Los Angeles - The Lively City: Studying pedestrian life in the world's most Auto-centric metropolis

THE LIVELY CITY : LOS ANGELES

Studying Pedestrian Life in the World’s most Auto-Centric Metropolis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Ted Tanner and Lorraine Aguillar of AEG Los Angeles for hosting us at the Staples Center and giving us a great tour and great information about your facilities.

The Lively City Studio Metropolitan Design Elements 713 Professors: Oliver Schulze, John Hoal, Courtney Cushard[TA] Washington University in St Louis Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design

2

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION

18

LOS ANGELES: URBAN PROFILE

34

AEG & LASED: PROFILE & MORPHOLOGY

56

SOUTHPARK & LASED: DISTRICT ANALYSIS

70

The Class Participants What is Liveliness The Endemic Problem Public Life | Public Space Methodology Liveliness and Other Urban Systems Lively City Timeline Methodology

Study Area General History Political Structure Demographics Climate Hydrology Current Planning Documents Sustainability Initiatives

Global Presence of AEG Company Information Site Comparison Evolution

History of South Park Morphology Blocks: Historic Structure Block Orientation Parcels Zoning Streets Specific Street Analysis Parking Systems Downtown District: Projects Buildings Landscape Street Character Sports & Entertainment District Significant Findings

SOUTHPARK & LASED: PUBLIC LIFE SURVEY Pedestrian Counts Stationary Activity Survey Age & Gender Survey Entrance Threshold Counts Detective Diagrams Pedestrian Interviews Significant Findings District Projects

3

4 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 32

36 38 40 42 46 48 50 54

58 60 62 68

74 80 82 84 85 86 98 122 124 126 138 140 142 144

146 150 166 174 178 200 208 220 222

4

5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE CLASS Course Structure and Objectives MUD 713 explored processes and ideas of evidence-based design and the Public Life | Public Space Methodology in the context Los Angeles. Using this great city as a test-bed, students investigated synergies between urban life and urban form and how these are relevant to our culture today.

Using downtown Los Angeles as the context, the studio explored the challenge of integrating large public destinations with complex operational requirements into urban environments while making diverse and stimulating urban spaces that are accessible to visitors and nearby residents. In downtown LA, the South Park neighborhood is directly adjacent to the LA Live Sports and Entertainment District (LASED or LA Live) which hosts over 250 events each year.

Students began with a trip to LA to perform a Public Space and Public Life Survey of South Park and LA Live, of which this book is the result. The book serves to document and organize the wealth of information gathered about the site through historical research, on-site surveys, and on-site photo documentation. Students use the book to inform their comprehensive district and detail design solutions for the South Park and LA Live neighborhood.

Taking the premise that urban liveliness is requisite to urban sustainability; students used the Public Life and Public Space Survey to gathered empirical evidence to inform their urban design solutions for the sustainable future of South Park and LA Live while addressing a condition that will continue to be a challenge in cities around the world as entertainment and large scale events become more ubiquitous.

The complete studio was comprised of the following components: Public Life Survey/Studio Trip Students got a brief introduction to the Public Life Survey process and methodology. Then during a 5 day trip to Los Angeles, students completed 2 days of Public Life Surveys which taught them new ways of observing public urban life. Students collected data on pedestrian activities, stationary activities in plazas and parks, building entrances, transit stations, and special events. Back in St. Louis, students completed an extensive District Analysis of the study area to gain a better understanding of scale, morphology, landscape, typology, transportation, history, environment, and true physical conditions that create South Park/LA Live.

Deliverable: This Book (collectively completed by the students) 2050 Vision Based on the design process outlined by FutureCityLab, students created renderings of their vision of South Park as it would be in 2050. Ideas about sustainability, urban systems, livability, entertainment, and urban quality permeated the renderings and they evolved as their projects developed throughout the semester.

