Acknowledgements I am really grateful for the opportunity to study MA Architecture + Urbanism at Manchester School of Architecture. I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Eamonn Canniffe, Claudio Molina Camacho, Julie Fitzpatrick and James Dyson for their guidance. Their knowledge and insightful comments have significantly contributed to conceptualize and design of ‘RESIDE MUMBAI’. I thank all external reviewers for their important remarks. And of course, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and encouragement throughout the study.
RESIDE MUMBAI
‘RESIDE MUMBAI’
was an international competition launched by ‘arc out loud’. It challenged to design mixed income housing on one of the last undeveloped section of Mumbai’s coastline. The design should incorporate dwelling for both communities - (1) indigenous fishing community that has occupied the site for hundreds of years (2) a new demographic of affluent community. The challenge was to provide an architectural design which offers integration between two socio-economic distinct community. This design thesis attempts to fulfil challenges set by ‘RESIDE MUMBAI’ competition.
CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 8 10 13
Mumbai Worli Koliwada Program: Reside Mumbai PART II CONTEXT
16 20 23 24
Mumbai: From Island City to Metropolis Framing Socio-Cultural Activities Theoretical Context Infrastructural Issues PART III DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
26 27 28 30 31
Case Study: Aranya Low Cost Housing Case Study: Makoko Floating School Potentials and Problems in Existing Built Fabric Circuit of Social Interaction Re-Interpreting Density
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PART IV DESIGN PROPOSAL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
MUMBAI | WORLI KOLIWADA | PROGRAM: RESIDE MUMBAI
PART I INTRODUCTION
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Mumbai, India
Mumbai
figure 1. Location of Mumbai
Mumbai occupies a long and narrow peninsula in the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India, in state of Maharashtra. Mumbai was originally a group of seven marshy islands on the west coast of India and a fishing village until the 16th century. Today Mumbai is fourth largest metropolitan in the world with a population of 21.4 million.
History
2nd century BCE - 9th century CE: Maurya and Buddhist dynasty. Late 13th century: Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate In 1534 Portuguese took control of islands In 1661 the colony was handed over to the British In 1687 Headquarter of East India Company In Mid 18th century Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. 1782 – 1845 The original seven small islands were combined, partly through silting and partly through large scale land reclamation. As the capital of the Bombay Presidency, the city witnessed the Indian Independence Movement
Area
Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City District and Mumbai Suburban District. The total area 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi) The city district 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi) The suburban district 370 km2 (143 sq mi) The remaining area belong to various Defense establishments, the Mumbai Port trust, Atomic Energy Commission and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM (Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai)
Mumbai: The Metropolis
Mumbai is considered as financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. Mumbai’s contribution to the growth of the Indian economy has been significant as nearly 40 per cent of state domestic production originates in Mumbai. With its port, manufacturing industry (traditional and modern), government and financial institutions, trade and services, Mumbai represents one of the most diversified and vibrant economies in the country. 8
figure 2. The seven original islands including Worli Koliwada outlined in white; Current boundaries of the city proper outlined in orange. Image: Arc Out Loud
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Worli Koliwada
figure 3. Worli Koliwada in context. Image: Arc Out Loud
