The Rox Project: Urdun Mubdi3 Manifested

THE ROX PROJECT: URDUN MUBDI3 MANIFESTED AN ALTERNATIVE CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO THE JORDAN GATE Presented by: Ru’a Al-Abweh

Bachelor’s Thesis (Bsc. Architecture)

under the supervision of

Dr. Rami Farouk Daher

School of Architecture and Built Environment

Department of Architecture and Interior Architecture

Defense Date: May 30, 2013 Academic Year 2012-2013

ABSTRACT

In 2005, when the construction of the multi-million dollar real-estate project Jordan Gate towers began, Amman witnessed not only the rise of an alien structure, but also the neoliberal manifestation of Gulf surplus oil money symbolized by corporate power, foreign direct investment, and capitalism. Ever since the worldwide financial crisis of 2009 ushered financial and contractual problems for the Jordan Gate, it has been on hold and continues to be a source of controversy and national debate.

This proposal aims to transform the towers from a symbol of poor planning and non-contextual design to a socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable icon which is more representative of the nation in terms of investment, program, and overall discourse, while simultaneously taking advantage of the existing structural system and improving the current state of the towers in terms of technical functionality, urban coherence, and social inclusivity.

Named in honor of the Jordanian author, thinker, and playwright Rox Al Uzaizi (1903-2004), who was one of the pioneering local advocates of the creative industries, the Rox Project is a business incubator facilitating collaboration among corporate power, start-up companies, and creative industries, in addition to providing the necessary tools, financial support, and physical platform as an instrument for interaction with the general public. It is inspired by the online initiative “Urdun Mubdi3”, which pushes “to input more creative skills and content in our industries and economy to impact our overall life, positively and sustainably” and Oasis500, an “early stage and seed investment company” supporting “IT entrepreneurship in Jordan”.

In terms of investment, the Rox Project is backed by a “tripartite” venture, partnering the original investors, a local investor and the European Union National Institutes for Culture MENA, a long-term project addressing the issues of democratic empowerment, cultural policy and creative economy in the MENA region. Ultimately, the goal of this incubator is to shed light on the potential to boost our local economy through the creative sector in Jordan, an invaluable resource which still has not been fully tapped into.

In Memoriam... ‫أهدي هذا العمل املتواضع إىل املبدع روكس ب ن� زائد ي ز‬ ...‫العز�ي‬ I humbly dedicate this work to the late, homegrown visionary Rox Bin Za’id Al-Uzaizi, whose contributions to the creative and cultural scene in Jordan should not be undermined or forgotten and whose unmatched name is as poignant as the creative treasures he left behind.

May his legacy live on to inspire generations to come and may we all learn to be more appreciative of our past innovators, more supportive of our present ones, and more determined to raise those of the future.

I sincerely hope that this namesake will serve not only as a salute to the prolific Rox Al-Uzaizi, but also as a reminder and bow to our Jordanian creative potential which is unfortunately often undervalued or ignored.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor and professor, Dr. Rami Daher, first and foremost, who guided me in every step of the project, providing not only the most valuable advice, constructive criticism, and honest evaluation, but also support and encouragement the whole way through.

I would also like to thank the jury members whose feedback continuously steered me in a more focused and mature direction –in no particular order, Arch. Mohammad Khaled, Arch. Dina Haddadin, Arch. Rana Zureikat, Arch. Basma Abdallah, Arch.

Ayman Zuaiter, and Arch. Fahed Abujaber.

My sincerest thanks to the GJU Graduation Project Committee for organizing this rigorous yet exciting process and always taking into consideration the students’ concerns and doing whatever was in their interest and benefit.

My gratitude as well to Vanessa Kaoukji, Project Coordinator of the EUNIC Creative Industries for so graciously welcoming me to her office and reinforcing my idea early on in concept development phase.

On a more personal note, thank you to my teammates who made up the most dedicated, brilliant, and persevering group I have ever been a part of -Nada Amro, Munther Abu Hmeidan, Ma’en Bata, Khalid Al Karaki, and Abdallah Haouchar. Your companionship was not only invaluable during the initial group research phase, but it also carried me through the entire senior year as we each endeavored to develop individual concepts. Your ability to keep me laughing, positive, and as stressfree as possible made all the difference in the final product of my graduation project and perhaps more importantly, in my memories of this final year.

And finally, all my heartfelt thanks to my family and friends who put up with my stress, sleepless nights, and constant physical and mental absence during the challenging trial to graduate with an exceptional project. I couldn’t have made it without your love and support. I hope I have made you proud.

Last but most definitely not least, I thank God for blessing me with this achievement and with all these wonderful people, to whom I am immeasurably indebted. This one’s for you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ������������������������������������������������������������� I In Memoriam... ������������������������������������������������������ II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ����������������������������������������������III TABLE OF CONTENTS ���������������������������������������������� IV LIST OF FIGURES ����������������������������������������������������� i LIST OF ACRONYMS ������������������������������������������������ viii INTRODUCTION ������������������������������������������������������ 1 VISION ����������������������������������������������������������������� 2 BACKGROUND �������������������������������������������������������� 3 METHODOLOGY & DATA COLLECTION ���������������������������� 6 JORDAN GATE: OVERVIEW ����������������������������������������� 7 Location ����������������������������������������������������������� 7 Levels Of Intervention ������������������������������������������ 8 Detailed Background Information ���������������������������� 10 Historical Context ������������������������������������������� 10 Global Phenomenon of Skyscrapers on Hold ������������ 14 Typomorphological Analysis: Investigating the Development of Early High-Rise Buildings to Skyscraper in Amman ����������������������������������������������������� 16 Site Analysis ���������������������������������������������������� 20 Solid and Void ������������������������������������������������ 21 Building Heights ��������������������������������������������� 22 Land-Use ����������������������������������������������������� 23

Zoning ��������������������������������������������������������� 24 Topography & Rainfall �������������������������������������� 25 Surface Water Drainage ������������������������������������ 26 Pattern of Landforms ��������������������������������������� 27 Natural Analysis ���������������������������������������������� 28 Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ����������������������� 29 Solar Path Diagrams ����������������������������������������� 30 Solar Radiation Analysis ������������������������������������ 31 Electricity Lines & Generators ���������������������������� 32 Water Lines ��������������������������������������������������� 33 Sewage Network ��������������������������������������������� 34 Street Network ���������������������������������������������� 35 Circulation and Street Directions ������������������������� 37 Noise Analysis ������������������������������������������������ 38 Site Accessibility �������������������������������������������� 39 Daytime and Nighttime Activities ������������������������ 40 Architectural Analysis ������������������������������������������ 41 Typological Study Of The Surrounding Area ����������������� 45 Typology of Buildings Around the Site �������������������� 46 Landmarks ���������������������������������������������������� 47 Relationship With The City ������������������������������������ 52 How the Building Meets the Ground ���������������������� 53

How the Building Meets Sky: Perception from �����������54 Various City Locations ����������������������������������������54 Related Discourses �����������������������������������������������65 Discourse of the Developers ���������������������������������65 Discourse of the State: Greater Amman Municipality ����74 Popular Discourse ����������������������������������������������80 CASE STUDIES FOR PRELIMINARY CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT ����83 CONCEPT FORMATION �����������������������������������������������84 Vision: Incubator For Creative Industries And Startup Companies ���������������������������������������������������������84 Design Statement ����������������������������������������������84 Background ��������������������������������������������������������87 The Creative Industry in Jordan �����������������������������87 Local Start-Up Companies ������������������������������������89 Homegrown Inspirational Initiatives: Urdun Mubdi3 and Oasis 500 ������������������������������������������������������ 90 Proposed Archi-Business Model: Corporate-Creative Partnership ��������������������������������������������������������91 Dynamic Model of Work ���������������������������������������92 Dialogue With The Investor �������������������������������������93 Local Investor ��������������������������������������������������95 Social, Urban,& Architectural Permeability ������������������96 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT �����������������������������������������96

PROGRAM AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS ������������������������� 99 Comprehensive Bubble Diagram ������������������������������ 99 Spatial Programs (Preliminary) ������������������������������100 HISTORY OF OPEN PLAN OFFICES: CASE STUDIES & ANALYSIS ����������������������������������������������������������������������102 Case Study: Central Beheer ����������������������������������103 Other Case Studies ��������������������������������������������105 CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS �����������������������������������������106 DESIGN ��������������������������������������������������������������108 Overview ��������������������������������������������������������108 Volumetric, Interactive Office Design ����������������������116 Comprehensive “Green” Systems ���������������������������122 Solar Chimney ����������������������������������������������122 Photovoltaic Panels ����������������������������������������122 Northwestern Atrium ���������������������������������������122 Southeastern Atrium ���������������������������������������122 Facade Rainwater Collection �����������������������������122 Hydroelectric Power Generation �������������������������124 Public Transportation and Parking �����������������������124 Water Feature �����������������������������������������������124 LED Lighting �������������������������������������������������124 Shading System: Modular Extensions ��������������������126 CONCLUSION �������������������������������������������������������127

APPROVAL & COMMITMENT TO ETHICAL STANDARDS ��������128 & INTEGRITY �������������������������������������������������������128 REFERENCES �������������������������������������������������������129 APPENDICES ��������������������������������������������������������134 Overview of Supplementary Material �����������������������A-1 List of Figures (Appendices) ���������������������������������A-2 Appendix A: In-Depth Site Analysis & Background Research �������������������������������������������������������������������A-6 Appendix A.1: Data on Historically Significant High Rise Architecture in Amman �����������������������������������A-6 Insurance Building �������������������������������������A-6 Housing Bank Complex (Iskan Bank) ����������������A-7 The Tower (Al-Burj) ������������������������������������A-7 Zara Expo Trade Center �������������������������������A-8 Le Royal Hotel ������������������������������������������A-8 Jordan Gate ���������������������������������������������A-9 Emaar Towers ����������������������������������������� A-10 Capital Tower ����������������������������������������� A-10 Appendix A.2: Climate Data ���������������������������� A-11 Appendix A.3: Circulation and Street Networks ���� A-18 Zahran Corridor �������������������������������������� A-18 King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street ������������������� A-19 Amra Street ������������������������������������������� A-20

Amra Street Old Plan �������������������������������� A-21 Amra Street New Plan ������������������������������� A-21 6th Circle Junction ���������������������������������� A-22 Al Madina Al Munawarah Street �������������������� A-23 Al Madinah Al Munawarah Street Intersection With Zahran Corridor �������������������������������������� A-24 Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street �������� A-25 Intersection of Hikmat Al Masri Street with Najran Street �������������������������������������������������� A-26 Appendix A.4: Mapping Building Types Around the Site �������������������������������������������������������������� A-27 Low Rise Ammani Apartment Building ������������ A-31 Commercial Building �������������������������������� A-32 Contemporary Ammani Villa ������������������������ A-33 Appendix B: Case Studies ����������������������������������� A-34 Appendix B.1: Bario Tower - Socially Responsive Skyscraper ������������������������������������������������� A-34 Design Philosophy ������������������������������������ A-35 Problems Tackled ������������������������������������� A-36 Goals ��������������������������������������������������� A-37 Lessons Learned ������������������������������������� A-38 Appendix B.2: Petroleum Tower - Adaptive Reuse as a Tool for Community Renewal ��������������������������� A-39

Overview ���������������������������������������������� A-39 Historical Significance: ����������������������������� A-39 Community Renewal International (CRI) Background ���������������������������������������������������������� A-40 Renewal Strategy ������������������������������������ A-41 Lessons Learned �������������������������������������� A-42 Appendix B.3: Manitoba Hydro Place - Environmentally Responsive High Rise Building �������������������������� A-43 Overview ���������������������������������������������� A-43 Client �������������������������������������������������� A-44 Vision �������������������������������������������������� A-44 5 Main Goals ������������������������������������������ A-44 CHALLENGE: ������������������������������������������ A-44 Methodology ����������������������������������������� A-45 Site Context (Pre-Development) ������������������� A-45 Site Plan ����������������������������������������������� A-46 Ventilation �������������������������������������������� A-50 Displacement Ventilation ��������������������������� A-51 Atrium ������������������������������������������������� A-52 Solar Chimney ���������������������������������������� A-53 Materials ���������������������������������������������� A-54 People & Community �������������������������������� A-55

Post Occupancy Performance: Energy Consumption ���������������������������������������������������������� A-55 Appendix B.4: Embassy of the Netherlands - Locally Sustainable Solutions ������������������������������������ A-56 Overview ���������������������������������������������� A-56 Goals ��������������������������������������������������� A-57 Skylight ������������������������������������������������ A-60 Heat Sink ���������������������������������������������� A-62 Shading and Lighting �������������������������������� A-63 Materials ���������������������������������������������� A-64 Water Conservation Measures ���������������������� A-64 Appendix C: Photographic Documentation of the Jordan Gate ����������������������������������������������������������� A-65 ANNEX ������������������������������������������������������������ A-74

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 - The Jordan Gate in 2013. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ���� 1 FIGURE 2 - Residential neighborhood of Um Uthania near the Jordan Gate at sunset / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ���������������������� 2 FIGURE 3 - Neighboring water tower to the east of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ��������������������������������� 2 FIGURE 4 - Unused and leftover material left near the entrance of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ������������� 3 FIGURE 5 - Posters advertising the Jordan Gate beginning to fall apart as the construction of the towers remains on hold.. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ������������������������������������������ 3 FIGURE 6 - Panoramic view of the road adjacent to the main entrance of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ������������� 5 FIGURE 7 - View of the Jordan Gate from the roof of the San Rock Hotel, which is located north of the site. / © Ma’en Bata ������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 FIGURE 8 - View from an upper floor terrace linked to the podium of the Jordan Gate. / © Ma’en Bata ������������������ 5 FIGURE 9 - Tools for data collection and research. / © Ma’en Bata ������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 FIGURE 10 - Site visit and tour with a site engineer. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh ������������������������������������������������������������� 6

FIGURE 13 - Map showing the location of the site and the neighborhood divisions in Amman. ������������������������������� 7 FIGURE 11 - (above) Flag of Jordan ������������������������������ 7 FIGURE 12 - (left) Map of Jordan �������������������������������� 7 FIGURE 14 - Map at planning level showing the site and its relation to Zahran Corridor, one of the main roads in Amman. ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 FIGURE 15 - Site map at neighborhood level showing the site and the adjacent residential area. ������������������������������� 8 FIGURE 16 - Base map of site at an architectural level. ����� 8 FIGURE 17 - Site map showing the various levels of intervention. �������������������������������������������������������� 9 FIGURE 18 - Prior to the construction of the Jordan Gate, the site used to be host to Amra Park, shown in this photo dating from the 1990s. ���������������������������������������������������11 FIGURE 19 - Photo of the fountain in the center of Amra Park dating from the 1990s. �������������������������������������������12 FIGURE 20 - Satellite image of the site when it still hosted Amra Park from 1990-2004. �������������������������������������13 FIGURE 21 - Satellite image of the site at the start of excavation for the Jordan Gate project in 2005. �������������13

i

FIGURE 22 - Satellite image of the site with the towers as they appeared in 2009 and as they still stand today in 2013. �����������������������������������������������������������������������13 FIGURE 23 - Global GDP growth ���������������������������������14 FIGURE 24 - FDI flows by emerging market region. �����������14 FIGURE 25 - “On Hold, Hold On” infographic showing the phenomenon of unfinished skyscrapers in cities around the world. ���������������������������������������15 FIGURE 26 - “Typomorphological Analysis: Investigating the Development of Early High Rise Buildings to Skyscraper” in Amman from Modernity of the 1960s to Neoliberalism of the 21st century. �������������������������������������������������������17 FIGURE 27 - Timeline explaining the development of the Amman skyline in relation to urban planning policies. ������18 FIGURE 28 - Progress of the Abdali Development Project. in Amman. �������������������������������������������������������������19 FIGURE 29 - Rotana Hotel Tower, one of the skyscrapers currently under construction in the Abdali Development Project. �������������������������������������������������������������19 FIGURE 30 - Solid and Void ���������������������������������������21 FIGURE 31 - Building Heights Map showing the different heights of buildings in the neighborhood adjacent to the site. �����������������������������������������������������������������22

ii

FIGURE 32 - Land-Use Map ���������������������������������������23 FIGURE 33 - Zoning Map �������������������������������������������24 FIGURE 34 - Topography and Rainfall Map ���������������������25 FIGURE 35 - Surface Water Drainage Diagram & Map ��������26 FIGURE 36 - Graph showing rainfall levels in Amman throughout the year. ����������������������������������������������26 FIGURE 37 - Pattern of Landforms Map �������������������������27 FIGURE 38 - Map showing the annual sun path and dominant wind directions. ����������������������������������������������������28 FIGURE 42 - 3D diagram showing the warm and cool winds that are created at different heights around the Jordan Gate towers. ��������������������������������������������������������������29 FIGURE 39 - CFD analysis showing how lower buildings create turbulence at this level. ������������������������������������������29 FIGURE 40 - CFD analysis showing how highrise buildings completely obstruct the wind flow. ����������������������������29 FIGURE 43 - 2D diagram showing the vector representation for the air flow in the lower air layers. ������������������������29 FIGURE 41 - CFD analysis of discomfort caused by adjacent lowrise and highrise buildings. �����������������������������������29 FIGURE 45 - Sun path solar stress 2D and 3D diagrams showing the summer and winter situations. �������������������30 FIGURE 44 - Shade and shadow modelling in winter and

