISES
II,
KANISHKA
XI
KANISHKA Serial
No.
71
72 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
KAKISHKA -
*-j
73
74 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
KANISHKA Serial
No.
75
KUSHAN COINS
76 *
C. Half-length figure of the
King
[rising
from clouds, richly dressed,
sometimes with flames springing from his shoulders], with round jewelled helmet [or cap] to left, club and ankus [or sceptre] in hands. [This is the most common form details of the King's costume vary.] ;
The same half-length figure of King to the right. 'On some of the coins the King's name is OHOHPKI, "Huveshki."' in some cases as an aspirate, Cunningham follows Stein in reading and in some cases as a semi- vowel. *D.
Serial
No.
PLATE
m
W-V \
10
12
-
KUSHAN COINS KANISHKA, HUVISHKA
fe
XII
HUVISHKA Serial
No.
77
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Keverse
Size
I.M.
N
121-2 77
Bust
B
;
only traces of
Two-armed moon
gend, r. XII, 10).
1174
-
god,
wearing tunic ; crescent behind shoulders ; wreath or fillet in r. hand, 1. hand on sword at side ; mon. PL VII, 158, 1. Lestanding
legend.
KO PA
Ditto;
As No.
legible.
1.,
MAO, Mao 5
;
(PL
same mon.
8
120-7 8
NANO
PAO
KOPANO
legible.
Ditto; .
..
PKI
Draped god, standing r., (?) fillet in r. hand mon. PI. VII, 158, r. Le-
holding
;
gend, 1. a corrupt word, looking like a pair of spectacles, apparently intended
MAO
t8
AT
121-9
for (Mao). Bust C, with elephantSquat -figured god, in executed in a de- voluminous drapery, standgraded, stiff style. NANO ing facing, holding wreath PAO OOH .. KOPA le- in r. hand, and with 1. hand on hip; mon. PL gible. I
VII, 157, 1. Legend, r. in coarse script, MAO, Mao. This coin looks like an ancient imitation (PL XII, ii).
117 77
A.S.B.
Bust
with elephantDraped sun-god, nimmuch worn. PAO bate and radiate, standing OOHPKI KOP legible. L, r. hand extended, 1. on sword at side; mon. PL C,
159, 1. Legend, r. Miiro. As No. 9; but in fine condition (PL XII, 12). As No. 9 ; but in pecu-
VII,
N
10
Ml IPO,
Bust C, with elephant-
30-2
48 11
I.M.
legend complete. (?, with elephant8 goad, in stiff style, like No.
Bust
120-2
8.
liar,
stiff
NANO PAO OOHPKI
style;
mon. PL
VII, 160, 1. Legend, r. in coarse script, MIOPO, legible. Micro. Bust C, with elephantDraped goddess, standPAO- ing r., holding in r. hand goad, much worn.
KOPANO
12
A.S.B.
116 78
NANO
PAO
OOHPKI
legible.
surmounted sceptre (?) horse's head; mon.
by
PL
159, r. Legend, 1. dimly legible, NAN A PAO, Nana-shao. As No. 12; mon. PL
VII,
13
I.M.
121-5 -8
Ditto ; in fair condition
legend complete.
;
VII,
154, condition.
r.;
in
good
KUSHAN COINS
78 Serial
No.
14
Metal,
Museum
Reverse
Obverse
Weight, Size
I.M.
N
122 87
Helmeted
Bust By legend complete.
goddess
(?
Nike), standing, holding out wreath or fillet in r. hand, and carrying a trophy (sceptre with ribbons) in
mon.
1.;
Legend,
PI.
1.
r.
VII, 159,
read from out-
OANAO, Oanao = OANINAA, Oaninda, of
side,
other specimens (PI. XII, 13).
15
123-4
78
Bust
<?,
with
sceptre.
PAONANOPAOOO..KI K OP-
Siva, four- armed and three-faced, standing facing,
legible.
wearing Indian waistand holding in upper
cloth, r.
hand
in
thunderbolt,
lower r. hand water- vessel with mouth downwards,
upper 1. hand and with lower resting on club in
PI. VII,
159,
trident, 1. ;
hand mon.
Legend,
1.
OHPA, O^Aa(Pl.XII, Bust C, with elephant76 goad legend complete.
16
122-3
;
iva,
14).
and
four- armed,
with one face turned 1., wearing Indian waist-cloth,
and holding in upper r. hand thunderbolt, in lower r. hand elephant- goad and water- vessel turned downwards with liquid escaping, in upper 1. hand trident, and with lower 1. hand resting on horns of ante-
lope
(<
goat
',
Gardner) ; 1. Le-
mon. PL VII, 155,
N
17
gend, 121-7
Bust
goad
18
A.S.B.
;
C,
OHPO,
Oesho.
the elephant-goad is wanting; same mon.; in rather poor condition.
legend complete.