Koliwada means the habitat of the Kolis. The Kolis are a fishing community that lived on the seven islands off the Arabian sea that subsequently merged to form the city of Mumbai. There are several Koliwadas (fishing villages) scattered all over the city. There are nearly 40 fishing villages in Mumbai. Worli Koliwada (fishing village) sits on northern tip of Worli, one of the seven original islands of Mumbai. Some of the village’s current inhabitants are direct descendants of the Koli that pre-date the Portuguese, who took control of islands in 1534. The colony was handed over to the British in 1661, who built a fort in 1675 to surveil their coastal position. The fort was renovated in 2007 and retains its original footprint, and now houses an unofficial gym and a temple. As per record, the 65-acre Worli fishing village counts 457 dwellings, but over the period of time residents have constructed additional new structures for supplementary income. Population estimates in the range of 60,000 to 1,00,000 with a mix of Koli and migrants from around the country. (arc out loud,2017) 10
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1
figure 4. Koliwada tip. Image: Arc Out Loud
figure 5. Koliwada tip. Image: Arc Out Loud
2
3
figure 6. Worli fort. Image: Arc Out Loud
3 figure 8. Koliwada inner street Image: Arc Out Loud
figure 7. Koliwada inner street. Image: Arc Out Loud
4 figure 9. Bandra-Worli sea link. Image: Arc Out Loud
5 figure 10. Cleveland jetty. Image: Arc Out Loud
6 11
figure 11. Worli sea face. Image: Arc Out Loud
Worli Koliwada
figure 12. From Worli Fort looking south over the Koliwada to Worli neighbourhood. Image: Arc Out Loud
figure 13. From Worli Fort looking west over Bandra-Worli sea link. Image: Arc Out Loud
figure 14. From Worli Fort looking north across site. Image: Arc Out Loud
figure 15. From Worli Fort looking east over Mahim Bay. Image: Arc Out Loud
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Program: Reside Mumbai In 2008, for the first time in human history, the urban population surpassed the rural population worldwide; an additional 3 million people make the move each year [“World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision”. United Nation, 2015]. As a result, the need to house more people in limited space has become a global challenge. Mumbai is India’s most populated city and is facing extreme housing crisis as any other metropolis in the world. The housing crisis in Mumbai can be seen most clearly in proliferation of slums. Out of 21.4 million of total population, more than half of the city population lives in slums. The main reason for this is higher property rates. The price-to-income ratio which measures the time it would take the average household to buy a home, is the second largest worldwide at 32 years (Mammen, 2017)- an unattainable goal for the most. Rapid urban growth and growing inequality has created global crisis in housing which segregates rich from poor. There is conflict between profit and affordability, development and displacement and public versus private interests. Mumbai is home to India’s richest as well as largest slum population. “Mumbai, allegorically speaking is actually two cities…. The ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ are within the same geographical territory but occupy entirely different economic, physical and social spaces.” -Mumbai Human Development Report, 2009 Physical and social segregation which both reflects and perpetuates socioeconomic disparity within a city is a growing concern worldwide including Mumbai. To what extent can architecture support social inclusion and break down spatial segregation within megacity? Aim The aim is to design mixed income housing development which address two distinct socio-economic population. (1) Koli: The original settlers of Mumbai who has occupied site for hundreds of years and are fishermen by trade (2) Worli: A new demographic drawn to this neighbourhood demanding seafront upscale housing Open Space In Mumbai shrinking open spaces is of particular concern: open space per capita is just 0.88 sq. meter per person, compared to New York city at 2.1, Tokyo at 6 and Delhi at 15 The new development aims to provide public open space for residents of mixed dwellings development, residents of existing Worli Koliwada and visitors from Mumbai and beyond.
Protection from Annual monsoon flooding and sea level rise Mumbai witness high rainfall in season of monsoon (June-September). The average annual rainfall is nearly 2000 mm and sometimes it results in floods. As the site is located in proxiity to coastline, the new development will provide protection from annual monsoon flooding and sea level rise.
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Threats to the historic and urban fabric Worli fort, built by British in 1675, sits at the southern edge of the site and lend its historic significance. Worli Koliwada’s unique combination of historic, social and environmental significance have protected it from brazen development happening elsewhere in city.