summer seasons. ���������������������������������������������������30 FIGURE 46 - 3D solar radiation analysis showing the northern facades. �������������������������������������������������������������31 FIGURE 48 - Radiation & Solar Access Analysis showing the varying levels of radiation throughout the months of the year. ������������������������������������������������������������������31 FIGURE 47 - 3D solar radiation analysis showing the sourthern facades. �������������������������������������������������������������31 FIGURE 49 - Electricity Lines and Generators ����������������32 FIGURE 50 - Water Lines ������������������������������������������33 FIGURE 51 - Sewage System ������������������������������������34 FIGURE 52 - Map showing the main roads around the site, pedestrian bridge, and traffic tunnels. �������������������������35 FIGURE 53 - Zahran Corridor by Night / © Khalid Al Karaki �36 FIGURE 54 - Map showing the directions of the main streets and points of traffic congestion. ��������������������������������37 FIGURE 55 - Street Network Noise Analysis ��������������������38 FIGURE 56 - Accessibility to the Site ���������������������������39 FIGURE 57 - Daytime and Nighttime Activities ���������������40 FIGURE 58 - Jordan Gate Floor Plan & Zoning �����������������42 FIGURE 59 - Section in Office Tower of Jordan Gate ���������43 FIGURE 60 - East Elevation of Jordan Gate ��������������������44 FIGURE 61 - Three panorama photographs showing the

various typologies of architecture around the site. ���������46 FIGURE 62 - Map showing the landmarks in Amman, consisting of commercial and public buildings. ��������������47 FIGURE 63 - Panoramic diagram showing the landmarks in Amman in relation to the Jordan Gate towers. ���������������48 FIGURE 64 - Caricature showing some of the important architectural landmarks in Amman, such as the Le Royal Hotel, Zara Expo Center, The Tower (Al Burj) and King Abdullah I Mosque. / © Abu Mahjoob Creative Productions �49 FIGURE 65 - Map locating the hotels within the large scale surroundings of the site. ������������������������������������������50 FIGURE 66 - Map locating the shopping centres and malls within the large scale surroundings of the site. ��������������51 FIGURE 67 - Conceptual drawing showing how the building meets the ground and its relationship to the horizontal surface. ��������������������������������������������������������������53 FIGURE 68 - Conceptual digital sketch of how the Jordan Gate meets the skyline of the city. �����������������������������54 FIGURE 69 - Perception diagrams from xJabal Al-Lweibdeh 55 FIGURE 70 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Natheef ����56 FIGURE 71 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Qala’a ������57 FIGURE 72 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Taj ����������58 FIGURE 73 - Perception diagrams from Ras Al-Ain ������������59

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FIGURE 74 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Amman ��������60 FIGURE 75 - Perception diagrams from 4th Circle ������������61 FIGURE 76 - Perception diagrams from 7th Circle ������������62 FIGURE 77 - Perception diagrams from Al-Rabieh �������������63 FIGURE 78 - Perception diagrams from Tlaa’ Al Ali �����������64 FIGURE 79 - Logos of the Jordan Gate developers. ����������65 FIGURE 80 - “Amman – Neoliberal Urban Management” Newsletter / 06 The New Cities Landlords (Article) ���������66 FIGURE 81 - Consolidated Consultants (CC) Logo �������������67 FIGURE 82 - 3D rendering of the Jordan Gate. ����������������67 FIGURE 83 - Consolidated Consultants (CC) quote. �����������68 FIGURE 84 - Photo of commercial propaganda for the Jordan Gate offices. / © Nada Amro �����������������������������������69 FIGURE 85 - Posters advertising the Jordan Gate falling apart./ © Nada Amro ����������������������������������������������69 FIGURE 86 - Al Bayan Holding Group Logo ���������������������70 FIGURE 87 - Gulf Finance House Logo ��������������������������70 FIGURE 88 - Mapping of the movement of international investments and the strategic location of Jordan as a beneficial place for Gulf FDI. �����������������������������������71 FIGURE 89 - Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) logo �������72 FIGURE 90 - Cover of GAM publication, “High Rise Towers,: An Integral Part of Amman’s Urban Landscape” ��������72

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FIGURE 91 - Al Hamad Group of Companies logo �������������73 FIGURE 92 - Cover of summary report for Amman Plan: Metropolitan Grown published by GAM in 2008. ��������������74 FIGURE 93 - Main growth plan for Amman developed by GAM in the 2008 MGP showing the different growth areas. ������75 FIGURE 94 - Methodology set by GAM under Mayor Maani in 2007 in the report “High Rise Towers: An Integral Part of Amman’s Landscape.” ���������������������������������������76 FIGURE 95 - Diagram illustrating the gridlock traffic situation by 6th circle as a result of the Jordan Gate. ������������������76 FIGURE 96 - Sketches from the “1987 Comprehensive Development Plan” showing ideas dealing with the hilly topography of Amman. �������������������������������������������77 FIGURE 97 - Three images from “Comparative Analysis of Towers on the Hilltop” from the 2007 GAM report “High Rise Towers: An Integral Part of Amman’s Urban Landscape” ����78 FIGURE 98 - Map showing the “Green Zones” set by GAM in the Interim Growth Strategy. �����������������������������������79 FIGURE 99 - Diagrams expressing regeneration, intensification, and expansion as a part of the HDMU plan. 79 FIGURE 100 - Caricature ridiculing the “construction race” of highrise buildings occurring in the 21st c. Arab world . / © Wael Attili �����������������������������������������������������������80

FIGURE 102 - Infographic showing the different responses received from locals and internationals when asked about the Jordan Gate. ��������������������������������������������������81 FIGURE 101 - Pie chart showing the percentage of locals for and against the Jordan Gate in a survey conducted during the site analysis phase. �������������������������������������������81 FIGURE 103 - Survey on the Abdali Project from “Skyscrapers As A Tool of Economic Reform” (2007) by Dr. Samer Abu Ghazalah. �����������������������������������������������������������82 FIGURE 104 - Photographic overview of the case studies analyzed for preliminary concept development. ������������83 FIGURE 105 - Symbolic illustration of the Jordan Gate incubating a partnership between the creative industries and the corporate world . ����������������������������������������84 FIGURE 106 - Diagram of the “Five W’s” (who, what, where, when, and why) which aided in developing the concept of the Rox Project in a simple and straightforward manner. ���85 FIGURE 107 - Bubble diagram expressing the vision of the project and its different subcomponents. ��������������������86 FIGURE 108 - Poster of the “Creative Jordan” event organized by EUNIC MENA in 2012. ������������������������������87 FIGURE 109 - “European Union National Institutes for Culture” logo. ������������������������������������������������������87

FIGURE 110 - Logos of several Jordanian initiatives which fall into the creative sector. ������������������������������������������88 FIGURE 111 - Logos of many local Jordanian start-ups, many of which are categorized as tech start-ups. �������������������89 FIGURE 113 - Oasis500 logo ��������������������������������������90 FIGURE 112 - Urdun Mubdi3 logo ��������������������������������90 FIGURE 114 - The three most essential components of the Rox Project, capital, collaboration, and creativity, represented visually. ���������������������������������������������91 FIGURE 115 - A schematic diagram of the dynamic model of work that is to occur in the towers. ����������������������������92 FIGURE 116 - The cycle of corporate and human capital that operates the Rox Project and ensures its success, economic sustainability, and longevity. �����������������������������������93 FIGURE 117 - “Porter Model”, which illustrates the relationship between corporate structure, strategy, rivalry, and other conditions. ���������������������������������������������94 FIGURE 118 - 3D diagrams expressing the architectural, social, and urban permeability of the Rox Project. ����������96 FIGURE 119 - Conceptual diagram expressing the different layers of permeability in the Rox Project. ���������������������97 FIGURE 120 - Sketches representing the ideas of permeability. ������������������������������������������������������97

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FIGURE 121 - 3D diagram showing the opportunities in the context of the site that allow for interaction between the Rox Project and the neighborhood, as a start to its interaction with the city. ����������������������������������������98 FIGURE 122 - Comprehensive bubble diagram for all the functions and spaces in the Rox Project and their interaction with the public interface. ����������������������������������������99 FIGURE 123 - General Program �������������������������������� 100 FIGURE 124 - Program for Zone A: Corporations ������������ 100 FIGURE 125 - Program for Zone B: Start-Up Businesses ���� 100 FIGURE 126 - Program for Zone C: Creative Industries ���� 101 FIGURE 127 - Shared Spaces ������������������������������������ 101 FIGURE 128 - Public Zones �������������������������������������� 101 FIGURE 129 - Timeline showing the History of Open Plan Offices ������������������������������������������������������������� 102 FIGURE 130 - Architectural drawings of Central Beheer, showing the the floor plans, axonometric diagram, and detail drawing. ����������������������������������������������������������� 103 FIGURE 131 - Bird’s eye view photo of Central Beheer. ���� 103 FIGURE 132 - Photos of the interior of Central Beheer. ���� 104 FIGURE 133 - Conceptual diagrams of Central Beheer. ���� 104 FIGURE 134 - Photos of Safdie’s Habitat 67. ����������������� 105

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FIGURE 135 - Perspective 3D model of Safdie’s Habitat 67. ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 105 FIGURE 137 - Conceptual diagram of Loos’s Villa Müller and the Raumplan ideals. ������������������������������������������� 105 FIGURE 136 - 3D model of Loos’s Villa Müller. ��������������� 105 FIGURE 138 - Diagram showing the three goals achieved by the use of the modular unit as the building block of the Rox Project. ������������������������������������������������������������ 106 FIGURE 139 - Diagram showing the vertical dissipation of the ideation cubes on the towers. ��������������������������������� 107 FIGURE 140 - Preliminary sketches representing the ideas of modular units combining to create a creative vertical metropolis. ������������������������������������������������������� 108 FIGURE 141 - West Elevation ����������������������������������� 109 FIGURE 142 - Site plan of the Rox Project. ������������������ 110 FIGURE 143 - Cafe on the southern end of the Rox Project. ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 111 FIGURE 144 - Perspective rendering of the Rox Project. �� 111 FIGURE 145 - Podium plan �������������������������������������� 112 FIGURE 146 - Section AA ���������������������������������������� 113 FIGURE 147 - South Elevation of the Rox Project ����������� 114 FIGURE 149 - Rendering of a secondary staircase leading to the entrance of the raised podium. ��������������������������� 115

FIGURE 150 - Aerial view of the raised podium and roof terrace connecting the two towers. �������������������������� 115 FIGURE 148 - Rendering of the main entrance to the Rox Project. ������������������������������������������������������������ 115 FIGURE 151 - Typical tower floor plans of the Rox Project. ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 FIGURE 152 - Section BB in perspective showing the interior volumes of the interactive office space. ��������������������� 118 FIGURE 153 - Elevation detail of the colestra -nspired shading. ����������������������������������������������������������� 119 FIGURE 154 - Sectional perspective of the multi-level office unit showing the different workspace features. ������������ 120 FIGURE 155 - Eastern view of the Rox Project in the urban context of Amman showing its proximity to the Crowne Plaza Hotel and the Sixth Circle. ������������������������������������� 121 FIGURE 156 - Comprehensive Diagram of Green Systems used designed in the Rox Project. ����������������������������������� 123 FIGURE 157 - Section CC drawn in perspective to to show the green systems at the office level. ����������������������������� 125 FIGURE 158 - Shading system used in the Rox Project. ���� 126

vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CC CFD CRI EUNIC FDI GAM GCC GDP GFH GJU HDMU IBQ IDP IMF KFIC MENA MGP NBK NGO SDC UNESCO UNCTAD

viii

Consolidated Consultants Computation Fluid Dynamics Community Renewal International European Union National Institutes for Culture Foreign Direct investment Greater Amman Municipality Gulf Cooperation Council Gross domestic product Gulf Finance House German Jordanian University High Density Mixed Use International Bank of Qatar Integrated Design Process International Monetary Fund Kuwait Finance and Investment Company Middle East and North Africa Metropolitan Growth Plan National Bank of Kuwait Nongovernmental organization Study and Documentation Centre United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

INTRODUCTION

When the construction of the Jordan Gate began in 2005, Amman witnessed the rise of not just a dominating structure, but the emergence of an overwhelming symbol of corporate power, financial crisis, and capitalism. Ever since its commencement, it has stood the test of time, although not in a positive sense, and remains a source of controversy and national debate.

While most find it to be an eyesore, others boast of a new architectural type that they believe will raise Jordan’s world standing as a modern, developing nation. However, they fail to see beyond the shiny façade of neoliberalism, which cloaks a numismatic world run by power hungry moguls looking only for personal gain, most definitely not a generous attempt to raise a nation’s ranking.

This project proposal attempts to revolutionize the notion of a skyscraper in general and change the Jordan Gate “From a Vertical Corporate Slum, To a Constructive People-City Icon” in particular, through an in-depth and multi-perspective understanding, critical analysis, and alternative approach for this contemporary phenomenon.

FIGURE 1 - The Jordan Gate in 2013. / © Ru’a AlAbweh

1

VISION

This project deals with this emerging high-rise building type and challenging the notion that the Jordan Gate is a failed project and mistake which has no solution, and instead transforming it into a national prototype for sustainable design by adapting locally responsive environmental treatments and in turn creating an energy efficient building which contributes to the economy and society while respecting the wishes and concerns of the locals and ultimately creating an inclusive city icon.

FIGURE 2 - Residential neighborhood of Um Uthania near the Jordan Gate at sunset / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

2

FIGURE 3 - Neighboring water tower to the east of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

BACKGROUND

NATURE OF THE PROJECT

FIGURE 4 - Unused and leftover material left near the entrance of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

As a local adaptive reuse challenge, the Rox Project is about rethinking an urban exclusive reality and instead researching and offering a different architectural discourse that is more inclusive in nature and is socially oriented in the way it opens up to the city and to its citizens at various levels: the ground and vertical levels. Furthermore the project is involved in understanding the structural and technological logic of high-rise buildings and attempts to present and investigate an alternative discourse that is environmentally responsive not only in terms of its approach to water and energy consumption; but also in its contribution to the city’s public spaces and sphere.

NARRATIVE HISTORY What used to be private property owned by Mr. Tareq Masarweh in 1989, Assistant Mayor of Amman that time, now holds a corporate monument which has become a symbol of a global economic crisis and the struggles of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Jordan. The usage of the site has transformed several times over the years, housing barracks, a children’s center, roller skating rink, a public park, and most recently, a skyscraper. To the residents of Amman, and more

FIGURE 5 - Posters advertising the Jordan Gate beginning to fall apart as the construction of the towers remains on hold.. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

3

poignantly to the neighbors, the most memorable of these phases is the public park.

Old visitors will tell you about the lovely times they spent strolling in the park, the fountain that beautifully decorated the middle of the space, and long hours roller blading with friends. The moment you ask them how they feel about the drastic change ever since, they sigh with dismay, their wistful voices drop to a level of disappointment, and the nostalgia that filled their gazes turns to a flat stare of disheartenment.

Surprisingly enough, this change is actually very recent - up until early 2005, the site remained a public space. Later that same year, the park was privatized and acquired by a Gulf investor, Bayan Holding Company. As the first phase of a larger real estate project, the Royal Metropolis, Jordan Gate was a part of a larger national plan to encourage FDI, as a tool to boost the country’s economy With the large amount of funding at the start of the project, its development went very quickly.

However, as a result of the 2009 global financial crisis, Bayan Holding Company faced financial problems and sold its share to another company, Al Hamad Construction Development.

4

CURRENT SITUATION Ever since the financial stumble of 2009 which led Bayan Holding Company to sell its shares, the construction work on the Jordan Gate has halted to a full stop. With lack of funding and an ambiguous state of arrest, the fate of the project remains unknown. While there are rumors that a Malaysian investor plans on partnering with the existing stakeholders in order to get the project back running, there is no guarantee of the credibility of this information or any official announcement of plans to continue with the construction work. Only time will tell what will become of Jordan’s own twin towers.

For photo documentation of the Jordan Gate at the time of investigation between late 2012 and early 2013, please refer to Appendix C at the end of this document.

FIGURE 6 - Panoramic view of the road adjacent to the main entrance of the Jordan Gate. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

FIGURE 7 - View of the Jordan Gate from the roof of the San Rock Hotel, which is located north of the site. / © Ma’en Bata

FIGURE 8 - View from an upper floor terrace linked to the podium of the Jordan Gate. / © Ma’en Bata

5

METHODOLOGY & DATA COLLECTION

In order to understand the Jordan Gate on its various physical, historical, and discursive levels and redesign it as a functional, realistic, implementable, and environmentally feasible project, such a project required in-depth research, site visits, appointments with various institutions, and interview. In order to achieve this, numerical data, maps, reports, and archives were collected from many sources. It was necessary to consult with and learn from the work of professionals from many different disciplines, including but not be limited to structural engineers, scientists, artists, heads of startup companies, potential local investors, and economists.

This project also depended on personal commitment and dedication, a participatory approach, and a critical analysis of the many stakeholders involved. In addition to studying the history, present state, and development of the project, the data collection process also entailed understanding the potential future implications of the proposed concept.