District Strategy Plan & Detail Design Plan Students developed their ideas, visions, and survey data into clear projects at the district and detail level. Their solutions were informed by their experiences in LA, their research on liveliness and urban systems, and their vision for a Sustainable and lively South Park and LA Live.

THE STUDENTS

Methodology Professor John Hoal

Professor Oliver Schulze

TA Courtney Cushard

Student tutorial and introducion to conducting a Publc Life Survey Trip To Los Angeles

Public Life Survey

Ke

Leila

Liang

Ang

Amanda

Qianqian

Shruti

Swapna

Yue

Linda

Mohammed

Hao

Hui

Students travel to LA and conduct surveys in the Downtown, South Park, and LA Live Districts

2050 Vision Data Analysis Students compile findings into an analysis document, and develop 2050 visionof South Park and LA Live Trip to Copenhagen Moon

District Strategy Plan & Detail Design Plan Students develop final studio project at the district and detail scale

6

You

Ian

WHAT IS LIVELINESS?

Understanding the Importance of Liveliness Liveliness is a quality of urban space, characterized by movement, activity and the presence of people. Lively spaces are safe, comfortable and enjoyable for people to inhabit. When these characteristics are manifested in urban spaces, it creates a diverse public realm that can be occupied by varied social and economic groups.

A lively city provides us with opportunities to engage with other people, known and unknown to us, on many levels. If the city can maintain this positive attribute over time, it can be described as socially sustainable. The lively city is therefore an answer to an endemic problem associated with the postindustrial city in general: the increasing dispersal of people and public life.

This design studio carries out research and design activities that are rooted in the belief that people have an innate desire to find access to stimulating and lively urban environments as part of their daily life. Access to this urban life is seen as a key performance attribute of the sustainable city, and good city design can positively affect urban life.

THE ENDEMIC PROBLEM

Search for Urban Quality & Liveliness "In a Society becoming steadily more privatized with private homes, cars, computers, offices and shopping centers, the public component of our lives is disappearing. It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life. " - Jan Gehl It is true that we shape our cities, and they in turn shape our lives.

Increasingly, the ways in which we shape and inhabit our cities are being driven by agendas of growth which desensitize or restrict the public realm from everyday life.

The sphere of social space is relocating itself, largely into virtual or private spaces, depriving us of the everyday human interactions that traditionally fueled public life. Liveliness as an attribute of urbanity is replaced by a capitalistic and consumerist mindset. On the one hand, there is the increasing role of the private sector in the consumption of space, leading to greater maintenance, orchestration and control over urban space. On the other hand is the preoccupation with safety, security and suspicion in today's urban condition, that motivates people to occupy more and more controlled environments which do not expose them to any unplanned encounters. This, then, becomes a cycle. The fewer people or activities there are in a space, the more it will be avoided, thus killing all the life in the space.

The reverse is also true; if a space is active, it will be occupied by even more people, and used more frequently, and thereby liveliness multiplies. In the words of William Whyte, "What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.� There is therefore an inherent desire amongst us to lead a social life, and the design of our urban spaces today needs to provide for this in an inclusive manner.

7

Bike event at Staples Center

Bike event downtown LA

Pico Station

Night event downtown LA

Downtown LA

Evo Lofts South Park

Food trucks LA

Grand Hope Park looking toward downtown

South Park

8

Evo Lofts South Park

The City of Los Angeles: Downtown Los Angeles/Central City The City of Los Angeles is 469 Square Miles

Population: 3,792,621 (2nd largest city in the US)

Downtown LA

Density: 8,092 people per square mile

44 Miles Long, 29 Miles across

LA is both flat and hilly, with the highest point at 5,074 ft at Mount Lukens.

The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are the fifth busiest in the world.

In 2008, LA was the second most polluted city in the country, but by 2010, met it’s goal for providing 20% of city power from renewable resources.