Objectives To develop mixed income housing considering individual requirement of both typology and provide a solution which eliminate economical segregation To make Worli Koliwada a heritage place, the design will strengthen the tangible and intangible heritage (culture, history and identity) To consider site’s complex relation with sea including annual monsoon flooding and sea level rise To propose public open space which not only cater to residents but also for visitor To consider site’s urban significance, how this project can act as a precedent for city wide efforts In my proposal for mixed income dwelling development for Worli Koliwada, I have proposed following spaces:Fishermen Dwellings 265 units, 35 sq.mt] Luxury dwellings [64 units, 140 sq. mt] Floating structures [ flexible usage: unloading fish, market, school, community meeting place] Places of worship Sea side promenade Floating recreation area Park Boat repair workshop
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MUMBAI: FROM ISLAND CITY TO METROPOLIS | FRAMING SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES THEORETICAL CONTEXT | INFRASTRUCTURAL ISSUES
PART II CONTEXT
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Mumbai: From Island City to Metropolis Mumbai was originally a group of seven islands on the west coast of India. In mid-18th century, Mumbai began to grow into major trading town and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. During 1782-1845 the original seven islands were combined, partly through silting and partly through large scale land reclamation. The project to join seven islands together is known as Hornby Vellard project, named after British governor who commissioned it. For that, work began in 1782 to connect the islands by draining creeks and constructing a series of causeways that would initially join these islands. It was vital to protect land from being flooded at high tide. Most of 22 hilltops that made up seven islands were razed and their debris was used to fill the gaps between islands and to create a sea wall embankment around the low-lying areas. In 1836, Mumbai’s first reclamation company- Elphinstone Land Company was founded and the work for moulding of all islands into one land mass began. (Murphy, 2017) The development of transport infrastructure in Mumbai is closely related with historic land reclamation initiatives. From the earliest causeways, many land reclamation projects have been understood in terms of movement and connectivity. The construction of railway network directly reflects the co-dependence. Railway catalysed and conditioned a succession of 19th century land reclamation work.
figure 16. 1670: Original seven islands. Image: Noel Murphy
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1. Filling of Great Breach 2.Dharavi figure 17. Land reclamation during 1785-1820. Image: Noel Murphy
20. Filling of Thane Creek 21. Filling of Mahul Creek figure 18. Land Reclamation during 1930-1970. Image Noel Murphy
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figure 19. 2013 - possible future land reclamation. Image: Noel Murphy
25. New Financial District 26. Creative & Innovation District 27. Diplomatic District 28. Expo District 29. Recreational District 30. Port Expansion 31. Airport. Legend
Causeways
A Mahim-Sion Causeway B Umarkhadi C Pydhonie D Worli-Mahim Causeway E Hornby Vellard F Colaba Causeway G Sion-Kurla Causeway H Lady Jamsetji’s Causeway I Bandra-Worli Sea Link J Proposed Future
Land Reclamations
1 Filling of Great Breach 2 Dharavi 3 Carnac Bunder 4 Fort George 5 Further Filling of Great Breach 6 Filling at Mahim Bay 7 First Back Bay 8 Dockyards 9 Apollo Bunder 10 Tank Bunder 11 Filling of Flats at Matoonga 12 Filling of Flats at Nagaum 13 Ballard Estate 14 Hay Bunder 15 Worli Sluice 16 Filling of Mahim River Flats
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17 Filling of Salt Pans 18 Filling at Malabar and Cumballa 19 Second Back Bay 20 Filling of Thane Creek Flats 21 Filling of Mahul Creek Flats 22 Third Back Bay 23 Bandra-Kurla Complex 24 Naval Dockyard 25 New Financial District 26 Creative & Innovation District 27 Diplomatic District 28 Expo District 29 Recreational District 30 Port Expansion 31 Proposed Airport
Originally a cluster of small islands inhabited by fisherfolks, the megacity of Mumbai is built on top of the more reclaimed land than any other city in the world [“Mumbai Megacity 2050”. Mumbai Past and Present. Darryl D’Monte]. It is remarkable transformation in terms of form, scale and population achieved in just 300 years and this city continues to rapidly grow. The city’s linear geometry and the Arabian Sea surrounding the city on three sides constrains its expansion to accommodate ever increasing population. This has resulted in Mumbai becoming one of the densest populations in the world. The shortage of land for development and continuing flux of migrant has resulted into high real estate prices, shortage of housing, poor living condition etc. Owing to shortage of land city has not been able to add any significant open public spaces and recreation spaces. Alongside these needs the city must cope up with the constrain of its compact physical space. To accommodate the growth, there is a need to find small pockets of open spaces within the existing city. There must be some empty, unused parcels of land in-between existing density. As an architect, planner and developer one must identify these spaces and judiciously design within it. Before expanding the city, we can densify the existing city. The site given by the competition is one such example of an empty and un-used space within the dense urban fabric. There is a potential to densify the available area.
