BO_.
_
At_DLRB_IZAI'ION I_ ThE PHILIPPINES
by AZej_q_
N, Hem,,i_
Rodo_fo F. .Vlo_n_i_ 'STAFFPAPER SERT_ Nb. :'85_5
_INE.
__0R_
STUDIES 1985
_b_tract
Tnis paper
re%_ews
P)Lillppine data an urbenlzatlon
of food ,._d household
f_l
issues
art,dies on fo_]
"gatad
fo:- _mearc_,. by _oeJ.oecc.ta¢_i.c
residence
c_s_ti¢_
.gro_s
_',re relati_ly
and by
fe_.
Z_en
with
and patterns
_he view of i_tifylng
c_._sumption pat_er_s
_Isaggz_-
_u:a1-urban-metr_litan scar_er
are
studies
on household
fuel _sm_ti_.
_he cu_:ulaticn of knowledge is hindered
b_ the fac.t that
sets, study
1_u_.ts,categories
making. ¢_ar;i.s'-'ns available
energy
from the survey
_n
vie_
of existing t_e,
moll's,.
B,r_d1_ble studiesuse of food items
and validation
_tudies _ _-_re information :":itsw_:_:h_or_
and estimation
data techniques,
In the =ass of the uoold have been
al_propriate _ethods
data
t_, derive
more precise
estimates
ho_:.ehold s£_e el_ticities
in the const_ _lotion of
sxtra=_d
of analysis.
A. preliminary
simulation
rel:_ted to the provisi_ po.pulat-iun _..e: _
of income/e_pendi-
which
will be the critical
an ec_momlc-_emog_aphi¢
fu_l r_.quirements .and to assess
growth,
diffiuult.
_fferent
patterns
of this, a -_:_joritem in the agenda i_ the reanalysis
prlce-and
inputs
base on food _sumption
model
_esign_d
simulation
to pro_ect
_h._ implic-.,_[ons of various
food
and
poli_ies
of focal and fuel J:.nthe course of economic and urbanization
is proposed.
FO_,
Ft_L
A RE_4
tND URBANXZATI_ OF.I_TERATU_E
Ale_andzo _d
Past studi._ u_banisation
have
servi_s
f_l_
=an be ew_ect_d urb_zationo
Important mlnimize
water
by
supply
given
dimension
shaft in population
ir_lications
for marketing
food and fuel _Isruptions. to
examine
the
and
and transportation
adequate
_he i_%_lication of food and
attention.
of food and f_el security
demand
in the course of
for foo_ _d
and _ncome
to _trb_
and _istribution Accordingly,
fuel will be
distribution areas.
of the population
implications
e_ploy-
and of providing
items, namely,
from rural
distributlon
of
of generating
force
increa_ir,gly impo_ant
In demand patterns
_n the spatial
imp_caCions
labor
of two basic
(r_ra!-u_an)
chan_es
axe no_ needed
_tes
urban population.
so far not been
to besom
urban
For _._e, the aggregate
ted with the the chan_
as housing,
pr_Islon
h_
The spatial
Manuel 'F. Florentin_/
_GENDA
on tJ_e pr_bJ_ms
foz the growing
on _e
however,
affected
mainly
foe the growing
_r_anigation
AND A _SE_
N. Herr:J.n, R_Ifo F.
focused
.uch
_u_ication
P_IILIPPII_ESz
cm,the..econo_Lc and social
me_t oRportunlt/es _uic
IN _E
associaLikewise,
will
have
systems
systematic
of urbanization
to studies
on food and
_--/Professor and Assistant Professor, School of Economics, _Iversity of the Phii_ppi_es ond Director, Food and Nutrition ReHarc_ Ins_/_ute, _ati_al Science and Technolgoy Authority,' respectively.
2
•fuji to
securltyo provide
the
_he ._
cumule_'_e
bases
_or
:¢esult_
._o
of
formuI_on
_hese
stud£es
,_f policiea
aze and
expected
programs
An
future.
_his paper
attempts
data on uz_anization, ana current
to review
patterns
existing
of food
policies
Phili_ine
and f_l
and programs
llterature
in
consusptlon
related
to the provision
Section
2 provides
of
food and fuel.
This paper is organized, as..fo]luwe. descri_ion
of PhiLippine
aata ,and, analyses existing
urbanization,
on food consumption
data• and analyses
Section'5
briefly
notes
current
in the
Urbanization
population.
refers
Urbanization
and structural
to _e
Pernia
6 presents
patterns.
t_ the provision
a research
change,
and the
(1983) and Raymundo
population
associated
location
advantage
on Philippine
and Pa_eranga
of urban
the latter involving
areas to rake
studies
rise in the proportion
is us_ally
away from agriculture
Notable
related
4 examines
agenda
PhilipplnQs
that is. urban or £o the growth
in specific
whJ.le Section
fuel expenditure
policies
Section
3 examines
strategy.
Urbanizati_%
vlty
patterns
(_%household
of food and foe!. "Finally, a research
Section
a brief
(1980), (1983).
of
relative
with
the shift
to rural
economic
growth
of economic
of new economic
actl-
activities
aggl.omera_ion economies.
urbani=.ation i_clude Pernla,
of the population
Paderanga,
those
_ermoso
of Pennia
(1976).
amd Associates
3_
Sal_ent
1 t.hz'ough
Tables
13 percent
the to
featuzes
in
tempo 1948_
again
4 be, low...The
3903
1975.
Up tO
perio_ which
2.
In
of nati_al
bold
recent
relief
lev_l
Osntral
Lu2xm,
Sout/%ern
next
1980.
from
During
1948
_empo
be
growth
of
gl_aned
rose
from
t_his eigh_
1975
and
urbanization
due
rural
be
to
the
from
picking from
high
1918
up speed J_he eazly
decline
sharp
population
from
decades,
as be,_n 9 r_id
to
of
partly
of
and
pat_rn
th_
of
by
hi_
primacy
Metropolltan
13 municipalities %az_t i_
of
in
_3 percent
The in
in
spite
of
c_n
be
?_tropolit..n
rest
1_e_3•i_ns hav_ng
Tagalog,
urbanized rest
_he
_,n 1970,
mo_e of
the
in
conslsting
4 _m_S
'the
metrapolit_n
seen
in
Manila
share
_21_aya_,
_ap:_l?
_urÂŁn_!
rea_ed
Western the
How_:ver,
Table
st_,ds
r,_r_, 'u.rbanize_
Central
regions.
revealed
1980.
1970-1980. of, _e
as
Manilas had
cities_
_rbanizati_,_
u_a_Isat/on
the
marked
population
popu]atio_
S outhezn
than
is
thee
period,
l_ndanao
1975-80
the
against
perc_nt
and
the
ze_ional
._
up
may
urba-_izatiQn
characte_ized
.la_kened
cities
urban
_
be
%uguanization
1980,
Of
populati_
in
can
the
of
can
mi_rati_.
foul" chartered
the
_e_nt
1975
kept
Philippine
of
The
urbanization
le_l
so_uwhat
_al-uzban
Table
37
_o
sla_ing
_rtallty large
P_lippine
of uzbanlzation
since
postwar
of
periods during
the
3 for out .in i00
regions
of
Visayes
_d
i970-75 tl_e [975-S0
a
period, tempos
the and
less
urbanized
somehow
began
and tomove
rural in
r_gions pace
have
wi_/% t_e
speeded more
up %:,Seir
urb_i-ed
_egicns.
4
Table selec_d
4 _hows
th_
relakio_hi.ps
of _lop_ent
i_,_oaEo_
for the mo_t raoant period earlier: periods in Pernla between
including
and Paderanga
urban_Izatloa%on
on the other hand_ regic_s
uzb_i.zed .;
base
in:these
to
industriall.za_
years
(1980} .;--_/ the one
The data
hand, and
higher
incomes
make
keep their-income
_uggest
increased
its aCCOmpanying
_
Data
for
are foun_
a close
,z_lation
and, industrialization
We no,_e.,_wever, than
that
the
zural
less urbaui.zed regions more
r_ch agricultural
up. for _helr levels
that
a_erage., from the
_o
data
lower
as hiqh
levels
resource
of indus-
as the mo_'e
regions._
curso_
look at the urbanizati_
_,at _es_itc
ahead arising
declines,
based
indicators
reveal
of slackened
tempo
up to 1975, 'urb_Izati.(m may be expected
decades
(1983}.
income
__ on r.he
appear
and
chang_
_%_lopment
be e_cted..
I_ would
In sum, this Philippines
additional
rural regions
trialization
and structural
not very _fferen
regions_
u_banization
ten.ileal by Raymundo
as might
tend to exhibit
and have incon_s
be_:weer_
from
_he interactions
rural-urbnn
exi_erience in the during
to.speed
between
the postwar
up in the
rural
fertility
migret.:[on_ and econc_n_c _._owth with
str_ctur'al tr_n._:_oi_atic:.'_.
*/ --The classification of reqions into "Mo:re Urbanized', "less Urbanized" and."Ruzal", found in Pe_,ia and Paderanga (19R0) and An Raymu_do (1983) are not comparable, however_
K
•"
Urbam_zatien
an_
General growth, are
the
Food
C_slderat/onB.
demographic
quite
for
_ma_d
complex.
interzeleti_shlps
T_e
interrelationships
chan_,
urb&nization
We
howe_r,
in
may, term8
of
i_
foll c_ing 4_mand
relati.r_nships
pattezns
demographic
change.
the
diagram
examining
Moha_ t.he effect
country
starting
conditions,
policies broadly
on
tend
a low
speed
described
to
a faster
of
demand
grcwt/_ for
food
in
level
dc_n by up
of per
the
of
of
rising
urban_zatios, First,
capita less
o£
than
unity_
and the
and
_zowth,
shaft
the in
of
of
examined tec._mo -
developing
certain
appropriate
w£_h
and
mentioned.
incon_
Engel-t}_-pe _ec_unological
mechanis_
populanlon
changes
determinants,
,_del,
a low
:_pecific
a s lc_er
economic
briefly
. L_._er
_nd
and
Ex_2_ples
demand
of
q%e
intone,
be
populatior._
i._c0mes,
framework,
common
equillbrlum
urb_ADi_at_on_
o-aezall
by
other.
may
tP:e context
these
urbanization
their
each
patte_:_
patterns
__1
to
influen_
_emand
this
determined
a dyn_.u[_icgeneral
as" follows.
being
jointly
addit/on
growth,
generated to
as in
urbanization at
In
First,
relar.ionship_
u_£ng
the_slowlng
changes
viewed
economic
conceptualize
below.
be noted.
patterns
of population
change
may
these
(1982),
logical
demand
be
in
, 4
Secomdly,
and den_nd
urbanization st%a_ies
can
changes
ini_Lally
L.......... the
and
between
g_owuh
may leads
in,._me, elasticity consumption
be
patten'm
towards
•increuee
_
the _mm_d
of urbanization° demand
_m
_hanges
£ncreased
increases
.foz'.,_an
labor
Seconely., rislng speeds
which
preference
"a_groprlete",
is _ozl_spondingly
for urban
i.e., _re
the demand
of urbanization
In another
up
for urban
urbanizat/on goods.
l_bor#
This
and, consequently,
incomes
laboz_using
faeriE.
urban
higher
and resultlng
• shift
production
and therefore
tO
.of families. early
1960s,
where
study,
Kelley
in average
Kelley
tested
(1959) examined
the
effect
of economic
family
and
growth
of the popu-
in the
ecunomlc-dem_graphic
a model
de_d
or n_-food ch_qe
FS _ chan_ RUM-
slze,
. Demographic
total number
e_erienoe
of the following
in the
form_
f('_, FS, RUM, E)
D = total
HH -
and ra_e
increase.
•.Using Philippine
D-
a moEe
the level
and demographic changes on the pattern of dem_do ._. changes.include changes in the urban-rural distrlbuti_ changes
by
technology,
growth
l_ion,
levels
Engel-type
may be reinforoed
Finally,
in tuxn
change
(expenditure
an
food
commodities
in the numb_
of households
in the average
the rate of rural-urban
family
inco_)
size
migration
E - growth of _he mean expenditure for permanent
g_)
level
(which proxies
_he ea_ir£cal Table
5.
With
results,
respect
of Kelley's
to
the
.level
analys£s
of
demand,
are
reproduced
_elle¥
observes:
in
"...Pirs_, and not too surprising, the most iwpo_an_ favor in _he Philippines case appears to be total population growth. Seoond, _pen_g upon the rate of mdoan£sa_/on,-internal migration may, under likely c£:cuastances, enter more .i_ortantly into demand than per f--_l¥ expendit_e growth. Third, the combined influence of t_o unheralded elements in demand, .internal migration and fa_ly size growth, tuxn out to _ossess a greater aggrs gate £npact than _he expanslcn in mean family e_pen_lture. • nd finallyt, the combined deeograph±c factors are overwhelmingiy the crucLal explanatory variable." (Kelley, 1969, p.: 120)
On the
of
.ccmq_sition
Table 5)
that e_dlture
dec_ame
the relat/ve
_ss
i_
S
•neutra_
_
-however,
growth allocatlon
mag_it_le,
_
itS specific e_;:mnditure
about
one fourth
effect
on demand
c_lemand, the
while
g_ov_h
and rural-urb_ on food
total
demand
effect.
change
shift is neutrali_ed
sez_ve , in more
is
largely
In the aggD account
migration
in _emand.
_hus
by _he effect
4
each
growth
papulation
oomposi_ional
(colmm
mlgration
censumptiQn
and rural-urb_
of the total
suggest:
results
their
for oombi:
of population
9x_wth.
FEOm a p .... that
both'
rapid
co_blne
to
to_ds
non-food
effects, 9_o_th.
_ .... econo_c
effect
and se_d
r .....
growth
a large: Item
•
shift
first)by by reducing
.:..._=_ and
a reduced
in demand Stren_gthen_ng
....
population
patterns the
the neutralizing
_ .....eEs, growth
svSy
f_m
Engel"type effect
could food
and
demand
of population
$
A_ a _n_ demand
patterns
_
Uzbeniza_on
to
food.
a partial
aggregate
aggregate
First,
for
for food
g£vmn in
the
agg_ga_
population demand from
fas_r
z_al-
e_vironment
(Rogers,
1978
as
1983)
e Studies
an Food
Consumption
Pa.,C._e.,rns.
Nati_al
sur_ey
data an family income
and expendltures
conducted
by the National
Census
and Statistics
(formerly
of Census
and Statistics)
reveal
that
Office
food e_endlturea
ditures.
total
areas
other urben
studies •survey
data
A _e¢lining
can be observed
(48-52)
been
(1974},
using the National
Census
income
share
and e_qgendltures;
half
of total
(56-60)
Manila
past.
and Ranade
and Statistics Aviguetero,
in rural
from rural
e__ al.
to
(56-60)__o
based
These
on d_fferent
included
(1976) and Canlas
Office
than
(40-45).
foOd co_sumptio:_ patterns
Goldman
e_pen-
of fooa expenditures
as onemove_
made in the recent
of Tan and Tecson
th_
is larger
and to Metropolitan
on household have
for more
The percentage
(46-48)°
e_%_e_ditures
Bureau
accounted
See Table 6.
in urban
•
Che_
by an urban
_emando
food
the
arising food
induced
of
a shift
d£stz_butic_
den_nd
in tUte
fr_wozk.
composit£on
shifts
inconm
elasticity
and
patterns,
aggregate
changes
equ£1ibri_m
level
corre_ndingly
raise
urganizationand
me_an4sm-.
changesin
Finally,
-.Phllippin
from
follo_ng
areas,
may
cited h_ Peznia,
between
consu_ption
Secondly,
otherwise. ma_ ra£se
the
the
u_ban
m£graC£on
relationship
viewed
urb_-_
rural
urban
be
_mugh
d£fferent£_
for
the
£nfluencma
cc_s_qpti_
fz_m
note,
survey
(1978) _d
data
those (1983)
on family.