STUDY AREA

South Park & LASED in Context Los Angeles As the second largest metropolis in the US, Los Angeles is an important urban center with unique challenges. Downtown is the historic core of the city, but has had various characters and reputations over the course of its development. Previously the center of night-life, cinema, art, and life in the 1920s and 30s, it declined through the 80s with the dominance of the car and parking lot typology. With a mix of uses but a lack of occupancy, it struggled with revitalization, but was pushed forward with the development of LA Live in the late 90s.

A mixed use downtown with a financial center, arts district, industrial area, residential development opportunities, and a world class sports and entertainment district became a great selling point for Downtown LA and brought renewed interest and investment to the area. South Park is beginning to form it’s identity as the residential neighborhood in downtown LA and is directly adjacent to LA Live, the home of four professional sports teams and numerous popular entertainment venues. South Park is still facing challenges as it develops while LA Live is a clearly established destination drawing a large crowd over 250 days each year. The studio explored the relationship between these two districts and saught an urban design strategy that will capitalze on the assets of each to push downtown LA toward a lively and sustainable future.

Downtown Los Angeles: South Park and LASED South Park

I

Downtown LA is 5.3 square miles with a population of

10 -1 te ta s er nt

45,500

LASED

PUBLIC LIFE | PUBLIC SPACE METHODOLOGY

LA River is a concrete channel that flows 51 miles from the San Fernando Valley, through central city, and south to the Port of Long Beach.

Ralphs is the first supermarket in Downtown LA in 57 years.

Int ers tat e -1 0

first LIFE

Between 2006 and 2008, with the adaptive-reuse ordinance in full swing, the downtown population increased by 37%.

Staples Center opened in 1999 and has contributed immensely to the

250 events and nearly 4,000,000 visitors per year to the neighborhood. revitalization plans, adding

then SPACE

A

B

Downtown had it’s hey-day in the 1920s and 30s, with a large population,office and entertainment development, and accessible transit.

Downtown declined as LA subrbanized.

South Park is home to the first 2 condo buildings in California to recieve a LEED Gold rating.

finally BUILDINGS 9

GLOBAL PRESENCE OF AEG Projects all over the world

AEG is one of the leading sports and entertainment presenters in the world. AEG, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Anschutz Company, owns or controls a collection of companies. It has successfully run 85 projects involving in four major building types in terms of arenas, stadiums, convention centers and theaters/clubs in 53 cities around the world. They own and operate LA Live, and this profile is meant to show the reach of AEG, their influence in LA Live, and the difference between LA Live and AEG’s other facilities.

Anschutz Company

Cities with AEG projects

AEG Creative

AEG

A advertising agency

SIZE COMPARISON

AEG Merchandising Affiliates

AEG Global Partnerships

AEG Worldwide Comparison Study The growing phenomenon of entertainment districts emerges from the desire to integrate multiple recreational programs under the same umbrella of ownership. In many ways, the construction of modern arenas, convention centers, sporting venues, and the like, are a function of venue owners providing a diversity of options available for consumption. As a large enterprise, AEG has undertaken the construction and establishment of many such event spaces. Size and scale of the buildings that form the campus, as well as their proximity to urban infrastructure and the encouragement or eradication of an existing grid. It is through studying other global venues of this magnitude, one comes to understand how the fabric of these large-scale urban interventions interface with existing metropolitan conditions. Through understanding other global locations, it seems that the venue acts within the existing urban fabric in one of three ways:

Sports Franchises

Facilities

Basketball Franchises

Arenas

Hockey Franchises

Convention Centres

Other Teams

Theatres Stadiums

=

x7

American Airlines Arena: Miami, Florida

=

x4

SunCorp Stadium: Brisbane, Australia

=

x4

As a Superblock Creator As a Green-Space/Natural Resource Activator As an Urban Renewal Catalyst While L.A. Live has created its own campus, while somewhat interrupting the existing urban fabric by creating superblocks, the campus provides more of a total environment (containing not only venues for events, but destinations like restaurants, clubs, and other amenities). In many ways, this approach has more potential for liveliness than the models which follow, because it distills for its visitors the intimidating scale of the city into a more approachable microcosm.