FIGURE 9 - Tools for data collection and research. / © Ma’en Bata

With this diverse collection of information, an ample database was created and accurate base maps were developed.

Furthermore, by identifying the existing problems, challenges, and constraints, the potential strategies and methodologies of work became more clear.

FIGURE 10 - Site visit and tour with a site engineer. / © Ru’a Al-Abweh

6

JORDAN GATE: OVERVIEW Location The Project is located in the Um-Uthainah district of Western Amman, adjacent to Crowne Plaza Hotel (previously Amra Hotel) The Block containing the site is bordered by Amra Street to the south, King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street to the east, Hikmat Al Masri Street to the north and Najran Street to the west.

FIGURE 11 - (above) Flag of Jordan Source: FindTheData FIGURE 12 - (left) Map of Jordan Source: Abercrombie & Kent

The most important intersections around the site are the 6th Circle junction, the Intersection of Zahran Corridor and King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street.

The surrounding land plots are mostly residential, with a few commercial and civic buildings. Small, privately owned shops in addition to a large commercial strip adjacent to and affiliated with the Crowne Plaza Hotel are also nearby.

Standing on an elevated, highly visible part of the city, it is in “The western section that has hills over 1000 m high above sea level and inclinations that reach 50%� (Abu Ghazalah, 2007.) Its location and altitude make it a dominant structure on a city level, leaving not only an effect on the neighborhood but on Amman as a whole.

FIGURE 13 - Map showing the location of the site and the neighborhood divisions in Amman.

Basemap source: GAM

7

Levels Of Intervention The project is addressed on three levels of intervention : indirect zone of interference, direct zone of interference, main street network, and the urban context taken into consideration.

In regard to the direct zone of interference, the site analysis is studied on three further levels, the planning level, the neighborhood level, and the architectural level. The development of these base maps was the result of a combination of several maps from different sources, such as Greater Amman Municipality and Google Earth.

The purpose of these different levels becomes more apparent in the detailed site analysis in the upcoming sections of the thesis.

UM UTHAINA BASEMAP PLANNING LEVEL - ZAHRAN CORRIDOR

ARCHITECTURAL LEVEL

N

N

N

SCALE 1:10000

SCALE 1:750

FIGURE 14 - Map at planning level showing the site and its relation to Zahran Corridor, one of the main roads in Amman.

FIGURE 15 - Site map at neighborhood level showing the site and the adjacent residential area.

FIGURE 16 - Base map of site at an architectural level.

Basemap source: GAM

Basemap source: GAM

Basemap source: GAM

8

N

FIGURE 17 - Site map showing the various levels of intervention.

Basemap source: Google Earth

9

Detailed Background Information Historical Context

cornerstone for the project on May 29, 2005, as reported by the Jordan Times on the 28th of August 2007 . In August 2005 it was announced that “Al-Hamad Contracting Company has Until 1989, it was a private “forest-land,” like many of Um been awarded the construction contract for phase 1 of the Uthaina’s privately owned plots. During that same year, $1,000 million Royal Metropolis project.” (Al-Hamad takes Mr. Tareq Masarweh (Assistant Mayor of Amman that time), Royal Metropolis contract) Shortly after, the excavation began proposed that the property be granted to Greater Amman Municipality (GAM), as a permanent center for the book fair in and the park was removed once and for all. Construction then commenced and developed rather quickly.

Amman, using the barracks present in the site.

With time the forest-land began to take the character of a public park and gradually became one of the most important and largest parks in the area. It was made up of three zones: skating rink, yard surrounding a large fountain, as well as a sand pit containing swings and games for children. Until only recently, the park was a common gathering and leisure area for all visitors, especially for the residents of west Um Uthaina.

However, with the blow of the global economic crisis of 2009, Al Bayan Holding Group struggled financially and no longer had sufficient funding to continue the project. Consequently, they were forced to sell their share of the project to Al Hamad Contracting Company. Ever since, the Jordan Gate has been on-hold, creating a national controversy and debate on the decision to build such a project in such a location, the problems it caused during its construction, and its eventual fate.

In early 2005, the park was privatized and acquired by a Gulf investor, Bayan Holding Company, With this new development, The project posed many problems during its construction plans were made to utilize the site for a real estate project period, which especially aggravated the neighbors and residents of Um Uthaina. The former complained about noisy called Royal Metropolis, which would be comprised of two phases: Phase 1- Jordan Gate and Phase 2 – The Royal Village, construction work, bright reflection from the skyscraper’s located on the main airport highway. King Abdullah II laid the glass facades onto their houses, and the sound of strong winds

10

FIGURE 18 - Prior to the construction of the Jordan Gate, the site used to be host to Amra Park, shown in this photo dating from the 1990s.

Source: GAM

11

rushing in the space between the two towers. One neighbor even mentioned that her aging husband was bedridden because of the dust from the construction site. Others spoke of their children no longer having a place to play and the danger of the construction site.

In even more serious matters, there have been accounts of suicide and attempted suicide from the top of the towers. In one incident, one of the project cranes broke in midair and hung unrepaired for several days, causing the neighbors to fear for their safety. Furthermore, there have been recorded incidents of fires.

FIGURE 19 - Photo of the fountain in the center of Amra Park dating from the 1990s.

Source: GAM

12

FIGURE 20 - Satellite image of the site when it still FIGURE 21 - Satellite image of the site at the hosted Amra Park from 1990-2004. start of excavation for the Jordan Gate project in 2005.

Source: Google Earth Source: Google Earth

FIGURE 22 - Satellite image of the site with the towers as they appeared in 2009 and as they still stand today in 2013.

Source: Google Earth

The images above show the transformation of the site from 2004 to 2011, in addition to the new buildings that were constructed in the surrounding area during the construction of the Jordan Gate. In the first image, the public park is still intact (left), followed by the start of excavation (middle), and the most recent aerial image available in 2011 (right).

13

Global Phenomenon of Skyscrapers on Hold In 2009, MARK Magazine of Germany published a study conducted by TD Architects entitled “On Hold, Hold On” depicting the number of skyscrapers on hold worldwide.

According to infographic they developed (Figure 25), there were 198 skyscrapers on hold, from Europe to Africa to the Middle East. This amounts total of 42.1 km of halted construction around the world. Accounting for 6.9 km of these skyscrapers, which is about 25% of the total sum, the Middle East ranks as the second place contender, after Asia at 16.1 km, and followed by North America, Europe, Latin America, Australia, and Africa, respectively. (Deutinger & Weingartner, 2009).

This global phenomenon of unfinished or abandoned skyscrapers undoubtedly came as a result of the 2009 global economic crisis. Seeing as the Middle East, and in particular, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, depends highly on investments in the construction sector, it is not surprising that they were hit hard by this crisis. According to a 2010 report by the International Bank of Qatar (IBQ) and the National Bank of Kuwait (NBK), the “Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) attracted 30% less FDI in 2009” (GCC FDI inflows lower in 2009 but outlook remains , 2010). With the Jordan Gate funded completely by GCC investor, developer, and contractor, it too was a victim of the major financial collapse, manifested by the withdrawal of Saudi based Bayan Holding Group from the project.

14

FIGURE 23 - Global GDP growth Source: IMF

FIGURE 24 - FDI flows by emerging market region.

Source: World Investment Report 2010, UNCTAD

FIGURE 25 - “On Hold, Hold On� infographic showing the phenomenon of unfinished skyscrapers in cities around the world.

Source: Deutinger & Weingartner, 2009

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Typomorphological Analysis: Investigating the Development of Early High-Rise Buildings to Skyscraper in Amman

Although they may seem alien and out of place, the rise of the skyscraper in Jordan did not occur suddenly but is a step in the development of high rise architecture in the country. During the mid-20th c., Modernity diffused into the fabric of the city and began to change its architectural character. (Daher, 2012) Throughout the years, the high-rise type has evolved not only in height, image, and style, but also in its related political, economic, and social discourse. What began as an era of Modernity, that preached social inclusivity, social justice, and secularism, has gradually developed to a corporate based, exclusive Neoliberal discourse evident by the large number of real-estate project funded by Gulf surplus capital.

Skyline in Relation to Economic Reform and Legislation Amman’s skyline is defined as a combination of two types of skylines: -Amorphousness skyline, in which an irregular shape of skyline appear such as cities during the Georgian period in Britain -Extensible skyline, where the development is grouped in a linear or circular manner such as the Hippodamian scheme, like Los Angeles and San Francisco.

(Abu Ghazalah, 2007) In his paper Skyscrapers as Tools of Economic Reform & Elements of Urban Skyline: Case of the Abdali Development Project at Amman, Dr. Samer Abu Ghazalah explains that “Amman’s skyline, as most Middle Eastern cities, remained intact and had human scale until 1990s. Since then several skyscrapers started to tear its traditional urban tissue as they became the main indicator of economic growth and power in the world. To many inhabitants and even architects, skyscrapers represent the state of power.”

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FIGURE 26 - “Typomorphological Analysis: Investigating the Development of Early High Rise Buildings to Skyscraper� in Amman from Modernity of the 1960s to Neoliberalism of the 21st century.

The typomorphological analysis shows that over time, the highrise building became more corporate, imposing, and leaning towards a neoliberal discourse instead of the initial Modernist one. For a closer look at the highrise buildings shown above, please refer to Appendix A.1.

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FIGURE 27 - Timeline explaining the development of the Amman skyline in relation to urban planning policies.

Source: Abu Ghazalah, 2007

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The following is a list of laws related to the legislation and construction of skyscrapers: 1966: Law (no 79) paved the way to erect several high rise; Buildings between 40 and 90 m 1979 Second building regulation: produced phenomenon which continued till 1990s 1990s 100 m high building, no restrictions for where high rise buildings could be built 2002-2006 development plan no boundaries between sectors and districts. ---- Jordan Gate within this time period 2005: Legislations allows for construction of high rise on any plot regardless of previous use 2007: GAM proposes a new master plan which defined the zones for high-rise construction (Abu Ghazalah, 2007)

FIGURE 28 - Progress of the Abdali Development Project. in Amman.

Source: Image Shack

FIGURE 29 - Rotana Hotel Tower, one of the skyscrapers currently under construction in the Abdali Development Project.

Source: AS Architectural Studio

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Site Analysis The following section displays the many levels of physical site analysis conducted. The mapping and analysis was categorized as follows: • • • • •

Natural analysis Topography Infrastructure Circulation and road network Human behavior

The site analysis phase was completed in collaboration with Nada Amro, Ma’en Bata, Munther Abu Hmeidan, Khalid Al Karaki, and Abdallah Haouchar.

For a more in-depth look at the site and its background, please refer to the four subsections of Appendix A at the end of this document.

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Solid and Void

FIGURE 30 - Solid and Void

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Building Heights

FIGURE 31 - Building Heights Map showing the different heights of buildings in the neighborhood adjacent to the site.

Data source: GAM

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Land-Use

FIGURE 32 - Land-Use Map Data source: GAM

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Zoning

FIGURE 33 - Zoning Map Data source: GAM

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Topography & Rainfall

FIGURE 34 - Topography and Rainfall Map

The surface water drainage depends on the natural composition of the area, where topography directs the flow of water.

Hence, water starts moving downhill as a slight slope of 4.62 degrees=5.13% is dominant along the street.

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Surface Water Drainage

FIGURE 36 - Graph showing rainfall levels in Amman throughout the year.

Data source: The Department of Meteorology, Jordan

FIGURE 35 - Surface Water Drainage Diagram & Map

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Pattern of Landforms

FIGURE 37 - Pattern of Landforms Map

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Natural Analysis

FIGURE 38 - Map showing the annual sun path and dominant wind directions.

The following few pages contain maps and diagrams related to the climatic forces that affect the site. For more detailed climate data (wind speeds and direction, solar radiation, thermal comfort, orientation, and so on), please refer to Appendix A.2.

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Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

CFD (Computation Fluid Dynamics):It is a part of fluid mechanics science, uses methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. / Contours of steam wise velocity ratio U/U10 /U10 : reference; = 10 m/s CFD analysis of adjacent lowrise and highrise buildings proves that ignoring the influence of wind in design can lead to discomfort for pedestrians or spectators who are walking, standing or sitting in this in-between space.

FIGURE 39 - CFD analysis showing how lower buildings create turbulence at this level.

FIGURE 40 - CFD analysis showing how highrise buildings completely obstruct the wind flow.

FIGURE 42 - 3D diagram showing the warm and cool winds that are created at different heights around the Jordan Gate towers.

FIGURE 41 - CFD analysis of discomfort caused by adjacent lowrise and highrise buildings.

FIGURE 43 - 2D diagram showing the vector representation for the air flow in the lower air layers.

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Solar Path Diagrams

FIGURE 45 - Sun path solar stress 2D and 3D diagrams showing the summer and winter situations.

FIGURE 44 - Shade and shadow modelling in winter and summer seasons. *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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Solar Radiation Analysis

FIGURE 46 - 3D solar radiation analysis showing the northern facades.

FIGURE 47 - 3D solar radiation analysis showing the sourthern facades.

FIGURE 48 - Radiation & Solar Access Analysis showing the varying levels of radiation throughout the months of the year.

Intense solar radiation is one of the key design problems for buildings the region. For sustainability, solar radiation analysis should be done very early in the design process, and repeated as needed when the form and design evolves. *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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Electricity Lines & Generators

FIGURE 49 - Electricity Lines and Generators

Data source: GAM

As a requirement for high-rise construction, the availability of electrical supply is considered important. This reduces forcing additional payments to configure a new network.

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Water Lines

FIGURE 50 - Water Lines

Data source: GAM

Water pipes that serves the area of the site is considered high-dense on the northern and western. This network represents how the water tank is connected directly with the street network (manholes, gutters, etc.).

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Sewage Network

FIGURE 51 - Sewage System

Data source: GAM

The map shows the main sewage lines that make up the area. Two major connections are provided in the desired area.

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Street Network

FIGURE 52 - Map showing the main roads around the site, pedestrian bridge, and traffic tunnels.

Data source: GAM

The map above and the following Circulation and Street Directions map give a brief look at the street network and the traffic situation around the site. For more information on each of the streets and the junctions, please refer to Appendix A.3.

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FIGURE 53 - Zahran Corridor by Night / Š Khalid Al Karaki

Zahran Street is a six lane road with three traffic lanes in each direction.

It is classified as a major arterial road and is one of the main east/west oriented spines in Amman.

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Circulation and Street Directions

FIGURE 54 - Map showing the directions of the main streets and points of traffic congestion.

Data source: GAM

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Noise Analysis

FIGURE 55 - Street Network Noise Analysis

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Site Accessibility

FIGURE 56 - Accessibility to the Site

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Daytime and Nighttime Activities

FIGURE 57 - Daytime and Nighttime Activities

The neighborhood is considered an active residential and commercial area. It is also a site for nightlife activities of Amman’s youth generation, such as car drifting and rendezvousing.

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Architectural Analysis The following section shows the architectural plans of the Jordan Gate. Because of copyright and ownership issues, we were only authorized by the designers Consolidated Consultants (CC) to receive a few of the drawings and not the full set of documents.

The Jordan Gate consists of two towers of about forty floors each connected by a multi-story podium which is to be used for commercial purposes.; the northern tower is an office building and the southern tower is a hotel.

The site has an area of around 28,500 square meters and the built up area is approximately 220,000 square metres (Sabbah). As for the parking space, there are three levels of underground parking.

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FIGURE 58 - Jordan Gate Floor Plan & Zoning

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Basemap source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

FIGURE 59 - Section in Office Tower of Jordan Gate

Basemap source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

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FIGURE 60 - East Elevation of Jordan Gate

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Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

Typological Study Of The Surrounding Area This part of the analysis involved investigating the different architectural types on an urban scale and at the scale of the Um Uthania neighborhood in which the site is located. On an urban scale, the landmarks in Amman were identified and mapped. The results show that the majority of the highrise landmarks in Amman are either hotels or shopping centres.

As for the neighborhood scale, it was apparent that there are several types of buildings around the site, including:

- Contemporary Ammani Villa

- Low Rise Ammani Apartment Building

- Commercial Building

- Tall Public Building The next page contains a diagram identifying these types in the neighborhood directly adjacent to the Jordan Gate.

For a more detailed look at the different locations of these architectural types, please refer to Appendix A.4.

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Typology of Buildings Around the Site

FIGURE 61 - Three panorama photographs showing the various typologies of architecture around the site.

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Landmarks

FIGURE 62 - Map showing the landmarks in Amman, consisting of commercial and public buildings.

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The image shown below graphically represents the many architectural landmarks in Amman. It is interesting to note that the majority of these landmarks are characterized by height, with the exception of the King Hussein Mosque and King Abdallah I Mosque, which although also relatively high vertically, are more dominant on the horizontal axis. All of the buildings shown below are very well known among local Jordanians and are even difficult for tourists or visitors to miss.

FIGURE 63 - Panoramic diagram showing the landmarks in Amman in relation to the Jordan Gate towers.

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FIGURE 64 - Caricature showing some of the important architectural landmarks in Amman, such as the Le Royal Hotel, Zara Expo Center, The Tower (Al Burj) and King Abdullah I Mosque. / Š Abu Mahjoob Creative Productions

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FIGURE 65 - Map locating the hotels within the large scale surroundings of the site.