Bust C, with sceptre 53 legend mostly defaced.
29-9
r.
As No. 16; except that
with elephant-
Sun-god,
;
nimbate
radiate, standing r.
hand extended,
and
1.,
with
1.
hand
on sword at side mon. PI. VII, 161, 1. Legend, r. in ;
N A, script, peculiar Onia, if read from outside ; or AN 10, Anio, or OHIO, Onio, if read from inside. I
HUVISHKA Serial
No.
t!9
79
Metal,
Museum
Weight,
Reverse
Obverse
Size
A.S.B.
N
120 Bust (7, with 78 legend complete.
sceptre
;
God
of
war
(Ares),
standing r., wearing helmet and armour, grasping spear in r. hand, and with 1. hand resting on shield ; mon. PI. VII, 159, 1. Legend, r.
=
20
I.M.
N
PAOPHOPO, Shaoreoro Persian Shdhrewar. The metal of the rev. is striated, and the piece possibly may be a cast, but Prof. Rapson thinks it is genuine. Bust B; 83 complete.
121-5
fine;
legend
Fire-god, standing r., nimbate, wearing tunic and cloak ; r. hand exfire sword with 1. hand resting on it ; mon. PL VII, 159,1. Legend, r. <DAPPO, Persian farr, a Pharro,
tended, holding
;
at side,
=
god of
fire
(PL XII,
Copper
Type; 21
obv.
king riding elephant;
rev.
a deity
1
15).
RUSH AN COINS
80 Serial
Metal,
No.
Museum
27
A.S.B.
Obverse
Weight,
Reverse
Size
As
No.
21
nothing
;
Moon-god standing ders;
28
I.M.
1.,
with crescent behind shoul-
95 legible.
mon. PL VII, 158,
1.
Legend, r. MAO, Mao. Figure of Ardochsho L, with cornucopiae; but le-
Ditto; ditto. 1-0
gend, r. MAO, Mao; mon. VII, 168, 1. (PI. XIII, 1). (This coin is believed to be unique.)
PL
29
Ditto
A.S.B.
00
;
Moon-god
legible.
legend,
r.
AP AO
mon. PL VII,
30
J&
253-7 1-0
with
L,
Ditto
;
nothing
clearly
legible.
or
A P AO
XIII,
J
Ditto 1-0
;
only
.
but legend,
;
r.
M
legible.
Ditto; 9
33
A.S.B.
PAO
.
OHPK
HO A 1.
2).
le-
gible.
r.
A0PO
OHPO;
or
mon. uncertain, L Goddess Nanaia r. with surmounted by sceptre (?) horse's head; mon. PL VII, 158, r.; legend
&
Ditto
;
;
(PL
Moon-god, with crescent facing; but traces of le-
.
gend,
32
;
(?)
mon. PL VII, 155, I.M.
but
;
158, 1. Figure of Athsho, as in No. 1, with wreath and
tongs
31
cres-
cent behind shoulders
-95
remains of cor-
rupt legend.
lost.
Goddess r., either Nanaia or Ardochsho mon. PL VII, 158, r. Legend, L ;
OPOOX. 34
Ditto
I.M.
;
-95
35
A.S.B.
130-2 1-02
ing. for
Ditto;
AN OPAOOOHP,
in very corrupt characters, legible.
36
I.M.
259-4 1-1
Sun-god L
nothing legible.
Ditto;
OOHP,
MIOPO, ;
Goddess L, with 161,
Ditto
;
nothing
legible.
1-02
L
Legend, script,
J&
Ditto; 1-03
ON AN
legible.
hand
Legend, r. An excep-
tionally broad coin. Siva, four-armed, L; the objects in his hands not
discernible
38
r.
mon. PL VII,
extended;
(?)OANAO. A.S.B.
I
Mioro.
and mon. PL VII, 155,1. Legend, r. MIOPO, Mioro (PL XIII, 3).
(?)
37
mon. wantr. Ml OP,
Sun-god, nimbate
radiate, L
in large
characters, legible.
;
Legend,
r.
;
mon. in
OHPO,
iva,
distinct;
illegible.
neat small Oesho.
four- armed,
mon.
in-
illegible.
HUVISHKA Serial
No.
139
81
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Keverse
Size
A.S.B.
255-9 9
remains of a disMale figure, wearing Greek legend with coat and sword, standing AIHN legible, as if part 1., with r. hand extended. of BACIAEttN. mon. PI. Legend, r. OH Ditto
;
tinct
;
VII,
40
Ditto;
PAO
Ditto
traces of legend.
legible.
9 I.M.
;
55,
1.
suspect that
(I
this coin is double struck.) Siva, two- armed, with spear, 1.; mon. PI. VII, 168,
Legend,
1.
41
1
r.
OHPO, Oesho.