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Framing Socio-Cultural Activities
1
figure 20. Locations of socio-cultural activities. Image: Rushama Patel
There are various temples and other places of worship scattered in Worli Koliwada. These are very important places in daily life of residents. All religious and social gatherings take place at these temples. These are very small structures built within very dense built form of Worli Koliwada. The remarkable characteristic about these places is their transformational nature. The same place is used for daily prayer, performing rituals, community meeting and even for organizing medical camp. The diverse celebrations of Worli Koliwada has been captured through frames, each representing the major activity or festival at a particular time of the year. Having chosen eight important spaces, how they transform through the lens of time through the year has been depicted.
1 figure 21. Koli women at fish market. Image: CEPT University Portfolio
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figure 22. Illustrating socio-cultural activities at various location in Worli Koliwada. Image: CEPT University Portfolio
A. Chededev temple: Pausch Purnima (religious function)
B. Hanuman temple: community lunch, D. Church and surrounding area near Worli tip jetty: daily activity of fish drying,
C. Paap Vimochan temple: Pausch Purnima (religious function) E. Worli tip jetty: Holi (festival)
F. Sai Baba Seva Mandal: Dahi Handi (festival)
G. Golfadevi temple: Golfadevi Jatra (religious function)
H. Achanak Krida Mandal: Golfadevi Jatra (religious function) 21
figure 23. Illustrating socio-cultural activities at various location in Worli Koliwada. Image: CEPT University Portfolio
A. Chededev temple: Daily prayer
B. Hanuman temple: Havan (religious rituals)
C. Paap Vimochan temple: Yoga class
D. Church and surrounding area near Worli tip jetty: Daily evening prayer
E. Worli tip jetty: Boat repair
F. Sai Baba Seva Mandal: Medical camp
G. Golfadevi temple: Drying chillies and paapad
H. Achanak Krida Mandal: Community meeting
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Theoretical Context In 2009, Bandra-Worli sea link- an eight-lane bridge which connects Mumbai’s western suburb to its business centre opened. Nearly 37,000 vehicles pass on sea-link per day. Bandra-Worli sea link which skirts Worli Koliwada has brought new attention to previous hidden village. In a city like Mumbai where land is considered as the most precious resource, there is possibility of high profitable development replacing Worli Koliwada.
“Maharashtra’s Slum Rehabilitation Authority wants to declare parts of Worli Koliwada as a slum, but residents have objected to the proposal.” (Kakodkar, 2017) In 2015 the village was sent a notice by Slum Rehabilitation Authority to declare 22 plots as slum- the first step to claiming land for future development. In December 2017, the SRA re-opened this contentious case against the opposition of locals. If these plots are officially recognized as slums, residents would be given apartments in the new complexes, but the scheme would also open up prime sea-facing properties to the commercial real estate market. According to fishermen, Worli Koliwada cannot be declared as a slum, because it is a recognized fishing village and inhabited for generations by Kolis, Mumbai’s original settlers. The another problem is that a lot of the additional tenements the original residents have built are illegal and not on record of city authorities. If those plots are redeveloped under the SRA scheme, the illegal homes will not be accounted for when original owners are given new homes in place of their old ones. Residents are clear that neighborhoods in his village cannot be legally classified as slums. But they are not opposed to redevelopment in itself. “What we need is a form of cluster redevelopment designed on our terms, incorporating all our needs,” they said. “We would need schools, space to dry and store fish and bigger houses for all residents who have been living here for years.”
