Rimski vsakdan v petovioni za splet by s.kolibri

Mojca Vomer Gojkovič & Ivan Žižek

Katalog razstave / Exhibition catalogue

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 930.85(497.4Ptuj)”652”(083.824) VOMER-Gojkovič, Mojca Rimski vsakdan v Petovioni : katalog razstave = Roman everyday life in Poetovio : exhibition catalogue / Mojca Vomer Gojkovič & Ivan Žižek ; [prevod Mihael Koltak ; fotografije Grega Gojkovič ... [et al.] ; risbe Tomaž Plavec, Katja Filipič, Mitja Rus]. - Ptuj : Pokrajinski muzej, cop. 2008 ISBN 978-961-6438-17-9 1. Žižek, Ivan 244934656

Mojca Vomer Gojkovič & Ivan Žižek

RIMSKI VSAKDAN V PETOVIONI ROMAN EVERYDAY LIFE IN POETOVIO Katalog razstave / Exhibition catalogue

Uredila / Editor: Mojca Vomer Gojkovič Prevod / Translation: Mihael Koltak

Oblikovanje razstave / Exhibition Design: Mojca Vomer Gojkovič Fotografije / Photographs: Grega Gojkovič, Boris Farič, Tomaž Lauko, Mojca Vomer Gojkovič Risbe / Drawings: Tomaž Plavec, Katja Filipič, Mitja Rus

Oblikovanje kataloga/ Catalogue design: s.kolibri Tisk / Print: Repro studio Lesjak Naklada / First Edition: 1000

Razstavo in tisk kataloga so omogočili: Ministrstvo za kulturo RS, Mestna občina Ptuj, Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj. Exhibition with catalogue was made possible by the Ministry of Culture, the Ptuj Commune and the Ptuj Regional Museum.

Vsebina Contents

6 Predgovor Preface 8 Uvod Introduction 12 Petoviona v rimskem času Poetovio in Roman Time 16 Denar in banke Money and Banks 20 Carina Customs 22 Mestna uprava in družba The Town Administration and the Society 25 Promet Traffic 28 Arhitektura Architecture 30 Domus in Vila Urbana Domus and Villa Urbana 34 Obrt Craft 35 Lončarstvo Ceramic production 37 Kovaštvo The Blacksmith’s Trade 39 Kamnoseštvo Stoneworkshops 41 Zlatarstvo Goldsmith’s trade 44 Trgovina in trgovske poti Trade and merchant routes

Vsebina Contents 46 Urejenost Order to look nice 47 Nakit Jewellery 50 Prehranjevanje Nutrition 56 Osebna nega Beauty culture 57 Kozmetika Cosmetics 61 Nega Nursing 62 Medicina Medicine 64 Izobraževanje Education 65 Šolanje v rimski dobi Schooling in the Roman Era 68 Razvedrilo Amusement 69 Igre Games 73 Glasbila Roman instruments 76 Razsvetljava Illumination 80 Duhovni svet The Spiritual World 81 Duhovna podoba Petovioncev The spiritual Image of Poetovio’s People 88 Katalog Catalogue