L.A. Live

Los Angeles, California Location: South Park Venue Area: 4 million sq ft Completed in 2010

=

10

Kuala Lampur Convention Center: Malaysia

x4

Ahoy Rotterdam The Netherlands

304 events in total

LIVELINESS TITLE LA LIVE EVENTS

100 100

Secondary Title

Number of Events

80 80

in 2011, LA Live hosted 304 events.

60 60

There are ten types of entertainment events in LA live, as charities, concerts, sports, award shows, arts, comedies, and conventions.

Most events occur in spring and early summer. LA Live has brought many new events to the Los Angeles area from around the country and has also relocated many of the movie premier events from other locations in the LA Area to LA Live.

STAPLES CENTER NOKIA THEATER NOKIA CLUB THE GRAMMY MUSEUM

40 40

CONGA ROOM REGAL CINEMA

20 0

Small Concerts

World Touring

Concerts Special Events Grammy

20

0

Some LA Live events are as:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Awards LA Lakers Games Fan Fair Events LA Kings Games LA Clippers Games

12

Month

Movie Premiers

X Games Outdoor Art Fairs

World Touring Circus Grammy Lectures and Presentations

Superblock Creator

Large arenas and convention centers interface with urban fabric by creating superblocks to accommodate the required square footage, as well as surrounding blocks to accommodate parking and other related programs. This intervention provides new challenges to street and pedestrian traffic, both in reducing the surface area of roads while increasing pedestrian density at certain peak hours.

Green-Space/Natural Resource Activator

Event venues are often utilized to reinvigorate a natural landscape or body of water in an urban environment. Often times, though not always, these instances occur outside of the downtown area of the city. Large parks receive more pedestrian activity on event days when the venue is situated inside.

The preservation of nature while servicing the venue with parking and other amenities is a challenge to this model.

Urban Renewal Catalyst

When a city is looking to attract more people and compete with other regions, new arenas are often viewed as the solution. In this sense, these venues function as a catalyst for urban renewal within the city, which can take place equally downtown as on the outskirts. In many new cities, the planning of a large convention center functions as a point of departure from which other city districts are later envisioned. This model presents challenges in that it often takes time to realize the projected liveliness and density. Often times funds are insufficient to complete the whole scope of the project, and the surrounding areas of the venue detract, rather than enhance, the user experience.11

SOURCE: LALIVE.COM.2011 EVENTS CALENDAR

DISTRICT ANALYSIS

Summary of Significant Findings The district analysis revealed a number characteristics that define the public realm in the South Park district and LASED. These findings are critical for determinging any future design initiatives for this area.

Zones and Scale

drastic differences in scale of buildings and blocks between South Park and LA Live. In the LASED area, located in

The district analysis revealed

the South-West, the blocks, buildings, and street capacity is all at a larger scale than elsewhere in the district, which reflects the special/entertainment uses of these areas. Other areas within the district contain more amentities for pedestrians due to their smaller scale.

Underutilized Transit Infrastructure Despite a number of stops and routes in the area, only

Large Footprint Medium Footprint Small Footprint

10%

of people take public transit in the LA Live area.

Metro Stations Bus stops

Poor Park, Landscape, and Open Space Amenities Several key urban amenities are lacking in the South Park district.

Public open space and parks represent only 2% of the district footprint, a small percentage.

The district contains an unsutiable and poorly distributed tree

canopy, street trees, or landscape identity. Less than 1/2%

Blue Line

Total Ground Floor Area: ~11,521,900 sf

Purple + Red Line Local Route Comfort Walkable Range (5 Minutes)

Rapid + Local Route Silver Liner Bike Lane Planned Bike Lane

of the district is permeable surface. More than 73% of the district is asphalt.

Surface Parking is a Dominant Land Use Parking dominates the district but is most often underutilized.

79% of streets have street parking, and 26% of the district area is dedicated to parking.