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Infrastructural Issues around site
figure 24. Existing ‘Koli’ dwellings. Image: Arc Out Loud
Traditional ‘Koli’ homes include a veranda (semi-open space) for weaving and repairing nets, a kitchen, a main room and a worship room. Issues -Living quarters too close to each other -Informal structures in most cases -Low rise denser fabric -No adequate sanitation and waste management
The fishermen dwellings need to be designed specifically according to their use. There should be provision of open and semi-open spaces where they can practice fishing related activities such as drying fish and repairing nets. The dwellings should be constructed from local, sustainable material and should have adequate structural system. The overall housing cluster needs to be organised. The growth and density need to be planned and there should be provision of open spaces within it.
figure 25. Upcoming projects in Worli. Image:www.housing. com
The new demographic drawn to this upscale neighborhood with expensive sea-front properties. Issues -Scarcity of land -High rise towers -Increasing use of glass in buildings which leads to higher consumption of energy
The design of luxury dwellings needs to be more contextual and climate responsive. There should be use of sustainable materials for construction.
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CASE STUDY: ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING | CASE STUDY: MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL POTENTIALS AND PROBLEMS IN EXISTING BUILT FABRIC CIRCUIT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION | RE-INTERPRETING DENSITY
PART III DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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Case Study Aranya Housing, Indore, India Architect- B.V.Doshi
figure 26. Aranya low cost housing. Image: http://www.arcstreet.com
Aranya housing is notable social housing project for low-income occupants in Central India. Housing Layout “Occupying 85 hectare site, 6500 plots were divided into 11 types and income levels, with just 35 sq meter for economically weak dwellers and up to 600 sq meter for highest income dwellers.” (Rowe and Kan, 2014) The master plan divided the site into six sectors of housing with central spine of commercial and industrial areas. Transitional Spaces The usage of entrances, balconies, occupiable rooftops, raised plinths and sidewalks provide smooth transition from inside to outside. Such building elements blur the boundary between inside and outside. These semi-public spaces are re-interpreted from traditional indian architecture. These spaces are placed facing the street so it creates a vibrant environment. Incremental spaces The development allows residents the space and opportunity to adapt and improve their homes Learnings for Worli Koliwada Creating court-yard, semi-open veranda where fishermen can perform fishing related activities Creating transition spaces like balconies, double volume and projection which blurs the boundary between inside and outside The design of dwellings should allows growth and alterationas per user’s requirement
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Case Study Makoko Floating School, Lgos, Nigeria Architect- Kunle Adeyemi
figure 27. Floating school. Image: http://www.artbaseafrica.org
The floating school was built in coastal community of Makoko, a slum neighbourhood. The school comprise 1000 sq. foot play area. The classrooms are located on the second tier and are partially enclosed with adjustable louvered slats. The classrooms are also surrounded by spatial public greenery. The classroom spaces can be used for communal functions especially during out-of-school hours. Contextual Design The floating school comprise alternative sustainable building and structures design to adapt the aquatic lifestyle of residents. This school is mainly constructed from local material such as bamboo and timber. The architecture reflects the culture of the community. Simplicity of Intervention The form of the building is a triangular A- frame section and wood is used as major material for structure, support and finishing of the building. There are 250 plastic barrels on which the structure floats on water and be naturally ventilated and aerated. Sustainability Sustainable features include application of solar cells to the roof, rain water catchment systems and composting toilets. Learnings for Worli Koliwada
Rising sea level is problem of this site. Structure floating on plastic barrels is an appropriate solution of as it can adjust with changing water level.
