Urban Design : HMP Holloway Prison

Ji Wing Khoo A l e x M c Ke a g Chloe Rutland Lulan Shen Rung-Arun Tiyanukulmongkhon

wellbeing for the community

a design proposal for Holloway

1

contents

site and context

site and context task analysis concept development objectives

After closing permanently in 2016, the site of the former l a r g e s t w o m e n ’ s p r i s o n i n E u r o p e , H M P H o l l o w a y, i s u p for redevelopment. The site , situated in the desirable London Borough of Islington, is well-connected via local bus routes, and sits within a shor t walking distance of Caledonian Road underground station.

T h e a r e a ’s h i g h l a n d p r i c e s a n d d e n s e p o p u l a t i o n c o n t r i bu t e t o i t s p o s i t i o n a s o n e o f t h e U K ’s m o s t s o c i a l ly and economically divided boroughs. As such, there is an acute need for high quality affordable housing, appropriate infrastr ucture and accessible community ser vices.

The 4.05 hectare site presents a unique oppor tunity to create a thriving new urban district on the former prison s i t e , a n d b r i n g m u c h n e e d e d n e w h o m e s t o t h e c o m m u n i t y.

brief 1 2 3

scheme one

scheme two

final: scheme three phasing

reflection

Our challenge is to create a comprehensive vision and master plan for the for mer Holloway Prison site , in line with the L o n d o n P l a n ’s a m b i t i o n t o d e l i ve r u p t o 6 6 , 0 0 0 n e w homes and promote ‘good growth through good design’.

We s e e k t o m a x i m i s e h o u s i n g d e n s i t y o n t h e s i t e w i t h o u t compromising living standards, whilst simultaneously r e s p e c t i n g a n d e n h a n c i n g t h e a r e a ’ s t y p o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r.

I n d o i n g s o, we s e e k t o m a x i m i s e t h e s i t e ’s e x i s t i n g strengths, listen to requirements set out by the council a n d l o c a l c o m m u n i t y, a n d i n c o r p o r a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f r o m w o m e n f o r m e r l y i n c a r c e r a t e d a t H M P H o l l o w a y.

2

analysis islington demographics

residents’ priorities Local residents were sur veyed on their pr ior ities for the site , with sever al key themes emerging - including the need for more affordable housing, more community and green open space , and spor ts. Units = number of sur vey responses.

ENVIRONMENTL

SPORTS

ARTS & CULTURALL

COMMERCIALL

MINORITIES

The top 20% of earners in Islington earn 3x more than the bottom 20% of earners

COMMUNITY SERVICE

Number of deaths in borough with humanproduced pollution recorded as a contributory factor (since records began)

3x

women formerly incarcerated

Unemployment

PARK

Violence

Mental health

PLAYGROUND

Physical health

GREEN SPACE

Poverty

Racial inequality

PRIVATE HOUSING

Environment

COMMUNITY CENTRE

Housing

WOMEN’S CENTRE

A sur vey of local residents highlighted the top eight most impor tant issues affecting the H o l l o w a y a r e a , w i t h p o v e r t y, m e n t a l h e a l t h , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s b e i n g t h e t o p three.

MENTAL HEALTH

salient issues

COUNCIL HOUSING

A sur vey of women former ly incarcerated at HMP Holloway revealed a similar set of p r i o r i t i e s fo r t h e s i t e , i n c l u d i n g a wo m e n ’s c e n t r e , m e n t a l h e a l t h s u p p o r t a n d c o m mu n i t y centre . Units = number of sur vey responses.

VIOLENCE REFUGE

Percentage of adults obese or overweight

252

GREEN SPACE

45%

Number of adults affected by mental health issues

COMMUNITY SPACE

Households on the waiting list for social housing

SUPPORTED HOUSING

Population of Islington, m a k i n g i t o n e o f L o n d o n ’s most densely populated boroughs

6 in 10

20,733

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

230k

3

analysis local typologies

N

Te r r a c e

Hybrid

Slab

Other

Perimeter block

Site

–– Local area is characterized by 3-4 storey terraced homes –– Small number of slab, perimeter block, towers, and mid-rise hy b r i d buildings account for remainder of residential typologies – – Va r i e t y o f t y p o l o g i e s s i t immediately adjacent the site, posing a challenge to create a development that responds to its typological surroundings in a context-sensitive manner