A

B

Total Parking Area: 12 ~7,258,900 sf

Total Park Area: ~550,000 sf

DISTRICT ANALYSIS ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Summary of Significant Findings

ENTRANCE

Poor Street Frontage The streets in the Southpark District contain a large number of large

building setbacks, fences and blank walls, and parking lots fronting the street, which cause a negative pedestrian experiences. There are concentrations of commercial uses in certain areas, such as the Jewelry District to the northeast, which contain a large proportion of transparent storefronts, ground floor entrances, and small setbacks, which create a positive pedestrian experience.

Bring Back Broadway

Park 101

Downtown LA Streetcar Project

Strong Mix of Uses To its benefit, the Southpark district contains a wide variety of

commerical uses with a variety of scales and price ranges. The financial district is home to a

variety of office buildings, the wholesale area serves the fashion industry and fashion school. The jewelry and arts district is popular, and of course LA Live draws large crowds for major entertainment

Parking Structures

events. The district is lacking a residential density and doesn’t have numerous neighborhood amenities.

Industrial Use Public Spaces Entertainment Buildings Single Family Residential Multi-Family Residential Hotels

Visionary Redevelopment Projects

Commerce/ Retails

South Park and Downtown LA have a variety of new and

Mixed-use [Retail +Office] Mixed-use [Retail +Residential] Institutional Buildings Office Buildings

innovative building and infrastructure projects in development incliding the Downtown LA Streetcar, Bring Back Broadway, Park 101, The Grand Avenue Project, and various residential developments.

0%

9%

6%

27%

5% 11% 7% 8%

4% 4% 19%

Ground Floor Uses 13

PUBLIC LIFE SURVEY

Summary of Significant Findings The public life survey revealed a number characteristics that define the public realm in the South Park district and LASED. These findings are critical for determining any future design initiatives for this area.

Dominant Activities (all locations)

Dominant Activities (per location)

Dominant Activities (all locations) Dominant Activities (all locations)

Dominant Activities (per location) Dominant Activities (per location)

90%

Staples Center Forecourt

60% 60%

JW Marriott

Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

36%

JW Marriott Lobby

Impact of Game Day/Special Events The public life survey confirmed the dramatic impact of special events on numbers of pedestrians present on the streets. For the streets surrounding LA Live numbers of pedestrians traveling between entrances to the complex and parking facilities increases

The streets surrounding the complex had dramatically higher levels of pedestrians during game days, while on average the streets in South

dramatically

from

typical

levels.

39%

Nokia Plaza

30%

42%

30%

93%

Pico Station

Standing and sitting are the overall Staples Center predominant activities with people Standing sitting are the overall predominant activities, Standing and sitting are the and overall predominant activities, people standing with people 2x more than sitting.2x more than sitting. standing 2xstanding morewith than sitting

Park closest to Downtown to the north were nearly twice as active as the streets surrounding LA Live, when lulls between games are included in calculations.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Standing is predominant at the locations Standing is predominant at the locations directly next tot he directly next tot he Staples and sitting predominant near retail .

Staples Center and sitting is Center predominant nearisretail .

Comparison: Busiest Street per Zone

East-West Movement While the majority of blocks have primary entrances on the long

there is more pedestrian movement east and west along the short sides which lack entrances, known as the B side running north and south, Known as the A sides,

Figueroa between Olympic & 9th

sides. This could suggest a few things, for example: that long block deter pedestrian movement, or that there are more destinations to the east and west of the district than there are north and south.

Flower Street between Olympic & 9th

Olympic between Figueroa & Flower

Stationary Activities

drammatic nead for adequate places for sitting, especially in the areas surrounding LA Live. Overall,

The survey illustrated a

Streets North of L.A. Live:

standing composes 60% of the stationary activities, but outside LA Live, standing composes 90% or more of activities, especially during game times. The lack of resting areas within the plazas make them

transient places that limit the amount of liveliness and interaction that can happen there. JW Marriott Lobby has the widest diveristy of acitivty. The Staples Center Forecourt has the most activity and is the most occupied. Pico Station has the least activity of all spaces surveyed.