Multi- function use Using timber for floating structure is beneficial as material and construction techniques employed will not disturb marine life as there is a decline in fishing catch because of rapid urbanisation. 27
Potential and Problems in existing built fabric
figure 28. Site Plan. Image: Arc Out Loud
The built fabric of existing Worli Koliwada is very dense with living quarters very close to each other and narrow alleyways in between. These living conditions are inadequate as it doesn’t provide exposure to sunlight and air ventilation. As land is very precious resource, residents of Worli Koliwada have built on each available fragment of it. There are some empty open spaces which are left over between buildings. These empty spaces become points of social interaction for residents where they meet their neighbour, repair fishing net, dry fish etc. The other type of public space is place of worship (temples and churches, which are scattered over the site) and a fish market. Culturally significant buildings and empty spaces surrounded by buildings are points of recreation. Worli Koliwada has organic urban form resulted due to unplanned growth. The density and growth need to organized to provide better quality of life to residents. To design appropriate housing development for this community, I have taken clues from existing spaces within the urban fabric and have reinterpreted potential spaces to provide better solution. 28
figure 30. Empty space left over between buildings. Sketch: Rushama Patel
figure 29. Empty space between buildings acts as a courtyard and provides residents a space to work (repairing net, drying fish) Sketch: Rushama Patel
figure 31. Plinth outside a house. Sketch: Rushama Patel
figure 32. Narrow alleyways created by maximum density. Sketch: Rushama Patel
figure 33. Temple. Sketch: Rushama Patel
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Circuit of Social Interaction As the project demands to integrate two distinct social classes, there is a juxtaposition of two strikingly different living conditions. On this account dwellings for both the communities are going to be different. The connection is made in-terms of public spaces and introducing activities of common interests. There are several ways of introducing places of recreation. The significance of history, religion and culture is equal for rich and poor. The association and belief are similar in all strata of society. In existing settlement of Worli Koliwada, there are many small temples as well as a church. These places are the point of social interaction. The Intent is to,
continuing existing nature of public spaces
building decks and floating structure which allows flexible usage
creating larger open space and recreation area (next to the fort.
All these places are connected with paths and creates a circuit of social interaction which will integrate both housing typology. Road (Vehicular)
Place of Worship
Promenade
Fort
Pedestrian + Bicycle Path
Boat Repair Workshop
Deck
figure 34. Diagram showing circuit of interaction. Image: Rushama Patel
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Cafes + Restaurants
Park
Re-interpreting Density As land is precious resource in Mumbai each fragment of it is used for building, leaving no space open. The built fabric of existing Worli Koliwada is very dense. The attempt here is to use land very judiciously by introducing maximum density and yet providing sufficient open space. In this case, the density is organized and balanced by open spaces varying in scale. There is a provision of small scale open space next to dwellings for residents as well as larger scale public open spaces for whole community as well as for tourists. As a continuation of existing neighbourhood mid-rise built fabric is introduced. Other considerations are,
Luxury dwellings on Arabian sea side 1.Sea front view for luxury dwellings 2.Placing buildings at some distance from the coast line and creating Barrier between dwellings and water edge
Fishermen dwellings closer to water at Mahim Bay side 1.Access to water for fishing activities 2.As there is no high tides on Mahim Bay side, it will be safer.
figure 35. Diagram showing proposed density. Image: Rushama Patel
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Prevention from Monsoon flooding Dwellings are raised from the ground.