Nimbate
figure of male grasping trident
deity 1., in extended
r.
hand
PI. VII, 168,1.
42
Ditto;
OOHPK
doubt-
Similar apparently to No. 41, but damaged by r. verdigris. Legend, PO. .
A.S.B.
140-3
Ditto
;
only P distinct.
1-0
.
Siva, two-armed, facing, wearing waistcloth, with
spear in r. VII, 168,
OHPO, 44
111-5
Ditto
;
r.
[OH]PO.
85 fully legible.
43
mon.
;
Legend,
barbarous.
-86
hand 1.
;
mon.
PI.
Legend,
r.
Oesho.
Male deity 1., with r. hand extended; mon. PI. VII,
168,
1.
Legend,
r.
may be A6PO, but figure
is
the not exactly of that
god.
45
I.M.
Ditto
;
Siva, as in No. 43, but
nothing legible.
legend seems to be different and longer, PO legible;
mon.
46
183 1-02
Ditto;
AO NA
fully legible.
doubt-
PI. VII, 158, 1. Archer, stan ding r., holding a bow as long as him-
with string inwards; mon. Legend, r. in peculiar characters, which self,
no
look like old Br. for
Ganeia
^%^,
(PI. XIII, 4)
;
the
only other known specimen (Wt. 195) is described in J. A.S.B., Part I, 1897, p. 3, PI. I, 6. (The coins of this class are all more
or less in poor condition;
most of them being much worn. The weights indicate that three or four de-
nominations were struck.)
KUSHAN COINS Serial
No.
HUVISHKA Serial
No.
60
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
A.S.B.
LM.
62
M M
As No. Ditto; very rude; legend or NA- VII, 154. apparently
9
Ditto
;
barbarous
;
il-
mon.
PI.
mon. PI. no legend. mon. PI. Sun-god 1. 1. VII, 154, Legend, Sun-god
VII, 168,
legible.
Ditto
;
defaced.
1.;
1.;
;
MIOPO, Mioro. Ditto Siva, four - armed, 1. ; legend, in neat small OOHPKE holding wreath and triscript, KOPA. dent ; the rest indistinct ; ;
97
obv.
;
PO. 137-6
A.S.B.
Type;
59
MAPO
1.0
63
Reverse
Size
.85
61
83
king diac b
mon.
PI. VII, 154,
gend,
r.
OHPO,
1.
Oesho.
Le-
KUSHAN COINS Serial
No.
PLATE
v
^
'
?
*~ V'
c
v. St*^
r
8
10
KUSHAN COINS HUVISHKA. VASUDEVA, VASU
XII!
VASUDEVA KUSHAN Serial
No.
85
KUSHAN COINS
86 Serial
No.
27
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Reverse
Size
A.S.B.
M
Similar to No. 26 mon. 136-7 Similar to No. 26, but 91 barbarous N no legend P, in large blundered, r. characters, legible. (PI. XIII, 10). Similar corrupt legend, Ditto mon. imperfect 95 in large characters, VNO- no legend. ;
;
28
;
Similar
95 I.M.
ABZ,
JE
M
31
;
;
AN.
M
29
30
;
; corrupt legend, in coarse script.
PA
Similar;
Ditto
;
no mon.
Legend,
AO. Ditto
legible.
mon. imperfect
;
;
no legend.
85 Similar; illegible.
Ditto; illegible.
9
32
Similar; ditto. 91 37-2
33
Similar, but small
mon. PI. VII, 174, no legend. Ditto; no mon. or legend. Ditto;
r. ;
ditto.
;
63
34
A.S.B.
68-7
68
Similar, but the metal brass or pale bronze, and a mon., PI. VII, 175, in is
place of altar
rupt and
Type; 35
;
;
no mon.
Legend,
A
peculiar coin, in repoor condition legend cor- sembles some of the N.
illegible.
obv. as before; rev.
Ditto
OHPO.
;
Satrap coins.
throned goddess, Ardochsho
VASUDEVA KUSHAN Serial
No.
88 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
VASUDEVA Serial
No.
KRITAVIRYA
89
90 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
SARVVAYASA Serial
No.
KUSHANO-SASSANIAN KINGS
91
KUSHAN COINS
92 Serial
No.
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Reverse
Size /.if.
N
122 1-1
Concave; ^iva and bull; Generally similarto No. 2, but more convex and better no mon. r. Legend, executed To. 1. a date (?) king's helmet 00000. with open lion's mouth in in three characters, below front svastika between bull's head (PI. XIV, 13). ;
;
legs,
and
Br. character
*xJ 5
From
Sistan.
between pe (or sword and leg; mon. in r. field. Legend, in clear characters, KOPANO PA, pi) to
and
1.,
r.
0(OOOOZOP[or
r.