Predgovor Skozi slikovito pokrajino med Halozami in Slovenskimi goricami, kjer teče nekoč plovna reka Drava, poteka že od prazgodovine pa vse do danes pomembna prometna žila, starodavna jantarna cesta. Različna ljudstva so vtisnila pečat v arheološko zgodovino pokrajine, ki je privlačevala ljubitelje in pozneje strokovnjake, da so raziskovali našo davno preteklost. Zanimanju za ostaline in zbiranju spomenikov iz rimskega časa, ko je bil na tem območju veliki ager kolonije COLONIA ULPIA TRAIANA POETOVIO, ponazarja ga sredi mesta ohranjen tako imenovani Orfejev spomenik, rimski nagrobnik mestnega veljaka Marka Valerija Vera, je sledila ustanovitev Muzejskega društva in v njegovem okviru tudi muzeja leta 1893. Prve muzejske zbirke so bile razstavljene v nekdanji gimnaziji, od leta 1928 pa imajo svoj stalni prostor v stavbi ob Muzejskem trgu. V lapidariju so predstavljeni kamniti elementi bogate petovionske arhitekture; mednje sodijo različni stebri, kapiteli in preklade (arhitrav). Številni so oltarji, žrtveniki, posvečeni različnim bogovom, in plošče, med katerimi so gotovo najpomembnejše posvečene nutricam, dojiljam (Nutrices Augustae), ki so v taki obliki posebnost rimske Petovione. V lapidariju so predstavljeni še trije od petih petovionskih mitrejev; druga dva sta ohranjena na mestu najdbe, in situ, na Spodnji Hajdini in na Zgornjem Bregu. Nagrobnikom, sarkofagom in pepelnicam ter delom edikul, nagrobnim hišicam, pripada obsežni del preostalih kamnitih spomenikov v ptujskem lapidariju. Numizmatična zbirka obsega gradivo od keltskih do zgodnjesrednjeveških novcev (1. stoletje pred našim štetjem do 5. stoletja našega štetja). Postavljena je v bogato okrašeni obednici (refektorij) nekdanjega dominikanskega samostana. Zbirka drobnega arheološkega gradiva obsega izbor predmetov, razporejenih po arheoloških obdobjih od eneolita do srednjega veka oziroma novega veka. Izdelki iz različnega materiala ponazarjajo življenje, mnogi predmeti so bili najdeni tudi v grobovih nekdanjih prebivalcev; pripovedujejo nam o šegah in navadah tu živečih ljudstev v času od 3. tisočletja pred našim štetjem do 16. stoletja našega štetja.

Preface Through the picturesque countryside between the Haloze Hills and Slovenske gorice Hills with the once navigable Drava River, runs, from prehistory till nowadays, an important arterial road – the ancient amber road. Various nations gave a stamp of their presence on the archaeological history of the countryside which had attracted amateurs and later experts to research our ancient past. The interest in remains and in collecting of monuments from Roman times was followed by the foundation of the Museum Society and within its framework also the foundation of the museum in the year 1893. From the time when there was in this area a large ager of the colony Colonia ulpia traiana poetovio which is represented in the middle of the town by the preserved the so called Orpheus’ monument, a Roman tombstone of the town celebrity Marcus Valerius Verus. The first museum collections were exhibited in the former grammar school, since 1928 they have got their permanent place in the building at Muzejski trg. In the lapidary are presented stone elements of the rich Poetovio’s architecture; among them various columns, capitals and architraves. There are numerous sacrifice altars dedicated to different deities, and plates – the most important ones are dedicated to the noble wet-nurses (Nutrices Augustae), who are, presented in such a form, a specialty of the Roman Poetovio. Three from the five Mithraeums, temples of the god Mithras, can be seen in the lapidary, the other two are preserved on the place of discovery (in situ) in Spodnja Hajdina and in Zgornji Breg. A considerable part of the remaining stone monuments in Ptuj’s lapidary belongs to tombstones, sarcophagi, urns and to a part of sepulchral small buildings (aediculae). The numismatic collection contains material from Celtic to Early Medieval coins (from the 1st century B.C to the 5th century A.C.). It is placed in the richly decorated dining hall (refectorium) of the former Dominican monastery. The collection of small archaeological materials contains a selection of objects classified according to archaeological eras from the Copper Age to the Middle Ages, respectively, to the modern era. Products made of various materials illustrate the way of living, several objects were found also in the graves of old-time residents telling us about the customs and habits of nations who were living here from the 3rd millennium B.C. to the 16th century A.C.

