Copyright Š 2020 Manchester, England United Kingdom All rights reserved. Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University Copyright reserved by Rui Mao MA Architecture & Urbanism
CONTENTS 01
Introduction
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Location Possibilities Site Site Analysis
Project Background Strategy and Procedure
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Urban Research
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Urban development problems Urban space problems
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Urban Laboratory
Final Outcome
Urban living problems Analysis of urban green space
Master Plan Master Plan Analysis Aerial View Detail Display
Urban Street Experience
Sectional drawing Analysis of underground space Underground Space Display
Design Principle
Perspective
Principles Conceive
Individual Building Details 53
Bibliograhy
PROJECT BACKGROUND MANHATTAN DENSITY; A visionary solution
As the economic center of the world, Manhattan is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Manhattan's dense grid city planning and growing population have led to the increasing density of the city. High density urban construction has brought many negative effects on Manhattan, such as insufficient urban green area, lack of public space and urban traffic congestion. Facing the crowded city, more and more people have left the city. Faced with the problem of Manhattan city, some architects have put forward their own ideas. For example: Raymond house proposed the concept of vertical scholar. Harvey Wiley Corbet proposed "tower in the park" that is use bridges between buildings to ease traffic on the ground.Through the research of Manhattan, this project will demonstrate a visionary solution to solve the urban density of Manhattan.
STRATEGY AND PROCEDURE Ⅰ .ANALYZE THE PROBLEM Through the research of Manhattan find out the factors that affect urban density. Sort out and summarize these factors.
Ⅱ .A VISIONARY SOLUTION In view of these factors, this paper proposes solutions to solve the urban density of Manhattan. Looking for the undeveloped land in the city as the plot of the project. In the plot to achieve the vision of the future city.
Ⅲ .MODULAR PROMOTION Extend the solution in a modular way to the land to be developed in the city. It is also suitable for any high density city in the world.
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URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMSROBLEMS
The frantic expansion of its limited land has made Manhattan a high-density city. A series of ideas.
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Architects tried to solve the problem of Manhattan's urban density and put forward a
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URBAN SPACE PROBLEMS 1.URBAN POPULATION BY DAY
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2.URBAN FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION
Shorter than average separation between residential and commercial uses
Greater than average separation between residential and commercial uses
Average distance between residential buildings and the 30 nearest commercial buildings for each block in Manhattan.
PROBLEM During the daytime, the urban population is mainly concentrated in the commercial centers of the city. Through the functional distribution map of the city, it shows that the business office area and residential area are not closely linked. This leads to a concentration of people in commercial areas during the day. The utilization of urban space is unreasonable. SOLUTION Combine shared office with residence. It can strengthen the connection between urban office space and residential space and disperse urban population in daytime. Reasonable use of urban space. 7
URBAN LIVING PROBLEMS 1.BASEMENT OCCUPANTS
2.RENT COMPARISON IN NEW YORK
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PROBLEM With the growth of urban population, urban land becomes scarce. With the continuous rise of land prices, house prices are also crazy growth. Many people who work in Manhattan are forced to live in cheap basements. But the living environment in the basement is poor. There's probably more than 300,000 residents in illegal basement and cellar apartments in the city.<New york city councilman Brad LanderIn Brooklyn>, plans have been made to expand the underground space. SOLUTION Underground space brings new opportunities to the project. Reduce urban density by expanding the size of underground space. To provide more green space on the ground. Strengthen the connection between underground space and underground space, so as to improve the living environment of underground space. 9
ANALYSIS OF URBAN GREEN SPACE 1.COMPARISON OF URBAN GREENING
2.URBAN GREENING RATE
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3.TYPOLOGY OF URBAN GREENING
PROBLEM 1.Comparing the green distribution of different cities.The green area of Manhattan is seriously insufficient and the green area is relatively concentrated. It is mainly concentrated in the Central Park area. 2.The green area of New York is only 19.70%, and Manhattan Island is even lower. The normal urban green area should be more than 30%. No more green space means that people do not have more space for activities, so the air quality of the city will decline. 3.In the form of pixels, the distribution of urban green space can be divided into three types. 1. Focus on a certain area. 2. Distributed along urban roads. 3. Uniform distribution. The distribution of green space in Manhattan belongs to the first type.