PJO, apparently intended for OYPOMAZAO, Hormazd.' 112-6 Flat, poorly executed '
king wearing conical cap, as on Nos. 1 and 2 svastika between legs mon. ;
and
Siva
;
1-0
PI.
VII, 165,
bull
mon.
;
Legend,
1.
OHPO.
;
PI.
VII, 170,
r.
Legend,
OONONOPOO
BOZO-
0HO KOPONO, i.e. PAONANO PAO BAZOAHO for A KOPANO. The in BOZ06HO is distinct. Below king's 121-5 1-0
-
Slightly
executed
;
1.
arm
a mon.
convex, well king wearing
conical cap flames spring from his r. arm; no svastika ; a blurred mon. to r. ;
Siva PI.
and
VII, 162,
bull
mon.
;
Legend,
1.
OOHPO.
MONO POO KOPONO, i.e. PAONANO PAO BAZOAHO KOPANO.
Legend, P
.
.
BOAHO
(?)
KINGS OF KALINGA
(Ptrai
AND GANJAM),
CENTURY Type ;
obv.
LM.
C?)OF
FOUKTH OR FIFTH
A. D.
rude standing figure copied from the king of Kushan coins ; rev. a standing deity ; cast, copper
130
Rude standing figure r. Rude standing figure r. 1. arm raised. arm extended. As No. 1. Similar figure 1. arm
9
extended; a crescent above
129 9
;
;
arm down;
;
to
Similar figure raised
;
1.
;
r.
arm down.
arm
1.
(PL XIV,
14).
Similar figure ; raised arm r. ;
crescent above to
1.
1.
arm
down
;
PLATE XIV
9
KUSHAN COINS KANESHKO, VASUDEVA
(LATER), BHADRA. SAYATHA, SfTA. SANA.
BACHARNA, CHHU, SARVAYASA, SRl SHAHI, BAZODEO. HORMAZD, KINGS OF KALINGA, HYRKODES. HERAIOS
(?)
Serial
No.
KINGS OF KALINGA, HYRKODES
93
94 Serial
No.
KUSHAN COINS
SECTION IV
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS INTRODUCTION THE
history of the third century A. D. in India is wrapped in obscurity, at present impenetrable, and not likely to be dispelled. know, however, that in the latter part of the century a Maharaja, or
We
named Gupta,
ruled in
Magadha (Bihar), his capital probably being Pataliputra (Patna). He was succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha, who enjoyed the same limited rank. So far as is known, petty chieftain,
neither of these chieftains coined money. Their subjects must have used the coinage of more powerful rulers, presumably that of the later Kushan kings, whose history has been lost. In the year 320 A.D. the
throne of Ghatotkacha was occupied by his son Chandragupta I, must be regarded as the real founder of the fortunes of his house.
who
He
married a lady belonging to the influential Lichchhavi clan of Vaisali in Tirhut, and showed such pride in the alliance that clearly he must
have derived substantial benefit from it. Chandragupta I extended his dominions as far east as Prayaga (Allahabad), and felt justified in issuing a gold coinage in the names of himself and the Lichchhavis He jointly, bearing the image of his Lichchhavi consort (PL XV, 1).
known in after times as the Gupta Era, which presumably commemorated the date of his accession or coronation The first year of the era was equivalent to 320-1 A. D. (abhisheka). of the Many inscriptions and coins of the successors of Chandragupta I are dated in this era, which continued to be used in parts of northern and western India as late as the thirteenth century A. D. After a brief reign, Chandragupta I, in or about 326 A. D., transmitted the crown of his extended sovereignty to his son and chosen successor,
also established a special era,
Samudragupta, the offspring of the Lichchhavi queen. Samudragupta on a career of aggressive conquest. He first turned his arms against the princes of Upper India, and in due course reduced most
at once entered
96
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS t
When he had secured his base by the subjugaof the northern powers. tion of his neighbours, he planned and executed a wonderful campaign which he overran nearly the whole of the laden with booty, and celebrated his attainment returned peninsula. of the rank of paramount power by the performance of the ASvamedha, The medals which he struck to commemorate the or horse-sacrifice. in the south, in the course of
He
Samudra occasion bear the figure of the sacrificial horse (PI. XV, 3). did not limit his ambitions to the battle-field, but also sought distinction
He
in the domain of literature and music.
is
said to have been
an
and
his practical skill as a musician is certified by accomplished poet, the curious 'Lyrist' coins (PI. XV, 4, 5), which depict the monarch in the act of playing the lyre. The ferocity of his victorious warfare is
indicated
by the
'
Battle-axe
the axe of Kritanta, or
(PL
XV,
'
which exhibit the king as wielding of death, who maketh an end
coins,
'
'
Yama, the god
9).