Uvod Introduction

radivo rimske Petovione predstavlja neprecenljiv vir podatkov, saj je to obdobje najpomembnejše v zgodovini pokrajine med Pohorjem in Panonijo. Depoji Pokrajinskega muzeja Ptuj skrivajo očem obiskovalcev pretežni del gradiva, pridobljenega z večletnimi izkopavanji. Posamezne kratkotrajne razstave so le osameli poskusi oživljanja tega veličastnega mesta. Mesto, ki je sodelovalo pri postavljanju zgodovine leta 69 in so se v njegovi bližini, v njegovem agru odvijale pomembne bitke, je bilo vpeto tudi v upravno, ekonomsko in družabno življenje Rimskega cesarstva. Vse to, pomen mesta in njegovo bogastvo, smo želeli predstaviti na razstavi Rimski vsakdan v Petovioni.

he archaeological material of the Roman Poetovio is a precious data source, because this is the most important period of time in the history of the countryside between the Pohorje Mountains and the Panonnian lowlands. The predominant part of the material, gained through excavations over several years, is hidden before visitors’ eyes in the depots of the Ptuj Regional Museum. Single short-term exhibitions are supposed to be only solitary attempts to revive this magnificent town. The town, that took part in making history in the year 69, and in which nearness important battles were fought, was involved in the administrative, economic and social life of the Roman Empire. All that, the importance of the town and its riches, is presented in the exhibition Roman Everyday Life in Poetovio.

Razstava je postavljena po vsebinskih sklopih. Sigilatna skleda iz galske produkcije keramike, s katero se razstava začne, ponazarja povezanost Petovione v trgovskih in kulturnih stikih z bližnjo in daljnjo okolico.

The exhibition is arranged according to thematic complexes. The exhibition begins with a terra sigillata bowl of the Gallic ceramic production, showing the connection of Poetovio in merchant and cultural contacts with the near and far surroundings.

Skozi portik (vrata) vstopimo v notranjost hiše, ki na razstavi predstavlja rimsko mesto Petoviono. Sredi dvorišča, obdanega s stebri (peristil), je bazenček, kamor se je stekala voda s strehe. Iz hiše se pogled ustavi na različnih dejavnostih. V vitrinah med stebri se odvija vsakdan Petovioncev. Skozi vitrine gledamo na življenje v mestu ali na življenje v notranjosti hiše, kaj so delali, s čim so se zabavali, v kaj so verovali. Stene

Through the door (porticus) we enter into the interior of the house which in the exhibition represents the Roman town Poetovio. In the middle of a courtyard, surrounded by columns (peristylium), there is a small basin where the water from the roof was flowing into. From the house we can take

za stebriščem in vitrinami so v pompejansko rdeči, modri, oker in zeleni barvi ter so okrašene z ornamenti s fresk, najdenimi z izkopavanji rimske Petovione; risbe med njimi so prizori iz vsakdanjega življenja. Triklinij, rimska obednica, je predstavljena shematično, na originalnih tlakovcih stoji miza s pogrinjki, pripravljenimi za dobrote rimske kuhinje. Rekonstrukcije fresk na modri in oker podlagi na stenah okoli mize so del petovionskih arhitekturnih ostalin.

a look on different activities. The material exhibited in showcases, placed among the columns, tells us about the everyday life of Poetovio’s residents. Through the showcases we can look on the life in the town or on the life in the interior of the house, what they were doing, what they were amusing themselves with, what they believed in. The walls behind the portico and showcases are painted in Pompeian red, blue, ochre and in green, and they are decorated with ornaments from frescoes found during the excavations in the area of the Roman Poetovio; some of them show scenes from everyday life. Triclinium, the Roman dining room, is presented schematically, there is a table standing on original paving stones with a table arrangement being prepared for delicacies of the Roman kitchen. Reconstruction of frescoes on a blue and ochre background on the walls around the table are a part of Poetovio’s architectural remains.

Okoli bazenčka so postavljene štiri mizice, na katerih so igralne deske. Obiskovalci se lahko za hip prelevijo v Petovionce in se tudi sami preizkusijo v igrah, ki so jih poznali že Rimljani. Z razstavo in katalogom Rimski vsakdan v Petovioni skušamo predstaviti utrip mesta z okolico v rimskem času, ki jo ohranjamo kot pomemben kamenček v mozaiku tritisočletne zgodovine v Pokrajinskem muzeju Ptuj.