Bennagen
(1980),
household
9
using the _St_
of Agri_Itun_
Food
Rmsear_h
and _t/on
natlc_al
nuZa_t£cm
c_ms_
patterns
thooe
of _
pollc_
of 1978
based
values,
based
Ollva
EcanomAcs,
(1971) an demand
om_s_
p_t;,t.4_
tables.
In addition
estimates
on 'agg_egative
_e
U.P.
using
functions,
in turn,
with
areas or to specific
include
done by Pants the exception
survey
4_mand
data,
ccmsumption (1980). of those
income
e_en-
Be1_ limited
and exl_n_iture
•curves for various
We report
Engel below
family
rural ax_a and by selected
Incc_
proportic_
_n food
of expenditures
vege-
anly
co_mo_i_es.
and estimated
Table 7 shows the average
of
for food,
conswtlan
food.
thoee
for selected
Tan and Tecson
inclining
of
Department
for the years 1957, 1961, 1965 and 1971,
items,
In¢lu4_
zlce pz"ic_m
by the
household
includlng
Using data from the NCSO's family
patterns
food
(1972) on _real
data on personal
have been
own
in terms
Agriculture
Aragon
and
_ty-spe_ific
conducted
food;
studies
surveys
relates
nutrition.
of
their
on rural
consumption
(1972) on damand
time_ series
its co,_ents
food
College
Urbino
_mamd
area-specific
surveys
to these
these studies
to specific
human
_ing
Studies
(1982) which
for animal _d
of ccmsummr
C_Lturea _d
_d
1983)
1982.
relates
on food ocns_on
of :Agricultural
_d
and of Men_oza
CuLts an food ccnsumptlonl
(1981,
an s_eclai
on food c_asumption
studios
Institute
{1976) Which
inutritlonal
based
suEw_s
survey
some
of theiz
expendituzes
categories. _o to_al
surveys
(1974) analyzed expenditure
results.
for food by urban-
As might expenditures
be.-e:_R_ected decline
with
I0
Inc_eamlng pat_
inc_mm,
e_
value
pEoporti_
are generally
lower
zlsem.
of a_Den4/t_zms
._or .bo_-h ..urba_ an_/ z_-al
is nhe o_
zelati_
as the total
alZ.hough
f;u_lies,
in t_m urban
than
_o the
"
in The rural
azla_. :
Tible genozal
md
8 llhCW_ll Omti_tes foe _fl¢
and for varloum of
parameters
categories
8urvmy
the
of ea_._itux_
years.
41ouble log
where
- averag6
For the Philippines
ola_tlcities
fOE "_reals"
(1.11-i. 16) or rural
differentials
elasticities the rural _
"Other Food"
areas
"Other Foods"
rural
categories
food categories.
(.87-.88). _bserve_
_d
rural
eomputed
ammos
from the
o_f the equat/on z
for
food category
_
expenditure specific
(.45-.59)
lowe_ _e
"Cs_als"
for _he Phil_ppines
while urban-ruzal
differentials
"Pr_in" Uz_mml-
be e_peet_d.
areas
hold_
k
e_pendltu_
For "Foo4"_
in the urban
class k
for food are
tham either
as might
for
class
elasticities
food items,
noting.
pattern
i by income
in income
are lowor
(,98-I,_i),
are also worth
are 9enerall_
were
family eapead/tures
as a whole,
Ira the oz_er of 0.78-0.82.
for urban
fc_z foo_ in
a+b_
Ci m e_penditures E
fo_
Elasticities form
Cik-
of
eluticitiem
euqpenditur@
[.76_.82)
_hanim
vs.
"Proteins"
within
uzban
are ma/ntalned
an_
between
Tan _nd Te.cs_
£_xl/foOd
In_
category
also e_.x_tn.e_ _.-e effect
expen&iture_
grOU_ k are sh_n
_im_
b_low
%_
of family
i_..ea=
for th_ period
form
1971
size on the
of
_he
following
(Table 12, p. 95).
Food
347.0
170.934
.361
.210
.667
9.772
Cmx_al
143,4
173.761
.044
.618
.236
33.552
16.862
.961
Pzotei_
I06,6
.160
.001"..886
o036
33.671
.945
-.50_
40.919
.962
Other Food
.337"
95_$
-3.364 _
.137
-.015,
_he Incl%u_i(m%O_ family slZe expenditure
_lasticity
_rrelati_
bet%_en
elasticity
{at the mean)
elamtJ_city; for
_
_
_lS
'
'and f_iiy
h_wever,
do no* appear
¢onsumpzion• of
"Protmln"
to be
value of the in_r_pt "Osreal" zesults
but no _fln£te are c_nsistent
vaziables
are included
reduces
be @xpecte_
size,
.967
th_
alum to the
-Partial
siEe
th_n the expenditure is the C_e#l
the reverse
sig_ificantly
related
Increases to the
or "Orhe_ Food",,
To avoid multlco111nearlty si_e oate_ozy,
as might
for food is less
in family size
for ee_h
in the equet/on
(a_ the mean)
_ndltures
.896
40,747
problems,
The results
shown
with inczeasing trend with
Tan and Tm_on in Table
family
for • "Protein"
s£_
9 Eeveal
£ncre_ing
for "Food" and
and "Other Food".
the data' abovewhere
in r.he equation.
ran zegresesions
both indepen_nt
_he
12
A more I_5
round
Canles•' wea'l.
recent
of
the
study
family
is
_tlmat_d
_tudy
wa_
_nc_e
noteworthy
for
co,ducked
four
and
in
_
Ccn].as
expand._.t_._e survey
the5
beth
incume
s_sampl_s_
se_xate
(1983)
and
using
of
the
price
the
NCSO.
elasticities
Ph$1ippines,
urban,
-.....
Manila
an_
other
rural,
seafoods,
and
leisure,
estimate-the
fr_
estimated_
these
e_timates
.and
Fish
Dairy
of
average
t_t and
in
rever_e
Products
Seafoods
o_
two
or
Manila•
pat_er_
_e_,fiood,,,, and
ThQ
consider
system
demand
demand used
to
the
function estimate
I0 presents
procedure
systems
utility
(LES),
the
and
roots,
estimation
Stona-Geaz_
then
Food
income and
function.
.parameters was
To-
of
a
•first
the
parameters
estimates
of
and
three
-- these
two
household.
areas
values highest
Consume_t
for
•when for for
9_tside.
food
we
being
of .
own
areas and
consider
and
for
Eqqs, In
much
Milk
m_ze
similar
and
greatly food:
within
_ea
are igenerally
higher
_ood
Outside.
own
Consumed
price
.f_o4s Cereals Egqs,
Cereals
income
the"staole is
Roots
%/_e staple Meat
items
patte:n
in•rural
exceDt
and
A decrease
items
The
elasticities
are. lowest
for Meat
OuEside.
the latter
is observed
low_st
elasticlties
highest
Consumed
items
Filipino
is, .we f_nd Other
of
leisure
Table
exp¢_cted
but • income
urban
th_ a_e
an_. Food
former
categories,
The
Other
consumptlon
the
th_
than
be
Products,
_educes tha_
and
set
fish
elastlcitie_,
'As might and
on
f_ncT..ion_.
incame
a
cereals_
dai_'y produGts,
outside.
expen_3itur'e
b_.sed
price
and
a_,_augm,nte_
model
food_ demand
groups:
milk
deriving,
resulting
food
consumed
regression
the
seven eggs,
food
.involves
includln_
for
meatland
mlscellaneous, eseentlally
and
Milk
end
elasticities, and
Fish
Dairy
"
13.
•A _c_d
_et
of
natlc_wi_
food consumption
comes
data
from
a
Y
Agrtco_t
_
1i000
f_
1970
£a_tl£es.
the.poo!e_
_alyaia
amd _ca(_," .bet_een
£_
-_d
-A r_mt of _e Be_mag_n level
_al
study
Ministry
Data
_
(1980).
_he
fOO_d _C_
in
,_S.
_thou_
16 pero_nt
percent pz_duc_s
tho to
and
howe,_r,
quarterly
sh_ re
for
increase
_here_ wi_
per sho_n
incom_
fc_
with in_ _.
groups. e_n_Ltures
c_au_ptica
the
cue
es_L_ates
survey
of
Tun •
wezw made.
data
su_y
for
1976
done bY
was
ho_shol_s
by Incx_m
the
avozag_
per
the
percent
of £n_m
what
we m:Lght
c_nsu_tion 13."
e3q>e_c.
Cereals
for all in_m_ for I_
Seafood
maintaining _su_pt/_n
fo_ m_at,
CalPita
£or
d6 1_r_ent
groups.
Per capita
of
_Lstlngulsh
in T_I_
from
is
analysis
tho
in
e_enditu_es
_e¢line
high
as
capita
Of food expenditures,
_n all Ins _
share in total
t_at
survey
capita
per
of the sample
avezag_
p+, ._nt' shnr_
_
consumption
c<_siat:e=t
a_
each
c_idnot
_egi_al
of household
34 p_z _mt
largest
data
We note
_.uco_s le_l
_Eo_,
of
grouped
in co_,
2h:L_ is
._ares by
12.
for
repOr_ a_nual
aitho_
_th
for the .large_ _ _
for _he next
of
the •pooled
Table
account
g_o_s
data,
areas,
_ ._-_es
food gro_
inco_
of
size
(1978)
The c/_a_ac_erls_ics
on e_enditu_e
_mjor
_.
,_. Agriculture's. food
e xp_,_ture
fq:_l_t
a_lple
in _
using
a_e su_mar_z-,'_
food
_
instead
m'_dCanZas.
u_:
5_e
1974-76
bou_olds
+..
1976.
Av_guel_ro,
data
_
to
eggs,
a_com1_s its share as well
and a.4zy
as
•14
Sennagen also gzO_n
ost:,tna_d
based on,1_lm p,llx'mt,_
varlouu, elsst:i.c:L_i.ea of the following
for
sm:)or food
.eq'_t:tcmsz
•,j ,- %, + ._, _yj + _,_Nj and
•wl_m
Zlj - weekly expenditure on. the :t.t._ food It.ea by
j'_ ho.,ehold QiJ '" .weekly - total
_nual
income
Nj
_
nu_s:c
of household
total
Ths results _..sho_i and z'ootcroJ_
Si_e elast/cit/ss Table 15. show_ based
mumed
¥j
•jth
_Is
quanld_ty
of
of jth
the
ith
food
item
household ment:_rs
in
the
household. in Table
14.
Income elasticities are lowest for
_u'la highest for red meat.
are highest for cereals
Calversel¥, household
and lowest
for red
mat.
elast/cleles computed separately for each income gzQup
on the following equations_
_J " %_.+ _lt _'_J + _± _"_oj
_'_"e_ +
and
where
Qi_ " boi..+bli In Yj + b2i in NlOj
NI0 _ = number of
members in
the
In b3£
NSj
_r.h household
age
10 years
Jth
age 9 years
88_d OVlr
Ngj
_ n_r
of n_mbers
and below
in the
household
-
15
5_e results
show that
eZas_tcity
for
(e_wm_ture
levels,
and is hi_her
g=ot_s .sd_f_.
£ncmm
..foodstuffs
_za
of household
0,44
for
f_
is
it
low level
across
inccml
_hat
genere/ly
to
of 0.02
at
in incom
.patterns
toward9 in_
high
h_gher
_
Size elastifro:
g_upS
10 years
acx_os income _.
higher priced
gro_$.
income
levels.
_g
and over declines
less
b_ food items,
low inc_o
and high inc_e
an increase
O, 38 for
a_bers
the indue
lonr
ino_e
age 10 years
group8
leve/s
ca_gozy,
_oes among lc_er
household
t.tVe!y
Food
:i4dle
fact
membars
low. £n ._
elastic£ty
nodal)
C_unp4Lion
thin
city
All
at t_
the
-_hls _ELghtreflect
the
wh£le
size
at a rela-
zn_n
Elamti_Ltlem vary
although
many estimates
are not
signi Et can_.
A final mayo= ,so_ce nutc£tion
survey_
IrmCitu_e
(FNRI).
canducCed
of household dace on consumption by the
The InstitUte
assess the nutritional stat_ measux_m_8
Food and Nutrition
ccnduc_
sur_ys
of the populatic_o
patterns is the
_esem:ch
ever_
five
years
Food c_eu_ption
are dune through precise we_t_Lng Of actual _e-da¥
food
intake at the household .leveland, .therefore,differ.from surveys asks of-x'_spon_Sm"_t.8 _ekly
_n$_q_tlon
HCSO end,.Ninlstryof _riculture been
done $o far.
_e
1982
round
2,880
_nd
co.red
XIZ. .... Relevant
data
1978 round households; fz_u .these
Two natiunal
that
by "_._'s_ "
by food items as _ne
surveys,
surveys
have
surveyed
2,800
households
while
both
surveys
excluded
Regions
surveys
to
..are.briefly
_ec_ibed
the I.X below.
16"
Table _JOr
16 shows
and specific
obaerva_Lons and
roots
and
to
Me.To Manila.
Likewise,
the exce_tlon
Inorease
with
consumption
areas.
increaslr_
patterns
by
differential
tastes
buildinq foods
Different/el occupation consumption
is h/ghest
professionals. poultry lowest
among
not only
increases
factors
of work performed_
with
among
These
enerqy
to
foods
differential
urbanlzation
of
as well as by items.
The
from
Table
and s_archs, roots
of specific
in Table
farm-related
_,ut also
urban
of
17.
decline
inc_ue.
consumption
occupations.
other
may be reflective
of cereal
per capita
to
generally
may be gleaned
with
ce:eals
¢onstmption
to other
food
by
of
of regulatlr_
for s_ecAfic
amon? professionals
farm-relat_
income
consu_pti0n
rural
capita
from rural
head are shown
In contrast
ks highest
per
patterns
consumption
_er capita
of; household
contrast
from
of urban_atlon.
on consumption
gene_ally
consm_tton
moves
associated
consumption Several
and ye._low vegetables
and preferences
We note _hat per capita
capita
level of urbanization
inc._e_blevels
Of income
leafy
food
res_tence.
one
increase
level
diffe_ent_al
effect
In
per capita
of green
per as
capita of
area
the
declines
generally
per
and by
F_rst:
Manila
foods
one-day
groups
generally
_tro
body-buildirlg
with
food
mean
may be _le.
starchy
uriah
the
18.
Per" capita
occupations
consumption
food stuffs
of fish,
differentials
requirements
cereal
end Zowest among meat
related
end
and
and housewlves/students These
by
may to
reflect the
type
.... 17.
The rel&t.iv_ arises
£zom the
'. '.p_
food_
item..
Data
mssidents while
_L1ne:ab_lity
f_.
residents
Table
prO_
u_am
19 tend
by the _ roots
starchy impIying
told:, green
of these items.
._zcenta_e
csn
_ly
purchase
St_ch
observation.