SOLUTION Although the Central Park has a larger area, its radiation range is smaller. Because Manhattan has no extra land to be green, the third type is more suitable for Manhattan. Green space can be evenly distributed in every block. In this way, the residents of each block have their own green space. 11
URBAN STREET EXPERIENCE 1.BUILDING HEIGHT
2.STREET EXPERIENCE CONTRAST Manhattan
Park avenue
London
westminster
PROBLEM In overlapping our six neighborhood graphs, a pattern begins to emerge: in high rise neighborhoods, 80% of the street experience is defined within 10-15% of the maximum height from the ground.In Manhattan, in order to meet the needs of residents for urban green space, many buildings have sky gardens. But it is obvious that this can not fundamentally solve the problem of insufficient urban green space.
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stuyvesant town
financial district
covent garden
leadenhall street
SOLUTION Transfer part of the above ground buildings to the underground. This is also in line with the preliminary idea of expanding urban underground space. In this way, more land will have the opportunity to transform into urban green space. It reduces the density of the city and improves the street experience of the city.
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PRINCIPLES
Scattered green space
Balance
Add Parks
Green
Urban gree insufficient relatively co
Expansion and improvement of underground space
Decentralized office area
Establishment of shared office in residential areas
The first floor of the building is overhead
Living
Urban hous The baseme living enviro
Urban
The concen areas leads population c
Street Ex Poor street 14
Space
Garden
Increase road greening
Expand
en space is and oncentrated
Space
Building an underground Garden
Space
Reduce traffic pressure
sing shortage ent onment is bad
Increase urban space
ntration of office s to daytime concentration
xperience experience
Increase urban green space
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CONCEIVE FIGURE 1
Figure 1 Simulate a block in Manhattan.Transfer the buildings in the green area to the underground, which can ensure the urban capacity and increase the green area on the ground.It will alleviate the high-density problem of the city and help to improve the street experience of the city. Combine shared office with residence.Strengthening the connection between urban office space and residential space can disperse the urban population in daytime. Expand the scale of underground space and build urban underground park on the ground floor. Strengthen the connection between underground space and underground space, so as to improve the living and office environment of underground space. As part of the building will be moved underground, there will be more green space on the ground. Spread the urban green space into each block. It can solve the problem of excessive concentration of urban green space in Manhattan. Figure 2 Looking for the undeveloped land in the city to build a pocket city. Build a low-density micro city in an experimental way. Compared with the surrounding high-density blocks, people will rethink on the urban density. 16
FIGURE 2
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LOCATION POSSIBILITIES
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A lot of land in Manhattan has been over developed. It is unrealistic to expand underground space on over developed land. The undeveloped land can be obtained through the Manhattan land development statistics chart. These parcels bring more opportunities for the project. There are six possible sites for the project. Select one of the locations as the city lab. Here I will complete my virtual idea of solving the density of Manhattan.
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SITE
There is a lot of undeveloped land in this Hudson Yard and connected to high line p of the city, it can be in sharp contrast to the high-density blocks. It will become a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;mirror Bring new life experience to the residents.
NEW YORK
MANHATTAN
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3
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s area. It's close to park. As a laboratory surrounding râ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the city.
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SITE
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3
2 1
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SITE ANALYSIS FUNCTION
Residential
1.High Line Park
Commercial
Main Street
Public Buildings
Urb
2.Hudson Yards
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TRAFFIC STREAMLINE
PEDESTRIAN STREAMLINE
ban Expressway
3.Javits Center
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SITE ANALYSIS
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MASTER PLAN GENERATION PROCESS
MASTER PLAN
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Applying the concept of the model in the master plan and replanning each block.The green part will develop into underground space. Distribute these spaces to the underground parts of adjacent buildings.Part of the green area will serve as the entrance to the underground space.The use of these spaces can provide good lighting and ventilation for underground space.A part of the green area will become a mixed residence in the form of stepped well.Increase urban farm, city garden, underground park and other green space.
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MASTER PLAN ANALYSIS TRAFFIC STREAMLINE
Main Street Main Street Secondary Road Secondary Road
FUNCTION
Residence and office Residence and office Multi functional residence Multi functional residence Life service Life service Entertainment 32 Entertainment
PEDESTRIAN STREAMLINE
Pedestrian Streamline Pedestrian Streamline
GREEN SPACE
City farm City farm City Garden City Garden Underground park Underground and entrance park and entrance
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AERIAL VIEW A lot of land in Manhattan has been over developed. It is unrealistic to expand underground space on over developed land. The undeveloped land can be obtained through the Manhattan land development statistics chart. These parcels bring more opportunities for the project. There are six possible sites for the project. Select one of the locations as the city lab. Here I will complete my virtual idea of solving the density of Manhattan.