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FIGURE 66 - Map locating the shopping centres and malls within the large scale surroundings of the site.

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Relationship With The City

This section of the report discusses the relationship of the Jordan Gate with the city as a whole. Seeing as the towers have become a national icon and dominate the skyline as a result of their height, it is vital to understand how they interact with the city at different levels. Studies were conducted on two different levels, as follows: • •

How the Building Meets the Ground How the Building Meets the Sky: Perception from Various City Locations

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How the Building Meets the Ground

FIGURE 67 - Conceptual drawing showing how the building meets the ground and its relationship to the horizontal surface.

This section facing north cuts through the podium which connects the two towers and shows the 4 levels above ground and the 4 floor underground parking. On the west are the neighboring villas and apartments, followed by the block house typology on the hills of Amman. On the East one can see the water tank and tower which supplies the neighborhood.

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How the Building Meets Sky: Perception from Various City Locations The towers abruptly meet the horizon and do not dissolve visually into the sky. There is no consideration of the existing fabric, building heights, or previous layers. Like extraterrestrial objects, they penetrate the sky and create a harsh transition from Amman’s humble hills to two imposing containers.

Walking down the street or driving in a car, one encounters the two towers rising above the white stone buildings –almost 10 times the height of a typical low rise apartment building.

FIGURE 68 - Conceptual digital sketch of how the Jordan Gate meets the skyline of the city.

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Jabal Al-Lweibdeh As viewed from the top of Jabal Al Lweibdeh, the Jordan Gate towers are partially hidden from the variation in building heights covering the distance. In addition, the position of the “Zara Expo� towers (shown on the left side of the image) forces some kind of a visual disorder, which drifts the attention to the Jordan Gate towers, hence decreasing the superimposed effect (based on height and materials) of the distant towers. The visual perception created here may distort the actual height of the Jordan Gate towers, depending on how the perspective changes as a nearby landmark (i.e. Zara Expo) offers a closer eye-catching effect.

To the right is a schematic section, showing that the field of view of a person standing at Jabal Al-Lweibdeh would allow for a semi-clear view of the upper part of the Jordan Gate towers due to the change from a lower-topographic nature of land to a higher one.

FIGURE 69 - Perception diagrams from xJabal Al-Lweibdeh

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Jabal Al-Natheef Another mountain adjacent to Jabal Al-Taj also offers an exclusive perception of the Jordan Gate towers. As viewed from Jabal Al-Natheef, the area covered by the towers and the consequent projects show a simple representation of the social segregation in Amman between the eastern and the western parts. In the background of the image above, the typology of the built environment conveys many differences and hence, a social inequality.

The visual perception created here is out of the original context of early Amman. The material used, the number of floors and the overall neighborhood does not reflect the same essence of Jabal Al-Natheef (or Eastern Amman in general).

To the left is a schematic section, showing that the field of view of a person standing at Jabal Al-Natheef would allow for a clear view of the Jordan Gate towers due to the direct line of vision and the similar topographic nature of land.

FIGURE 70 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Natheef

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Jabal Al-Qala’a The Citadel of Amman is positioned on an L-shaped mountain known as Jabal Al-Qala’a. It is known for being the highest mountain between the original seven mountains of Amman. Of course, due to the height of the mountain, the Jordan Gate towers can be easily identified from the top. This allows the residents of Jabal Al-Qala’a to perceive the towers as a “non-contextual” project that ruined the essence of old Amman.

The visual perception created here is a contradiction to the original state of Amman. It was used as a stone-oriented city and an organic approach was adopted in dealing with a sloped site (i.e. topographic challenges).

To the right is a schematic section, showing that the field of view of a person standing at Jabal Al-Qala’a would allow for a clear view of the Jordan Gate towers due to the highelevation of the ‘Jabal’ and this gives a better understanding of the built area development.

FIGURE 71 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Qala’a

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Jabal Al-Taj Jabal Al-Taj, which actually overlooks the Amman Citadel (Jabal Al-Qala’a) on the right of the photograph, and Jabal Al-Lweibdeh, provides a clear dimension of how the Jordan Gate towers are perceived from the area. Notice how the original residential buildings are directly reflecting the contours and elevations of the mountains. This, however, is being interrupted by the Abdali Project (i.e. three towers present on the right side) and the Jordan Gate towers. The “Le Royal” Hotel also acts as an element of disruption of the sky-line/horizon-line of Amman City.

This, as a matter of fact, raises the question of whether positioning high-rise buildings on a lower point would force a different perception? The visual perception created here is rather brutal and out-of-scale. This is clearly marked by the action of “ripping” the constant level of horizon.

To the left is a schematic section, showing that the field of view of a person standing at Jabal Al-Taj would allow for observing the Jordan Gate towers due to the similar topographic characteristics of the two areas.

FIGURE 72 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Al-Taj

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Ras Al Ain Taking the region of Ras Al-Ain, as being an important extension of the city center in Amman, it is rather obvious that the Jordan Gate towers cannot be viewed from that exact location. Seven hundred and eighty meters (780 m) above sea-level, and compared to the elevation of nine hundred ninety meters (990 m), marking the base of the two towers, it cannot be noticed from the ‘valley’ occupied by the headquarters of the Greater Amman Municipality, the Amman Electricity Hangar, etc.Therefore, a proper visual perception is not possible to mark from a low-elevated area such as Ras Al-Ain. To the right is a schematic section, showing that the field of view of a person standing in Ras Al-Ain would not allow for observing the Jordan Gate towers due to the slope and the built environment surrounding.

FIGURE 73 - Perception diagrams from Ras Al-Ain

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Jabal Amman Jabal Amman, as the name itself suggests, is one of the seven mountains that originally contributed to the formation of the city. Due to this value, it is important to examine the effect of the Jordan Gate towers on the general expansion of the built environment. As the photograph above shows, the towers are partially hidden due to the different building typologies that occupy the region. Consequently, this acts as a method of ‘camouflage’, decreasing the superimposition of the towers on the view from Jabal Amman.

The visual perception presented reflects the two towers as ineffective in imposing a center of attraction (i.e. an eyecatcher when viewing the western part of Amman). The viewer is, hence, unaware of the monumentality of the towers.

To the left is a schematic section, showing how the built environment limits the viewable area of the towers, making it less imposing.

FIGURE 74 - Perception diagrams from Jabal Amman

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4th Circle The fourth circle is considered an important node in Amman, where the headquarters of the Prime Ministry are positioned. Being geographically close in relation to other locations viewing the Jordan Gate towers, it exaggerates the monumentality of the buildings, and is therefore directly viewed above the turnabout linking the third, fourth, fifth and sixth circle.

The visual perception presented reflects the two towers as the main concentration along the Zahran Corridor, coming from the eastern to the western part of the city.

To the right is a schematic section, showing how the topographic nature of the relationship is not greatly effective due to the location (along Zahran Corridor opened and visually clear rather than being blocked by the built environment surrounding).

FIGURE 75 - Perception diagrams from 4th Circle

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7th Circle Viewing the Jordan Gate towers from the Seventh Circle shows how the gradual increase in the topographic elevation is being visually broken by the incredible height of the towers. This is highly noticed in comparison with the contextual built environment, where the street elevation (i.e. elevations of buildings adjacent to the main street) represents a smooth increase while going uphill (in the direction of the sixth circle).

The visual perception created imposes a visual distortion of the horizon line, making the two towers obviously out of context to the viewer. The distribution hierarchy is ruined by, and thus the towers can be visually compared to the lighting poles along the street.

To the left is a schematic section, showing how the topographic elevation increases gradually, allowing a greater field of view, given that the built environment is kept within a fixed range of floor levels.

FIGURE 76 - Perception diagrams from 7th Circle

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Al Rabieh From the region of Al Rabieh, the two towers are perceived as one due to the direct northern-southern line of vision.

This, indeed, shows a new intervention in the nature of the built environment, and thus adding a mass, breaking the steady horizon line. As the image above suggests, there is a gradual height increase in the sequence of buildings, stretching until the base of the towers.

The visual perception presented reflects one of the two towers and how it forces a new typology to the region. In addition, the material itself used in construction is out of context, comparing it to the natural typologies present.

To the right is a schematic section, showing how the built environment is totally different from what is presented by the towers. This, then, indicates the superimposition of these new structures in the region.

FIGURE 77 - Perception diagrams from Al-Rabieh

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Tlaa’ Al Ali The way the Jordan Gate towers are viewed from the region of Tla’a Al Ali adds a new experience, knowing that the topographic nature of the land of Tla’a Al Ali is of higher elevation than that of the towers. It is clear that the distance between the line of vision and the object is closer than being viewed from Eastern Amman, showing the general orientation of the towers in relation to different sections of the city.

The visual perception created provides the discontinuity of the built environment, making the two towers obviously out of context in relation to the modern residential buildings in Western Amman.

To the left is a schematic section, showing how the topographic elevation decreases gradually, and although this decrease should be reason for a better line of vision, but the massive nature of residential buildings contributes to the blockage of the lower area of the towers.

FIGURE 78 - Perception diagrams from Tlaa’ Al Ali

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Related Discourses Discourse of the Developers Who are the Developers?

In narrating how the developers of the Jordan Gate project contributed to its being, it is rather important to start with identifying these developers.

The list of the developers is as follows: • • • • • •

Designer: Consolidated Consultants Developer: Kuwaiti Bayan Holding Company (BHC) Financial Partner: Bahrain-based Gulf Finance House (GFH) BHC Shareholder: Kuwait Investment and Finance Company Partnership: Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) Contractor: Sharjah-based Al Hamad Construction and Development Company

FIGURE 79 - Logos of the Jordan Gate developers.

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FIGURE 80 - “Amman – Neoliberal Urban Management” Newsletter / 06 The New Cities Landlords (Article) Source: Daher

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Discourse of the Developers: Design

FIGURE 81 - Consolidated Consultants (CC) Logo Source: Wikipedia

“Consolidated Consultants”, led by Architect Jafar Tukan, is the designing partner of the Jordan Gate towers project.

How does ‘Consolidated Consultants’ relate the project to the surroundings?

The decision was to create a low-rise podium that is in harmony with the surroundings.

The towers are described as ‘minimalist crystals that dissolve in the sky with completely glazed facades.’

“The challenge has been to keep such a large project sympathetic to the dominant low rise fabric of the city.” -CC Consolidated Consultants As the rendered image presented here shows, the surrounding urban fabric of the former ‘Amra Park’ is not taken into consideration while presenting the Jordan Gate towers. This disappearance of the neighboring built environment raises the question of whether ‘harmony with the surroundings’ was taken into consideration?

FIGURE 82 - 3D rendering of the Jordan Gate.

Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

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FIGURE 83 - Consolidated Consultants (CC) quote.

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FIGURE 84 - Photo of commercial propaganda for the Jordan Gate offices. / © Nada Amro

FIGURE 85 - Posters advertising the Jordan Gate falling apart./ © Nada Amro

Open spaces within the towers for public use reflect the essence of ‘interaction’. However, the exclusiveness is obvious in the rendered images. The promising images of the suitable working environment within the offices grabs the attention of viewers and visitors.

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Discourse of the Developers: Ownership and Investment Al Bayan Holding Group: Bayan Holding, incorporated as a Kuwaiti private shareholding firm, was set up with $420 FIGURE 86 - Al Bayan Holding Group Logo million in paid-up capital as a joint venture of Bahrain-based Source: Al Bayan Holding Group Gulf Finance House and Kuwait Finance and Investment Company (KFIC) to develop Jordanian investments.

Gulf Finance House: Since its foundation in 1999, Gulf Finance House (GFH) has established itself as one of the world’s most innovative Islamic investment banks. Its strategy is based on identifying and delivering investment opportunities in the Islamic financial services and infrastructure sectors of the Middle East, The Levant, North Africa and Asia. ‘ … GFH also led the conception and delivery of Jordan’s biggest commercial infrastructure project, the Jordan Gate in Amman.’

The chairman of the Gulf Finance House, Mr. Esam Janahi, suggests that the bank is convinced the emerging economic prospects and investment potential of Jordan.

FIGURE 87 - Gulf Finance House Logo Source: Gulf Finance House

Mr. Janahi:“We first invested two years ago when we launched the Jordan Gate and Royal Village projects in and around the capital city of Amman. We are pleased to say that both of these projects are proceeding satisfactorily.”“ … over 40% of the construction work has been completed. The twin towers are due to be completed in 2008.”

In December, 2007, Chairman of Gulf Finance House visited the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and met the Prime Minister of Jordan. The discussion was about how GFH views Jordan as The Jordan Gate towers’ project has stopped the progress an attractive investment destination as the country is taking and there word of a new agreement that GFH would sign with a new investor “Hektar.” This would allow the continuation steps to build its economic infrastructure. starting January 2013. This news has not been officially announced.

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FIGURE 88 - Mapping of the movement of international investments and the strategic location of Jordan as a beneficial place for Gulf FDI.

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Discourse of the Developers: GAM as a Previous Partner During September 2006, GAM’s Mayor suspended works in the Jordan Gate project justifying the decision in that no proper licensing was given.

The Municipality withdrew from the partnership and sold its 10% stake to Bayan Holding Company.

FIGURE 89 - Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) logo Source: GAM

The project posed challenges to GAM, including the inappropriate location in the city, approved by the previous administration of GAM. To the left is the cover of the report that came out in response to the improper regulations in building towers.

FIGURE 90 - Cover of GAM publication, “High Rise Towers,: An Integral Part of Amman’s Urban Landscape” Source: GAM

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Discourse of the Developers: Contractor Al Hamad Construction and Development Companies has been at the forefront of the construction industry for more than 20 years and has the capability to carry out design, execution, and maintenance of both conventional and turnkey construction projects with a workforce of over 18,000 employees in the Middle East.

The Jordan Gate project is currently on hold due to financial difficulties that are said to be solved and continued starting from January 2013.

The group’s in-house capability to design and execute all activities related to the construction industry, from pretendering conceptual stage, through design and construction to hand over to the client “is a feature that distinguishes the FIGURE 91 - Al Hamad Group of Companies logo group from most other companies in their field.”

Source: Al Hamad Group of Companies

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Discourse of the State: Greater Amman Municipality Vision and Planning Methods: With the publication of the Amman Plan: Metropolitan Growth, GAM suggested the vision of making the city ‘an organized city with a soul’. From such a vision, several aspirations were set to regulate the development of Amman.

Some of the aspirations mentioned in a report about HighDensity Mixed Use, 2007 include: • A Green and Pedestrian City • A City Built to a Human Scale • An Inclusive and Multi-Cultural City • A Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly City The Greater Amman Municipality presented this new vision of the city based on previous decisions, that did not turn out beneficial. One of the main reasons for presenting this change are the Jordan Gate towers in the region of Um Uthaina, where it is said by the former GAM Mayor Omar Maani that no proper licensing was issued for the project.

FIGURE 92 - Cover of summary report for Amman Plan: Metropolitan Grown published by GAM in 2008.

Source: GAM

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Planning Program: How the state deals with the current situation is based on a planning program, which is set to serve the city in three different levels: 1. Metro Growth Strategy; dealing with the entire region of Amman and identifying the growth centers, corridors and policies.

2. Growth Area Master Plans; After choosing the growth centers, the detailed master plans are being generated.

3. Intensification Plans; For selected corridors and sites across the city.

In order to go gradually through the process of planning, the Greater Amman Municipality suggests the use of a participatory / community-based approach. This, indeed, requires the input of multiple stakeholders in the decision making process.

The stakeholders involved in the process are: • City Council • Citizens, Civil Society and NGO’s • Business Community, including Investors • GAM Employees • Central Government Agencies • National Political Leadership • Professional Associates • International Donors FIGURE 93 - Main growth plan for Amman developed by GAM in the 2008 MGP showing the different growth areas.

Source: GAM

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Negative Impact: As the report from the Greater Amman OBSERVATION Municipality states, ‘Collectively, the projects would have had Tower Development in Relation to the Vision: The projects are major negative impact on: having these major negative impacts already, as the previous • the existing, predominantly four-storey buildings layers of transportation analysis, building heights analysis and • urban form and character of Amman typological analysis suggest.

• the infrastructure and transportation system Greater Amman Municipality suggests that towers are an essential component of thriving, modern cities.

HOW? • Encourage intensification of growth (instead of sprawl) • Represent smart growth • Address real and emerging market demands and meets the interest of investors

FIGURE 94 - Methodology set by GAM under Mayor Maani in 2007 in the report “High Rise Towers: An Integral Part of Amman’s Landscape.”

Source: GAM

FIGURE 95 - Diagram illustrating the gridlock traffic situation by 6th circle as a result of the Jordan Gate.

Source: GAM

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Current Situation in our Site: There is a cumulative impact of the proposed towers relative to Zahran’s corridor. The diagram below describes how the traffic (i.e. part of the infrastructure and transportation system analysis) is defined.

The diagram here represents Zahran’s corridor and the traffic status linking each roundabout with another. As can be seen, the traffic in the region of the Jordan Gate towers is critical and gridlock (i.e. severe road congestion and critical to find a solution.

Methodology and Approach –Interim Growth Strategy: • Protecting the complementing the city’s heritage and antiquities.

• Complementing Amman’s unique urban fabric and topography.