P,u:al
food consumption
is' _mly
of food
around
Eiuti_tles
_nerally
fish, .=mat and
leafy
and yellow
in income
_lasticLties for cereals,
%_getables
are negative
the. per c_ite
reduces
by level
food items,
with
eggs,
milk,
This may mean that rural lower incomss
incomes
increase
already
be u_%suming
the Income patterns
and
and _neraily
tend to increase
the_e
of income
increasing dried
consumption
i.e., bodM-building
lower
capita
c_nsu_ption
at higher
by per capita
elasticities
vitamin
households
urbanized
by _ncc_e
clams.
class
C-rich
with
Table
foods.
generally these
more when
households
levels.
income
pOSi_Ve.
of urbanization
levels o_ consu_tlon-for
the more items
arm
can be noted.
level
beans,
less uzbanlzed
their par
them would
elasticltles
of urbanization
4_cline
poultry,
6 peroant.
elasticities for specific food items
well as vLtam_n C-rich fOQdS, the el_sticitles elas_clties
shortagss and
less• them 10 percent
For most of the major
D_fferentlal
iten_
0nly
food
purch_
of their
are shown in Table 20.
that In©msases
foods.-.,
thi_
to
can both
extent
to support
produoQ
Estimates of inc_e zepor_d
residents
from 22 to 31 perosnt
=_si_mn_s
resi6ents
to a la_e
Im Metro Mamila, the
_$umB_
u_n
'c._h_t wh£1e rural
urb_ in
of
who
their may
21 shows
Different_al
can be noted.
for
18,
•,
Finally,
:m_ mal_=ed _tu deter=tnan_
valoe oz food _umd in_0
_aocatt_ J_cam
ot v£fe. elaltic_
pro_h_ed
at
'household
c_i_a of
home
in
_e
and 0,33
generally
household
and
_eena_a
tends to incre_e Before Prate
1974, .P_n_e tested _n1_Ic durable _t.hil
consumer-good_.
study
Specific
are food
Ith ¢o_ity price
the
_nerally
its
estt_e
of
oate_rieoo
Regressing
on z_al per
cxxm_<llties
8t_ic
briefly
food
per
reqttire_ents
Urbanization
series
note data for
functions Of _i_
real per
_bta/ned
(standard errors
_he _
the
study
by
personal period
1949
fo_ durable exercise
d_and-functi_s
capita total personal Paste
vh£1e
increases
children.
c_q_nents
A by-pro_uct
owDr
in
in value te_.
_e tim
or
k_ought
consm_pUon, and
per cap£ta
J_n increase
heavier
young
c0_u_£o.
of de_and
of the Ith commodity_
foe selected
the
section,
_d
cap£ta
13 yeaz_
than
_nly.
and
_e
whether
purchased
per
ag_r_ati_
Table 2_.
c_nsu_d
age
children
e_endit_
food
pe= ,_plta
_th
.u_db_Lizat:£oa_,
shown _
food
of
this
Us i_g
m
:educes
Per ca_ta
leaving
(1980).-.
c_as_.on
for
becetme
s£ze,
all
mm_ers
_U_tion
adults
_ssults
is 0, 25 for
size
increase
by mgres,.:Lng.U_.Svarlcb_
,c:_mlx;_Ltt.i.on. l_ld
household
of per capita l_SO
_o
and n_n-
of inte_st for
to
food
and
capita ex_nditure
c_
consumption
_d
real
the folI.c_ing coefficients in parenthesis).
!
R9_I _r
lq:)od**
0.990
(0.004)
-1,004
(0,008)
0,999
2.-23
(_-eale*
1.000
(0.0002)
-0.999
(0.003)
0.999
2.50
0.861
(0.051)
-0.174
(0.081)
0.924
1,21
md Dair_ Produots**
0.969
{0,068)
-0.923
(0.095)
0.901
1,93
and Daiz7 Products *
: 0.999
{0.001)
-0.994
(0.002)
0.951
(0,035)
_at,
Milk
I_at Pr_uc_ stud Eggs*
Fish
Fruits
VegeUlbles**
_d
*DouSle,
l_lt.h_ic,
..t_ansfors_d
**l_u_ls-logarithmic,
The InQome el_tÂŁcltles
_o
f-actors:
hated are
first,
by the behavior
rather
process
and
hlgh
at the present
these
sec=td#
country ties
to be ver_ high
With
l_er
ti_-_
a little
values
the elasticities
sxoe_tlon
awhile
whose
captures
than
is due to
11kely
dotal-
elasticities
StOCk; adJustnmnt the long-run
'J_ese results
elasticity
tell us that
of delr._d for foo_ may c_ntinue
as development price
oÂŁ moat,
must be interpr_d
2.16
higher
result
data-a_e
_ore _llcated
more con_letely.
less than unitary
the notable
series
This
income huusehol_
t_
for quite
are generally
level _tu_!es.
a_rr_gat_,
of
oboe/ned
Intolicit in his specification
for a _veloping
finds
the
0.969
equation.
Pants
festa household
(0.047)
1.74
_;uatim.
_U,f_erqmce
first
those (_tained
0.925
0.999
proceeds.
elasticity
me_t
products
as reflec_L_g
P_t_
for mo_t and eg_8.
aggregate
food i._ms Again
behavior.
_. on food
Tnua far _sus_e.tan
different study
unAts
cumulat_ to
and
Table
(1) _
may be
wlth
around
41fferent
during
fr_
(3) While
these
et_lies
use
aggz_gatton
At
is
of
difficult
Co
of food _sumpti_n
another..
Several
studles,
forâ&#x20AC;˘Moze
Mm_ila
(40-45).
by
levels
or
general in part
aided
than half
_hese
of total being
th_ peroentage
urban
differentials
areas
(48-52),
area differentials
in _ean Ino_e
of urbm_izatiun.
studies,
for househ_lds for household_
period8
lover in other
to total expenditures
the 1957-71
patterns
the 1957-71
cm cross-sectlon
32 percent
,As such
account
still
large part
from 57-69 percent
of
studies
majo=
._e
level
i_es,
against
(56-60),
in Metropolitan
(2) Based e_pendltures
food
regarding
during
in rural areas
a_soc/e_ed
techniques,
:my be ma_
exgenaltu_es
e_lained._n
PhillppÂŁnes.
_
23.
ew;mnAituEis
and lowest
of babe
hc_ever,
sum--tl_
highest
the
one set of estimates
observations,
houaehold
in
categories
_escribed
briefly
ost/mattan
oUr knowledge
validate
by the
F_rns
sets,
data
we have
the percentage
_o _ecllne With
armual
wi-tn annual
with
of food
increasing
incomes i_comas
inco-_
_n_er #500 of over
to
@10,000
period.
the proportlo_
e_:en_Ituz_s
_olL_e
expenditures
rises with
expenditures
in t_
of e_enditures
with increasing income.
income,
-In 1971,
inoc_.e category
c_ food to total the total
for exasple,
val, u_
of food
average
family
of less than _500 was nearly
five
21..
t_nes
_be v_uo
_o: t_o
_
•
c_go_
,,,.
69-pe,rcmRt
ehi_
-_ang_ng
_mtos.
_creMing
5ho effe_ fzcm the
_bani_.
of
¢_to
ot uzb_ati_
for
to
_erally
_e
_
I_mr
v_getables.
food
:h_c-om,
demand
_scee
and,
to Inc_eamlng in_
(quality)
elastic£_ .in
the
for _al
food,
food than
_or _z_a28,
_nco_/e_pen_ture :and 8_y_
fOOdS,. v:Lta_
then
is
la_is the
in
less the
total le_l
than u_b_
A_E_g _
a_sas
and other
u_LCy, are_.
staples C-z_.c_
are
m4, h£g_s=
foods,
for
fruits
md
(-0.258)
food Of F£11pt_os, p_c_s
strc_gly
food cAt_go_Les_
elast_c_t£es and for and highest
(-0.75?)
o_her generally
diff_rentla/s eXiSt: he_,_een Metropolitan
urban areas,
(6) Gm pz-_ce oez_als
elutic£_£es
2he ru_al-tud_andifferential noted in (4)above
dis_L_g_ish _hese two m'b_m areas
dal_
a
"
higher
t_pes_
p_e_building
fo:
w£th
rise much faster with &ncreasing
c_m o_er_iee.
v_Lum is
:g_era_ly
Manila
re,
_.
,, (l)
holds.
betw_e_
priGed
highe_
(4_ 2heii£nc_se/e_pend£tu_e :. '.
nay be _8eoctatad
_baniza_£on_gg_ega_
relatio_hip
4eaand for food .iS e_pe_d
md .its
in_
If uzbamlzetlon is _l_ed
changing
(P1,133
priced _ high p_icee _d better quality food due to
.can be t_$er_ed
and
end over
.
to 32 poraent,
fz'am_
PlO0000
uuggesting
need
for f_tu_e ana_yais.
are less than unity
fish for
and seafoods mat
a_d e_s
and food c_sua_d
d_f£e:ent_al
the
p_tt_z_s
ou_sl_
and eze l_est
(-0.382), (-0.821), (-0.926).
exLst by r_cal-u:bm
the staple _lk
and
_i_n aze_s.
22
• (7) s_ld totS1
size
exgendttu_s
el_c*_
is generally
iS _trOlled
for
az_und 0.210
(Tan a_d Tecson)
vben
or around 0'47 ...
Wh an household
J_uOomm is cuntzollsd
household
elasticity
p_ein
size foods.
£o _/g_r
_
age cQqposit/o_ mabe_s
do not: hm_
math im_=t:
_bmi_Qn
and
for
food.
Of survmlm
hOus_old.de_n_
_sisting Survey
for
1
of inforsat_on
c_ductad
Min£stry
obl:a:l.n baseline
_paU:ezns _ •the Hiais_y
the 1979 Suzv_y.of 1979 Sur,_y
of Ind_tzial
Table 24 presents
t_ole, nc_-_mn_rcial
_al
¢_du_-t,e_,:a_
Ene_jy
_d
consumed
ahildrea
scarcer _d
(1982)
_ is
on ener_
cc_su:p_lon
Energy I_nd, Co.serva_om
.ertes
1-977.
energy
_a=4_-.o_
thai:
the
since
.m,_._,. the
1979
Prac_%_s,
Dememd..We examine below
and the data
on household energy demand.
i_m
in 1977.- In tJ_
consumption
Phillppines as a
energy accounted foz 56 percent of total house-
f_el cunsu_wtio_ while _nm_rclal _as
¥omg
data on annual household ener_
(in BCE equivalent) by ener_
elasticity
Establishments Energy Demand,
from the. 1977 end: 1979 sur_eys
hold
.,m_, fuel
of Energy
.Consu_tto_
Co_rc/al
si_
are e_m
_oal
:Lnfonmttx_
,-,of,,_,_e_
Ener_
for,
¢/_an fOr
_--1
of the 1977 S_:_,'veyof _,*ba_/_al o£ Household
cez_als
_ood c_smqp_.
The majct,r so_zoe
In o_:dar _
In general
age 10 years or over,-
_o_ no_ahold
by _e
for
is allowed
m _rega1:s
td_ _.d
t_e
(Bannagen).
tend to be hi_r
fo_ _.sehold
Dataon
for
non-c_mercial
fuels accounted
energy
items
in
for t.he rest. greater
propoz_n
3
than
_
areas
nas-comssrcial f/rewood
(63 vs,
energy
48 perclnt)
il_m,
(60 percent),
_:m_zcial
energy
â&#x20AC;˘Electricity
was
accounted
only
for
by kerosene
six.pe_cant
for
_ut
accounted
gasoline folluwed
for
be eupec_e_
(26 percent)and
hand,
_nsu_dw
accounted
might
98 percent
ch_coal
On the .other
pe=cent).
u
of
_o
_g by shells
(12
42 poro_t
of
(39 peroant),
t_
commercial
_a_JIv
c_nsu_ption.
Urban-rural expected.
Cn the thin
e_r_y tend
diffezentials a_ragu,
m:ba_
to use cQ_nercial energy
this
ccnsu_i_
income
shows
differential
shift
in consumption
rural
m
patterns
gene=ally
_s_s
proportic_
published
class
patten_
was of
in the rural areas.
data
as
note
than rural house-
o4ri the
with
energy
areas, income.
sources
The implication
1977
25.
Table by
incomn
to co_cial areas
S_'Sy.
or per capita
consmqptÂŁan
in the urban
incz'easing
to rise with
confuted.
from non-oo_msrcisl
inc_ases
range of
not
_mergy
In fact for rural
consumed
a wi_er
is expected
i.e., per household
rising i_es
areas.
energy
tho
in.formation, by
occur with
households
in greater
consumption
.:_ Unfortunately;
c_taln
cons_
3s
TOtal ener_ J,.nC_,
energy
(10.4 va. 4.1 BCE) and uzban houeeho1_
rural ho_holds
!52
that
in
d,:Ld_nOt:i" anergy
hoover, class.
energy
but not quite
the pzoport/on
tend
seems
_o
SO for
of' ncn-com_eEclal
This may be due to .the
are available
A
fact
in the urban
to be that a shift
in
than
pqpula_Lon would
from
rural
to
tend to-_ucrease
towar_
co_rclal
the Mini_zy
of Energy
tumately,
inste _a of using
_
wlth
aggregates analysis
sur_y
only Mmtro _tained
shown
energy,
L_y household
as well
&nccae
_ncze_s
as shift
fuel
_d
units
size_
ineomm
households,
msasu_ _fOr-
price.
the _alysts AS a result
,
%_ad the
26 is uninformatlve.
conducted
by the Ministry
and 12 key urban cansump_ion _d
activitle_
relating
'_a
of observaticm.
in Table
on energy
of e_ez_]
ran regresslons
individual
survey
Manila
data
by
correlates
household
as the
The 1979 _ezgy
covered
demand
the socioee_nomlc
cx_su_ptio_
zesTesslon
acc_anied
sour_s.
of ene_
regional
are#_
aggregate
_aezgy
In _terminlng ,_snsumptlon,
u_an
areas
of Ener_
of %he countzy.
of households
by socioeconomic
by
The
type of
class.
In.
tutÂŁon practice_.
Table 23 shows and by socloeconomic major
source
mainly
country
with
In an urban
Practically
incomes
so. in M_tro and wood
_ue to the _ubstitution
of
setting,
elec-trici_y
all househo14_ of households
in the other
Manila.
generally
by type of fuel
of households
The proportion
decreasing
bu_ not
using kerosene mainly
class.
of energy.
for lighting.
declines
the percentage
urban
The proportion
_eclines _hese
with
fuels
used
is 'a
use electricity, using areas
electricity of the
of households
increasing
in_,
_or electricit%,
(for
25
lighting) £ncom8
end LPG (for cc_k/ng).
as are the uee of candles
c_rclal
to aoma_zcial
sharper
in MJtro Manila
tion
Elo_rlc_ty
then in t_le
are the _aJor
tena4ng
fuels
for cocking,
with
from n_-
Incx_as
is
household
u_ed for lighting wood
rislng
areas.
of energy by
durables,
to use LPG more than wood
u_an
with
_he shift
with higher
other
sou_oes
i8 mainly
of electricity-dependent
hand,
and batteries.
f_l _associated
Table 28 shows the usual fu_c_clon.
The use of LPG Increases
.
end for the c_era-
and I_G, on the other
higher
_u_d conve_ely
income
huuseholds
for low income
households o
Finally,
Table
by 8oci,oec_nomlc incoae, • . ..
class°
wlth._sl_c_
electricity
for kerosene
to electricity households. other
increase
for wood, 98nerally
for lighting
energy
household
decllne
items,
with
areas
income
income
patterns.
of data that have yet to b_ fully
for
to a larger fuels.
a shift
by higher Metro
Metz_
incom Ha_ila
end
between
Manila
interesting
e_pirlcal
The surveys
prOVide
analyzed.
extent
The expendi-
indlcating
between
including
with
e_penditures
.from the comparison
have provided
cc_su_tion
to increase
and other
is the differentials
th_ surveys
fuel expendltuu_s
or to LPG for cooking
alone _nd all urban
energy
tend
with
charcoal
urban areas as n_ght be inferred
In sum,
_onthly
Total expenditures
to specific
Noteworthy
Met=o Man£1a
source
the average
end LPG generally
than do expenditures tures
29 shows
together.
data on a rich
Poiiciu
on
Food.
and Fuel
sect/_
briefly
_is thrust_
with
One
respect
fish,
tion.
of r_isite
poul_xy, p_k,
sufficiency
in _orn
expanded
At rational income
irrigation,
system
maintaining in which
reasonable
the p_blic
marketing
private
security
is palay/rlce.
active On
such as the Maeagana
â&#x20AC;˘99, w_ch
as well
and ins titutlonal
as technical
programs
In addition
it maintains
procuxement
activities
providQs
technology
a floor
price
of the National
are currently
with have
for palay
stable
through
f_d
while
c_m_ity
side, credit
been
through
Food Authority
a
real
in the production
the production
support
achieve
in marketing
A major
farmers
for
of crop dlvermiflca-
of a more
part
the
self-
is to be attained
farmers
in
to ensure
To help
and in attaining
sector partlcipation
has taken
products groups,
(p. 47).
levels for consumez._.
sector
activities
population
Various
assures
l_licy
(as contained
on f_
and the use of modern
which
public
is to ',stimulate
emphaalm
and frulta,
side food
and to encourage
policy
supplies"
and livestock.
sein
in general.
deprived
food
vegetables
the marketing price
amP/or
the
1983-1987)
with _peclal
at-rlsk
of
of agricultural
Development,
of food production
the availability
smm
to food and energy
Philippine
_he nutzitio_ally
_ _te
d_cribes
of the obJoctlves
the Five-Year g_owth
Se_rit_,
and
programs, facilities
implemented. the active
(NFA).