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DETAIL DISPLAYâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;SUNKEN CORRIDOR
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The above ground garden is connected with the underground park through the sunken corridor. Enhance the continuity of the above ground and underground space.Provide more green space for residents.These sinking spaces are used to provide good lighting and ventilation for the underground. The use of glass skin will effectively reduce the impact of rainwater on underground space.
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DETAIL DISPLAYâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;MULTI FUNCTIONAL RESIDENCE
A lot of land in Manhattan has been over developed. Theunrealistic multi-functional residential space inspace the plot It is to expand underground on is increased by means of stepped well.The main over developed land. The undeveloped land can be function is to live, work and entertainment.Putting the obtained through the Manhattan land development living space the top floor bring is helpful get a better statistics chart. on These parcels moretoopportunities environment.The floor underground forliving the project. There are second six possible sites for the is shared office space, which convenient for project. Select one of the locations asisthe city lab. Here residents use.The thirdofunderground floor of is I will completetomy virtual idea solving the density the connection between entertainment area and Manhattan. underground park, which can provide better life experience for residents. 38
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SECTIONAL DRAWING
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In order to reduce the urban density, a lot of underground space has been built in the plot.The connection between the above ground and the underground space is enhanced by sunken corridors and daylighting wells inside the building.This can narrow the gap between the above ground and the underground living environment.The underground park at the bottom also greatly improves the quality of underground space.
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ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND SPACE
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FUNCTION
PEDESTRIAN STREAMLINE
UNDERGROUND PARK Every building in the underground part has direct access to the underground park.The underground park gets light through the subsiding corridors and lighting wells in the building.The underground park is connected with the entertainment area on the ground floor, which can enhance the interest of the pocket city.
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UNDERGROUND SPACE DISPLAY
Underground space mostly adopts symmetrical space form, which can make the streamline of underground space more clear.The above ground buildings are also distributed in a symmetrical form.In this way, the concept of space between the ground and the ground is blurred. Eliminate people's stereotype of underground space.
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PERSPECTIVE
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INDIVIDUAL BUILDING DETAILS EXPLODED VIEWS
RESIDENCE
ENTERTAINMENT
The building unit is divided into residential office and underground park.The exterior skin of the ecological circle. Buildings can be extended to other undeveloped areas of the city in a modular w 48
SHARED OFFICE
e building will effectively block the influence of rainwater.The interior of the building forms a good way. 49
INDIVIDUAL BUILDING DETAILS ELEVATION
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES
The living space in the building is mainly apartment avoiding daytime urban population aggregation.The better living environment for the residents inside the
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t.Residential space and shared office space are closely combined.Improve people's living efficiency while e indoor Park connects with the underground garden.The underground garden and roof garden provide e building.
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BIBLIOGRAHY
Bass, R. & Potter, C. 2004, "A tale of three Northern Manhattan communities: case studies of political empowerment in the planning and development process", Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 285. Koolhaas, R. 1994, Delirious New York: a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan, New edn, Monacelli Press, New York. Patel, M.M., Quinn, J.W., Jung, K.H., Hoepner, L., Diaz, D., Perzanowski, M., Rundle, A., Kinney, P.L., Perera, F.P. & Miller, R.L. 2011, "Traffic density and stationary sources of air pollution associated with wheeze, asthma, and immunoglobulin E from birth to age 5 years among New York City children", Environmental Research, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 1222-1229. Baics, G. & Meisterlin, L. 2019, "The grid as algorithm for land use: a reappraisal of the 1811 Manhattan grid", Planning Perspectives, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 391-414. "Underground building in the north is a way to save thermal energy", 2015, Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Power Engineering", vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 61-68. Alkaff, S.A., Sim, S.C. & Ervina Efzan, M.N. 2016, "A review of underground building towards thermal energy efficiency and sustainable development", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 60, pp. 692-713. Zhang, J. 2019, "Experimental study on ventilation and energy saving of underground buildings based on shallow ground temperature", Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 12, no. 22, pp. 1-6. Mohammadshahi, S., Tavakoli, M.R., Samsam-Khayani, H., Nili-Ahmadabadi, M. & Kim, K.C. 2019, "Investigation of naturally ventilated shavadoons component: Architectural underground pattern on ventilation", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, vol. 91, pp. 102990.
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Shan, M., Hwang, B. & Wong, K.S.N. 2017, "A preliminary investigation of underground residential buildings: Advantages, disadvantages, and critical risks", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, vol. 70, pp. 19-29.u7 Cao, F., Zhang, H., Zhou, H. & Lu, N. 2018, "Transient Performance Analysis of the Solar Optical Guide Lighting System in Building Groups", Energies, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2898.
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