After a long and prosperous reign, during which the Narbada became the southern frontier of the Gupta empire, Samudragupta passed away,
and was followed on the throne by 375
his son
Chandragupta
II, in
or about
A. D.
But before we consider the eventful reign of this mighty monarch, who was probably the original of the Vikramaditya, or Bikram, of Indian tradition, we must pause to examine the attribution of certain gold coins purporting to have been struck by a mysterious king named Kacha or Kacha, otherwise unknown to history. In style and execution these coins (PI. XV, 2) closely resemble those of Samudragupta, with which they are sometimes found associated and it is clear that Kacha or Kacha, if not identical with Samudragupta, was closely connected and contemporaneous with that king. The only tenable hypotheses are two. Kacha must have been either the brother and predecessor of ;
identical with him. Arguments of weight may be adduced in favour of either proposition but on the whole I am now disposed to accept the hypothesis of identity, which is strongly supported
Samudragupta or
;
'
by the
fact that the epithet sarvarajochchhetta, exterminator of all rajas,' applied in the inscriptions to Samudragupta alone, is also found on the
coins of Kacha, and nowhere else. The term was strictly applicable to the successful conqueror Samudragupta, but would have been absurd as applied to an unsuccessful rival. Whatever may be the explanation
name by Samudragupta, I agree with Mr. A. M. T. Jackson (Bomb. Gazr., vol. i, part i, p. 62, note) in holding that the mysterious Kacha should be regarded as identical with Samudra-
of the use of a second
gupta.
Chandragupta
was equal
II,
who had been
to his father in ambition,
specially selected as heir-apparent, his career of conquest.
and continued
INTRODUCTION He
97
arms into Malwa and Gujarat, and even across the of Surashtra (Kathiawar), which provinces were all incorporated as integral parts of the Gupta empire. About the year 390 A. D., Chandragupta II attacked, defeated, and slew the Satrap carried his
peninsula
Rudrasimha, son of Satyasimha, lord of Western India, and so extinguished the foreign dynasty of the Western Satraps, which had lasted
The gold coinage of the early Gupta kings was based on that of the Kushans, and ultimately on the Roman money. When Chandragupta II annexed Gujarat and Surashtra he recognized
for fully three centuries.
the convenience of the small silver currency of the Satraps, based on the Greek hemidrachmae, and imitated it closely. No specimen of the silver
comprised in the cabinets described in this work but examples of the coins issued by his successors are given in Plate XVII. The device of the peacock with expanded tail (' Fantail coinage of Chandragupta II
is
;
Peacock
')
characterizes the issues of the eastern mints, while that of the
peacock with folded wings (' Winged Peacock ') was used by the western moneyers. But both varieties alike are essentially hemidrachmae, and appear to have been suggested by the silver coinage of the Western
The copper or billon Satraps, which was undoubtedly of Greek origin. coins of the Satraps with either a bull or elephant on the reverse 8-12), which are found in the Ujjain country, are imof the common cast coins (G. A.L, PL I, 25, 26), with proved copies chaitya and either bull or elephant. The catalogue includes only a single specimen of the elephant type of the Satraps. (C.
M.
/., PI. I,
The
Gupta copper coins also belong to the reign of ChandraFour of the known types are represented in this catalogue gupta PI. (see XVII). I see no reason to doubt that the Chandra of the 'Vase' coins must be interpreted as meaning Chandragupta II. The copper coins of Chandragupta II were all struck in the northern or eastern provinces. Two of the mints evidently were at Ajodhya in Oudh and Ahichhatra (Ramnagar) in Parichala (Rohilkhand). About 413 A. D. the empire passed into the hands of Kumaragupta I, son and successor of Chandragupta II. This monarch during most of his long reign enjoyed undiminished power, but towards its close was troubled by an invasion of the White Huns, which was repelled by his son Skandagupta. Kumaragupta I coined in gold, silver, and copper and in a general way, with many differences of detail, his coins resemble those of his father. His copper coins are very rare. One, in bad conearliest
II.
*
'
;
dition, is described in this catalogue (No. 55).
Skandagupta, who ascended the throne in the spring of 455 A. D., continued to reign until about 480. The incursions of nomad tribes from the north-west gradually shattered his power, and he was the last SMITH
JJ
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTEKN SATRAPS
98
of his family to enjoy imperial sovereignty on a large scale. His coinage It is known only in gold and silver in his latter years deteriorated.
XVI, 8, 9 XVII, 7). The coins of the later Gupta princes are very inferior in style and execution to those of the earlier, but some of the types are interesting. The personal name of the king who assumed the title of PrakaSaditya is not known with certainty, but probably was Puragupta. The reading vasudhdm (Rapson) on his coins is established by the specimens from (Pis.
;
Col. Rivett-Carnac's cabinet.