Round the small pool there are four small tables with playboards. For a moment the visitors can be transformed into the residents of Poetovio, and they can try their hands at games that have already been played by Romans. The exhibition and the catalogue are trying to present the pulse of the town and its surroundings in the Roman period of time which is kept in the Ptuj Regional Museum

Razstava / Exhibition

Petoviona v rimskem času Poetovio in Roman Time Kataloška številka 1 / Catalogue number 1

V dolini med haloškimi in slovenjegoriškimi griči se je skozi stoletja vila starodavna jantarna pot med Severnim morjem, Padsko nižino in Mediteranom. Ob prehodu čez takrat plovno reko Dravo so nastala številna naselja. Petoviona je bila že v prazgodovini vključena v gospodarsko-politično dogajanje. Stiki Keltov z Rimljani so bili zgodnji, tako iz vojaških kot gospodarskih razlogov. Med gospodarskimi je prevladovalo rimsko ekonomsko-politično zanimanje za noriško metalurško produkcijo, med vojaškimi pa potreba in težnja po absolutni varnosti na ozkem in kočljivem severovzhodnem prehodu iz Italije na Balkan. Ugodna lega Petovione je pomenila že ob prodoru Rimljanov v naše kraje, najprej do Drave, nato naprej proti panonski nižini do Donave, strateško pomembno točko.

in the valley between the Haloze and Slovenske gorice Hills winded through centuries the ancient amber road leading from the north Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. at the crossing over the once navigable Drava River numerous settlements sprang up. poetovio was already in the prehistoric era involved in economic and political happenings. The Celts came very early into contact with Romans because of military and economic reasons. From the economic point of view the Romans showed great interest for the noric metallurgic production, the military contacts were based on the necessity and tendency for the absolute safety on the narrow and delicate north-east passage from italy to Balkan. after the Romans had made the foray into our territory, first to the Drava River and then to the Danube in the pannonian lowlands, the favourable location of poetovio was supposed to be an important strategic point.

Leta 16 pred našim štetjem je bila v Petovioni nameščena garnizija, ki je bila še pred zasedbo vse Panonije obmejna straža na cesti, ki je povezovala glavne trdnjave CarnuntumPoetovio-Burnum.

in the year 16 B.C. a garrison was stationed in poetovio that had before been on duty as the border sentry on the road connecting the main fortresses Carnuntum-PoetovioBurnum.

Rimske legije so se naselile že v 1. stoletju; njihov tabor predvidevamo na desnem bregu Drave, severno od Spodnje Hajdine in Zgornjega Brega, na območju, ki ga je reka Drava odnesla s prelaganjem struge. Na levem bregu Drave sta bila v obrambnem sistemu Petovione še grajski grič in Panorama. S preselitvijo legije VIII. Avguste (legio VIII Augusta) v Mezijo (Moesia) med letoma 43 in 46 je prišla na njeno mesto legija XIII. Dvojna (legio XIII Gemina) iz Vindonisse.

The Roman legions settled down on this territory already in the 1st century; their camp was supposedly situated on the right bank of the Drava River, north of Spodnja Hajdina and Zgornji Breg, in an area that was swept away by the river when it had displaced its riverbed. on the left river bank the Castle Hill and the panorama Hill belonged to the defense system of poetovio. after the legio VIII Augusta, between the years 43 and 46, had been transferred to Moesia (the area of today’s Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania), the legio XIII Gemina came from Vindonissa (Switzerland) to poetovio.

V bližini tabora se je začela razvijati naselbina civilnega prebivalstva (canabae) in nato v mirnem času močno trgovsko-obrtniško središče. V Petoviono so namestili mitninsko postajo, provincialne finančno-davčne uprave, mestne zemljiške knjige, sodne službe in legijske garnizije.

J A D O R P A I N N I E J V O A J G I R , C T A U I K D I K A L S J R B E G Z PU r M U u E e M 0 K V 0 S , J 5 U 1 T P A N

Tabula Peutingeriana, zemljevid antičnega cestnega omrežja Tabula Peutingeriana, a map of the ancient road network

a settlement of civil residents (canabae) began to develop nearby the army camp that afterwards in the time of peace grew into a powerful mercantile and artisan centre. The following