• Maintaining public views of key landmarks and vistas.

• Protecting existing, stable neighborhoods.

• Ensuring land-use compatibility with adjacent neighborhoods.

• Promoting mixed-use in order to encourage pedestrian- friendly neighborhoods.

• Can be serviced efficiently without overloading Amman’s existing infrastructure – water, sewage and storm water systems.

• Ensuring and promoting “green” environmental standards.

• Providing for safe and efficient transportation access to

public transit as well as sufficient on-site parking.

• Encouraging high-quality architectural design.

Response to Topography: Concerns for the location of high-rise buildings in Amman has started since the 1987 Comprehensive Development Plan for the city.

This concern lead to different theories about whether to position high-rise buildings on the highest / middle-high / lowest elevations of land in Amman. The following slide explains the idea.

FIGURE 96 - Sketches from the “1987 Comprehensive Development Plan” showing ideas dealing with the hilly topography of Amman.

Source: GAM

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FIGURE 97 - Three images from “Comparative Analysis of Towers on the Hilltop” from the 2007 GAM report “High Rise Towers: An Integral Part of Amman’s Urban Landscape” Source: GAM

These three configurations show the different options in adopting high-rise buildings, based on the topographic nature of the land in Amman. It is said that the monumentality is less effective by positioning the high-rise buildings lower in valleys.

This raises the question of ‘What is the effect of such a combination on the visual clarity for the buildings positioned on the upper and middle-high land?

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To the right are images from the Interim Growth Strategy prepared by GAM. Top right is a mapping of the Green Zones, which are existing Development Sites that have access to infrastructure, major transportation / transit corridors, etc.

Bottom right is a diagram which explains how GAM plans on dealing with different sites depending on the situation.

Materials Regulation: The original plan set by the Greater Amman Municipality proposes a set of design guidelines (presented below as written in the report of 2007), including: • Requiring the use of a complementary and common palette of building materials including:

-Limestone from the Jordan Valley region

-Rendered block -Glass

-Metal panels • Encouraging the use of complementary colors – white, beige, and grey • Discouraging the use of mirrored or reflective glass

FIGURE 98 - Map showing the “Green Zones” set by GAM in the Interim Growth Strategy.

Source: GAM

FIGURE 99 - Diagrams expressing regeneration, intensification, and expansion as a part of the HDMU plan.

Source: GAM

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Popular Discourse

Social Media: In order to understand the opinion of the general Jordanian Traditional Media: public regarding the Jordan Gate, a question was posted on During the construction, the project witnessed a lot of a popular Facebook page called “Amman” which frequently problems and controversial incidents. In August 2006, a fire broke out on the eighth story of the north tower. In September poses questions and topics of relevance to the city and 2006, three stories of the north tower collapsed as a result of country. The responses received were varied and categorized as follows: a fire, again.

In May 2009, a part of the crane on the north tower collapsed For: after it was overloaded. For three days following the collapse, “We need to be proud of such projects happening in families living near the site were evacuated to nearby hotels. Amman.”

“We should support and encourage such projects.”

“We need to be very thankful to those who want to make Amman more beautiful.”

“6th Circle area will have a big economical boom, making Amman financially stronger.”

“It will make Jordanians work in the towers, and so less unemployment.”

Against: “These towers are just a decoration nothing more.”

“The towers have a bad psychological effect on the residents because they are afraid it will fall down on them.”

“It will have a big negative social effect. It will attract some people only.”

“Traffic jam will occur and kill the area. Access will be impossible.”

“Converting a public park to towers area is not acceptable.

They didn’t ask even the person who originally donated his private land for public use years ago.”

FIGURE 100 - Caricature ridiculing the “construction race” of highrise buildings occurring in the 21st c. Arab world . / © Wael Attili Source: Sha3teely Cartoons

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What Locals Say –Interviews: To start understanding the fabric of the site, we planned a survey and asked people in the region surrounding the site about the direct effects it has. The questions asked revolved around: • • • • •

Events and happenings Area’s safety Economical effect of the project Psychological effect of the project Suggestions for dealing with the project

FALSCH! ‫ﺳﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ !‫ﻓﺎﺷﻞ! ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻮﺏ‬ ’‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‘ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ‬ !‫ﻫﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺶ ﻣﻨﻴﺢ‬ PASST NICHT! ‫ﻣﺶ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ !‫ﻓﺶ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺇﺷﻲ ﺣﻠﻮ‬

‫ﻏﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺯﺑﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ Several problems that face residents/visitors in the area Local Response to the Jordan include: FIGURE 102 - Infographic showing the different responses received from • Currently unsafe since the children in the area used to play locals

Gate and internationals when askedTowers about the Jordan Gate. and hangout in the park.

• Sun glare is annoying during dusk. Glass panels act as direct mirrors.

• The rent of the apartments in the region increased dramatically when the execution of the project started.

23.1% • Traffic problems will increase in the region, contributing to sources of noise.

• Medical problems due to the dusty atmosphere surrounding For the site.

Against • The sound of wind in winter (passing between the northern 76.9% and southern towers) is loud and uncomfortable.

• Customers of retail shops in the region have decreased. On the contrary, pharmacies and restaurants profited from the construction work.

FIGURE 101 - Pie chart showing the percentage of locals for and against the Jordan Gate in a survey conducted during the site analysis phase.

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What Locals Say –Previous Studies: The table to the left is the result of a survey conducted by Dr. Samer Abu Ghazalah in 2007 regarding the Abdali redevelopment project. Although this is not the topic of focus for this thesis, some of the questions asked are beneficial in understanding the general viewpoint on skyscrapers and new development in Amman. The survey addressed two categories of people: Architects and Planners and Inhabitants and Residents.

It is clear that although a majority of both Architects and Planners and Inhabitants and Residents agree to the use of skyscrapers as commercial buildings, like the modern image and style suggested by the skyscraper, and would like to see Amman having the highest skyscraper in the world, there is a hesitancy on both ends when questioned about their preference in living in a high rise or low rise building, with the vast majority preferring low rise. In addition, both categories questioned did not find that state regulation had properly addressed the high rise conditions of Amman.

It is also ironic that while many people are fond of this new modern image of the city, they are still fond of the human scale of the Amman city skyline, which is clearly changing, and will continue to change drastically, as a result of the emergence of the skyscraper.

FIGURE 103 - Survey on the Abdali Project from “Skyscrapers As A Tool of Economic Reform” (2007) by Dr. Samer Abu Ghazalah.

Source: Al-Ghazalah, 2005

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CASE STUDIES FOR PRELIMINARY CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT In order to start developing a preliminary concept before Summer Mode diving into design phase, it was necessary to look at diverse South Gusting case studies that fall into several categories. The case studies Winds were chosen according to the following criteria: Wintergarden

Solar Chimney Summer Mode

- Sustainability measures (economic, social and Winter Mode environmental) Inner - Type (high-rise) Heating/Cooling - Location Waterfall

Exposed Ceiling Mass Fresh air

Winter mode

Although about a dozen case studies were investigated and analyzed for a complete understanding of sustainable highrise Parkade architecture, the most influential were the following:

Geothermal system

-Bario Tower: Socially Responsive Skyscraper; Mexico

City, Mexico -Petroleum Tower: Adaptive Reuse as a Tool for

Community Renewal; Shreveport, Louisiana, USA -Manitoba Hydro Place: Environmentally Responsive

High Rise Building; Winnipeg, Canada -Embassy of the Netherlands: Locally Sustainable

Solutions; Amman, Jordan For the complete analysis of these case studies, please refer to Appendix C: Case Studies.

FIGURE 104 - Photographic overview of the case studies analyzed for preliminary concept development.

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CONCEPT FORMATION

Vision: Incubator For Creative Industries And Startup Companies Design Statement A dynamic fusion between corporate power, creative industries, and startup businesses in Jordan, The Rox Project: Urdun Mubdi3 Manifested is a reflection of Jordan’s most valuable treasure –human capital. It is supported by a joint “tripartite” venture bringing together the original investors with a local investor and EUNIC MENA. Through a collaboration among local startup businesses, creative industries, and large scale corporations, it aims to build youth capacities in sectors that meet local market demands & increase national GDP by taking advantage of cutting edge Jordanian skills.

Supporting the local economy through the creative industries is tackled by an interdisciplinary approach in development, design, and use. Through a diffusion of branding, the creative industries, education, investment, and structural engineering, the Jordan Gate will be a national icon and reflection of the country’s skilled human capital which has been the prevalent driver of change and will continue to be for years to come during this exciting age of reform.

FIGURE 105 - Symbolic illustration of the Jordan Gate incubating a partnership between the creative industries and the corporate world .

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In the process of developing a concept for the reuse of the Jordan Gate, it was of benefit to use the well-known “Five W’s” -who, what, where, when, and why- to brainstorm and question the Jordan Gate phenomenon. This process helped me pinpoint the issue of concern which I was most interested in tackling, or at least using as the starting point from which I could branch into the other issues at hand.

It also helped materialize and reconfirm the importance of this project and the reason for choosing it as my graduation project. Ultimately, this thought process, although seemingly primitive, led me to the development of the concept.

FIGURE 106 - Diagram of the “Five W’s” (who, what, where, when, and why) which aided in developing the concept of the Rox Project in a simple and straightforward manner.

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FIGURE 107 - Bubble diagram expressing the vision of the project and its different subcomponents.

The core vision of the Rox Project is to transform the Jordan Gate into is a reflection of something genuinely Jordanian.

Backing this core vision are national, urban, architectural, technical, and socioeconomic “sub-visions�, explained in the diagram above.

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Background The Creative Industry in Jordan

According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Presently, a project run by the European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC) is aiming to support these Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the creative industry creative industries.“EUNIC MENA is a long-term project “encompasses a broader range of activities which include the cultural industries plus all cultural or artistic production, initiated by EUNIC (European Union National Institutes whether live or produced as an individual unit. The creative for Culture) which is addressing the issues of Democratic industries are those in which the product or service contains a Empowerment, Cultural Policy and Creative Economy in the MENA region. It will include regional and national projects and substantial element of artistic or creative endeavor and is supported by EUNIC and the European Commission” include activities such as architecture and advertising” Aims: • To develop new approaches in cultural policy that reflect a new reality in the region and that are responsive to civil society movements • To encourage dialogue, networking and exchange • To support capacity building and professionalizing the creative sector • To support projects in the following priority areas: • From the idea to the implementation, incl. training,

coaching, financial support (running costs) (European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC))

FIGURE 108 - Poster of the “Creative Jordan” event organized

by EUNIC MENA in 2012.

Source: EUNIC

FIGURE 109 - “European Union National Institutes for Culture” logo.

Source: EUNIC

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Many Jordanian initiatives in the field of creative industries have emerged in recent times. These vary from the performing arts, to urban arts, to journalism, to production and filmmaking, to dramaturgy.

While they are growing more successful and more popular, they still lack financial support and there is little awareness on the importance and potential of the creative industries in education, culture, and as a tool for economic development.

Examples of such ventures are Dozan wa Awtar, Project Pen, An Urban Reflection, Art Medium, Aramram, and Masrah Al Share’.

FIGURE 110 - Logos of several Jordanian initiatives which fall into the creative sector.

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Local Start-Up Companies A startup is defined as a “company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model. These companies, generally newly created, are in a phase of development and research for markets.�(Blank) The number of such companies that have been established in Jordan in the past few years is astounding. Startups have become the new market trend and the promising tool for an economy boost. Examples of successful local startups are Wamda, Maktoob, Jamalon, Akhtaboot, and Tech Jordan.

FIGURE 111 - Logos of many local Jordanian start-ups, many of which are categorized as tech start-ups.

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Homegrown Inspirational Initiatives: Urdun Mubdi3 and Oasis 500 In addition to my study of the creative industry in Jordan, its growth in recent years, and investigating supporters such as EUNIC MENA, the two most influential local initiatives that inspired the Rox Project were Urdun Mubdi3 and Oasis500.

Urdun Mubdi3 is a Jordanian online initiative that aims to strengthen Jordan’s competitiveness and encourage innovation and excellence. One of the major contributors to this platform, Yusuf Mansur, a Jordanian economist and CEO of EnConsult, has written several articles and researched the potential of the creative industries in Jordan. In a 2012 article for the Jordan Times, he stated that “While creative industries hold the greatest potential for Jordan, they are still at a nascent stage and require significant efforts to enhance their competitiveness.” The Rox Project aims to maximize this potential.

Oasis500 is a “leading early stage and seed investment company” which provides training, mentorship, and business incubation for young entrepreneurs in Jordan and the MENA region (Oasis500). Focusing on IT entrepreneurship, they help passionate entrepreneurs establish start-up businesses and provide them with the initial funding and space. This idea caught my attention and I decided to implement the strategy of business mentorship and incubation into the creative industries.

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FIGURE 112 - Urdun Mubdi3 logo Source: Urdun Mubdi3

FIGURE 113 - Oasis500 logo Source: Oasis500

Proposed Archi-Business Model: Corporate-Creative Partnership

FIGURE 114 - The three most essential components of the Rox Project, capital, collaboration, and creativity, represented visually.

The diagrams above express the mechanism upon which the concept is based. Through an interaction among the corporate and human capital, entrepreneurial projects are manifested, which are then transferred to the public interface in the form of demonstration projects or public involvement. This public interface then feeds back into the human capital and the cycle is restarted. As long as corporate and human capital are available, this model will continue to be sustainable.

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FIGURE 115 - A schematic diagram of the dynamic model of work that is to occur in the towers.

Dynamic Model of Work By bringing together people from colorful professional backgrounds, a buzzing ideation atmosphere will be created. Through the exchange of ideas, one-on-one interaction, and friendly competition, the results of such interaction will be continuously fruitful. The atmosphere of such an environment breeds not only creative ideas, but ideas which are well-rounded and feasible, as they have been viewed and discussed from several different perspectives. Homegrown, innovative solutions are vital to the development of a country such as Jordan which depends highly on outside influence. This openness and transparency is reflected in an architectural sense at a later stage.

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Dialogue With The Investor The model of investment is simple and straightforward. With the existing investor (GFH) still on board the project, the financial aspect of the project is still covered.; Such an investor would encourage large, wealthy corporations to rent offices in the Jordan Gate. The intervention would like in convincing the investor to partner with a local investor who is very knowledgeable on the local market and its potential, and encourage local startups and creative industries to open offices provided by these large corporations. The larger corporations would benefit from young fresh ideas of the startups and creative industries, while the startups and creative industries would benefit from the financial capital and power of the larger corporations.

FIGURE 116 - The cycle of corporate and human capital that operates the Rox Project and ensures its success, economic sustainability, and longevity.

The diagram above is called the “Porter Model�. It is a business model which explains the relationship between corporate structure, strategy, rivalry, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and production factor conditions and how these different elements of a business benefit from the interaction with one another. This cycle creates an opportunity for maximum production and economic gain. The Porter model is a very efficient method to convince the investor how the different elements above are linked to the investment model created for the Jordan Gate.

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Intense local rivalry encourages healthy competition and innovation

Specialized pools of skills, technology, and infrastructure

Benefits from nearby mass of competitive suppliers; innovation potential high; constant flow of ideas; motivation.

High Levels of uncertainty; consumer reactions are unknown before product nor easily understood after.

FIGURE 117 - “Porter Model”, which illustrates the relationship between corporate structure, strategy, rivalry, and other conditions.

Source: “Creative Industries: Case Studies from Arab Countries”; Harabi, Najib; 2009

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Local Investor The local investor would ideally be a Jordanian business mogul, entrepreneur, or developer who is passionate about social change, has a vast understanding of the local market needs, has abundant experience in business training, and most importantly has a genuine intention and passion towards creating positive change for Jordan and supporting the youth that can drive this advancement.

The following is a list of proposed local investors that meet the mentioned criteria: • Dr. Amjad Aryan, Founder of Pharmacy 1 and the Mish 3aib initiative; Chairman of the Mazaya Investment Company; Board of Trustees in INJAZ • Dr. Usama Fayyad, founder of Oasis 500 a regional early- stage fund and entrepreneurship initiative and Chairman of d1g.com, a new generation Internet community focused on Arabic Speaking online audiences.

• Fadi Ghandour, founder and CEO of Aramex, Founding Partner of Maktoob.com, Founder of Ruwwad for Development, member of the Board of Abraaj Capital, Board Member of Injaz Al Arab

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ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

Social, Urban,& Architectural Permeability In order to reflect and contribute to a dynamic environment that fosters creative thinking and encourages interaction on an industrial and public level, the architectural sphere must be perceptually transparent, and visually (to a certain extent).

Therefore the core architectural concept of the project is “permeability�. Permeability can be defined as a visual, physical, or perceptual void that dissolves boundaries and connects people and spaces. Through spatial layering, the Jordan Gate can become a window to the city, create cultural communication, and be accessible to the public.

FIGURE 118 - 3D diagrams expressing the architectural, social, and urban permeability of the Rox Project.

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The 3D conceptual diagram on the right expresses the different layers of permeability that will be addressed in the design stages.

Starting from the ground floor, in order to create permeability with the neighborhood, the lower floors will be given back to the public, as a reflection on the original use of the site which the locals still long for. This will not only attempt to create some social justice and rebalance the division between public and private space, but will also create visual permeability.