On the
2_. L
commupt._m
e_e,.
..
p_i_e
ai_:l.l£ng
:
suffic_t
.:pr£c_ oeiling/:fo=
race .to enable
be£ngatta_ned.
co_s
of
ahd the-Juutntmmnce
..."
_' .." ,. • .
".
.
_eumnt
•
.
.
,
.p_.. Ace"policy-has
_.
obvAoumly rest on the
one hand.
other.
..
supply
and p_Aces
to
put greate_
stress
enez_/
began
poli_y
activities on. the
over
at reasonable
durAng tho on energy
..,
seo_£_...._£ty
An"supply
.:the .oount_y's.emergy
on _pOrcedo_l. •
c_merc_al
capability
to be ac_Leved An o_der
by-buildlBg
to reduce
and nuclear
p;_oJected,
dependence
for
energy generations
eXamPle that
to meet _future
the o_1 share
in total
energy _£iI fell.to 68 percent in 1988 from 91 percent £n
Corr_n_ly,
the
share of hydro,
geothermal
and nuclear
will Increase from 7 percent in £979 _o 20 percent in 1988 04inSs_zy Of Energy, 1979).
Research
Issuss_end:
This
paper
"energy consumption
up
..
l_yd_c_ilecl_i¢ Zt is
expected,
Xnve_u_n__ve bee-sCepp_up in on explora_on_. .
demands.
is
resources
....
g_,
1979.
_
supply
foo_(rice) s.c=ity
pricA,._
Of buffer-stock,
:_I,_.U_j._£n_£es ,:."
adequate
_h_hi_
The atJo_ess of this
upon the effoc_Lven0ss
last._ade,
by m'm
race
co inauce in=eW,_ _o_ccion a_ of,a
pr_cu .re _.,,_orm_i_
.
for
,,
price. _or _y
•
_s :s£nr.ained
has _@vi_.,ed pa_ter_s.
severe1
studies
The dlff£_l_y
on food
and boumehold
in c_mla_ing
oo_
knowledge base from the_e studies arlsee from several factors.
m.
First,
the
st_di_
are
based
on
different
daba
sources
which
dlffer • '
•in reli_%bilitT.
Se_l¥,
different
m_asures
of vat,
...
lee, units
of:
{.
..
analysis:, levels of aggression used
and analyClcal
by '••,ari0_investigators •, ._ . •
A&titiona.Lly, oould have more
£n
the case-of
been obtained
correct)
making •
analysis
have
comparisons
the energy
from
..
_.
dlfflcult. more
had more
prob1_ms,
data
frQm some of the major
consistent
_thodoloqy,
and Where
or categories.
issues
_,'_the' an_,Iysis of food
demand
and
by Cu_'Tie (1972), while
the studies
i ,_sed
likely
b_ P_rnla
in this pa_:_
directions
and indlcat_
(and
item
in the
sc_t_ces uslng
will
Meth_ologlesl
been conveniently by Taylor
remained
{1977).
unanswered
be useful
the _nswers
by
to review
_-xtent to which
are able, to provide
fu',,_reresearch
posslble,
questlons, on food, fuel
._tmight _e
have
for enexgy
(i983) still
review, _ in this paper.
same to _hese questions reviewed
those
su ,_ _antl,ve,_sp_;cts,- several
urbanization
adequate
data
level of disaggregation
.... Onmore
information
the first
using a s_m_n
smmarlzed
..
•.
appr_pri,_te _nd
related
_
'.
Is to re_. nalyae •,,.'..
more
data
have been
made.-__
In vi_.'w of these methodol_ical agenda
studies,
the basic
been
techniques
..
the studies
as well
as
the
take.
, example _ :abulations/graphs showing aggregate const_ptlon by. income levels are n( :t informative;, what is more meanlngly are tabulations/graphs sho_/.ng,per household or per capita energy consumption by income. ,Meteor _E, regressions could have been done using households as units of cbservatlons rather than regions. _/FO_
29.
1.
What am
B_opol£_:m, grc_s
u_a.
of
food
_d rur_-_cto_,
and fuel
_d
Wh£_ _sund
nc_-trad_ti_al
the stud£es
pat_,_s uss-g
for
_cpr£a_
SUZ_eys of fulily vh£ch 1982.
For
for
in_
has so faz
_d
earlier
housel_ld
food
o_ food ccns_pt_cn
furour
approaches, .demand analys£e
andexpenditu_e
not been
_d occ_ic_,
do provide fuel,
ma_l_cal
The smJc_ dataL,sources
by
in
_s.
desc_d_d
food
_s_on
and by _caN
_n each sector_ what £s the co_£tio_
t_ad£t_cn.al
dat_
the patterns
analyzed,
are
lnt_
analys£s
of the
sr_.ll
_equi_ed.
w£11 be the
FNI_. data
hOUSehOld fuel, the Ministry of Energy
_CSO
the ,1975 round
including
and the
ins£_r,s
for
1978
survey data
and for
1977 and 197.9will be used to estimate income and price elasticities by rural-u_b_n ¢ategorleSo
2.. What _
the food and household fu_l x_qulx_en.ts due to
t_banizati_n,likely to be in the next .I0or 20 years_ how in_or_mt will u__an, population
grmeth
t_
relative to urban e_a_.omic growth as
a determinant of increasing levels and changing composition
of demand_
in what wa_s Would the nature of demand change if u_b_n gr_wth _ates or _mcentrated
Answers e_4c-de_greqphic analyses
earlier
uzbanlzation were reduced?
to _ese
questions simulation
done by Kelley
require :_el., (1969).
the
estimation
incozporating Part
of
of the
an
types
the information
of sets
zmqlu_red
for
this
e=t_Lvity
(1)
abram;
_odel
that
are
_._e
_nex
What
ÂŁood,
are
f_el
functic_s;
m
between
_e
the
tO
the
4.
What
how might
to
these
address
above will
purposes.
items
:
(elast/cities) in
household
elast/citÂŁeS
among
nutritio_-Intensive
computed price
(1983).
_
from simulation
_d
t.radltional and non-tr_litAc_al
food items is C_las an_e_
_Ca_o_l
possibilities
submtitut/on
between
be
a p=e14-_na_
_sumptian
only study which
d_tain
will
policy
s_titu_on
(e.g.,
and fuel types
for
and other
what
foods and
the
that
A _scribes
may be useful
3. a_ng
model
Clearly,
_mand various
taste-intensAve
furls)?
elasticities
of specific
this area of study
above questlons.
food
Activity
18 needed
(I) described
questions.
the current
marketing
they be made more efficient
and dist.rlbution sys%4_ms and
and effective
in meeting
future
x_qui remants?
The activities of pa/ay
_d
Abenina,
N.A.
marketing
an
private
stocklng
and R.C.
of rice have
of palay/rlce
night provide
of other types
efficient.
Food Au_ority been
insights
in the procurement
described
Tan ch an co /_ 1984), A more
distzibutlon
sector
distribution more
buffer
of the National
in-depth
including
recently study
of food and household
of the
the role of the
into how the marketing fuel c_
by
and
be ma_
31-
5. to
food
To ubat and _usl
ex_t
do plans,
pzov£s£on
poli_Les, _be
end prog_ns
zespond
to
changing
studies
o_ va_ous
rolat.tng
req_r---nts
o_
uz_mizatLon? "i
Yhis
"
or £nd£rec_y
ensuring
for food
_Iditkonally, £o_ agr£cult_r_L
i_p_ct
affec_
_Lan. _:_ va:r/.ol,i and rice)
'
z_qui_es
_ood
cat.egori_S exaqple (;r'£_)
gener_ _i_c8
supply
as well
of ho_l_l_.
Pz'lc.lng
mW be _ur_her _cuzit:y
in
nU_conoa_c vis-a-vis
iupa¢_ 0_ fOOd pz_du_t.to_ this
add fuel
itself.
z_,ga._d would be • _eful
poli_Les
uzban
and ruz'al
induetr£al _ referenoe.
studies
d£stribu-
po_L_.ies
for
policies
directly
as their
evaIuatod
both
that
their
(£oZ pa_,_
£n_act
in
areas.
_ffect_ng
factor
Inputs _i_t of David
have (1983)
prices sonm in
Table LEVEL AND _EM_O
Urbanization .
Year level _'-_
'
f
_
a/
OF U_I_IIZATION AND _ AND RURAL PHI LCPPII_BS, 1903-80
Urbm
........ _e.pb/ '
|
-
1903
13.1
-
1918
12.6
-0.32
1939
21.6
1948
Number. (thousands) fTf
I
----
1
I
!
I
Populati_
Rural _-
,
Percent _nual Growth Rata
Nulber (thousanckJ),
Pc_ulat£on _
Percent GroWth
_mnual Rate
--
r
1 #000.2
POPOLATIONs
-
6 o635.2
-
1,294.2
1.64
9,020.1
1.96
3.36
3,450.7
5.02
12,549.6
1.66
2 7.0
3.09
5 ,i83.7
4.25
14,050.5
1.16
1960
2 7.8
1.28
8,072.5
3.98
19,015.2
2.70
1970
32.9
I.46
12,068.8
4.02•
24,615.7
2.56
1975
33.4
1.46 -_/
14,046.5
3.76 _/
28,024.1
2.30 -q/
1980
37.3
3.54
17,940.7
5.02
30,157,7
1.48
--a/Percent in uzban places. _he 1963 urban d_flnitlon was used foe censuses definition was applied to 1975 and 1980 censuses, If the 1970 definition level of urbanization would be 31.8 percent instead of 32.9 percent.
prior to 1975. _he 1970 £o used for 1970, the
growth difference.
"
--C/Theinitial 1970 urban and rural populations 11,677.8 and 25,006.7, respectively.
used are based c_I the 1970 de flnlt/on.
b/Urb_-rural
Sources:
Pem£a, E.M. and C.W. Paderanga, a'.d 4.2, pp. 66"6"7).
Jr. (19EO; Table I, p. 6) and Raymundo,
_ese
are
C. (1983; Tables
4.1
•
e
33
Table INDEX
_
URBAN
Area _
'1(
f.
|lJ
PRIMACY_
!903 |_u'mmlr
mmm .
mn
2 PHILIPPINES,
1939
1960
n
1903-1980
1970
..........
1975 ,
_ .
1980 _ ,L.
/m
Set, A-a/ Small
Metropolitan
Area
Large
Metropolitan
Area
-
Yetzopol/tan
Area Az_a
in
i
4.03
3.57
4.27
4.26
4.43
4.40
-
4, 91
5.31
5.76
5.94
-
-
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
-
-
-
4.2
4.3
4.1
__
Small
Large MetropoLit_
Note:
_e small metropolitan area of Manila c_risee the four Chartered cities of Manila, Calooc_n, Pasay and Quezon and the four munlcipalities of Makati, Mandaluyong, Nevotas, and San J_an. _e !erie metropolitan area includes the stall MtrcS_litan area as well as nine other municipalities: Malabon, Marikine# Las Pi_, Para_aque, Pateros, Paslg, Tegulg, Nunti_l_&_ a_ Valenzue Is.
_/The next three la_st cities Cebu, Zloilo and B_colod.
the index
are
b-/_he next three largest clties"used in the computation of the index Cebu_ Dsvao and Basilan for 19601 Cebu, Davao and Iloilo for 1970_ Davaot Cibu and Zam_oanga for 1975 and 1980.
are and
Source_
Pernla, E.M. Set A _dated (1983; Table
used
in the computatlonof
and Paderanga , C.W째 Jr. (1980, Table 2, p. 7) foxto 1980 by present authors, and Raymundo, C. 4.5, p. 70) for Set B.
Table
3
REGIONAL PERCENT SHARE C_ TOTAL UR3ANIZATION LEVELS N_D TEI_O5 =
Percent of Total U_an Population
Region
1970
1975
Phi lippines
1_vel of Urbanization
I
Tempo
r | m,
1980 r_
URBAN POPULATION RND PHILIPPINES, 1970-1980
1,.r
1970
.........
1975
•
__
LI
1980
1970-75
......
-
1975-80
......
100.0
I00.0
100.0
31.8
33.4
37,3
1.5
3.5
_Hstro_ol£tan Man£ la
34.7
35.4
33.0
I00,0
I00,0
100,0
4.6
3.6
More Urbanized
40.3
42.+1
44.0
7.3 2
30 ,_.__0 3_4+9
2.7
4.7
9.5 1_.6 7.3 5.1 6.+8
10o2 31.8 7.0 5.2 _:` 7.9
11.2 12,6 6_8 6.2 7.2
30.1 29+8 27.6 26.6 21.5
33.9 31.8 2B.9 26.7 26.7
41.8 36.9 32.0 33+5 28.3
3,6 2.0 1,3 0.1 5.9
?,0 4.7 3.0 6.9 1.7
17.8
16.4
16.4
19+6
20.2
2 3.3
0.7
3.8
5.1 5.0 4. i 3.6
4.9 4.2 3.5 3.8
4.7 4.2 3.4 4.1
19.4 19.2 19.4 20.9
2!.0 18.4 18.7 23.2
23.8 21,5 21.8 26.6
2.1 -I.0 -0.9 2.8
3.2 3.9 3.9 3.8
7.2
6.3
6.7
15.0
14.6
17.1
-0.6
4.0
2.1 '2.6 2.5
1.8 2.2 2.3
1.9 2.4 2.4
14. I 15.6 14.9
13.4 14.9 15.5
15.5 17.0 18.8
-i. 4 -1.4 0.9
3.6 3.4 4.9
Central Luzun Southern Tagalog Central Vis ayas Southe n_ Min danao Western Vis ayas Less Urbanized Ilocos Blcol Eastern Visayas Northern Mindanao Rural Cagayan Western Central II_
--
_
i -
Source:
Valley Mindan ao Mlndanao --
i
Raymmldo,
C.
.....
r
i i
(1983; Table 4.7, p. 72) from varlous
I
census
..............
reports. _a
Table
4
REGIONAL IWDIC_TORS OF UI_ANIZ_ION RND EC_MIC D_e__t _PHILIPPINES
_t_ I_vel of Urbantzat_
Region
..Tempo
1980 Phi 1/ppines He__tropoIit.an __re
37.3 z4anila
Urbanized Oentral nt_on Southern Tagalog Oentral VIS ayas Southern Mlndaelao Western Viswtas
•
t,, b i,.ed 1locos Bicol Easter_ Northern
Visayas Mindanao
RU.r.al Cagayan Western C_nt ral
Valley Hindanao Mindan ao
3.5
C.
r
in Non-Primary ._.,, &cttvittes , ,,
1980
1975
19 78
100.0
4,076
49.9
3. 6
33.____0
.7.,056
98.5
.3.4.9:
4.7
44._.._0
_3,808
4806
41.8 36.9 32.0 33.5 28.3
7.0 4.7 3.0 6.9 1.7
11.2 12.6 6.8 6.2 7.2
3,847 3,922 3,361 4,210 3,753
61.4 52.8 43.6 39.5 41.8
.2.3.3
3.8
16. 4
23.8 21.5 21.8 26.6
3.2 3.9 3.9 3.8
4.7 4.2 3.4 4.1
.17.1
4,.0, •
6._..7.7
3, ._)..4
33..0
15.5 17.0 18.8
3.6 3.4 4.9
1.9 2.4 2.4
3,683 3,721 4,020
28. 8 33.0 37.5
-I
Raymundo,
Share'
Share of _io_sm_ Fm£1y [Pesos)
100.0
!