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PART IV DESIGN PROPOSAL
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7 6
3
2
1
4
5 ARABIAN SEA
MAHIM BAY
1. Luxury Dwelling 2. Fishermen Dwelling 3. Floating Structure 4. Place of Worship 5. Existing Fort 6.Boat Repair Workshop 7. Existing Jetty
0 10
50
100m
35
luxury dwellings
cafes + restaurants
fishermen dwellings
36
temple
fort
fishermen dwellings
fishermen dwellings
floating structure
luxury dwellings
0
37
1
2
3
5m
paved walk way
semi-open space
semi-open space
allotments
allotments
semi-open space
Ground Floor Plan A cluster of four fishermen dwelling units
semi-open space
0 1
38
2
3
5m
toilet
toilet
toilet
toilet
In fishermen dwellings structure, outer enclosure and services (staircase and toilet) are provide whereas internal space-division can be done as per user’s requirement. First Floor Plan A cluster of four fishermen dwelling units
0 1
39
2
3
5m
Relationship between dwelling - coast edge - floating structure 40
0
41
1
2
3
5m
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“Communities are collective; they offer the feeling of being part of a safe and mutually supportive group, with shared ways of living, ambitions, characters and qualities, tied together by a dense social fabric.” (MVRDV and The Why Factory, 2012) The fishermen Dwellings are organized as a collection of living, working, gathering spaces. The linear arrangement of dwellings-courtyard-dwellings is allowing sufficient open space to each dwelling. The semi open space on ground level becomes the place for fishing related activities such as repairing fishing net and sorting, processing and drying fish. The in between courtyard becomes place for allotments to grow food. The dwelling units are constructed from timber. The enclosure of wooden screens and wooden panels wrap around timber frame structure. The wooden screen allows light and air ventilation inside the dwelling unit as well as it blurs the boundary between inside and outside. The terraces, balconies and overhangs provide shade and act as a transition space. The dwelling cluster connects with sea side and residents can enjoy the sea. The private living quarters, semi-public courtyard and ‘Veranda’ and public sea side are imagined to make lively and self-sufficient habitat.
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‘The urban, architectural and civil wealth of a city is that of its collective spaces, that of all places where collective life develops, is represented and is remembered.’ - Manuel de Sola-Morales, ‘Public Spaces, Collective Spaces’, La Vanguardia, 1992 Fishermen dwellings and luxury dwellings are placed around the temple. There is open space between dwellings. The significance of a temple brings rich and poor together. This pivotal central becomes the generator of social interaction. The little open space between dwellings and around the temple can be used for festival celebration and play area for children. There are no living spaces on ground floor in both type of dwellings. In fishermen housing ground floor is semi-open which can be used for work, interaction with neighbours or as play area for children. The ground floor of luxury dwellings accommodates recreational and commercial activities. All of these characteristics aim towards bringing two socio-economically distinct communities together.
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Bibliography Print Sources MVRDV; The Why Factory, 2012. The Vertical Village. 1st ed. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers. Rowe, P. G. & Ye, K. H., 2014. Urban Intensities. 1st ed. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. Slavid, R., 2005. Wood Architecture. 1st ed. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd.. Digital Sources Urbz, 2017. The Design Come as We Build. [Online] Available at: http://www.urbz.net/projects/design-comes-we-build [Accessed 12 June 2018]. Arc Out Loud, 2017. Reside Mumbai Mixed Housing International Idea Competition Brief. s.l.:Arc Out Loud. CEPT Portfolio, 2017. An Urban Village in Mumbai: Worli Koliwada. [Online] Available at: https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/an-urban-village-in-mumbai-worli-koliwada/ [Accessed 10 February 2018]. Ebdy, H., 2018. Homegrown Dharavi - Vision for an incremental future. [Online] Available at: http://urbz.net/projects/design-comes-we-build [Accessed 12 June 2018]. Kakodkar, P., 2017. The Times of India. [Online] Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sra-re-examines-proposal-to-declare-worli-koliwada-a-slum/articleshow/62003880.cms [Accessed 15 February 2018]. Mammon, S., 2017. Prop Tiger. [Online] Available at: https://www.proptiger.com/guide/post/it-will-take-32-years-of-your-income-to-buy-ahouse-in-mumbai [Accessed 2 March 2018]. MIT University, 2000. Aranya Community Housing. [Online] Available at: http://web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/articlesPhotographs/pdfs/aranya-1-Summary0025.pdf [Accessed 25 March 2018]. Murphy, N., 2013. Evolutionary Mumbai: Making of the ‘Island City’. [Online] Available at: http://www.noel-murphy.com/rotch/2013/08/19/evolutionary-mumbai-making-of-the-island-city/ [Accessed 31 January 2018]. Risbud, N., 2003. Understanding slums: Case Studies for the Global Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/mumbai.htm [Accessed 20 January 2018].
All drawings and images in PART IV DESIGN PROPOSAL are by author.
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