Circulation will also be addressed in order to create interior vertical connectivity. This reiterates the vision of a dynamic, interactive, and interconnected environment and encourages users to experience the space more actively.

The work space should also encourage team work, discussion, and exchange of ideas. It will therefore be designed as an open office space, neglecting the traditional local office plan which segregates office departments and isolates employees from one another.

And finally, the faรงade should also be treated in a way that may not literally be permeable, but may alter the image to one that is less invasive, intrusive, and alien, hence crafting permeability and transparency in a figurative sense.

FIGURE 119 - Conceptual diagram expressing the different layers of permeability in the Rox Project.

FIGURE 120 - Sketches representing the ideas of permeability.

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FIGURE 121 - 3D diagram showing the opportunities in the context of the site that allow for interaction between the Rox Project and the neighborhood, as a start to its interaction with the city.

There are several buildings and functions in context which could kick-start the interaction with the public. These institutions and organizations could be involved in the activities and initiatives of the enterprises, which would later encourage other similar institutions in different parts of the city to also take part.

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PROGRAM AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS Comprehensive Bubble Diagram

FIGURE 122 - Comprehensive bubble diagram for all the functions and spaces in the Rox Project and their interaction with the public interface.

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Spatial Programs (Preliminary) Percentage

Area (sq m)

Zone A: Corporations

15 %

30,000

Zone B: Startup businesses

25 %

50,000

Zone C: Creative Industries

25 %

50,000

Shared spaces

5%

10,000

Public zones

10%

20,000

Parking

15%

30,000

Services

5%

10,000

Total

200,000

FIGURE 123 - General Program Percentage

Area (sq m)

Percentage

Area (sq m)

Traditional corporate

15 %

7,500

Offices

60 %

180,000

Tech startups

20 %

10,000

Storage rooms

5%

1500

Social enterprises

20 %

10,000

Social networking

15 %

7500

Meeting rooms

15 %

4500

Storage rooms

5%

2500

Kitchen

10 %

3,000

Meeting rooms

10 %

5000

Kitchen

5%

2500

WCs

10 %

3,000

WCs

10 %

5000

Total

30,000

FIGURE 124 - Program for Zone A: Corporations

100

Total

50,000

FIGURE 125 - Program for Zone B: Start-Up Businesses

Percentage

Area (sq m)

Visual Arts (drawing studios, sculpting room, pottery room)

10 %

5,000

Performing arts (dance studio, drama room, music hall)

15 %

7500

Media (publishing, press, creative writing, film, TV, radio)

10 %

5,000

Functional creations (handicrafts, jewelry, fashion)

10 %

5,000

New media (video games, software)

10 %

5,000

Creative services (advertising, recreational services, marketing

10 %

5,000

Cultural heritage (festivals & celebrations, arts & crafts, event management)

10 %

Meeting rooms

Percentage

Area (sq m)

Patents & Copyright

5%

500

Research & development

15 %

1500

Training & Mentoring

15 %

1500

Recruitment

5%

500

Ideation Labs

10 %

1000

Employee lounges

10 %

1000

Conference hall

5%

500

Cafeteria

5%

500

Auditorium

5%

500

Theatre

10 %

1000

Concert hall

15 %

1500

Total

10,000

FIGURE 127 - Shared Spaces Percentage

Area (sq m)

Public park

20 %

4000

Public library

30 %

6000

Exhibition areas

15 %

3000

5,000

Community center

15 %

3000

15 %

7500

Product testing area

20 %

4000

Kitchen

5%

2500

WCS

5%

2500

Total

FIGURE 126 - Program for Zone C: Creative Industries

Total

20,000

50,000

FIGURE 128 - Public Zones

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HISTORY OF OPEN PLAN OFFICES: CASE STUDIES & ANALYSIS

FIGURE 129 - Timeline showing the History of Open Plan Offices

In line with the idea of creating an interactive, dynamic office environment to facilitate the exchange of ideas and intersectoral collaboration, I conducted a study of the history of open plan offices, starting from Sullivan’s 1890 Wainwright Building to more contemporary designs such as Gehry’s 1997 Chiat/Day Building. I also looked at more recent examples such as the PwC Building by Foster + Partners (2010) for a more up-to-date example of a 21st century open plan office. After much research nd analysis, it became apparent that the most significant and relevant project was Herman Hertzberger’s 1970 Central Beheer.

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Case Study: Central Beheer

FIGURE 131 - Bird’s eye view photo of Central Beheer.

FIGURE 130 - Architectural drawings of Central Beheer, showing the the floor plans, axonometric diagram, and detail drawing.

Central Beheer is an office building in Apeldoorn, Holland designed by Herman Hertzerberger in 1970. The concept behind the project was to create an interactive office space that allowed for team collaboration and strengthened ties between colleagues. A revolutionary concept at the time, it meant to encourage the users to personalize their own workspace and purposely left the interior arrangements up to the users to give them a sense of responsibility for their space. Hertzrberger even designed niche which users could use to display their personal belongings.

Source: Lessons for Students of Architecture, Hertzberger

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FIGURE 132 - Photos of the interior of Central Beheer.

Source: Lessons for Students of Architecture, Hertzberger

FIGURE 133 - Conceptual diagrams of Central Beheer.

Source: Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

The building blocks of Central Beheer are 9 x 9 m modules with a buffer space of 2 m between them. The grouping of the modular cubes follows a criterion of “free grouping” -up to nine modules in depth.

The philosophy followed in order to create this dynamic environment was designing a space of creative interaction within a structured environment, similar to the game of chess. Another influence was the design of cities; Central Beheer is comparable to a city in that it is a “working town” composed of smaller quarters cooperating to ensure the success of the whole city. The response of the users was excellent as they proceeded to add their personal touches to the office space and became very attached to the environment

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Other Case Studies

FIGURE 134 - Photos of Safdie’s Habitat 67.

Source: The Coolist

FIGURE 135 - Perspective 3D model of Safdie’s Habitat 67.

Source: Arkitectos Blogspot

FIGURE 136 - 3D model of Loos’s Villa Müller.

Source: Adolf Loos SDC

In addition to Hertzberger’s creative office design, the Rox Project benefitted from two other architectural giants.

The first is Moshie Safdie, whose 1967 Habitat 67 served as an influence for the cubic architectural language and the combination of modular units to create creative volumes and vertical connections.

As for the third architectural genius, Adolf Loos and his Raumplan ideals also played a role in the development of my project. The Modernist Villa Müller was designed by Loos with focus on spaces and not with the conventional use of plans, elevations, and sections.

FIGURE 137 - Conceptual diagram of Loos’s Villa Müller and the Source: KieranKartunArch1201 Blogspot Raumplan ideals.

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CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS

In line with the three case studies mentioned in previous section, I developed a three-tier diagram based on the use of modular units to create a lively, multilayered “creative working city”. Following the Raumplan ideals, I designed starting with spaces and not with 2D plans, sections, and elevations.

The individual unit or pod represents public interactive space which is duplicated and combined in different ways to form a volumetric, dynamic environment.

The basic “cube” unit serves to achieve three basic goals: creation of different volumes and spaces, shading of the facade, and the creation of additional space that extend from the existing structure.

FIGURE 138 - Diagram showing the three goals achieved by the use of the modular unit as the building block of the Rox Project.

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Transitioning from the conceptual stage to a more physical manifestation, I began by setting a modular unit within the dimensions of the existing columns with a span of 9 m. Using a module of 9 m x 9 m x 9 m, this ideation cube was the basis of my work.

These “ideation cubes� are most dense at the lower floors where the podium and gallery is located and disperse gradually at upper levels. Although interaction is encouraged at all levels of the towers, the essential goal of inclusive public involvement manifests at the lower levels where the products, ideas, and other innovations of the employees are displayed in a public gallery.

This dissemination of the cubes also creates a symbolic image of the city attacking the Jordan Gate with its creativity and taking over this stagnant icon.

FIGURE 139 - Diagram showing the vertical dissipation of the ideation cubes on the towers.

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DESIGN Overview After setting the 9 x 9 x 9 m modular unit, the next step was implementing this concept to the whole design structurally, functionally, and aesthetically.

Seeing as the Jordan Gate is built on a core structure, it is very difficult, and not feasible, to attempt much alteration of this supporting skeleton. Therefore, the extensions made were achieved by the addition of the modular units to the faรงade as a mainly volumetric enhancement that drastically alters the conventional, rigid office floor plan. The other advantages of these additions are the shading of the existing glazed faรงade, which is inefficient in a hot country like Jordan, the creation of more intimate working spaces that maximize the output and success of work, mounting screens on the modular units as a marketing scheme for the creative industries, and the creation of verandas on the roofs of these units. Moreover, they add an aesthetic appeal to the boxy towers and make them less monolithic as they break up their verticality into multiple units.

As you go up the towers, the number of modular units decreases as does the depth or protrusion of each unit, implying the gradual decrease of public space. This was decided for structural reasons as it becomes more difficult FIGURE 140 - Preliminary sketches representing the ideas of modular units combining to create a creative vertical metropolis.

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FIGURE 141 - West Elevation

109

FIGURE 142 - Site plan of the Rox Project.

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to create structural support for these extensions as you go higher up in level since there is not as much construction at the base of these units. In addition to serving as office space for employees, spaces for visiting students or other individuals are integrated within the same office space.

As these units functionally and visually act as the creative working units, they not only climb up the towers but also extend to the lower floors, where they become the medium of interaction between these creative industries and the public sphere. The podium was redesigned using this idea of descending modular units. This “pixilated” podium houses a public gallery, product testing zone, seminar rooms, study area, café, and reception in order to attract youth and other uses interested in the creative world.

FIGURE 143 - Cafe on the southern end of the Rox Project.

In order to create a more welcoming entrance, a portion of the lower levels was stripped of its glass façade and turned into a shaded open plaza where people can gather on a daily basis and where events can be held on special occasions.

Furthermore, there is a small amphitheatre near the entrance which can be used for musical or other performing events.

FIGURE 144 - Perspective rendering of the Rox Project.

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FIGURE 145 - Podium plan

112

FIGURE 146 - Section AA

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The entrances of the project have been raised and can be reached via three staircases. The central one leads to the main gallery and display area, the northern one leads to a zone for external training or workshops and a gift shop, while the southern entrance opens up to a study and cafĂŠ area.

With the advantage of a polygonal roof instead of the sloped one of the original design, the roof was turned into a raised terrace lined with vegetation and shading elements. This creates a second level of interaction complementing the shaded area below it. A space for employees to get some fresh air and interact on a daily basis and an opportunity for outdoor events, it is a multifunctional space that adds a more human scale to the project. Furthermore, it acts as a connection between the two towers, allowing users to move more comfortably between them.

FIGURE 147 - South Elevation of the Rox Project

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The image top left shows a raised path that leads to the central staircase in front of the main entrance.

As for the image bottom left, this perspective view shows the podium’s roof terrace, characterized by its balconies, vegetation, leveled paths, and skylights. This space not only bridges between the two towers, but also acts as an event and gathering space, mirroring the public space on ground level.

FIGURE 149 - Rendering of a secondary staircase leading to the entrance of the raised podium.

FIGURE 150 - Aerial view of the raised podium and roof terrace connecting the two towers.

Lastly, in the rendering bottom right, one can see the three primary entrances, each reached by a set of steps. The central steps lead to the main gallery and can also be used to access the two other entrances. The space under the raised podium acts as a public plaza on a daily basis, and as an event space on special occasions.

FIGURE 148 - Rendering of the main entrance to the Rox Project.

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Volumetric, Interactive Office Design Since the Rox Project is a business incubator, one of the main focuses of the work was on the office unit. In order to give an idea of the connection between different spaces, a three level system was designed to act as a prototype for the rest of the floors, with the possibility of making modifications at different levels.

The most important aspect was to ensure that investors, funding corporations, and mentoring start-up businesses are not separated from the entrepreneurs and innovators coming to start their own creative business. Therefore, on one of the sides of the tower, a triple volume atrium is created which allows for visual connection between individuals on different levels. With the slanted glass faรงade on the modular additions, it also allows for indirect light to illuminate the open space. This would allow, for example, a business man from Aramex, to constantly be up to date on the work being done by a young visual artist.

116

FIGURE 151 - Typical tower floor plans of the Rox Project.

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FIGURE 152 - Section BB in perspective showing the interior volumes of the interactive office space.

118

Such a project also demanded many different types of spaces to keep people motivated; therefore there are spaces for working, ideation, leisure, relaxation and break time, casual gathering areas, verandas, cafeteria, and private meeting rooms for the quieter work. Even smaller details such as a whiteboard where people can share ideas are designed, in addition to the use of partitions to allow for more flexibility in dividing the space.

As mentioned previously, the modular additions act as a shading device for the floors beneath them. However, since not all areas of the faรงade can be solved with this technique, other measures were taken to tackle the problem of solar radiation and overheating.

The first treatment implemented was a colestra-like faรงade on the areas of the original glazing where there is no shading provided by a modular unit on a higher floor. Following the idea of this pixilated pattern, a shading system is created which decreases the amount of sunlight entering the building, while on the interior of the building simultaneously acting as storage space, closets, desk space, and shelves. This achieves the goal of allowing the users to personalize their space by displaying personal belongings and deciding how to decorate their work space.

FIGURE 153 - Elevation detail of the colestra -nspired shading.

119

FIGURE 154 - Sectional perspective of the multi-level office unit showing the different workspace features.

120

FIGURE 155 - Eastern view of the Rox Project in the urban context of Amman showing its proximity to the Crowne Plaza Hotel and the Sixth Circle.

The second was a simple treatment of tilting the glass façade on these extension units to achieve indirect lighting. In other places, such as the triple volume, the bottom floors are not glazed but receive sunlight from a glazed façade on the uppermost floor of this atrium. As shown in the “Shading System” diagram, the tilting of the glass on each side of the building is treated differently in order to avoid direct sunlight. This will be elaborated on in the following section entitled Comprehensive Green Systems.

121

Comprehensive “Green” Systems Solar Chimney

other hand, during the summer season, the windows can be opened in the atrium to let in the prevailing western The solar chimney is the most essential and dominant element in the Rox Project. With a solar chimney on each of winds and naturally cool the building, after which the hot air the towers located at the ends opposite from the direction of escapes through the solar chimney on the southeastern side. the prevailing winds, it is a tool which gives the excess warm air access to the outside of the building. The solar chimneys Southeastern Atrium are also covered with PVC cells to facilitate the natural Double volume space creates visual interaction between movement of air outside the building through pressure coworkers and the southeastern staircase provides connection difference. between office neighborhoods.

Photovoltaic Panels

The PVC cells covering the solar chimney will cause it to heat up, which will aid in creating a pressure difference between the outside and inside of the building, and in turn will pull the excess air upwards to be released from the chimney.

Furthermore, the PVC cells will create renewable energy as an alternative for conventional sources of energy. There are also additional PVC cells located on the southwestern side of the solar chimney which could be used to help in powering the screens on the building facade.

Northwestern Atrium

During the winter season, air is preconditioned in the glazed northwestern atrium before entering work space. On the

122

Facade Rainwater Collection

In the case of a high rise project such as this one, the area of the roof is very small in proportion to the height of the building, making rooftop rainwater collection inadequate.

Therefore, the facade is used to collect the majority of the rainwater instead. A series of horizontal transoms and vertical mullions are fixed to the original structural system which eventually direct the water to a basement storage tank. The horizontal transoms can be compared to a series of roofline gutters; however in this case, these “gutters” are not only located on the roof but on the slab of each floor. As for the rooftop collection, the roof will be inclined in the direction of the tank, which is connected to the water feature in the northwestern atrium.

FIGURE 156 - Comprehensive Diagram of Green Systems used designed in the Rox Project.

123

Furthermore, the vertical mullions are fixed to the original structure and the horizontal transoms are fixed to the vertical mullions. Also, the horizontal transoms are open to capture as much rainwater as possible; afterwards, the collected water is directed towards openings in the vertical mullions, which lead to the storage tank.

Hydroelectric Power Generation

This system takes advantage of the height of the towers and the potential of kinetic energy to create electricity. After the rainwater is collected on the facade and transferred to the vertical mullions, it then moves down towards the rainwater storage tank. Before reaching this tank, the water will run past a turbine at the end of each vertical mullion which converts the energy of the moving rainwater into electricity.

The turbines are connected to a generator and transformer in order to store the electricity created. The water in the rainwater storage tank can be used for irrigating the landscape or can be pumped back up the building to be used for utilities such as toilet flushing.

Public Transportation and Parking

In the figure entitled Comprehensive Diagram of Green Systems, the map in the bottom right shows the plots of land that the designers of the Jordan Gate, Consolidated

124

Consultants (CC), are considering acquiring and converting to parking space (highlighted in yellow). The Rox Project would take advantage of this acquired land, which is aligned with the already existing public transportation route,to provide space for company and public busses that park and drop off employees and visitors here. This would decrease the dependence on cars to reach the site, and therefore decrease traffic congestion and pollution from motor vehicle emissions.

Water Feature

Collects water from a rooftop water catchment and is connected to a storage tank in the basement. This tank also contains turbine which will create energy as a result of the rushing water’s kinetic energy. It also acts as a pleasant aesthetic feature.

LED Lighting

LED lighting backs up the natural sunlight to provide a good working environment and save energy.