Source,
1975- 80
I_ban
Annual Incom
(1983;
3p. 3,455 3,194 3,443 3,801
....
Table
4.8,
p.
73)
from various
oensus
pdbltcaLions.
41.6 40.7 30.2 38.6
•
Table 5 _E
ROX_. G_ SELECTED VARZABLES XN ZNF_NCXNG PROPORTION OF TOTAL EXPENDXTURE ON PO_
Co__onent _md
of Projections
rood .............
"
........
-
.
for
_HE
Allocation Ra_io
Col. (3)/
_;o.food
1/( 1+2)
(2),
(3)
12,715
35.80
.665
123,083 16,866
i01,477 -16,866
54.81 -
1.018 -
24,847
35,212
41.37
.769
57.90
1.076
56.46
1.049.
. (!)
.
53.82 (4) b'_'/
E_,diture G..c3w_h (1/2 _rcent per year, _tributed to the .urban and ru.: _1 8ecto_ equally) _mographlc
'
7,090
•
rac_ _r_
Total _qgul_ion Crowth Fatally Size _ov_h Rural-Urb_n _:igr_tlon {i percent _,_,r y_a_'_ Total D_mographic
164,796
Total Demand
17!,88G
--a/T_latabla i_ i.._ed
c_ _
119,823 J32,538
linear 'demand £_ctioas.
b/The average Phi !ip_ine expenditur_ an food in 1961 w_ 53.82 _erca_. If _olu_ "3) is gr_a_er (la_s) .thz'_n _his ratio (i.e., column(4) is gz_ _._r (less) __h_ _uity), t./_en the In.leafed con_onent is o_e_;:tlng to shift relatLve c_m_r.d t_ard (away from) food produc_. .
Source:
Kelley,
A.C
(1969; Table
l_I, p.
122)_
Table PERCENT
Expenditure Item
Fuel, Light & Water
National Manila,
DISTRIBUTION (F FAMIIX EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD AND FI_Le LIGHT AND WATER BY AREA,_ PHILIPPINES, 1961-1975
:-_."_o
Food
Source:
6
Philippines
1961
5._._
59.5
48.4
42, 3
52.3
1965
53.7
60.6
46.1
40.4
50.5
1971
53.7
59.3
47.1
41.5
49,,6
"I_75
52,2
56.2
. 46.4
45.4
47, 9
1961
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.8
4.0
1965
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
1971
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.9
3.5
1975
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.7
Economic and Development 1983_ Table 2.9.
Rural
Authority,
_;.!
-_rb_
Manila Only
Year
1983 Philippine
Statistical
Other
Urbam
Yearbook,
w -4
Table
7
AVERAGE FAMILY E_ENDITU_ES FOR FO_ BY URBRg.-_ AREA" AND BY SELECTED ZNCOME _Sz PHILIPPII_S, 1957-71
Area
-,_ -1 Under 500 •
ph.l.11ppl nes
195 7
1965 1971
1957 1961 1965 1971
Rural
1957 1961 1965 1971
i I
T_
_
iI
I
i
Selected , ...... 1500-1999
2 35 #
1961
Urban
_
_
754
Souroez
Categories
3000-3999
5000-5999
1"0000-149 99
1156
2138
-
(56.5) 475 (65.6) 775 (67.2) 1133 (69.3)
(48.5) 1035 (56.7) 1365 (61.0} 1833 (62. I)
"(38.4) 1488 (46.2) 2020 (54.0) 2 462 (57. I)
(26. O) 2219 (48.2) 2655 (48.2) 3165 (51.8)
225 (51.2} 469
551 (45.4) 1095
662 {36.3) 2682
874 (28_ 4) 2326
3573
(66. I) 840 (61.6) n.a.
(55.9) 1369 (53, 2} n.a.
(49.9} 1949 (49.6) n.a.
(45.9) 2 556 (45.9} n* a.
(32.0) 42.70 {29.2) n.a.
2 34 (64.6) 477 (66.5) 764 (66.7) n.a.
750 (52.7} cJgO (57.5) 1330 (59.5) n.a.
1971 (44. I) 1380 (52.0) 1929 (56.6} n.a.
1358 (30.8) 1989 (48.2) 2321 (50.4} n.a.
3367 (39.5) 3599 (41.1) n, a.
i
i i
i
i
r
ii-
a/ The first number is the average e_diture parenthesis below is the percent share of
N
Income
-
y. 355 7 •(32.4) 4758 (32.3} 5015 " (43.4}
i
_
in current pesos whlle the number in food expenditures to total expenditures,
Tan, E. and G. Tecson (1974_ Table 1, pp. 49-50) from NCSO expenditures survey data for various years.
family income and
.
w
39
Table REGRESSX_4 BY
Az_o/Food il
_RBAN-RURAL
ESTIMATES
ENGEL
b , ......
_S
FOR
I_ILIPPINES,
a
............
.Ph!lippi_, _
OF
FAMILIES:
Year
Itom
|l |
8
,
1957-1971
t
,
E .
._
_2 _
•
FOOd
1957 1961 1965 1971
Cereals
1957 1961 1965 1971
Proteln
Food
.734 ,748 .715 .727
32. 044 42. 142 35 o 5 79 40.327
.813 •819 .775 .785
.988 .994 .992 .992
.458 .387 .362
20.046 13.572 12. 332
.593 * 484 •452
.975 •949 .926
.888 .916 ,873
34.33 4 2 7.5 70 26. 313
io 153 i. 162 I. 111
,991 .987 .982
....... 1,086 3. 374 I. 62 7
1957 1961 1965 1971
Other
.533 .568 I. 692 .735
..... -. 409 J I. 045 -. 325
1957
.....
1961
.059
.768
1.2.735
.978
.941
1965 1971
-. 782 -.624
.857 .966
11, 981 32.420
1_ 126 1.211
• 935 .988
Food
1957 1961 1965 1971
.654 .573 1. 749 2°550
.675 .747 o 701 .250
17. 166 33.052 25.631 1.798
.757 .818 .768 .264
.960 .990 .985 .212
Cereals
1957 1961
-488
21.013
. .637
_ .977
.428 .098
17.357 I. 111
,542 o 121
.968 .093
.717 .899 .313
13.099 24.368 2.007
.919 1. 128 .387
.944 .983 .251
_ Urban:
1965 1971 Protein
1957 1961 1965 1971
Other
Food
1957
1961 1965 ....
i.
1971
L. ........
.... .963 2.980 2.606 ..... ,217 -. 839 i. 806 -
....
-.373 -1.012
_ 887 .899
2 7.866 27,773
I. 137 1.158
.987 ,987
i. 893
.310
i. 820
.374
° 216
. .4_0..
T_
I
I lair
I
.......
_--'
" "
--
mu:_ at:
Oezea18 ..
•p_
.376 .377 3.439 • .
.786 .808 .511
1957 1961 1965 1971
.... .883 3.036
,528 O. 441
19s7
OtheZ ]rOOd
Source:
1957 1961 1965 1971
10,530 56.269 2. 473 '. •
.8G7 .879 .541
.gf_" . ,966 'w 379
22.081 4.064
o671 .535
.979 .623
51. 478 4. 985
1.273 1. 001
°996 . 713
18. Ol 7 4. 343
1.2 78 .944
.970 .653
•
1961 1965 1971
,o7!7 .005
1957
......
I961 }._5 2_971
-'. 736 . 344
.981 . 795
.991 . .728
Tan, E. md O' _c.son (1%74j Table 8, pp. 88-90). Food oa%,egoz'y "Prot_In" ._cl_.des fish, Mat, eggs, _Ik, ef.Oo t while ca_ +'Other F_I" _u_s _, _getable_; and mlscell_eous.
4_
Table
9
.l_Gl_J_ZObl PARAMBTERS CF C¢X_S_TION EXPEMDITURES RC,C0m_ING _O FAMILY SIZE AND EXI_ENDITURE ITEM PHILIPPINES, 1971
.....
c.t, "11! f _lr
_lr
•
i
a
Food
Coreal
Protein
Other Food
,rl"i
r 11 •
|
i
FSlze ,y
a
b
3-4
530.75
.42
.99
5-6
740.82
. 39 "
.98
7":8
767.40
• 43
, 99
9-10
999.69
o40
.98
3-4
440.07
.06
.94
5-6
614.99
.05
,89
7-8
880.93
.04
.46
9-i0
951.10
.05
.88
•
3-4
67,24
,18 •
.98
5-6
48.27
.18
.98
7-8
-41.86
: .20
.99
9-10
-4.65
o19
°98
3-4
2.9.41
.16
,99
5"-6
77. !?
.14
.99
-23 _99
.16
. 99
.15
.98
7-8 9-10
Souroe¢
Tan, E. amd G. Tecson
20.4(,
(1974; Table
i0, p. 92).
Table PRICE
Phi llpp ..... Own Price
Co_od/ty
Cereals
AND IN_
ines Income
I0
ELASTICITIES:
Urban -Own Prioe
PHILIPPINES,
•-Incore
1965
Manlla -- ....... Own Price Inooms
Ruxal Own Price
Inuome
-0,258
O. 296
-'0.317
O. 336
-0.269
O, 362
-0,479
O. 429
-0. 382
0. 483
-0,425
0.479
-0' 331
0,469
-0.333
O. 707
-0.821
1.083
-0.890
1.042
-0.648
0.946
" -0,578
-0. 757
0. 999
'0..578
0.684.
-0.457
0.673
-0.606
i. 271
Roots
-0. 508
0. 658
-0.617
0.717
-0.490
0. 729
-0. 301
O. 692
M/s ce llaneous
-0. 503
0.651
-0.552
0.633
-0, 409
0. 595
-0. 337
0. 744
-0. 926
i. 242
-0. 896
1.050
-0.531
0.786
-0.528
1.207
Fish
and Other
Sea Foods Heat
and Eggs
l,_Ik
and Dairy
Products
Food
•
1.151
Consumed
Outsi_e
Source:
Canlas,
D.
(1983; T_Io
10, p. 18).
Table
11
INCCME-QUANTITY E_STI_qTIES FOR SELECTED FOOD ITEm, 11 SURVEYS, MAY-JibE 19?4_DECEMBER 1976r PHIL_IPPINES
, 4""
Fuod Item
_
Food
Elasticity
Ce re a_____.._
L ,I-- ___L
- ,
Item
Eluticity
P rote in
Rice and products
0.15
Pork
Rice
0_ 13
Beef
O. 80 a_d carabeef
0.86
C_r. and products
-0.55
All poultry
Corn
,-0.59
All eggs
0.72 â&#x20AC;˘
All dairy products
0.68
wheat products
0_63
All Other Food 0.35
All leafy amd yellc_ _gstables
0.26
All fru/t veqetables
0.35
All roots, bulbs and tubers
Source-
Avigueterc,
and smoked
-0.08
E_F., et
all. (19781 Table
0.78
fresh a_d f_ozen
Dried
All fruits
m_at
24, pp. 19-21).
fish
fish
0.37 0.13
4_
Table CiARACTERISTICS
Or
SAMPLE
%Z_VEL, MENISTKY CONSU_TiON
12 SOUSE_0LD
BY
OF AGg/CULTG_E SURVEY, 1976
INCOME
FOOD
Income Charaeteris
&%_ragm
household
incomm
_verage
household
size
_verage
per
kverage
food
kverage
per
capita
?ercent Sumber
of of
income
oapita
Miadle
Hi
250_
5802
15019
5.9
6.4
7.2
424
906
2086
72
97
147
12
15
20
449
87
51
_/
1102
955
891
(%)
37
32
30
(P/yr.) (_/wk.)
food
(P/wk.)
income samDled
_istributi_n
Low (_/yr.)
expenditure
expenditure
spent
on
food
houmehol_s
of ho%useholds
*/
--Only 3 of the 4 survuys analysis of consun_tion Households with extreme excluded
SOI_CQ- _
_vel
tic
from
the
Bennagen,
for 1976 were included in patte_s by inco1_ level. ±nco_ values were also
_nalysis
M._.
(1980;
{author°s
Table
original
15,
p.
94).
the
note).
45"
T_le. EXPENDITURE
S_S AND OF MAJOR TOOD
1.3
AVERAGE GROte3
PEI_ CAPIT_ CONSUM_TICN BY INCOME, _'EL:
PHILIPP_NK5,
1976
income Major
Food
1_w
Cer_&Is RBd
45.9
mmat
Poultry
_at
Zggm Dairy
Level
Item
produc_
Seafoods
Middle
High
_134.0) a/
41.1
(134.1)
33.7
(141.6)
9.5
(6.2)
12.6
(9.7)
17.6
(16.6)
4.0
(2째6)
4.3
(3.2)
5.4
(5.8)
2.9
(1.8)
3_7
(3.2)
4.0
(5.1)
4.7
(5.3)
5.6
(7.3)
6.9
(!0. i)
16.4
(22.0)
16,4
(25.2)
16.6
(_8,9)
Fruits
5.9
(42.3)
5.6
(41.4)
6.2
(52.7)
Vegetables
7.3
(32.6)
7.8
(36.6)
7.1
(41.9)
3. S
(2.0,3)
2.8
(16.2)
2.6
(17,3)
(267.0)
i00.0
Rootcrop_,
All
bulbs
& tubers
Poods
Source:
i00,0
E_.nnmgen,
a--/The first total annuai
food par
M.E.
(1980;
n_/s%ber is the
(277.1)
100.0
(320,0)
Tables
percent
share
of
the
i_
expenditures, whil_ the number in parenthesis capita consumption in k_los per year.
food is
item. to
the
average
Tabla
14
ESTIMATED EXPENDITU_ AND Q_L%NT2'LY ELASTICITIE_ FOR MAJOR FO(_ GROUPS: PHILIPPINES, 1976
....................... -.... Major Food
Groups
Znc_ E_en_iture Mode i
F.las d__ _
......
_ Mode I
Household Size .L J Elasticity//
(_reals
.13
.05
.70
Red meat
.52
.44
o18
,. 19
.16
.26
Eggs
.32 ,
o32
.34
Dairy products
.39
o24
.24
Seafood_
.33
.19
.44
Fruits
.40
.16
o41
Va_tab1_m
.30
.17
.40
-.21
.47
.12
.47
Poultry
mlat
Rmotcr_ps,
.
bulbs
& tube_
Total Food
_/Based
souroe:
.112 ,33
_n expenditure
m_4el.
Benna_ne M.E. (1980_ Table Table 13, p. 87).
9, ._.
66-67_
and
Table
15
ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE, QUANTITY ELASTICITIES FOR MAJOR POOD LE_SL_
AND HOt_EHOLD SIZE GROUPS BY INCO_
PHILIPPINES,
1976
In=ome Major
Food
Group/Ela_ticity
Level
...... _ow
_Lddle
Sigh
Coreals E_ndlt_ Quality
.04* -. 01 •
,30 .19
.12 .05*
.61 .03
.60 .03
.53 .03
.08* -. 01 *
.64 .65
'. 55 .43
.43 -
.27 -
.19 .
Expendlture Quantity NIO
.01" .05 t .22
.20* .24* .16
.21 o 21 .25
N9
.01 *
.02
Expenditure Quantity NIO
.2 8 .2 7 .26
.46 .45 .36
o 34 .39 °28
-
-
.02
.19 .20 -. 07 *
.36 .38 -
..48 .20 .06*
N9
.03
.03
•04
Expenditure
.21
.36
.32
Qu_,tity NI0 N9
.14 .39 .01"
.23* .36 -
.02* .45 .01"
N10 N9 Red
Meat Expenditure QuBnti_ NI0 N9
Poult
Eggs
N9 Dairy
Products Expendit Qu_tity NI0
ure
Seafood
48
Table I
[
(
_jor
_lII
)
I
) Ill II[I I
15
(_t.)