The coin connected with Nara's coinage (PL XVI, 11) seems to be unique as is the copper coin (PL XVII, 9), which I attribute to Kumara;
gupta II, great-grandson of Kumaragupta I. $a6anka, King of Gauda or Karna-suvarna (Central Bengal), whose capital was near Murshidabad (about 600-20 A. D.), is said to have been known as Narendragupta. 1 The 'Throned King type (PL XVI, 13) may be assigned plausibly to him. The strange oval coin (PL XVI, 14), with the title Kramaditya on the reverse, is related to both the Gupta coinage proper and that of Sasanka. Only three specimens of this type are known, and the abnormal weight, averaging 162-4 grains (10^ 5
grammes), is not easy to explain. The coins may have been struck to the 100 rail standard of about 182 grains (nearly 12 grammes).
The subject of the Gupta history and coinage is too large for further this place. The detailed political history, with full
treatment in
references to authorities, will be found in the author's
India, chapters xi and xii I
must
;
and
for discussion of all
refer to the following papers
V. A. Smith,
A Classified
the Imperial
Essay, five
part '
i
Early History of numismatic details
:
and Detailed Catalogue of the Gold Coins of
Gupta Dynasty of Northern India,with an Introductory Plates and a Table of Weights' (/. A. S. B. y vol. liii,
(1884), pp. 119-206);
The Coinage of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty of
Northern India', with five Plates (J. R. A. S. 9 1889, pp. 1-158); Observations on the Gupta Coinage ', with three Plates and a '
Table of Legends (J. R. A. S., 1893, pp. 77-148); Further Observations on the History and Coinage of the Gupta Period', with a Plate, and Note by Dr. Hoernle (J. A. S. B., '
vol. Ixiii, *
part i (1894), pp. 164-212); Revised Chronology of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty
(Ind.Ant., 1902, p. 257); E. J. Rapson, 'Notes on Gupta Coins'
(Num.
Chron., 1891, pp. 48-64,
with Plate of Coins in the Bodleian cabinet). 1
Ep. Ind.,
i.
70.
'
INTRODUCTION The history and coinage P. Bhagvanlal Indrajl (J.
Western Satraps are discussed at
of the
length in the following publications
and E.
99
:
'
Rapson, The Western Kshatrapas R. A. S. 1890, pp. 639-62, with Plate of Coins and Table of J.
'
t
Legends) ; E. J. Rapson, The Coinage of the Mahaksatrapas and Ksatrapas of Surastra and Malava (Western Ksatrapas) together with a Note on the order of succession, and Dynastic and Genealogical Tables, (
;
by Colonel T. Biddulph' (J. R. A. S., 1899, pp. 357-407, with a Plate of Coins chiefly from the collection of Colonel Biddulph).
In this catalogue Colonel Biddulph's arrangement is followed. Minor notices of individual Gupta and Satrap coins and sundry particulars are too
numerous
to detail.
the purchase of Colonel Rivett-Carnac's cabinet some Owing twentyfyears ago, the set of Gupta gold coins in the Indian Museum collection is exceptionally rich. The collection of the Asiatic Society of to
Bengal includes several remarkable coins.
CATALOGUE
THE GUPTAS Serial
No.
100 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS Metal,
Museum
Reverse
Obverse
Weight, Size
I.M.
N
-8
N
Similar
117-3
;
obv.
legends
\Kumd\ra d[0]t>[i]nA and, vertically, Chandra gupta. Crescent between heads.
Similar; queen's name imperfect no crescent between heads. Similar Kumara devih, 110-7 109-5
-84
;
;
-85
'
Queen Kumara
' ;
no
cres-
cent; star of six dots between feet of king and
queen.
Var. I.M.
N
ft ;
rev. lion
I.
KACHA, SAMUDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
101
102 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
LM.
As No. 3, but legend, Samudraguptah (R. C., condition. Legend, mahd- from Alwar, Rajputana). rdjddhirdja in [Samudra]guptah. Si on footstool. Similar to
AT
82 smaller,
Var.
LM.
N
'
A.S.B.
9
10 11
12 13
Reverse
Size
LM.
|
120 74
and
No. in
but
3,
inferior
smaller coins, without footstool var. a, but ruder in As var. a, but mon. PI. style. Legend, mahdrdjd- XVIII, 14, 1. Legend, Sadhirdja in [Sa\mu\dra- mudraguptah (R.-C., from Alwar, PI. XV, 5). gu]ptah. ;
As
'
'
Spearman (formerly called Javelin ') Var. a; SAMUDEA under I. arm
N
type
SAMUDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
103
104 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
CHANDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
II
105
106 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
PLATE XV
d*
13
fe^ ^
^ /--v
V
V-" S :
fejfc
%5
,-f
GUPTA GOLD COINS CHANDRAGUPTA
I.
KACHA, SAMUDRAGUPTA.
CHANDRAGUPTA
It
y V
4^^ :
CHANDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
107
II
Metal,
Museum
Obverse
Weight,
Keverse
Size
31
A.S.B.