4

analysis

light, trees, sun

N Lowest

air pollution

Highest

Passive zone Active zone

N noise pollution

N Lowest

Highest

Sun path Prevailing winds Mature trees

air and noise pollution – – Po l l u t i o n w o r s t i n s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f s i t e , a l o n g s i d e m a i n thoroughfare natural lighting quality –– Existing main cour tyard benefits from all day sun from the south, creating natural ‘active’ and ‘passive’ sunlight zones existing mature trees –– Provide welcome shelter from sun and add to environmental quality of area

5

analysis open space

N Private garden

Undesignated green space

open space –– Holloway open space is predominately private b a c k g a r d e n s o f terrace homes –– Estates to the immediate east and west of Holloway P r i s o n site provide ample semi-private green s p a c e t o r e s i d e n t s b u t are currently cut off from the site by a cur ved wall –– Oppor tunity to use new buildings and pathways t o d e f i n e a n d utilize adjacent green spaces the local area and amenities

amenities community facilities –– Some ar ts facilities nearby but otherwise few community facilities –– Limited sports facilities within walking distance of the site , with low level of variety offered N

local amenities

Community

Sport

Medical

t u f f n e l l p a r k p l ay i n g f i e l d s c. 20 mins walk

caledonian park c. 15 mins walk

6

analysis protected views & accessibility

local building heights

N Lowest

Highest

locally protected view –– Protected view across site sustained by low-lying existing typologies. Slab and tower typologies could be built outside of this zone

flo wi

ng

D

accessibility –– The area is well-ser ved by local transpor t connections, with Caledonian Road underground station and several bus routes w i t h i n w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e . Pe d e s t r i a n f l o w s ( A t o B a n d C t o D ) across site have potential to be enhanced.

B

heights –– Predominantly low building heights across local area owing to

dominance of terrace typology

flo wi

ng

Bakersfield Estate to nor th-west of site demonstr ates highest building heights in immediate vicinity

C

––

A

N Caledonian Road

Vehicle route

Protected view

Pedestrian route

Local transport

7

analysis overall strengths

weaknesses

concept development p hy s i c a l a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h

n tio

nt

Light

Mov e m e

Noise and air pollution in east of site

ty tivi Ac

Large site without existing residential buildings

Conflicting interest groups

Int e r ac

Central green space suitable for repurposing

Mental

Wellbeing

Safety

Physical

nship Reduce o i n str pa e

ss

ity

Distance from parks and facilities

Air qu al

y ivac Pr

Engaged community

y Pla

Co m

In light of our analysis of the site and its surrounding area (including sur vey responses, explor ation of salient issues, and site strengths and weaknesses) we have identified two priority issues that will sit at the forefront of our design p r o p o s a l s : p hy s i c a l a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h

vision statement

The former Holloway Prison site will be transfor med into an inc lusive community, designed to promote the physical and mental well-being of residents through the provision of generous open space, a network of safe and connected streets to encourage play and active movement, and ample space for community activities

8

objectives & precedents

e n c o u r a g e p l ay a n d a c t i ve m ove m e n t

– – S h a r e d s t r e e t s u r f a c e s e n c o u r a g e c h i l d r e n ’s p l ay –– Connected networ k of streets and paths that prioritise walking and cycling –– Central multi-functional green space encourages spor t as leisure

provide a safe , comfor table , and pleasant living environment –– Centrality of open space –– Legible gr id of streets for intuitive navigation – – Po s i t i o n o f b a l c o n i e s a n d a c c e s s p o i n t s e n c o u r a g e passive sur veillance of streets and public spaces

Accordia, Cambridge Alison Brooks Architects

Adelaide Wharf AHMM

–– Mix of typologies cater for all age ranges and households –– Provision for indoor community ser vices to encour age sustained interactions

Darbishire Place , Whitechapel Niall McLaughlin Architects

New Road, Brighton Gehl Architects

facilitate social interactions

V i a Ve r d e , N e w Yo r k G r i m s h aw + D a t t n e r A rc h i t e c t s

Old Castle Street, Aldgate Jestico + Whiles

Tu r n p i k e L a n e , H a r i n g e y Shared street through community-led design