I
..
In cg_m_ Le_l
_oc_ _oup/_l_t_¢ity
Low
_li_le
E:_nendlture _tLtY
.14 .- *
_ 36 .17"
.41 .20
.o2
.oi*
.oi*
,z=pe._t.re ,;;ma.,.t i._
._ .].o
.49 .26
.27 .1.3
NIO N9
.34 .01"
.36 .01"
.37 ,02
-. 13
.12.
.32
-. 51 • 25 .02
-. 39* • 35 ,02
.37 .47 .03
.44 .22 .40 .02
.34 • 14 •38 .02
H_igh
]n'_ta
'V_ge11:_1:,lu •
jr
Ro_cropa,
.bulbs & tubera
Expendlt ure ,: Quantity 1110 N9 ':
rood Expenditu_ Quant/t7 N10 N9
_
.14 .01.44 •02
"_'_loC sl_ifican-,: at 10 percent
Source=
Benna_,
M.C._ (1980;
level.
T_Lble_ 21 and 22).
Table _m_
--
_
_'DA_ PRa C_ZTA FOOD C_SO_TIOH• PHILIPPINES, 1978 AND 1982
r-
rlr
pines
Orb an
Enercjy Foods • Cereals-& Cereal Products Starchy Roots & Tubers Sugars & Syrw_s Fats & 0tls .
367 37 27 13
323 20 • 43 20
Bo_-Bui ldinq Foods Fish, Meat & Poultry Eggs Milk & Milk Products Dried Beans, Nuts & •Seeds
133 "8 33 •8
_gul atin_ Foods Green Leafy & Yellow Vege tables Vitamin G-Ri_ Foods Other Fruits & Vegetables MLscellaneous
Souroe:
Food
and Nutrltlon
16 (_y)=
.....
Mani I a
_ ....
Urban
RuraX
__ _irmS.
-
-
390: 46 19 10
356 42 22 14
320 19 28 18
28? 18 30 23
341 20 27 16
168 14 55 9
-
-
116 5 .22 8
154 9 44 I0
183 14 64 11
179 14 83 14
184 14 53 9
140 ? . 34 9
34 47 168
28 54. 174
-
-
38 44 166
3? 36 159
26 47 183
19 53 210
30 44 167
' 42 31 148
' 2t
23
-
-
19.
32
37
31
ll_d_,el'_
Mmti la
'
U_an
'l_t_tl.
..
Research
Institute
(1981, 1983).
374 54 20 " 11
3_,
Table 17
PHILIPPINES,
I978_ _lrD 1982
(g/day)
f • "_'.
Food Gro_s ............ Cereals
A
& Cereal Products
368
380
54 13
34 18
371 35 26
360 40 37
355 22 47
8
9
12
15
21
[ 2s ]
86 '. 117 3 4
132 ?
151 12
175 17
Starchy Roots & Tubers Sugar Syncs rats &&Oils
Fish, Meat Eggs
& Poult_
Milk & Milk Products Dried Beans, Green
Leofy
Misoellaneous r
I
368 32 13 •
366. 53 18
7
9
1o
iI
[ 223 _ | 22 ]
73 I
99 4
126 5
153 7
Income _
371 ..362 44.. 24 20 23
15
G_t_ps_a/" _' .C
352 34
337 36
25 15
33 21
224 18
1609
157 !4
18
30
51
59
[
79 ]
I0
14
18
31
43
61
6
7
.8
8
13
[
II ]
5
9
8
I0
I0
37
37
36
30
[
30 ]
59
[ 83 ] [ 209 ]
11 122
23 153
27 125
33 131
39 171
40 185
59 211
17
29
27
32
32
33
40
9_
9
13
33 156
50 173
60 187
79 190
13
17
22
26
20
[
24 ]
41.
43
35
35
33
27
A = less than P250; B - P250-499; C : _500-999; D - P1,000-1,499; E - P1,500-1,999 F = _2 ,000-2 ,999; G = _3,000
--b/Incom8 group _2,000 Food
32
24 139
|
_a/Income groups:
Sourue:
343 95 13
_mual.Per Capita _ • C _
& Yellow
Vegetables
r_k
[346 ]_ [ 17 ] [ 58 ]
A.
12
Nuts & Seeds
Vitamin C-Rich Foods Other Fruits & Vegetables
7 \
Annual Per Capita Income Groups_ I S C D .. E F. G
and over.
and over.
and Nutrition
Researoh Institute
(1981_ 1983).
%. o
Table _AN
0_E-D_¥
(g/day) BY OC_P_TIOM'(_F 1978
PER CAPITA FOOD C_L_TION HOUSEHOLD HEAD: ..... PHI LIPPI_,
• Professional Technical, Entrepreneurs,
Food Groups
18
Skilled
of
.Occ_ation
Fa_la Cwners amd
Farm Workers
Mana_er__-
Household
Fisherm_n - (mostly small & hired)
Head Other Occupatiom (m_stly
Housewives, Students
skilled}
Retired
Occupation
Eegrg_ Foods Cereal_
_ Cereal
.Product_
321
4i5
392
369
343
- 346
_69
$tarc__y _ots & Tuber,g Sugar & Syrups .
24 47
36 .23
48 16
47 15
38 30
17 45
28 28
Fats
22
21
]5
i_
_o
45
2e.
6 oil_
B__. ,ySuildin_ r_ds • ---Fish, Wea't -&-Po_t_l Eg_ Milk & .Milk Product_ Dried Bea_s, Suts & Seeds
Green Leafy &Yellow Vegetables Vitamin C-Rid_ Foods Other Fruits _ Veqetabie.s Miscel
Imneous f , ,
. _"_" 17 60 ii
-6 26 8
3 12 7
29 63 196
38 48 176
40 37 156
22
23
21
•
Source:
Food
and Nutrition
Institute
, _
.
.
3 14 .4
9 43 8
17 55 ii
32 _ 121
32 46 170
32 75 199
33 45 133
16
19
21
15
31 9_
.=
[1981)r. ..(
"_
Table
19
MEAN OHE-DAY PER CAPITa PESO VAI_IE OF F_D FROM ALL S._F_, BOtK_T A_D NC_ B_JG_T SY URDANiZA_O_, PBILIPPI_,_, 1978 AND 1982
I 9 7 Peso Value of Food All
Area
1982
8
Not _
of ALl Food SOurc_
Peso Value of Food " All .... Not
F_
_f All Sc_rces
Philippines
2.78
2.22
_, 57
2c, 5
3.99
3.33
O, 66
16, 5
All Urban
3.79
3.49
_,29
_, 7
5,22
4.7_
0.49
9.4
5.96
5.58
0.3_ _
6.4
4.7_
4.20
0.56
11,8
3,3_
2.64
0.74
21.9
Metro
_
Other
Urb_
la
_ural
Source.:
...... -
......
2.27
i. 56
O. 71
Foot! and Nt,trition F_earoh
3_. 3
Instltste
{1981_ 1983).
lm
Table _ I_
Food
EIASTICITIES OF PER C_ITA CGNS_TIO_ O_ FOOD _, BY URBI_IZATI_: PHZLIPPIWES, .1978 AND1982
Groups
!978
...... Phi lip_.... pines
Cereals & Cereal Products Star_-_y Roots & Tubors Sugar & Syrups Fats & Oils
-0.01 0.02 0_ 38 0.26
ris_, He_t _ Po_l_rr" Eg_m Milk & _iLlk _.roducts D_led l_'_s, _ut._ & Seed_
0.24 0. _2 0.63 0.17
Green
20
A11 Urban
Metro F-_i! a
-_.01 -0.05 .... 0.43 ,_ 0.2_ -
0.2i 0.46 0..65 ._.20
-
: ....... Other Urban Rural
_ -
e/ 0.02 0.32 0.22
-
0.28 0.37 _.61 0.1,3
1982
................ Phl lipplnes
All Urb_
Me fro Manila
_ ..... 0_ r Urban
.,_ural
-0.04 -0.94 0.41 0.37
-0.06 n.n. 0.31 0.39
-9.14 0.32 0.24
-0._5 -0_.07 0.29 0.3%
-0.02_ -0.05 0r 44 0.30
0.35 O. 45 0.78 0.1B
0.29 0.46 0.83 0.19
0.24 0. _9 O..:,t_ Q.02
0.31 0.49 0.83 0,21
0.37 O_ 38 . 0.(_:_ 0'17
-0,14 0.41 0.32
-0.12 0.43 0.41
"-0.04 0.12 0.16
-0, !1 0.46 0.41
-0.14 0.37 0.18
O. 14
O. 17
O. 28
O. 17
O. 12
Leafy & Yellow
Ve_tables Vitamin C-R.rLch Foods Other Fruits & Vegetables
-0.01 0.46 0.33
_Lscellaneo___.._._.______
_. 06
_/ 0.39 0.37 .....
-
-0.03 0.54 0.2_
O. 04
-
0.07
-
• ,....
--*/Inclusive of Source:
_ 0.004 +
Food and Nutrition
Research Institute
(1981! 1983), ,_"
" •
54
Tabla 21 ELASTICITIES OF .FOOD GROUPS,
PEP+ CAPITA
QF
P.Y INC_
P_ILIPPINES,
1978
Per
Pood Gro_s
__e rj7
CONSt_TION LEVEL:
I_ss tham P500
IncoIR,
Capita
L_%_I
_500-1500
Above P1500
Poo,_
Cez_als
-0.02
-0.04
-
0.14
0.17
0.63
0.31
Pa_ a oi.._
c.o_
o.3e
o.o'_.
Fish,
0.29
0.21
0.22
O. 09
0.65
0.23
0.28
1.31
0.45
O. 13
0.29
O. 18
O. i0
-0.14
Starchy Sugar
& Cezeal P,n<:_ll
Pzoductm
& Tubers
Meat
-0.16
.
& Syr_
& Poultry
Eggs
.Milk
& Milk Pz'o_ucts
D=Aed
Beams,
Nuts
&
0.04
Seeds
___z.'P..intPo<__ + Ureen EaaÂŁy & +ellc._ Vegetables
Vitamin _Rich -OP,:her
Fruits
Foods & Vegetables
Misceilaneo_
So_Izoa:
Food
a_d
Nutrition
0.20
0.45
0. :_2
0.05
0.29
0.56
0.24
0.05
0.08
0.09
_
le _ _h IInstitute
(1981).
55 Table 22 _SlO_ FOC_ CONSt_ED
•:r.n,_,z:_n_snt Varlablu
ON PER CAPITA PZSO VALUE C_ (BC_G_T) _
__.:
Pe_:'¢_ita
2.
Peroent :_f Household l_smbers 13 Years and
4.
'L,'rbaniza_Lon_
5.
Meal Planners _ears
81ze (Rural)
eq_tJ._,
(0.o2)
0.30
(0.03)
0.20
(0,04)
-0.08
(0.02)
-_.04
(0.03)*
-0.18
(0.03)
-'0.?0
(0.04)
0.12
(0.01)
0.15
_n
double
spQci_i_d
Sour._e: Food and Nu_ri_'_. _search
log
form.
Institute (19,81).
_
F_xl Only
0.33
Schooling
--_'Regz_ession
Bought
(o.ol)
Over Household
Consumed
vaz_
0.25
Inc_m
3.
197_
Per cw_ta_p_uo
All Food
1.
of
PHILZPPINES,
(0.02)
v
'_ _abla 23
_sTzm_s or ZNC0_/__TU_ A._.,_:
Souroe/,/e ar
, •_b:l.Uppines
rm md Tecso_s A
_
•
(1961) (1965) {1971) • n and Sees(m: B
(Z97:L)
.' .........
Pszz,zPPzNzs
Xtl b'r_ A,
He_-o Manila
other ,,,_,,,,
_.,__,
_
0.079
.
_
(un.tt.s of
_ot;ed. FOOd
0.819 0.775 0. 705
0.818 0.768 -
0.667
....
-
(gx'ow_d data by £n_ class)
z_ - a*,b1"k (groW_d
srmagen (1976) • A,
'In_
.K,_
da¢_ " ClaSS}
0.33
"
zi: j - %£ + 81£ ln,yj
'
+,a2:La:j,
.... s,,
(ho.old),
B. •Tan amd Tecsons
A
(1961) (1965) (1971) Canlu
(1965)
0.593 0.484 O. 452
0.637 " 0.542 -
0.296
0.336
Av_guetero, e.._.tal__. (1974-76) _Lce & Products O. 15 •R£oe Cozn Grits & P_ucts Corn Wheat P]:(xlucts
0.13 -0.55 -0.59 -0.63
-
(househoZd)
Cereals : .
-.
0.671 0.535
0. 362
-
0.429
.
sam
as In A above
m_
LE S (g_qL_ed data by :Ln_ class)
. "
ln gN£_ - -+bln_ (_ouseh olds)
_"
57
T_Ze I|
,
I
!
I
•
:l_lLltjp-
.
(1976) A B
_11 .
_eS_
.......
e._
(cont.) .
..............................
Sour_e/Yeaz
Bennagen
23
_uat_-o_ '
Metro
Urban Manila J ...............
Other Urb_
( u_Lts Rural
O. 13 0.05
(197e)
Same
, -O.Ol
-o.01
-
-
of
observation )
-
_ Q_
as above
- a+b _Yj
l_ (1982)
-0.04
-0.06
-0.03
-0.05
-0.02
N., a
(households, one-da_ data)
c. s.t_r,_ _ots and_,r, 0.12 -0.21
A B I_RZ
(1978) (1972)
0.02 -0.04 O.
Tan m'_d Tecson,
Same
0.05 -
-0.14
Protein/Body-Bu/lding
-0.07
_ -0,05
as above
Same as above
Foods
A
(1961) • (1965) (1971) Canlas (1965) Fish & Other Seafoods Meat & Eggs •M,:LI.k & Dairy Products Avi_untero,
..... ....
1o153 1.162 1.111
0.919 1.128 -
-
-
-
1,273 1.001 -
0.483
0.479
0.469
-
0.707
1.083
1.043
0,946
-
1.151
0.999
0.684
0.6"73
-
1.271
.
Same as in A above
Sa_ ..
as
above
e_t a_l. (1974-76}
.Pork Beef/Caxabeef Al1 Poultry Meat
O. 80 0.86
..... ....
0.78
-
All All
Eggs Da£zy ]Produc_ All Fxlsh/
0.72
....
Frozen Fish Dried & Smc_ed Fish
0.37
-
0.13
....
Same as above -
-
-
-
-
-
0.68 .....
..
.......
:
.
::
:
:.
_8
T_le
.Source/Year
Bennagen 1_
23
Phi l£ppines
(cont.)
All Ux_an
Metro Manila
Othor •-Urban . .-
,......
-
_ZLT .........................
(unies of obs_ zwa_L_)
(1976) Meat
Poultry
Heat
Eggs Dairy
Products
Seafoods
Fish, Meat, Poultry Eggs : Milk & _ik Products
A B
0.52 0.44
-
A B
0.19 O. 16
.... ....
A B
O.32 0.32
....
-
-
-
a B A B
0.39 0,24 0,33 0.19
.... ....
-
-
i %
1978 1982
0.24 0.35
0.21 0.29
0.24
0.31
0.28 0.37
197_ 1982
0, 42 ,. 0.45
0.46 0.46
0.29
0.49
O. 37 0.38
1978 1.987
0,63 0._8
0.65 O, 83
0o 5a
0.83
0.61 0.63
1978 1982
0,17 0.1B
0.20 0.19
0.02
0.21
0.13 0.17
Same as above
Same
as
abo_e
Dried Beans, NutS, Seeds
E, Tam and Tecson:
-
Re .U_lating
Foods
A
(1961)* (1965)* (1971) *
.978 1.126 1,211
Aviguetero, et al, (1974-76) f/ All Leafy & Yellow Vegetables 0.26 All Fruit Vegetable_ 0.35 All Fruits O. 35
1.137 1.158 . _74
.... .... .....