N broken
Similar to usual type, Goddess as usual; rebut the standard head is mains of &ri vikramah (a an oval with cross inside, broken, rude coin in very instead of Garuda. base metal). 145-8 Goddess as usual mon. King and standard as 8 usual name under arm PL XVIII, 14; n vik8
32
I.M.
;
;
indistinct
of
traces
;
mahardjadhiraja
6rl
in kramah-, gold much alloyed
Chan-
(R.-C.).
dra.
Subvar. 2 ; no 33
I.M.
N
1424
Goddess as usual, with King perfectly upright; 88 Garuda standard; a (?) noose and flower; Sri vibranch in his 1. hand; no krama; no mon. (R.-C.,
name
N
34
in
name
35
A.S.B.
AT
r.,
120
N
38
A.S.B.
I.M.
N
N
his
hand
1.
;
no
121 77
gold,
PL XV,
13).
or legend.
vertically
under
I.
arm ; ;
arm
;
rl
mahdrdjddhi.
Similar;
rl
mahdrdjd
gupta. 1
37
good gold, and fairly
Goddess as usual mon. King r., with bow in L, and arrow in r. hand; PL XVIII, 18; rl vikChandra vertically under krama. 1.
I.M.
fairly
bow in L hand ; CHANDEA normal wt. 71
36
or legend.
well executed). Similar to No. 33, but 146-2 Goddess as usual ; mon. 83 king not quite so upright, PL XVIII, 14; traces of and a lozenge-shaped ob- legend (R.-C., fairly good ject
Far. y ; king
name under arm
Horseman
Ditto; same mon. and 1 legend (R.-C., PL XV, 14).
to r.' type
Goddess seated 1. on King on horseback, r. 75 Marginal legend, Parama- round stool, holding noose bhdgavata \mahardjd\dhi- in r., and lotus in 1. hand; mon. PL XVIII, 18. Lerdja [&rl Cha\ndraguptah.
119-5
gend, Ajita vikkramah ; good. Similar ; fair ; no mon. Similar; horse prancing.
118-4 75 Legend, Paramabhdgava\ta
mahardjadhiraja draguptah.
ri
Chajn-
1 The details of the posture of both the king and goddess in Class II of the Archer coins vary considerably. The king is sometimes upright, and sometimes stooped, like his successor, Kumaragupta I ; while the goddess may have her 1. hand raised, or hanging down, and so forth. It would be tedious to note such minutiae fully.
108 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
CHANDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
II
109
110 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
CHANDRAGUPTA Serial
No.
II,
KUMARAGUPTA
I
111
112 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
KUMARAGUPTA Serial
No.
I
113
114 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
KUMARAGUPTA Serial
No.
I
115
116 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
SKANDAGUPTA Serial
No.
117
118 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
PLATE
:^
^
r
ss lOT^
14?
'O -5v
A-l^>^ a^^, fe A) 833*9
1-
GUPTA COLD COINS CHANDRAGUPTA
II,
KUMARAGUPTA
I,
SKANDAGUPTA,
PRAKASADITYA, SASANKA, UNCERTAIN
XVI
UNCERTAIN Serial
No.
NARA BALADITYA
119
120 Serial
No.
THE GUFPA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
PLATE GUPTA ,
"
- ;!*
;
-'
V
WB
m^^^m 9
WESTERN SATRAPS
13
14
/R
( /R
18
20
19
GUPTA SILVER AND COPPER COINS WESTERN SATRAP SILVER ?
VALABHI. SILVER AND COPPER
XVII
UNCERTAIN Serial
No.
&A3ANK A
121
122 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
PLATE
titi
MM
y^t
tm
XVIII
my
uy
21
^ 25
T
22
23
^
^
28
8g
35
26
W
32
33
34
6
A
n
:
27
40
A
41
24
T 42
Utt 48
tltf
u.o 49
50
fli
GUPTA GOLD COINS: MONOGRAMMATIC MARKS
THE WESTERN SATRAPS MA HAKSHA TEA PAS Serial
No.
124 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
RUDRASENA Serial
No.
VISVASIMHA
123
126 Serial
No.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY AND THE WESTERN SATRAPS
VI&VASENA Serial
No.
SKANDAGUPTA
127
INDEX OF RULERS
IN
Abdagases (Avadagasha), pp. Jivadaman, son of Damajada,
Kacha (Kacha),
p. 31.
Antialkidas, p. 15. p.
29.
Antimachos Theos,
p. 10. Apollodotos, pp. 4, 18. Archebios, p. 17.
Bazodeo
=
q. v.
Vasudeva,
Khadra, Bhartridaman, son of Rudra-
pp.
Chandra = Chandraguptall, q.v. I,
pp. 95, 99.