Elder Gardens, Spitalfields City of London Potgieterstraat, Amsterdam Car ve Landscape Architecture

9

scheme one 606 dwellings | 148 dph | open space | 4643m2 public | 2838m2 private | 5047m2 semi public broad mix of typologies centred around multi-functional green open space M i x o f t y p o l o g i e s i n c l u d i n g r o w, slab and cour tyard block

Central multi-functional open space Semi-private cour tyards supplement open space

Legible road layout for med of two primar y streets and shared-surface secondar y streets Commercial units focused near thoroughfare

Ta l l e s t b u i l d i n g s m a s s e d a l o n g busy Camden Par k Road to shelter site from noise and air pollution

scheme two 668 dwellings | 170 dph | open space | 8294m2 public | 4143m2 semi public cour tyard-led development centred round large linear green

Dominated by cour tyard perimeter blocks

Green rooves provide amenity to residents living in upper floors

Primar y routes through site either side of linear green, supplemented by sharedsurface secondar y streets

Linear central green connects onto Camden Par k Road

10

scheme one

plan - scale 1:2500

open space Semi-private

Semi-public

Public

Private

Private Public

Semi-public

movement Tertiary route

Secondary route

Primary route

heirarchy

pedestrians

land use Resi

Commercial

vehicles

typologies

building heights Community

Energy centre

8

7

6

5

4

3

mid-rise tower

te

rr

ac

e

open perimeter block

closed perimeter block

11

scheme one whole site section

adjacent flat

13m

11m

18m

flat shared terrace 3 stories 4 stories street

43m multi-functional central park

10m 8m flat shared 4 stories street 18m

pedestrian path

backyard of terrace

8.5m-12.5m

37m semi-public greenery & playground within parameter block

perspective views

10m 13m 8.5-12.5m 12m flat shared terrace backyards of terrace 4 stories street

march

views illustrate green open space and wide streets, while sun char ts show centr al open space remains in sunlight all year long

adjacent social house

sun chart

8am

2pm

10am

4pm

noon

6pm

september

8am

2pm

10am

4pm

12

scheme one

full density breakdown block indicator

9

8

Block

7

6

5

4

Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Floor Area (m2)

Resi Storeys

413 127 1431 1255 997 2072 60 1216 914

6 3-4 4-6 4-6 7-8 4-5 5 4 7

Number of Buildings

1 26 2 2 1 3 13 2 1

To t a l F l o o r Area per Block (m2)

To t a l N u m b e r o f Dwellings

2478 10404 6534 5922 5059 9184 300 4864 6398 To t a l Dph

28 116 73 66 57 102 43 5 71 606 150

3

2

Semi-public 1

Courtyard 1 Courtyard 2 Courtyard 3 Courtyard / Community centre To t a l

Area (m2) 642 891 1740 1774

Public

5047

Private

strengths – –H i g h p r o v i s i o n o f b o t h p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e g r e e n s p a c e – –S p a c i o u s l a y o u t c r e a t e s ‘ h u m a n - s c a l e ’ s t r e e t s a n d a l l o w s l i g h t t o p e r m e a t e

Central Green P l ay g ro u n d To t a l

Te r r a c e ( w e s t ) Te r r a c e (nor thwest) Te r r a c e To t a l

Area (m2) 3168 1475 4643 Area (m2) 1583 423 832 2838

– – We l l c o n n e c t e d t o a d j a c e n t b l o c k s a n d h i g h l y p e r m e a b l e b l o c k s t r u c t u r e e n c o u r a g e walking – –C l e a r s t r e e t h i e r a r c h y c r e a t e s l e g i b l e a n d e a s y - t o - n a v i g a t e s t r e e t s weaknesses – –L o w d e n s i t y – – Po o r l y d e f i n e d e d g e s a l o n g t h e e a s t a n d w e s t s e c t i o n s o f t h e s i t e – – Pe r i m e t e r b l o c k s a r e t o o c l o s e t o a l l o w m u l t i p l e p o i n t s o f a c c e s s t o r e s i d e n t s , reducing street intensity 13