-
-
1.278 0.944 -
Same as in A above
Same as above
59
.......
".......................
Source/Year
Philip-
.....
_
Bennag_n
_ines
_ra_t_
A
....,,..,S A B
Green Leafy Yellow
Vit a_In CRich Foods Othe_ Fruits & veoje._tables
_/Includes
Manila
Unb_
Roral
._
-
-
(unAts of
0.30
....
0.17 O. 40 " O. 16
-.... .....
1978 1982
-0. Ol -0.14
-0.12
~0.04
-0.11
_0,03 -0.14
19"78 1982
0.46 0.41
0.39 0,43
0. i2
0.46
0.54 0,37
1978 1982
O. 33 O_ 32
0.37 0.41
0.16
O. 41
O. 28 O. 18
r_rs,
and mlecellaneous.
_tables
_ _ean _nditures
on i th food item by k_h Inoou9
family e_enditures
_ average
family
in kth inG_me
size in k_h income in i_
class
class
= weekly
quantity
Eij
_ _ekly
expenditures
_
ith food item by jth household
Yj
_ total
annu,__l income
of'
Jth household
Nj
_ total number _ one-day
cans_d
class
Qi_
QDij
observation)
of variables:
- n_n Nk
Other
sum above
&
Vegetables
Eik
U_an
-Equation
_tro
(1976)
Vegetables
Definition
All
of households
quantity
consumed
food item by
_embers
Jth household
in jth household
of ilb food item by jth household
Same as above
6O
Table ANNUAL
24
EMZRGt CO_SD_TIC_ BY ENERG_ ITEM AND PHILIPPINES,
•m'_eEgy
N__. -Co_e
Item
rcial
1977
Energy .... Rural
C_nsun_tion
Per Urban ,,
Household Philippines
Energy
F£rewood Woodwaste
1.43 0.01
(34.7) a-/ (0.3}
3.41 0.02
(32.8) (0.2)
1.87 0.80
(33.9) (0.3)
C_arooal Cocu_ut Shells Rice Hulls
0.64 0.46 0.04
(15.5) (11. i) (0.9)
1.35 0.06 0.12
(12.9) (0.6) (I.I)
0.37 _0.01 0.06
(14.4) (6.7) (i.0)
all
(n.a_)
0.01
(0.06)
nil
(0.03)
Sub-total
2.58
(62.5)
4.97
(47.7)
3.11
(56.9)
E_ectri_Ity
o.o_ (._.-7)
Biogas
Petroleumz Gasoline Kerosene ....biesel L_G Sub-total
1.48 (35.8) 0.62 (14.8) 0.74 (1"2.9) 0.05,_.-(i. 3) 0.07 (I. 8) I. 55
_tal Total
O_ HOUSEHOLDS BY AREA:
(37.5)
0.40 (3.9_ 5.04 (48.4) 2.40 (_-'23.1) 1.58 (15.1) G. 49_ (4.7) 0.57 (5.5) 5.44
(52.3)
0.14 (2.6) 2.27 (41.1) 1.01 (18.3)--" 0.93 (15.8) O. 15 (2.7) 0.18 (3.3) 2_41
(43._7)
4.1_.._3.._!oo.o____ j ,zo.41 (1oo.o) s.s2(loo.o.._) (_0E)
21 _147
15,164
36,3 Ii
+
--a/_he first number refers to the equivalent pe_ ho%uBehold while tO the pe=c_mnt of total ener_jy
Source;
Ministry December
annual energy consump_d..on the number i.n parentheses uonsumptlono
of Energy, _ner/_f Sectocai Sur_, 1982; Tables _. a. I - I. c. 3.
in SOE zefers
Manila_
6r
T_le
BY
MA2OIg ENE_'Y CIAgS:
_5
_%,-_4, BY AREA ._HILI['P iNES,
_A/_D i_Y INC¢_ 19 7 7
;ncoE_
•
• r
"
" ,
-
"
]
_
Non-comrerc.'ial
_2,500
7,999
60.5 62.5
5_. 0 61.5
34. i °?4 ,,2
56.3 62.5
57.5
37.2
II. i A
47.7
65.9 _5. ,_ 88.9
43_ 7 37.5 52.3
_
•
C omme.r$1a.l Energy
(%)
ove_
_&roups _
49.0
Ph_ lippin_s l_ural Urb_
39.5 37.5 42. _
49.0 38.5 62.8
Phi lippines Rural
22, _45 13, _C&
,_t2,090 6,805
Urban%
Source,_
_._
]_me_'y !_).-
Phili_plne_ Rural Urban
Level
9,0_
Ministry Manila,
5 _]95
1,466 533
36,311 2 I, 147
933
15 _164
of Enezgy_. _Zn9r2_ Sect_;=a] Surv_eries,____ December ]2982: Table.;:.I.d. i-I_ f.-t.
"-
Table _G_SS_C_
Z_};_ndent
ANALYSIS
Va.r£able
OF ENE_-Y
F_mi ly Si_
-_
26
CONSU_P_{_:
Household
(_ i.
P,_._Household
Per
1977
Income =-"
Energy
:=_(!)_ ....
Item_ /
.. .{p:c)
_2
•
Total
Phi lip_ines
-0,
_nral
-0.4932
(,.-_ _._o_._ d/ (-0.9409}
_, -0.0_..0_ -0, 0004
(-0,4783) (-O, 3083)
0°0343* O, 0330*
i_2,I1.3) (2. 5536}
0,61 0,68
-0_ 8197
(-0,4i97)
,-0.0009
(-0.5.655)
0,02Sl
(0.5._6) _
0,28
0. ]085 /_, '_ "_I .... _G,_ -0.6_3_
(0, 1877) _.5730) '-_, 4129)
-0, 0002 0,0005 -0..0006
(-0, _469) (0,.4045) *' _-0.5 4 _ ....
0.0059 0,0010 0.0106
(0. 916__) (0,6308_ '_0,5_7_)
O, 35 0,51 O, Z4
Philippines
,00184 •
,(1. ?082)
-0.0003
{-0. 3992)
-0, 5452
(-1,0043)
0, 52
Rural _rban
-0,4054" -0, 0346
{-2_!202) (-0,0468)
-0.0009* -0 o0003
(-2,025!) (-0,2804)
0,1443 _ -0, 0036
(2,3120) (-0, 09_0)
0,69 O, _I
Urban 2.
PHILIPPINES,
_ot_geho_d
_ommercx
_:_31
_._on-
al E2_ercjS,
cons_tj____ Phi !.ipp3.ne_ Rura! U zban 3,
Per
He_sehoid
Ener_'
_/
Commercial
Cons _m_gtio_
Middle Rm_,_4e Family Size_ (FS) the region divided by 2).
b_/ A_erag__
Annual.
Househol_
c_/ Price Per Energy Item E_ergy Consumption in _d/ t-value in parenthesis Source:
Ministry
of
Per
Income
Kegien
(I) Per
(PC) (_ppro_imated BOE).
Energy,
Energy
Sectoral
(approximated Region by
the
Surve_
(from
by NEDA
m_.giona!
Series,
largest
family
and
statistics),
MOE
Energy
Manila,
Bill
divi_ed
December
reported
size
by
1982,
in
Regional
Tables
.m
IIa-IIc.
Table PERCENT
27
OF _OL_EHOI/M_ BY T_PE OF i_0_L L_ED BY SOC!C_C_fXMIC URBAN
PHIDIPPL_
All
Phifippi.es
Fuel Used
Households
Eloc tricity
90
99
W.eroscoe
68
C_dle
.... _ ......
98
82
I00
I00
99
38
5e
83
18
4!
?i
6_
74
73
5_
96
93
Sa
'._ooa
__
45,
47
"70
26
'->8
46
Ch _rc_)al
56
5_
50
63
35
29
27
LPG
_-_ _.
_.6
70
25
88
83
49
•_,_....
54
47
47
6!
56
45
4
2
3
5
4
2
2
1,9_9
i87
833
979
83
372
293
Number
of Households
Souse-e:
Mknistry _-._mb_r
_'/[ddie _-_
"..... •.-_i_o -_i i_ _ -
li_i_h
C.thers
r
_so_oec_omic class _l_w
_ a__e___s
_gh
CLASS
1979
of Energy, E,er__ Sectoral_S;_vey 1982; Tables 1 amd 2, pp. 82-83.
Series,
Manila,
Middle---"
_
64
Tabl¢._ 2 8 5$1/AL SOURCES AND
OF EN_:RG%_ BY
SOCIO-_CONOMIC
CLASS:
All
Function
Urbam
Households
.u_ht.._g
_1o_.o
Electrl city Kerosene LPG Candle
90 I0 -. .......
100
_._
........... Middle
to_0 12 _4
Kerosene
15
wood
30 5 1
2
Metro
_hilippines
99 1 ......
9 40
Charcoal Others
1979
zo_..£ lo_£
E le c_riclt_ LPG
F[:_CTION,
URB_[I PHILIPPZNES
MA,_.',:LA_
ANID _TRO
Source/
HOUSEHOLb
98 2
_.oo°
Low
High
1o_D..o.19o 82. 18
I00 -
io_.£ loo
Manila
"....... Middle
!0o i00 -
Ix_
1oo 99 1
1..._
!oo
13 57
4 20
19h 7B
19 73
ii 45
2
9
23
1
5
35
I0
3.6
47
1
2
9
5
5 1
1
1
-
-
-
9_
9__0 87
_
-
2.%
_,_
2.8.
9_2
9_8
5_ 36
7$
73
44
98
99
20
24
48
"r
--
9!
2!
__L
..1_5
99
9.!
2_!
43 1
93 1
66 1
15 -
99 -
83 -
27 -
3
20
2
34
3
55
84
76
32
95
93
64
77
92
84
68
90
88
67
Elec_rlcity Battery
52 25
81 II
67 17
34 34
82 8
75 13
45 23
Electricity
56
-93
77
31
98
92
55
187
833
979
83
372
293
Electrlcity Charcoal
_.,._'r __ rat./=: E lectri city F_rosene
Electricity
.-
3
-
Ventilati_, E le ct-_ city Radio
TV
Total
Households
Source:
1,99£-_
Ministry Decembez_
of E_er¢/y, _toralSUrvey 1982; Table 4, pp. 89-90.
Series,
Manila,
Tob!e AVERAGE
MONTHLY
CLASS-
Erierqy
_L
U._B_
EX"_NDITURF_¢ _'E[LIPFII','F.S
A_ I Households
I_m
29 f.PF_qOS) AND
I@._D_TRO
SOCXOECONO_4_C
_I[.%,
_b f_pi,e_
1979
...._
Metro
"-
_
F.lectric[ty
39.67
iOC_ 51
4Z.4g
22_ i3
94.74
35.62
19.Q_
LPG
5!.2Z
_5.76
49.24
46.15
54.63
45.6_
42,57
K_ c_ene
i_28
i?, -_5
16.43
20.92
7.83
19. i0
29.79
W_.od
25_02
30..'5 S
24,.11
24.80
6. _
4_96
.
"_
..
_._
/
Oth,-_ _ _,, . ,_-
_.,. _:_
a/Inclu&s
cm_les
Source..:
Minis_ty December
m_
5.47
5._7
batteries.
of _er_/, Pxter_ Sectoral 1982, Table _0, p. 104.
Sur___
Series,
Manila,
4.60
6.14
66
RF_ERENCES
Abenina,
M.A.
and
R.C.
Tanchanco,
Pricing Behavior in the B.A. Thesis, University Diliman.
Aragon,
C.T., holds, College
1984,
"Market
Prices
and
Philippine Rice Industry"_ of the Philippines, School
1972, Cereals Consumptio n Patterns Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of Agriculture, Los Ba_os.
pfPhilippine Houseof the Philippines,
Aviquetero, E.F., et. el., 1978, "Regional Cons_mption Major Foods, 1974-76", Special Studies Division, Service
Department
of
Agriculture
SupportUnpublished of Eco1_:mmlcs,
Patterns Planning
for
(May).
Bennagen, M.E._ 1980, A Study 9f Food Consumption and Expenditure < Patterns of Philippine Sousehold, Unpublished M.A. Thesis_ University of the Philippines, School of Economics, Dillman. Canlas;
Currie,
D.B. Demand J.M.
1983, "Estimating Price and Incocne Elasticities for Food: The Philippines 1965", Unpmblished 1972,
"The
Analysis
The pemand_fgAFood, Food
and Nutrition S u_Philii_2
1982 Goldman_
Gonza]o,
Mend0za
Family
Budgets"
in
Manchester
Institute, i981_ 1978, Manila.
W.J.
ThQmas,
University
First
Survey,
PhilippineS,
H.W. and C.G. Ronade, 1976, Food Consumption Behavior by Class in Rural and Urban Philippines, Occasion_l Paper No. Department of Agricultural Economics, Corn_l! University (November). S.Y ...... , 1976
A.C . 1969,
-"_ Ur_iv<n:s_!t]"oi
"Demand
_
_....,.....
ti_c _.i. •:,_
ec_Inq
Rural
_ ::._•-,S_•hoo!
Patt.?r:_s. De_-_r[,_%_¢
ed.
Press.
Natio.__nwide Nutrition ...
• 1983, "Second Nationwide Nutrition '_, Unpublished report (December) _
M.A. Thes_s, Diliman. Kell_y
Research
of
Manchester:
of the manuscript.
Change
of
and
Income 90s
Household Economics,.
Econom.ic
A.C 1982 .... _pact of Rice Price Pel!cy on Food Consumption and Human Nutrition at th_ ".[ill;_-!e [_';v:.•! _', M_snoqraph Series Nc. 2; R£_ionel ....' ' _ Pro_rar=._ •r_in_n.7 c'_ t_^:_ and _utrition Planning, University
¢.f the
Phi!i_7/:.,-_
=h
l_n
i'::_(z.
67
•
•.
'
v
.
..• .
, .
Mohan, ,R., 1982, "The Effee :t_ of Population Growth, of the Pattern , , , , Demand, and _ Technology on the Process of Urbanization_ ,Application to India", World-Bank Staff Work/ng Papers, Number 520. N_tional
E,c_r_8ic and Development Authority, 1982,:Five-Year Deva!o_um__entPlan, 1983-1987, Technical Annex, Manila.
Dllva, S., 1971, Demand Analysis of Animal " " Unpublished .M. $.. Thesis,..VniVerSiCy-of. of Agriculture, Los Ba_oa.
of An
Philippine --
Foods in the Philippines, the Ph£-iippines-, Colleqa
.
Pants,
F.,1977, .Cons__e__rFunctlons_ Func_iona! Forms, Unpublished Ipplnas, School of Economics,
_.
, 1980, "Dynamic Demand Functions_ An Appli_atlon to Philippine Expendlture Pattern, The_philip_plne Econ_ic JO_LTnal, No. 45, VOl. XIX, NOS. 3 & 4, D_. 495-525°
Pernla, E.M., 1983, •Relationships West Resoles
•An _plr!cal Evaluat$on of Alternative Ph.D. Thesis, Un_ve_-sityof-_he Ph4i-_ Diliman.
"Food, Fuel and Urbanization_ An Exploration of and Research Issues," Working Paper WP-83-22, EastSystems and Population institutes.