II, pp. 96, 104.
title,
pp. 117, 122. Kritavirya, p. 89.
sena, p. 125.
Demetrios,
I,
Kumaragupta Kumaragupta Kuyulakapha
=
Kadphises I,
q.v.
Diomedes,
Mahendra,
Gondophares
Sophytes, pp. 3, 7. Soter Megas, p. 59.
Spalagadama, pp. 35,
(Gudupharna,
v.l.
Spalyris, p. 40. Strato I, p. 21. p. 31.
Heliokles, p. 13.
Gondophares,
q.v.
for Heraios, q.v.
Valabhl, kings of, p. 127. Vasu, pp. 64, 87. Vasudeva, pp. 64, 84. SoterMegas, Vijayasena, son of Damasena,
=
q. v.
124.
p. 119.,
=
Sasanka,
Onones = Vonones, q. Orodes I, p. 54 n. Orthagnes, pp. 36, 57.
v.
Pakores (Pakura), pp. 36, 58. Pantaleon, pp. 3, 10. Pasaka, p. 89.
Hastin, Rana, p. 118.
42.
Spalahora, pp. 35, 41. Spalirisha (Spalirises), pp. 36,
Undopherres
q.v.
&c.), pp. 36, 54.
title of
Chan-
dragupta II, pp. 96, 104, 109. (?)Vira,p. 122. Viradaman, son of Damasena, 1! p. 125.
Vishi ishnu, prob. = Vishnugupta, p. 121.
Visva, p. 90. Visvasena, son of Bhartrida-
man,
p. 126.
Visvasimha, son of Rudra125.
Heraios, pp. 65, 94.
Hermaios, pp.
Sasanka, pp. 98, 121. Sayatha, p. 89.
Kumara- Theophilos,
Moa (Moga) = Maues,
Narendragupta
4, 11. pp. 3, 8.
Eukratides, pp.
Euthydemos,
title of
gupta I, q. v. Managula, p. 59. Maues, pp. 35, 38. Menander, pp. 4, 22.
simhagupta,
Dionysios, p. 28.
p. 94.
p. 90.
Nara Baladitya, prob. = Nara- p. Vikramaditya,
p. 16.
95, 101.
42.
Lichchhavis, pp. 95, 100.
q.v.
3, 7.
p. 123.
Skandagupta, pp. 97, 117, 127.
I, pp. 97, 111. II, pp. 98, 120.
Nameless King
p. 9.
Diodotos, pp.
man,
Sita (Slta), p. 89.
Kujulakasa = Kadphises
Miaios,
Damajadasri, son of Rudra-
(Svami), p. 126.
Sarwayasa,
Lysias, p. 14,
sena, p. 124.
man
Rudrasimha, son of Rudrada-
Sana, p. 89. Sapadbizes (Sapaleizes),
p. 88.
Chandragupta Chandragupta Chhu, p. 89.
i
Samudragupta, pp.
q.v. q. v.
Nara, Bazodeo, Kushano-Sassanian, p. 91.
of VI a da-
KanSshko, p. 87. Kanishka (Kaneshki),
I,
Kramaditya, a Gupta
Azilises (Ayilisha), pp. 36, 49. p. 89. title of
pp. 96, 100.
62, 69, 127. Kidara, p. 90.
Aspavarma, p. 52. Azes I (Aya), pp. 36, 63. Azes II (Aya), pp. 36, 50.
Baladitya,
son
p. 124.
pp. 4, 63, 65. II, pp. 36, 63, 68. Kalinga, kings of, pp. 64, 92. Kalliope, p. 31.
Kadphises Kadphises
Antimachos Nikephoros,
Bacharna,
Rudrasena,
Rudrasimha, son of Jivada-
Agathokleia, p. 21. Agathokles, pp. 3, 10.
Amyntas,
I
man,
p. 123.
36, 57.
PART
4, 32.
Hippostratos, p. 30.
Hormazd, p. 92. Huvishka (Hoveshki), pp.
64,
sena, p. Peyasa, p. 127. Vonones, pp. 35, 40. Philoxenos, p. 30. title a of Prakasaditya, Gupta Wima Kathphisa king, pp. 98, 119. phises II, q. v. 119. Puragupta, pp. 98,
Kad-
75.
Rudradaman, son man, p. 123.
Hyrkodes, pp. 65, 98.
Indravarma,
p. 52.
Jayagupta, p. 121. Jihunia = Zeionises,
q. v.
of Jayada-
Yasodaman, son of Rudra-
simha, p. 126. Rudrasena, son of Rudra- Yasovarman, p. 91 n. simha, p. 124. Rudrasena (Svami), son of ZeiSnises ( Jihunia), p. 58. RudradjLman(Svami),p. 125. Zoilos, p. 28. 1
V
fees
CJ 3532 163 v.l pt.l
Indian Museum, Calcutta Catalogue of the coins
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