rivate

scheme two open space Semi-public

plan - scale 1:2500 Public

Private

Semi-public Public

movement heirarchy

land use

pedestrians

vehicles

building heights

typologies

clo bl sed oc pe k rim

et

er

clo bl sed oc pe k rim

et

er

mid-rise tower 14

scheme two whole site section

23.5m semi-private greenery & playground within parameter block

perspective views

20m

10m

11m

semi-private greenery & playground within parameter block

shared street

central park

10m

10m 10m 10m parameter block - 6 stories

multi-functional

10m

shared street

30m

parameter block - 5 stories

10m

shared street

parameter block - 4 stories

parameter block

pavement

greenery

semi-private greenery & playground within parameter block

10m

parameter block - 7 stories

27.5m

parameter block - 4 stories

15.5m 3m 10m

shared street

adjacent flat

adjacent social housing

sun charts march

broad cour tyards and tall buildings give way to shaded streets, while cour tyards also become highly shaded in winter 8am

2pm

10am

4pm

noon

6pm

september

8am

2pm

10am

4pm

noon

6pm

15

scheme two

full density breakdown block indicator

Block

9 6

8 10 5

3 2

7

Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block Block

Resi Storeys

1560 1152 874 1532 1032 1069 1403 1326 1127 1765

4-6 4-6 6-8 4 4-5 6-7 4 4-5 6-7 4

Number of Buildings

To t a l F l o o r Area per Block (m2)

To t a l N u m b e r o f Dwellings

2 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 2 2

7198 5420 4288 6128 4676 6650 5612 5811 7389 70 To t a l Dph

80 60 47 68 53 74 62 64 82 78 668 165

Public

Courtyard 1 Courtyard 2 Courtyard 3

Area (m2) 563 358 564

Courtyard Courtyard Courtyard Courtyard To t a l

607 441 688 922 4143

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Floor Area (m2)

4 1

Semi-public

4 5 6 7

Central Green P l ay g ro u n d P a t h w ay To t a l

Area (m2) 4095 1353 2846 8294

strengths – –M e e t s d e n s i t y t a r g e t s – –L a r g e l i n e a r p a r k a c t s a s a g a t e w a y t o C a m d e n P a r k R o a d ; c o n s i s t e n t l y r e c e i v e s s u n – – C l e a r b l o c k s t r u c t u r e a i d s l e g i b i l i t y, a n d c o n s i s t e n t m a s s i n g p l a c e s t a l l e s t b u i l d i n g s along the busiest routes for air/noise pollution barrier – –G r e e n p e d e s t r i a n p a t h w a y r u n s a l o n g t h e w e s t a n d n o r t h e r n e d g e s o f t h e s i t e encouraging walking weaknesses – –M a n y s t r e e t s r e c e i v e l i t t l e d a y l i g h t d u e t o h e i g h t m a s s i n g – –P o t e n t i a l l y m o n o t o n o u s a n d c o n f u s i n g g r i d f o r m a t 16

scheme three final masterplan

dominant typologies

I n l i g h t o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e s t r e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f S c h e m e s O n e a n d Tw o , w e now propose a third and final master plan for the site . Based par tly on the initial massing seen in Scheme One , Scheme Three seeks to build on the central multif u c n t i o n a l g r e e n s p a c e , a n d i m p r ove t h e p l a n ’s s i t e e d g e s .

te rr ac e e w o t

r

loc b d tyar r u co

k 17

scheme three open space / 1st floor land use

heirarchy Resi

2nd floor land use

3D view

pedestrians

Commercial

Community

Energy centre

Semi-public

Private

Semi private

Open space Public

building heights

vehicles

pedestrians

s t re e t h e i r a rc hy

18

scheme three whole site section

section key

19

scheme three p l ay s t re e t s

wide streets with ample room for play equipment embed a culture of “play� throughout site

illustrative section typical shared surface street

20

scheme three balconies face outward onto the public realm

sur veillance

interaction with edges

sunlight

coherent block str ucture that, over time , will integr ate into existing blocks

march

public/private space

interior cour tyards and fully semi-private/semi-public gardens enclosed streets have highest in lilac vs. pr ivate in green demonstrate mix of garden level of natural sur veillance access

centr al green space enjoys sunlight all year round

8am

2pm

10am

4pm

noon

6pm

september

private entrances open onto streets and cour tyards, adds to street activity

8am

2pm

10am

4pm

noon

6pm

communal entrances

each multi-family building has mutlitple communal entrances

21

scheme three a note on phasing To f u l l y i n t e g r a t e t h e f o r m e r H o l l o w a y P r i s o n s i t e i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g n e i g h b o u r h o o d f a b r i c , i t a p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t b e c o m p l e t e d i n t w o p h a s e s . T h e f i r s t p h a s e i s t h e l a r g e s t a n d i n c l u d e s a l l b u i l d i n g s , s t re e t s a n d p a t h w ay s o n t h e fo r m e r H o l l ow ay P r i s o n s i t e .