'. , 1976_ _Urbanization in the Philipplnes= Historical and Comparative Perspectlvesr" Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 40, Honululu_ East-West Center. Pexnla,
E.M. and C.W. Paderanga, Jr., 1980, "Urbanization Development in the Philippines_ A Survey," Surve_ _De_v_elopmentResearch, Manila: Philippine Institute Studies.
and Spatial of Philipplne of Development
Pernia,
E.M., C.W. Paderanga, Jr._ V.Po Her ..... _> and Associates, 1983, The Spatial and Urban Dim_._sio:,_ of. D._velo_,ent in the Philippines, Manila_ Philippine !n_t it<_._ c',_[ D .ve!opment Studies. --
Ray_undo, C., 1983, "Population Grc_.th a_,d Urbanization," in M.B. Co Con_e.p_ion, ed., Populat_?n o_ t_,_', r_,__ ]__nes_ Current Persnectlyes and Future P ro.,;_e_[:9_ , };_:_i!.',_: l:a_ional Economic a_ Development Au hhori _l. Rogers,
R. 1978, "Mi_ratlon, Urbanization, Resources and Development," A!ternatives for Grow_th..__The_ En_,!nccrln_ and Econo_ic•s of Natural R_eeources Development, Mc'-:arn-_,H.J. a:_d L, _ilcox, e4s., Cambridge, Mass: Ba]_llnger.
68
pines," ZED_ Discusst_nl School of _conomtcs.
Paper
74-9,
University
of the
Philippines,
•_ylor,
L.D., 1977, *The D_mand £or F_u-c_: A Survey of Price Zlaat£clttes," :in W.Do Nordhausw internat£onal Studies DeeU_._d .fc_'-Znez_y, North-Holland F_blishtn_ Company.
and lnc4:m_ of the
b_bJ:_,
M. * 1972, The_._De_sr_ for Some Selected Veqeta_les in the Phili_pJ_s, Unp_lished M.S_. Thesis, Universi_ o£ _le Phil_l_ines, College of Agriculture, Los _os.
-69 •
,
._
•
.
•._mnex & -
- •
ASlsmlation 14oaeA:ueor Food, end ruat.Products in _be Process of t_banlzati_n
-.The
p_pose
of
_hie
mode_ "..ha_ wS_l.l..be used I...,
the
PhAl£ppines
in
Dote
is
_o _.ackle
to
delineate
.a prel mimtnary
"c.he foZlow_
food and household
_
.
issues: in 1:he
req_'_s
rJ_e _wo decades
in the
face
of
_?,h
dis_£bu_on
_hese requArements
and
-. 20
_e
An the
Antoine &roups 3, likely
of
_o_tr,y
among _he
•
the exzent _o which policy inSex,ventions can £nfluen_
scena_ics
in the
futu_w.
The modeA _ls composed
I.
of _ve
blocks_
which
u_b_._g_owZh block _hlch .p_te_i_
axe
_he
foA_a-
_he ._.h
o_ urban cen_e_ 2.
demand
S.
demand _ov _u_
4.
supply
o£ food block
5.
supp:ty
of fuel block
The model analyses
of
approach
will
-of ._e
fop food
req_ir_.,
issues
As useful s_a_ed
agg_egative
o_ policy inz__rventiOn.
for
above.
demand and supply
l_u_ge_....:,,_The .s._ply
a_e inCended _o_ghi_ analys_
b_loc._
as oor_zitute_
_he three
ho_hold,
block
partial
A general
equations
equazlons
for
,(blocks
equilibritm equilibrium all
ccmponen_
5 and 6)
and useful pax_icule_vly fop
"
70 °,
In lhe _:"l.l:LppLne6_
I_ has
two main _ndo_ar_
va_r_'_A¢_: urban
-.
_.
'-
ex/xl.anal:m"_
_obla_
do with u_b_
_posed
-_,_ di__e_,
',(:
wh_,_ : i,_t
_or, _As
:
_e _.-
'
p_oce_s
the_fc,_Ae
The ma_n equa_io_ _
.....
_._.__,_: _ _.
have
_o
_el-_-
_ _ _!2_ _ 'Yi,_ 7-1"L;gt)
_._.g, _:_.i:; :_ ::_ .... ,:_ : i :
,:
_fo'_, the
kth
......._._.._;__,:'_ -._ '._"L_I .. •li_c_ _," _,_._t_, _'.?'".-..L,...-_;_I ' _8,_1._
:_L_':_...... _,": ,,"_ <:,_
_',-':-,.,_ _:- "
(,,_PI'_ t,_,:¢.
;,V-.,
'."_._._'o_ _skil2,ed
.'7].-
natlm_a_ incom,
t't • :Ls._e
.-
. ..,.. ,_
I_
£s an index d
_ms_uc_
such as kLlomtem Z_.
an index of ovez_3, devel_t
of paved roads,
£8 a ,m¢_'_ of other
de_t o_ u_ban areas
numbe_ o_ _ephonas
oondll:loud_
var£ablas
8u_
as age
die_v'_bu_on.
A_ 'the pz,eeent '_hno 'the foas:iJ:,/.1.:_t'yOf est:lma'd_nS 'r.hLs oquat£m m
by _r_o_e c_e_s is 8tL_l
__
Ca) V_opo_t_u
lumped rosette.
It
is fe_t
J;o_J.Y.en_m13.a d.'J.:Ff-or8 _ To'_l. urban ,,,_a_Lon £8 she mm over the
A¢ em_ t£_
£n doub¢.
_la
O_y
_o
and (b) o_
_hat the _¢
u_ban "centers w _ban
o_ I_,thof
__ 14e_o-
Chose og o'_he_ twban centers. for
the _h
u_ban _nte_
aS _:Lm
t
£noom c.lamsms:
% She pro_ected
popu_a_£on o_ *.he kt..h.h _e
_1.ess
m
t=l
where
_
£s ",:hepop_at_
cen't:ez, aS t/;ne t.
of _ek't.._b Lnc_,e
c.tas8 :In ",:he'n.th
Should £$ peove lu_esible equat:AcB by _
e_ass,
wilA be es_tnated,
_o es_Aua_e
the _ig_a_.t_
on ovex_SA nis;r_tton
A vect_
o_ i_r_ctions
equat£on
14_t,
based ou _he resu;_8
of e_AstAN_ 8tudiu o_m them be appliad _o _
kn "coesl:hnateM_
the u_igz,atSan of _he kT.h income class..
household
• unCt£_S
W_MIbe used in subsequent
popul_stAan f£p by dAvidl_
_
ho£d _b_,s.
The nunbe_ of households
where
As _e. averaSe
i
_
ai_aT.Ic_
denand
and
W bouehoId
units
nunbe_ of people by _he avez_tge aumbe_ of house-
_ncone class
thek_h
blocks,
wtAl have _o be oo_.ve_od
oF the kt_s
hk_
Because
An the'nth
uz_m
eente_
a_ _£ne _ As _hewe_z_.
size
of household
An loca!A_y
on fo_
c_u_.
The de_A'cy fo_ 1:hem_h u_ban cer_ce_As by de_A_i_Aon:
_heaw
A_
is ?_e lend area of mv.h urban center
vsA_B
of
h_
wA_L1be be,eed on e_s_tn_
re_ioual
a_ -..line t.
The
and u_bsn places.
?3
.2, The _¢[_1 ¢t_enm¢
_
and £n_
e.c_t
of t_
block _
_pes by i_x_ecZue.
_asl;t¢lttes
the d_and fez.
11_ estl_CL_
.lind ¢_oas elastLc_tte8
book of "d_e.odk, ¢o be _Led Wl px_.ccmeto estate
x_pt_menCs ¢be
out _ ¢b_ meseaz_. demand_¢icu
•two ua:'baa_eem:er "¢y_".
o2 _loe
The _d
_nct:ions
_oz. each ofthe wL1J.have _e
k
_e'_th
ln_oM cZa_ _ the mba_ cente_ oz, rural
a_ea l_dexed by _,_.
: i_ - Ve_-t_ of. _r_ .
-
•
•
fez. _e .food t_pes
•
o
in gibe '_th _nco_e cla_s Z¢ " -. :is a vector
of other
conditter_ng
v_tab_es.
The ¢o¢al f-c<>ddeuau_ _¢_.Lo_ for t_e k',.h _r_o_._ el.ass
; Z)
74"
a fun_/_
that e_t
.of dLffea_nt
£_xN_
be _ns£s_en_ poupe.
These demand i_£c_s equ£valen_s_A_ end Nu_rL_on Inco_
w_h
The est_-a_i_
and Ex_ndLture
procedure
wit1
will be cQaverted _o 1:he£rnu1:r£en_
_ech_£calcoe_clen_
P_seax_h
Engel Curve _ff£e£en_s
l_Atu_e
(F_)._/.
Sunveye o_ _e
end 1983 Su_,veys of t_e F_'B_will
p_vlded by "/:he Food .Da_a from Family
NCSOend da_a from the 1978
be ul:£_zed
An l_e est£_atio_
To_al den_nd _or food type A for _he 'k_h_ Lnco_e class ..loca$icn
•s
"
in
is therefore:
when the _mbe_ o£ ho_el_
_i_
is t_ken f_om the urban _th
block.
3.' =Dmandfor i_lll
_1
ill
it
[
_
_lock
The e_er_y demandby houseb.olds v_ll be measured i_ c_ve_Ac_al _
enez_y units. To calculate_he _
will be necessary
'theene_
to conw_c household consumption
_nmc_:Lons, da_a 1:o
uni_ usi_ s_:a_a_ e_ergy cor_ten_:and average effi-
cAency _ac$ors.
75
"
The px_opo,,_ bomeO:_oldde,,a_ ."_e
_m_l_
for enez_
48
_Au&:
-tL_-_ is the dmend for energyin location m by boUsed_olds_n income class
k.
.tPe= is the vecto_ of prices for alteruatlv_sources of e_.v k Y_: _ _.e the
-_I _n_
of
the k_h
_ooms
available from the ruben gr_ Zt
= As a vector of o_Q_
data
HinAsTr_
base_ of
on the
_CSO sur_ey_
block
oondltioning variables,
â&#x20AC;˘ Theme ene_Ey demand equations hold
class
will
be estimated
and o_hex,
data
on house--
se_s
from
the
Ener_.
where LÂŁ= t
q_
As 7_heland area planted to foo8 crop
A
in year $.
|
PXC/t prlce index in yea_ Pf-i
= i8 the ye_
_,
vectc_ of prices of _ifferent food
t-l.
c_p8
An
•" •76
p(L)M, c = is _e _Z_3o_
log op6ra'co_ _(L) on the
i ,IJt_
"
'.
=:k.. •the toI_1
of mtg_atto_
o_ 1_o_
sv_ab_l_y
Yt = _e ott_
in
==ba_. loeat£¢_.,
_itto_l_g
to al& u._an
in
tl_
z_m_
oente=_
az_as
va=,£able=.
Is _e_fo_e=.
k
• _he supply planted per
of food will
to d£E_et_ent
hectaz_.
¢z_ps
b_ bu_.!_
and _o=
_he suppZy .funct£ons
by Sours (19eZ).
u_ f_,o_ _a_,'.onal
p_o_ect:_ons ,will
build
of avez_e on p_ev£ous
_ecta_a_es yieZ_ work
do_e
-?_
To_ _e
t_
Is deft.,snlned.by
food _op
1: .t-i
'Jh£s e_uaq:i_ ma_ox,_p:
oq:het, cx_ps,
_£oe,
whex_.
corn,
_
is
planzed
to l_hat _op
* P(L)HI:_ XI:
_n The r_t!onaI
cocer_u_s,
..s_,
level
vege_:8_le
supp_-y of
foo(i
cx_p_,
8 y_._d f:_'_ of
.hectare
yield
in ye_x _ "t and .¢_.Ss T_e In acCusl si_ula¢i_ns, The be
S _ • F_ ,__
Fo_, non-food
.per
c_
the _
supply
and
da_a:
h_s_o_Ic_l aveIM_e y_e!d Erow_h _a_e.
To_al
fox,
cr_ps,
w,U_ :be u_od ba_ed on an ext_n,n_t_,
Er_w_h on h_rl_l
%_%°
_ea
be estlsmted
. To detex_mS.r_ "l:otal
hecl:az,e pro_ecti_ y.l.eld
wLll
_e
func-.t:i,o_:
1:he _llr_Ing
= Lt
each
_yl, e,
of
food,crop
_..i11
_hen be:
_: _"t _ LI:
crops _ a di:rec_
_-upp_.y equ_oz_
es t _a_._d:
_,. • _'1:( _,.
_; _)
v_._.
x_e
....
78
wh_
the eXplana_:o_ va?iablo
.if.. _t-i .= _¢'_or of /oo8 #_ic_s in year t-I .Ct
= pol_,_.i_l ••
la_
o_. the
euz_ent
b_•ance
_,efl.ec_ingi=pc_t•
on _at
end ozh_
acc_uut
oonst_alnts
nou--c,-_ foods,
L%
= vector of land own pl•an%edTO %he food cr_ps.
Xt
= othe_ co_dlti_ninE variables,
}%ze.1.Supply _nc_io_s
w_il ,_/.se be _tlmated
at _he national
level which wall•dmaw or_previous supply st_dles, pa_Iculamly
Be_usa
one
of-_h_,i_po_tanc_ of foz_isn exc_snBe.co_s_a_aiu_s,
ZhePe will 5e _e_smate domes_.:icand foreign enerEy supply a_ua_ion$ will be es_ima%ed.
S b
Whez_
The domes%it supply _quation will have the fo_m:
_
$_D
• ..%P_,-•I is the vecto_ of ener_, p_ces• in yea_
I_-a vec%c_ of _m_i%ionJn_
variables.
=
SE% P
and
Z%
The foreicn energy supply
eq_a_i_m ,,i11_d of _he form:
SE_
t-i
(_-i' •#(L)C%; Z_)
79
whm
O(L)C t
is
a polv_a_
balm_ce renec_h_-for_
e=c_e
Use o_ %he !4odel -f_orPol_cy
_h_
la,_ on the
c_z_e_t
accou_z
_s_ein_.
S_la_io_s
sectien d_sc_seeszhe capabiliztes,of
Zhe proposed
•_odel fo_ policy enalys_. be .variablestha_
a_e auscel>_ible
%0 po.l_cy £nte_wnt_c_
PI _i
_" %er_s of _de
be_ee_
_[ndus%Tyend aE_icu1%u_e
-PI o Z,a1:!o o£ _d_mtTial '
,
•.
prices _o food prices
- level of _.ncomegoing to %he. k_h income class
yk
Many o_ l_e
_cy
hendles
ez,e. ecZually
Pollcy _nterveut_
Inclu_L_n_
o_ taxes Z,_a_d_ve_
a wedge between produce_
p_tce.
_le
_he notatien
price
rationing meduceable _o subsi_ cost and
above _e6s not reflec_
•[s_baidy Impllc_% in the his%ordeal data, %he pl_ned •procedure
variables.
w_ll _e_'_ec_ _he e_st_r_e
of
the
consumer rex as
_s_ima_icn
_axes a_ subsidies.
8@
The x,_levantpr_ucer'a p_Acu equatlan_ while coBaum_'s
_e
_'cee
in _e
dena_d equations.
inomne varlable can be e policy hemdle _
that incame _edls_ibuticxn meas_ fu_n_e.
will be used in the supply
_he ex_en_
are implemen1_edin _he
Tool's, re8
•l--/_u a_te_a_ive _ton
app:¢ach,
_etho_ iB to me the household producZiou _mce_d directly
estimate
_he nu_n_en_
demand fuucZlons:
• for
thet_._.nutr£ent
of shad_
.primLs
_1_. derived
In _hl5
_
_he fl_ll
_he a_proech _Ices
L_ the
cousT_a_n_
vec_o_
w_l_:_,.ch d,eDen_
__, and _,_hoZ#. 't:i.se _.
_IT_e _pecif_cet_c_ i_plici_.y
because _8
income
1_t
vk.'
on _ic,_s.. _.t" in_,
approach.
function
u_llze._
£s ex_:_en_ly
are _oZ _cl_ed
the household .partial in
_
at _his .
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