FIGURE 157 - Section CC drawn in perspective to to show the green systems at the office level.

125

FIGURE 158 - Shading system used in the Rox Project.

Shading System: Modular Extensions

The modular additions act as extensions of the existing floor plan to create more flexible office space and alter the centralization around the core structure. In addition to shading the glass facade of the towers, some of their roofs act as balconies. Other units have screens mounted on them to advertise projects being worked on by the industries and events taking place. The screens also serve to keep the towers alive during the dark evening hours.

126

CONCLUSION

When I chose to tackle the Jordan Gate for my graduation project, I knew I was in for an exciting challenge. Working on such a project has taught me about high rise architecture, environmentally responsive design, the history of office design, adaptive reuse, social inclusivity, economic opportunities, and of course, the creative industry in Jordan.

It stretched my capabilities in critical thinking, sustainable design, and architectural problem solving. While there is still much to learn and, as is naturally the case in the world of architecture, always room for improvement and development, I believe that after a year of hard work, I have managed to come far.

Regardless of the final result, the Rox Project was first and foremost an exceptional learning opportunity which I did my best to take advantage of. Having passionately put my all into this project and this document, it will remain a remarkable experience and unforgettable memory of my last year at the German Jordanian University.

Many thanks for taking the time to go through the journey of the Rox Project: Urdun Mubdi3 Manifested.

And that’s a wrap!

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APPROVAL & COMMITMENT TO ETHICAL STANDARDS & INTEGRITY I declare my full acknowledgment of GJU laws, bylaws, regulations, and decisions that are currently followed. I certify to have personally prepared my graduation project on my own with integrity and abided by ethical standards in preparing graduation projects; i.e., I did not receive any assistant in preparing the designs, rendering and presentation, model making, computer visualizations and animation, etc., by anyone other than my supervisor and the technical support team at GJU. I also declare that my graduation project was not plagiarized from other projects, books, journals, or any other source. In compliance with the above information I hold myself fully responsible if my graduation project breaches the above. GJU’s Deans Council has the right to revoke the decision of granting me the scientific degree and to withdraw the certificate and approve a statement of “annulled certificate” to be recorded on all documents on my academic record.

Student name: Ru’a Al-Abweh

Signature:

Date: 05 / 10 /2013

128

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APPENDICES

134

Overview of Supplementary Material Attached to this document are additional maps, diagrams, and photos that serve for a deeper understanding of the site, background information, and the discourse surrounding the Jordan Gate. Appendix C contains a collection of case studies and analysis which aided in the understanding of my project, the development of the concept, and inspiring solutions for environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

The following is a list of all the supplementary data: Appendix A: In Depth Site Analysis and Background Research

A.1: Data on Historically Significant High Rise Architecture in Amman

A.2: Climate Data

A.3: Circulation and Street Networks

A.4: Mapping Building Types Around the Site

Appendix B: Case Studies B.1: Bario Tower: Socially Responsive Skyscraper; Mexico City, Mexico B.2: Petroleum Tower: Adaptive Reuse as a Tool for Community Renewal; Shreveport, Louisiana, USA B.3: Manitoba Hydro Place: Environmentally Responsive High Rise Building; Winnipeg, Canada B.4: Embassy of the Netherlands: Locally Sustainable Solutions; Amman, Jordan Appendix C: Photographic Documentation of the Jordan Gate

A-1

List of Figures (Appendices) FIGURE a.1 - Photo of the Insurance Building in Jabal Amman. ����������������������������������������������������������� A-6 FIGURE a.2 - Photo of Housing Bank Complex (Iskan Bank). ��������������������������������������������������������������������� A-7 FIGURE a.3 - Photo of The Tower (Al-Burj). ����������������� A-7 FIGURE a.5 - Photo of Le Royal Hotel ������������������������� A-8 FIGURE a.4 - Photo of Zara Expo Trade Center. ������������� A-8 FIGURE a.6 - Photo of the Jordan Gate towers. ������������� A-9 FIGURE a.7 - Photo of the Emaar Towers. ������������������� A-10 FIGURE a.8 - Photo of the Capital Tower. ������������������� A-10 FIGURE a.9 - Graphs showing a climate summary for the capital Amman, including wind, temperature, and sunlight. �������������������������������������������������������������������� A-11 FIGURE a.10 - Relative Humidity and Diurnal Weather Averages ���������������������������������������������������������� A-12 FIGURE a.11 - January: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ��� A-13 FIGURE a.13 - March: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ����� A-13 FIGURE a.12 - February: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality �� A-13 FIGURE a.14 - April: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ������� A-13 FIGURE a.15 - May: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality �������� A-14 FIGURE a.17 - July: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ������� A-14 FIGURE a.16 - June: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ������� A-14

A-2

FIGURE a.18 - August: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ���� A-14 FIGURE a.19 - September: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality A-15 FIGURE a.21 - November: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality A-15 FIGURE a.20 - October: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality ��� A-15 FIGURE a.22 - December: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality A-15 FIGURE a.23 - Psychrometric chart showing the suitable design techniques that can mitigate differing temperature situations in Amman. ������������������������������������������� A-16 FIGURE a.24 - Psychrometric chart showing the suitable design techniques that can mitigate differing temperature situations in Amman. ������������������������������������������� A-17 FIGURE a.25 - Map of Zahran Corridor ����������������������� A-18 FIGURE a.26 - Map of King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street ��� A-19 FIGURE a.27 - Map of Amra Street ��������������������������� A-20 FIGURE a.28 - Map of the old layout of Amra Street ����� A-21 FIGURE a.29 - Map of the new layout of Amra Street ���� A-21 FIGURE a.31 - Map of the 6th circle junction. ������������� A-22 FIGURE a.30 - Aerial view of the 6th circle junction and the traffic directions. ��������������������������������������� A-22 FIGURE a.32 - Map of Al Madinah Al Munawrah Street ���� A-23 FIGURE a.33 - Map of Al Madinah Al Munawrah Street intersection with Zahran Corridor and the traffic directions.

�������������������������������������������������������������������� A-24 FIGURE a.34 - Map of Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street ������������������������������������������������������������� A-25 FIGURE a.35 - Map of Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street intersection. ��������������������������������������������� A-26 FIGURE a.36 - Mapping building types to the west of the site. / Photography: © Munther Abu Hmeidan �������������������� A-27 FIGURE a.37 - Mapping building types to the north of the site. / Photography: © Munther Abu Hmeidan ������������� A-28 FIGURE a.38 - Mapping building types to the east of the site. / Photography: © Munther Abu Hmeidan �������������������� A-29 FIGURE a.39 - Mapping building types to the south of the site. / Photography: © Munther Abu Hmeidan ������������� A-30 FIGURE a.40 - Photos of building type “Low Rise Ammani Apartment Building” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan ����������� A-31 FIGURE a.41 - Photos of building type “Commercial Building” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan ������������������������������������� A-32 FIGURE a.42 - Photos of building type “Contemporary Ammani Villa” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan ������������������ A-33 FIGURE a.43 - 3D rendering of Bario Tower in Mexico City, Mexico ������������������������������������������������������������ A-34 FIGURE a.44 - Sketch of Eduardo Goronze’s Bario Tower. A-34 FIGURE a.45 - 3D rendering of Bario tower in the urban context of Mexico City. ���������������������������������������� A-35

FIGURE a.46 - Maps of Mexico City analyzing the density of residents per square meter, percentage of green areas, and levels of marginalization. ��������������������������������������� A-36 FIGURE a.47 - Sectional zoning of Bario Tower. ������������� A-37 FIGURE a.48 - Section showing “green” solutions developed for Bario Tower. �������������������������������������������������������� A-37 FIGURE a.49 - 3D rendered images of the exterior and interior public spaces of Bario Tower, reflecting the social inclusivity of the project. �������������������������������������������������������� A-38 FIGURE a.50 - Photo of the Petroleum Tower in Shreveport, Louisiana. ��������������������������������������������������������� A-39 FIGURE a.51 - Logo of “Community Renewal International”, a nonprofit organization working towards the reduction of social isolation in distressed areas. ������������������������������������ A-40 FIGURE a.52 - Exploded axonometric used to study the existing facade of the Shreveport Petroleum Tower. �������� A-41 FIGURE a.53 - 3D rendering of the Petroleum Tower, showing the use of vegetation on the facade and roof. ��������������� A-41 FIGURE a.54 - Photo of an event organized by “Community Renewal International”, the nonprofit organization which operates from the Petroleum Tower in Shreveport, Louisiana. ���������������������������������������������������������������������� A-42 FIGURE a.55 - Photo of Manitoba Hydro Place, an environmentally and socially responsive building in Winnipeg,

A-3

Canada. / © Paul Hultberg ������������������������������������ A-43 FIGURE a.56 - Diagram expressing the design strategy of Maintoba Hydro Place to replace excessive use of active energy systems with passive energy systems. �������������� A-44 FIGURE a.57 - Photo of Manitoba Hydro Place in the neighborhood context of Winnipeg. �������������������������� A-44 FIGURE a.58 - Photo of a meeting as a part of the Integrated Design Process (IDP) followed in the design of Manitoba Hydro Place. ����������������������������������������������������� A-45 FIGURE a.59 - Aerial photo of the site and the nearby Red River. �������������������������������������������������������������� A-46 FIGURE a.60 - Site plan of Maintoba Hydro Place. ��������� A-46 FIGURE a.61 - 3D diagram showing the “green” solutions implemented in Manitoba Hydro Place, a combination of passsive and active energy systems. ������������������������� A-47 FIGURE a.62 - Typical tower floor plan in Manitoba Hydro Place �������������������������������������������������������������� A-48 FIGURE a.63 - Typical tower office section in Manitoba Hydro Place. ������������������������������������������������������������� A-49 FIGURE a.64 - 3D diagrams showing the ventilation solutions developed for Manitoba Hydro Place. ����������������������� A-50 FIGURE a.65 - Diagrams showing the ventilation patterns using a typical mixed ventilation system in comparison with the displacement ventilation technique used in Maintoba

A-4

Hydro Place. ������������������������������������������������������� A-51 FIGURE a.66 - Photo of the vertical circulation and six-floor atrium connecting the offices in Manitoba Hydro Place. / © Eduard Hueber ���������������������������������������������������� A-52 FIGURE a.67 - Diagrams explaining the atrium water features used in Manitoba Hydro Place. ��������������������������������� A-52 FIGURE a.68 - Section of the solar chimney, one of the most important features of Manitoba Hydro Place. ���������������� A-53 FIGURE a.69 - Section of the solar chimney, one of the most important features of Manitoba Hydro Place. ���������������� A-53 FIGURE a.70 - Photo of the glazed facade of Manitoba Hydro Place. ��������������������������������������������������������������� A-54 FIGURE a.71 - Photo of the materials used in the facade of Manitoba Hydro Place. ������������������������������������������� A-54 FIGURE a.72 - Photo of the outdoor public space on the southern side of Manitoba Hydro Place. ���������������������� A-55 FIGURE a.73 - Comparative diagram showing the energy consumption of a typical office building and of Manitoba Hydro place. ��������������������������������������������������������������� A-55 FIGURE a.74 - Photo of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman, Jordan designed by Rudy Uytenhaak Architects. / © Pieter Kers ��������������������������������������������������������� A-56 FIGURE a.75 - Photo of the main entrance of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers ���������������� A-57

FIGURE a.76 - Photo of the curvilinear wall surrounding the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers ������� A-57 FIGURE a.77 - Series of 3D diagrams explaining the step-by step process of renovation and renewal in order to transform a villa in Amman into the Embassy of the Netherlands. ������������������ A-58 FIGURE a.78 - Ground floor plan of the Embassy of the Netherlands with reference photos. /Plan: Consolidated Consulants (CC), Photography: © Pieter Kers ��������������������� A-59 FIGURE a.79 - Photo showing the skylight which illuminates the central hall of the Embassy of the Netherlands. / © Pieter Kers �������������������������������������������������������������������������� A-60 FIGURE a.80 - Comprehensive diagram explaining all the “green” techniques used in the Embassy of the Netherlands. ����������� A-61 FIGURE a.81 - Cross section of the Embassy of the Netherlands with reference photos. ���������������������������������������������� A-62 FIGURE a.82 - Photos of the parasol shading system used in the Embassy of the Netherlands and inspired by the local tradition of Bedouin tents. / © Pieter Kers ����������������������������������� A-63 FIGURE a.83 - Photo of the decorative detail on the stone wall surrounding the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers ��������������������������������������������������������������������� A-64 FIGURE a.84 - Landscaping plan of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman following water conservation measures. ������������� A-64

A-5

Appendix A: In-Depth Site Analysis & Background Research Appendix A.1: Data on Historically Significant High Rise Architecture in Amman Insurance Building Program: Offices Architect: Khalil Khouri Client: Middle East Insurance Company Structural System: Post and beam Material: concrete and granite facade Significance: one of the first International Style Buildings; changed the skyline of Amman. “represented a genuine exemplar of how high rise buildings meet the ground with an ever flowing urban space that challenges topography and yet contributes positively to the site.” – Dr. Rami Daher, Amman’s Vanishing Legacy of Modernity

FIGURE a.1 - Photo of the Insurance Building in Jabal Amman.

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Housing Bank Complex (Iskan Bank)

The Tower (Al-Burj)

Program: Offices and commercial space

Program: Office space

Material: concrete Significance: Remains one of the most unique corporate buildings in Amman and is a prominent icon ; one of the first attempts to integrate greenery into the building design.

FIGURE a.2 - Photo of Housing Bank Complex (Iskan Bank).

Structural System: concrete and steel Significance: Early example of an international style high rise office building

FIGURE a.3 - Photo of The Tower (Al-Burj).

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Zara Expo Trade Center Program: exhibition space, commercial space, offices Architect: SOM (USA) Client: Amman Tourist Investment Company Structural System: Post and beam Material: concrete and steel Significance: example of a high rise, contemporary building that does not disrupt the city fabric with the low altitude of the site.

Le Royal Hotel Program: Commercial and corporate space Material: Stone

FIGURE a.5 - Photo of Le Royal Hotel

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Significance: Changed Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyline and one of the first landmarks.

FIGURE a.4 - Photo of Zara Expo Trade Center.

Jordan Gate Program: Commercial, corporate Architect: CC Consolidated Consultants Client: Bayan Holding, Gulf Finance House Structural System: Core structure Material: steel and glass Significance: Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new Ammani landmark and a symbol of economic crisis, understudied planning, and incorrect choice of site.

FIGURE a.6 - Photo of the Jordan Gate towers.

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Emaar Towers

Capital Tower

Program: office spaces Material: concrete and steel

Program: offices Architect: Foster + Partners

Significance: Representative of the start of Gulf investment and real estate projects in Jordan .

Client: Capital Bank of Jordan Structural System: Core structure Material: Steel and glass Significance: Tallest building in Amman; the new face of real estate developments in Jordan in terms of design, structure, material, and developer discourse.

FIGURE a.7 - Photo of the Emaar Towers.

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FIGURE a.8 - Photo of the Capital Tower.

Appendix A.2: Climate Data

FIGURE a.9 - Graphs showing a climate summary for the capital Amman, including wind, temperature, and sunlight. *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.10 - Relative Humidity and Diurnal Weather Averages *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.11 - January: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.12 - February: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.13 - March: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.14 - April: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

*The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.15 - May: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.16 - June: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.17 - July: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.18 - August: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

*The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.19 - September: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.20 - October: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.21 - November: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

FIGURE a.22 - December: Comfort & Thermal Neutrality

*The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.23 - Psychrometric chart showing the suitable design techniques that can mitigate differing temperature situations in Amman. *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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FIGURE a.24 - Psychrometric chart showing the suitable design techniques that can mitigate differing temperature situations in Amman. *The climate diagrams were obtained by inputting weather data files into Autodesk Ecotect Analysis.

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Appendix A.3: Circulation and Street Networks

FIGURE a.25 - Map of Zahran Corridor

Zahran Corridor Capacity:6000 v/h/d Average flow rate: 5600 v/h/d Road width: 10.5-11.25 m /direction with a narrow median of 1.5 m Sidewalk width: 1.5-2.5 m Parking is strictly prohibited along the road and the general pavement condition is good.

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FIGURE a.26 - Map of King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street

King Faisal Ibn Abdel Aziz Street ZahCapacity:1500v/h/d Average flow rate: 2100v/h/d Road width is 10.5-11.25 m /direction with a narrow median of 7 m Sidewalk width is 1.5-2.5 m The general pavement condition is fair and parking is permitted along the road.

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FIGURE a.27 - Map of Amra Street

Amra Street Capacity:1250v/h/d Average flow rate: 1000 v/h Road width: 6.5 m (one way) Sidewalk width is 1.2 m at the south side and the general pavement condition is poor.

Parking is strictly prohibited along the road.

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Site

Twin Tower Traffic Impact Study, Dar Al-Handasa,2005

FIGURE a.28 - Map of the old layout of Amra Street

Amra Street Old Plan The old plan shows an intersection between Najran Street and double-laned Amra Street. This resulted in relatively high. eastbound traffic along Amra Street. Therefore, it was recommended that the double lane be merged into a single channel.