The second and smaller phase requires conver sations with the community and adjacent land-owners. This phase includes green space improvements and sever al pedestr ian pathways that better connect the site to the adjacent neighbourhood. These new connections would allow adjacent green spaces to the east and west of the Holloway Prison site to be more fully incorporated into a networ k of useable public green s p a c e s a l o n g a c o n n e c t e d p e d e s t r i a n r o u t e . E a c h g r e e n s p a c e wo u l d h ave a d i f fe r e n t c h a r a c t e r — wo o d e d g r e e n , c h i l d r e n ’s p l ay g r o u n d , a n d a community garden—and provide additional open space and play activities to the neighbourhood.

block indicator

full density breakdown Block

Block 1

Floor Area (m2)

Resi storeys

Number of Buildings (m2)

To t a l F l o o r Area per Building (m2)

To t a l F l o o r Area for Ty p o l o g y (m2)

To t a l Number of Dwellings 9

595

5

1

2975

2975

33

53

4

36

212

7632

85

8

7

6

5

4

694

6

1

4164

4164

46

3

2

Block 2

682

5

1

3410

3410

38

375

4

1

1500

1500

17

250

4

1

1000

1000

11

477

4

1

1908

1908

21

1033

5

1

5165

5165

57

216

5

1

1080

1080

12

844

5

1

4220

4220

47

394

6

1

2364

2364

26

213

2

1

426

426

5

1208

4

1

4832

4832

54

427

5

1

2135

2135

24

815

5

1

4075

4075

45

60

5

13

300

3900

43

235

5

1

1175

1175

13

458

5

1

2290

2290

25

517

5

1

2585

2585

29

301

3

1

903

903

10

295

3

1

885

885

10

537

5

1

2685

2685

30

381

5

1

1905

1905

21

376

5

1

1880

1880

21

1

Block 3

Block 4 Block 5

Block 6 Block 7

Block 8

To t a l

723

Dph

179

Public

Area (m2) Central Green 3395 P l ay g ro u n d 411 Community Garden 986 To t a l 4792 Semi-private 2 3 5 6

Area (m2) 456 606 1283 407

Block 9 To t a l

452 3204

Private

Area (m2) 1583 423

Block Block Block Block

Te r r a c e ( w e s t ) Te r r a c e (nor thwest) Te r r a c e To t a l

832 2838

Block

Block 1

Number of bedrooms 1 2 61 67

3 36

To t a l 164

Block 2

32

50

5

87

Block 3

57

49

10

116

Block 4

9

18

4

31

Block 5

69

38

16

123

Block 6

30

13

13

56

Block 7

19

30

5

54

Block 8

47

30

15 To t a l

92 723

22

scheme three reflection

References

T h e 5 7 0 t o 7 2 0 d w e l l i n g s r e q u i r e m e n t i s o v e r- a c h i e v e d i n t h e f i n a l s c h e m e , w i t h 7 2 3 total dwellings. This supply of new homes will help address the acute shor tage of homes i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e L o n d o n H o u s i n g S t r a t e g y. H i g h e r d e n s i t i e s c o u l d h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d b y i n c o r p o r a t i n g t a l l e r b u i l d i n g s o r i n c o r p o r a t i n g f e w e r l o w - d e n s i t y t e r r a c e h o m e s . H o w e v e r, d o i n g s o wo u l d h ave r u n c o u n t e r t o o u r s t a t e d go a l s o f a n i n c l u s i ve n e i g h b o u r h o o d d e s i g n e d w i t h w e l l - b e i n g i n m i n d . I n o r d e r t o b a l a n c e n e e d e d d e n s i t y w i t h p r i v a c y, d a y l i g h t i n g , a n d open space requirements, our scheme employs 4-5 storey perimeter blocks and mid-rise towers in a clear block structure . These buildings are massed to respect the character o f H o l l o w a y a n d r e s p o n d r e s p e c t f u l l y t o e x i s t i n g a d j a c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s . M o r e o v e r, i n i t s c u rre n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e H o l l ow ay P r i s o n s i t e i s r i n g e d by a c u r ve d w a l l , w h i c h p hy s i c a l ly s e p a r a t e s t h e s i t e f ro m a d j a c e n t g re e n s p a c e s . O u r f i n a l p l a n i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e s e green spaces into the site structure , likely to lowering the perceived density of the site .

– –G L A ( 2 0 1 6 ) H o u s i n g S P G - L o n d o n Supplementar y Planning Guidance.

London: City Hall – –G L A ( 2 0 1 7 ) L o n d o n D r a f t H o u s i n g Strategy 2017. London: City Hall – –G L A ( 2 0 1 8 ) L o n d o n P l a n D r a f t .

London: City Hall

Housing developments that are planned around car use require parking space . Our final plan achieved higher residential densities by keeping parking spaces to a minimum, which i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e L o n d o n P l a n ’s g o a l o f l o w t o n o p a r k i n g p r o v i s i o n s f o r h i g h density development. Parking is handled on the street, parallel parked between trees.

M o r e o v e r, l o c a l a m e n i t i e s a r e p l a n n e d w i t h i n w a l k i n g o r c y c l i n g d i s t a n c e s , w h i c h r e s o n a t e s w i t h b o t h o u r v i s i o n a n d t h e L o n d o n P l a n ’s g o a l s t o p r o m o t e a c t i v e a n d h e a l t h y t r a v e l .

T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e p u b l i c r e a l m a f f e c t s p e o p l e ’s q u a l i t y o f l i f e s u c h a s t h e s e n s e o f p l a c e , belonging and security as well as the social and health factors. The public realm in the final scheme is designed to be accessible , multifunctional, attractive and comfor table—ideals c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e L o n d o n P l a n . T h e s t r e e t s a r e n a r r o w, d e s i g n e d f o r l o w s p e e d s a n d t r e e l i n e d t o p r o v i d e s h a d e , s h e l t e r, a n d i m p r o v e d i n d o o r a n d o u t d o o r a c o u s t i c e n v i r o n m e n t .

B e c a u s e a d j a c e n t b u i l d i n g s a re o n ly 4 - 5 s t o r i e s , d ay l i g h t c a n re a c h t h e s t re e t s fo r s eve r a l h o u r s p e r d a y, e v e n i n w i n t e r. T h e s t r e e t s a r e d e s i g n e d f o r m u l t i p l e f u n c t i o n s — b i k e a n d c a r p a r k i n g ; w a l k i n g , c y c l i n g , a n d d r i v i n g ; s h a d e a n d g r e e n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ; a n d c h i l d r e n ’s p l a y.

The commercial placement along the A503 creates a clustering effect that maximises employment and commercial oppor tunities by connecting with nearby existing small businesses.

This strategic placement can help foster socially and economically mixed neighbourhoods, w h i c h i s k e y t o m a i n t a i n L o n d o n ’s e c o n o m i c s u c c e s s . A s t h e d e n s i t y o f r e t a i l o n s i t e i s l o w, there are oppor tunities for intensification. For instance , stacking residential development above retail along the A503, and on top of the energ y centre and community centre within the s i t e ’s b o u n d a r i e s i n c r e a s e s d e n s i t y a n d p r o v i d e s n e w c o m m e r c i a l b u s i n e s s e s t o c u s t o m e r s .

The final scheme uses design to achieve medium-to-high residential densities without tall b u i l d i n g s . B u i l d i n g s a r e s i t e d t o m a x i m i s e d a y l i g h t t o h o m e s w h i l e b a l a n c i n g d e n s i t y, p r i v a c y, a n d o p e n s p a c e r e q u i r e m e n t s a s w e l l a s r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a d j a c e n t b u i l d i n g c o n t e x t s . Ta k e n t o g e t h e r, t h e p l a n o p t i m i s e s d e s i g n q u a l i t y a n d g r e e n s p a c e a t t h e e x p e n s e o f h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s .

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