Twin Tower Traffic Impact Study, Dar Al-Handasa,2005 FIGURE a.29 - Map of the new layout of Amra Street Site

Amra Street New Plan With the street width reduced to half its orginal size, the northern lane was integrated with the Jordan Gate site, creating an even greater traffic dilemma.

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Basemap source: Google Earth Site

Twin Tower Traffic Impact Study, Dar Al-Handasa,2005

FIGURE a.31 - Map of the 6th circle junction.

FIGURE a.30 - Aerial view of the 6th circle junction and the traffic directions.

Basemap source: Google Earth

6th Circle Junction The 6th Circle junction is one of the most important roundabouts along Zahran Street.

It has three levels, consisting of two perpendicular tunnels and the main street above.

Traffic volume using this junction during the peak hours are very high.

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FIGURE a.32 - Map of Al Madinah Al Munawrah Street

Al Madina Al Munawarah Street Capacity:6000/h/d Average flow rate: 5700v/h/d Road width:10.5-11.25 m /direction with a narrow median 0.7 m Sidewalk width: 1.5-2.5 m The general pavement condition is fair and parking is permitted along the road.

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FIGURE a.33 - Map of Al Madinah Al Munawrah Street intersection with Zahran Corridor and the traffic directions.

Basemap source: Google Earth

Al Madinah Al Munawarah Street Intersection With Zahran Corridor

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FIGURE a.34 - Map of Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street

Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street Hikmat Al Masri Street is a single, two-way local distributor which is 10.5 m in width. Adjacent to this street are sidewalks on either side, which are 2.5- 3.0 m wide. Parking is permitted along both sides of the road.

Najran Street is also a single, two-way a local distributor, which is10 m in width. Adjacent to this street are sidewalks on either side, which are 2.8-3.0 m wide. Parking is permitted along both sides .

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Site

Twin Tower Traffic Impact Study, Dar Al-Handasa,2005

FIGURE a.35 - Map of Hikmat Al Masri Street and Najran Street intersection.

Intersection of Hikmat Al Masri Street with Najran Street Hikmat Al Masri Street is located on the northern boundary of the site and is considered a single, two-way local distributor which serves the residential neighborhood and San Rock Hotel. It serves as one of the main entrances to the site of the Jordan Gate. Najran Street is located to the western boundary of the project and is considered a local road which serves the site directly. In addition, it has a longitudinal slope of more than 5%.

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Appendix A.4: Mapping Building Types Around the Site

FIGURE a.36 - Mapping building types to the west of the site. / Photography: Š Munther Abu Hmeidan

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FIGURE a.37 - Mapping building types to the north of the site. / Photography: Š Munther Abu Hmeidan

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FIGURE a.38 - Mapping building types to the east of the site. / Photography: Š Munther Abu Hmeidan

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FIGURE a.39 - Mapping building types to the south of the site. / Photography: Š Munther Abu Hmeidan

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FIGURE a.40 - Photos of building type “Low Rise Ammani Apartment Building” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan

Low Rise Ammani Apartment Building

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FIGURE a.41 - Photos of building type “Commercial Building” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan

Commercial Building

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FIGURE a.42 - Photos of building type “Contemporary Ammani Villa” / © Munther Abu Hmeidan

Contemporary Ammani Villa

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Appendix B: Case Studies Appendix B.1: Bario Tower - Socially Responsive Skyscraper

FIGURE a.43 - 3D rendering of Bario Tower in Mexico City, Mexico Source: A-001 Taller de Arquitectura

Location: Mexico City, Mexico Year of Completion: --- (conceptual) Architect: Eduardo Goronze (A-001 Taller de Arquitectura) Total area: 250,000 square meters Function: Public skyscraper and cultural tower

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FIGURE a.44 - Sketch of Eduardo Goronzeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bario Tower.

Source: A-001 Taller de Arquitectura

FIGURE a.45 - 3D rendering of Bario tower in the urban context of Mexico City.

Source: A-001 Taller de Arquitectura

Design Philosophy “Skyscrapers are lies. They rise towards new heights, yet invite only an elite into their levitating reality. They, supposedly, stand for the materialization of a country´s development, a translation of its economical strength. However, they continually deceive us into believing all people rise with them, when, for most of us, they are mainly a visual ornament (inside of which a few pair of eyes survey our floor-level living).”

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FIGURE a.46 - Maps of Mexico City analyzing the density of residents per square meter, percentage of green areas, and levels of marginalization.

Source: Sal Creativos

Problems Tackled • Lack of public space per inhabitant • Insufficient parking space • Scarce interaction between people from different socio economical levels who share a defined territory within the city

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Auditorium Auditorium foyer Golf range

26 levels, 330 m

Museum Open forum Media library Skate park and parkour Sports Club Pavilions & workshop classrooms Day care Access plaza

12 levels parking

FIGURE a.47 - Sectional zoning of Bario Tower.

Source: Robles Martínez

Goals

Access plaza

FIGURE a.48 - Section showing “green” solutions developed for Bario Tower.

Source: A-001 Taller de Arquitectura

• Offering open, unrestricted access to public facilities which provide everyone with higher views of the city • Creation of public, joint activities which stimulate visibility between different social groups.

• Metaphor for social integration, where needs of the population´s middle and upper socio economical levels contribute to the wellbeing of the population as a whole.

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FIGURE a.49 - 3D rendered images of the exterior and interior public spaces of Bario Tower, reflecting the social inclusivity of the project.

Source: A-001 Taller de Arquitectura

Lessons Learned • Program & functions • Unrestricted public space • Parking solution

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Appendix B.2: Petroleum Tower - Adaptive Reuse as a Tool for Community Renewal

Overview Location: Shreveport, Louisiana Year of Completion: 1959 (renewal- 2006) Architect: Morgan, Hill, Sutton & Mitchell Architects, LLC Total area: 13,000 sq m Function: commercial office Historical Significance: • • – – •

Representative of the US “oil-boom” city in the 1870s 1980s economic downturn Businesses left Decay, crime, & unemployment 1990s need for community renewal

FIGURE a.50 - Photo of the Petroleum Tower in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Source: Community Renewal International

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Community Renewal International (CRI) Background In 1994, the Shreveport Community Renewal center was establsihed as a non-profit organization to reduce social isolation in distressed areas of the city and spread its model to other cities.

The purpose of the center was to act as a facility for training individuals in CRI’s “renewal strategies and demonstrate by example the pedagogy of regenerative design.”

It also aims to bring civic leaders from across the nation and the world to Shreveport to learn more about building and restoring safe and caring communities.

One of the basic strategies followed by CRI is their motto “We Care“, which is centered on “Renewal Teams that work citywide to unite businesses, civic groups, churches, residents and other community resources as caring partners to build a safer, stronger, healthier city.”

FIGURE a.51 - Logo of “Community Renewal International”, a nonprofit organization working towards the reduction of social isolation in distressed areas.

Source: Community Renewal International

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FIGURE a.52 - Exploded axonometric used to study the existing facade of the Shreveport Petroleum Tower.

Source: Crum, Buono & Cheng

FIGURE a.53 - 3D rendering of the Petroleum Tower, showing the use of vegetation on the facade and roof.

Source: Gilliam, Foursquare

Renewal Strategy The renewal strategy mandated replacing the existing steel and glass curtain wall with a combination of â&#x20AC;&#x201C; well oriented Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; high-performance smart double-glazing curtain wall technologies that are self-shading and permit enhanced day lighting while preventing unwanted heat and glare

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FIGURE a.54 - Photo of an event organized by “Community Renewal International”, the nonprofit organization which operates from the Petroleum Tower in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Source: Community Renewal International

Lessons Learned • • •

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Project objectives and impact Symbolic significance Renewal process and design

Appendix B.3: Manitoba Hydro Place - Environmentally Responsive High Rise Building

Overview Location: Winnipeg, Canada Designer: Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects Energy engineering: Transsolar Energietechnik GMBH Stuttgart, Germany Client: Manitoba HydroDate of completion: 2008 Project Area: 64,590 sqmHeight: 115 m Total number of floors: 22 Awards: - Royal Architectural Institute of Canada National Urban Design Award (2010)- AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects Award (2010)- ACEC Canadian Consulting Engineering Award - Buildings (2010)- CTBUH Best Tall Building Americas (2009)Canadian Architect Award of Excellence (2006)- MIPIM/ Architectural Review Awards: Commended for Innovation (2006)- International Building Skin-tech Award (IBS): Highly commended (2008)

FIGURE a.55 - Photo of Manitoba Hydro Place, an environmentally and socially responsive building in Winnipeg, Canada. / © Paul Hultberg

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Active Energy Systems

Passive Energy Systems

•South facing atria •Solar chimney •Natural daylight

Client • Major energy utility in Manitoba province • 4th largest energy utility in Canada • Water power from 14 hydroelectric generating stations

on Winnipeg, Saskatchewan, and Nelson Rivers Vision • • •

Major energy utility in Manitoba province 4th largest energy utility in Canada Water power from 14 hydroelectric generating stations on Winnipeg, Saskatchewan, and Nelson Rivers

5 Main Goals 1.

Healthy and Productive workplace 2.

Global standard in energy efficiency 3.

Global standard in sustainability FIGURE a.56 - Diagram expressing the design strategy of Maintoba Hydro 4.

Signature architecture Place to replace excessive use of active energy systems with passive 5.

Positive impact for downtown Winnipeg energy systems.

CHALLENGE: Winnipeg one of the coldest cities in the world; temperatures fluctuate from -50 ˚C to +40 ˚C

FIGURE a.57 - Photo of Manitoba Hydro Place in the neighborhood context of Winnipeg.

Source: KPMB Architects

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Methodology • IDP Integrated Design Process (Natural Resources

Canada CANMET Energy Technology Center) -client -Construction manager -Architects -Engineers -consultants • LEED Standards • Responsive to human comfort through communication

between inner and outer world • Analysis of wind, sun, temperature data • Analysis of engineering and architectural concepts Site Context (Pre-Development) • 1905 Fastest growing city in North America • Chicago style architecture • 21st c downtown experiencing large development • Unique climate:

-More hours of sunlight than most cities

-Hot humid weather in summer

-40% of year weather is below zero

FIGURE a.58 - Photo of a meeting as a part of the Integrated Design Process (IDP) followed in the design of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

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FIGURE a.59 - Aerial photo of the site and the nearby Red River.

Source: KPMB Architects

FIGURE a.60 - Site plan of Maintoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

Site Plan • 3 story podium base • Central location • Close to 95% of bus routes • Near commercial, cultural, retail, entertainment, etc.

• A –shaped design takes advantage of sun on the south and reduces the amount of cold air received on the north

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Summer Mode South Gusting Winds

Solar Chimney

Wintergarden Summer Mode

Winter Mode Inner Heating/Cooling

Exposed Ceiling Mass Fresh air

Waterfall Winter mode

Parkade

Geothermal system

FIGURE a.61 - 3D diagram showing the â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenâ&#x20AC;? solutions implemented in Manitoba Hydro Place, a combination of passsive and active energy systems.

Source: KPMB Architects

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FIGURE a.62 - Typical tower floor plan in Manitoba Hydro Place Source: KPMB Architects

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High floor to ceiling space for more light

FIGURE a.63 - Typical tower office section in Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

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FIGURE a.64 - 3D diagrams showing the ventilation solutions developed for Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

Ventilation • South side atria are lungs of building • Preconditioned air enters workspace via raised floor systems • Waste heat from exhaust or natural solar energy heat air • water features dehumidify/humidify air

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• •

• •

Double curtain wall create energy efficient barriers Outer windows remote controlled and respond to climatic conditions with sensors Users can control interior openings 1 meter space between outer and inner wall

Displacement Ventilation • • • •

•

100% fresh air raised access floor higher air quality and lower energy use Air enters at floor level and moves slowly along the floor until rising in a plume generated by occupants or other heat sources. atrium space is made comfortable year-round.

The image top right shows the air circulation using a typical mixed ventilation system. The image bottom right shows the air circulation in Manitoba Hydro Place which uses displacement ventilation and a raised floor system. As shown in these images, the quality of air is not only higher using displacement ventilation, but also uses less energy as the hot air rises as a result of occupant body heat or other sources of heat.

FIGURE a.65 - Diagrams showing the ventilation patterns using a typical mixed ventilation system in comparison with the displacement ventilation technique used in Maintoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

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FIGURE a.66 - Photo of the vertical circulation and six-floor atrium connecting the offices in Manitoba Hydro Place. / © Eduard Hueber

FIGURE a.67 - Diagrams explaining the atrium water features used in Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

Atrium • •

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Atria create identity for various groups of employees Provide “focus” for working communities on alternating floors

• •

3 water features are 72 feet tall Mylar cable collects water at bottom for water reuse

FIGURE a.68 - Section of the solar chimney, one of the most important features of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

FIGURE a.69 - Section of the solar chimney, one of the most important features of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

Solar Chimney • • • •

Draws air out of building in summer months Winter: air pumped to bottom of chimney and heat recovered from exhaust air used to: Heat parkade Preheat cold air in south atria

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FIGURE a.70 - Photo of the glazed facade of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

FIGURE a.71 - Photo of the materials used in the facade of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

Materials • Avoided unnecessary waste • 95 percent of material from previously existing building were reused after demolishment • Local suppliers: wood, glass, prefab, aggregates, landscape, sand, etc.

• Masonry and concrete demolition reused for backfill • 35% fly ash used in all cast in place concrete to save Portland cement

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FIGURE a.72 - Photo of the outdoor public space on the southern side of Manitoba Hydro Place.

Source: KPMB Architects

FIGURE a.73 - Comparative diagram showing the energy consumption of a typical office building and of Manitoba Hydro place.

Source: KPMB Architects

People & Community

Post Occupancy Performance: Energy Consumption

• • • • • •

• 50% water use reduction • Job creation • Utilized Manitoba companies • As an icon, will create future opportunities for local suppliers

New employees Influx of visitors to downtown and revitalization Integrated skyway pedestrian pathway in city Gallery area for public use Accommodates retail space in ground floor Public park on south

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Appendix B.4: Embassy of the Netherlands - Locally Sustainable Solutions

FIGURE a.74 - Photo of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman, Jordan designed by Rudy Uytenhaak Architects. / © Pieter Kers

Overview Location: Amman, Jordan Designer: Rudy Uytenhaak Architects / Local Consultant: CC Consolidated Consultants Client: Dutch Ministry of Foreign AffairsDate of completion: 2010 Project Area: 1,253 sqm Awards: LEED Silver

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FIGURE a.75 - Photo of the main entrance of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers

FIGURE a.76 - Photo of the curvilinear wall surrounding the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers

Goals • • • •

renovation of existing villa within a walled garden. reducing risk of earthquake damage (result of additional floor) achieving high-insulation standards, designing architectural shading incorporating security issues

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FIGURE a.77 - Series of 3D diagrams explaining the step-by step process of renovation and renewal in order to transform a villa in Amman into the Embassy of the Netherlands.

Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

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FIGURE a.78 - Ground floor plan of the Embassy of the Netherlands with reference photos. /Plan: Consolidated Consulants (CC), Photography: Š Pieter Kers

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FIGURE a.79 - Photo showing the skylight which illuminates the central hall of the Embassy of the Netherlands. / © Pieter Kers

Skylight • Center of existing villa was hollowed out • Result: central hall connects old and new floors with abundant daylight from the skylight.

– opens on hot days to release excess heat

– contributes to the natural ventilation • Courtyard concept à traditional Arab houses = traditional concept with contemporary design andfunctionality.

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FIGURE a.80 - Comprehensive diagram explaining all the â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenâ&#x20AC;? techniques used in the Embassy of the Netherlands.

Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

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Heat Sink • swimming pool of the existing villa covered and reused as an underground ‘heat-sink’

-store the heating or cooling energy for the cooling system.

• heat pump of the former embassy building has been transferred to the new building

-generates cold water at night.

-LEED points

-water stored in the underground pool for daytime use.

Solar hot-water panels provide hot water for heating the building in wintertime.

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FIGURE a.81 - Cross section of the Embassy of the Netherlands with reference photos.

Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

FIGURE a.82 - Photos of the parasol shading system used in the Embassy of the Netherlands and inspired by the local tradition of Bedouin tents. / © Pieter Kers

Shading and Lighting • • • •

Parasol shading on south side Refer to the local tradition of Bedouin tents reduces direct solar heat gain in summer Winter: sun at lower angle warms the building interior.

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FIGURE a.83 - Photo of the decorative detail on the stone wall surrounding FIGURE a.84 - Landscaping plan of the Embassy of the Netherlands in the Embassy of the Netherlands in Amman. / © Pieter Kers Amman following water conservation measures.

Source: Consolidated Consultants (CC)

Materials • Façades: clad in Jerusalem stone so that the existing and new building floors are unified in material • The mechanical fixtures allow the stone to be reused • Reuse of local materials

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Water Conservation Measures • Potable water consumption: reduced by 32% water-saving – fixtures &rainwater collection for garden irrigation – water-efficient plants – existing trees retained wherever possible

Appendix C: Photographic Documentation of the Jordan Gate

© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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© Ru’a Al-Abweh

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ANNEX

More information on GAMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Metropolitan Growth Plan can be found in The Amman Plan: Metropolitan Growth -Summary Report under the following link: http://www.slideshare.net/AmmanInstitute/amman-plansummary-report

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Š October 2013