Streets East of L.A. Live:

10%

22%

68% Streets Bordering L.A. Live:

Percentage Daily Pedestrian Traffic by Surveyed Areas Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the East-West Direction

29,538

14

Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the North-South Direction

21,426

4.5%

PUBLIC LIFE SURVEY

Summary of Significant Findings

4.5%

N/A Car

Gender Differential The survey found that throughout the district there was a

Bike Foot

greater percentage of Males in all public spaces.

Bus

This differential was increased during game times and special events at LA Live.

Metro 91.0%

Prevalence of Automobile Through surveys students determined that a high percentage,

50

How did you get here?

over 90% of people in the district use a car for all transportation needs, frequently travelling from destinations across the wider region. The work by the students in the “detective� role reveals that a high percentage of those that do use public transportation must connect to their final destination via a bus, or often walk over 1,000 feet to arrive at their destination.

45

40

Entrance usage varies Because The Staples Center has the greatest capacity and was hosting a large event, it had the most people passing through the

The pedestrian movement generated by this event did not have a great impact on other commercial and residential uses surrounding LA Live, so we understand that the events of LA Live do not bring foot traffic to other buildings, they entrance.

35

30

4 5 1 2 Metro Center Flower & 7th St. Entrance

25

ar i

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1 0 3 8 0

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4 74

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ar i

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20

3 6 0

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10

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Co ee

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11%

25% 64% 5

Entry Utilization Within the Site

0

5 pm

0-6

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

i e Ca eri

o ei e

Small Commercial

15

al

only contribute to activity on the streets and to buildings contained within LASED.

DESIGN PROJECTS

Selected Student Final Projects

Following the District Analysis and Pubilc Life Survey, students completed final vision, district, and detail design projects. These are six samples of their work:

L.A. Live

[nei =

= 30,000 visitors daily (average)

REET FOR SOUTH PARK

south park

29,538 pedestrians trav on game day, of s

DISTRICT STRATEGY

= = > neighborhood elements

OU LI

ghboring nuclei]

4,797 population; nearly 1/6 of L.A. Live’s average daily visitors

5,304 people/square mile

7,877 people/s density o

Linda Levin

eets

21,426 pedestrians travelled on E-W streets on game day, of streets surveyed

Lighting From Indoor Spaces Lighting For Pedestrain

Lighting For Bus Stop Lighting For Automobiles

vision: to connect unique civic, cultural, and historical amenities in a pedestrian friendly way that encourages people to live, work, and visit south park.

2012 residential clusters

streetcar route

shared streets

bike infrastructure

downtown l.a.

M

M

=

of the 45,518 re 57% of the reside

Lighting From Indoor Spaces

Lighting For Bike Lane

Lighting For Pedestrain

Basic lighting requirement

Lighting For the Public Spaces

Entertainment lighting

v 12,750 people/square mile density of Chicago

2050

27,532 people/square mile density of N.Y.C.

of the 50 only 24% of

l+Residential) Threshold

Important Threshold

eet

Garage

Pedestrian Path to the garage

Mix-use Building(Residential + Retail)

Transparent Street Facade

Automobile lanes

Bus Stop

Bike Bike Transparent ParLane king Street Facade

Mix-use Building(Residential + Retail)

Pedestrian Path to the garage

Garage

Alley( Car path to the garage)

ntown, owntown

who work in DTLA, ually live downtown

Times Square West Building from the capacity of people that LA Live generates, Ke’s idea is to create a district with a great density of entertainment and exciting activities that spill out from buildings to create an exciting district that rivals Times Square. Her district strategies involves innovative building facades, transparent street fronts, additional outdoor public spaces, a multifunctional central plaza, and a great avenue to link them all.

M

Alley( Car path to the garage)

Safety and Light Drawing on her experiences during the survey, You developed a strategy to create a district that was lively and inhabited 24 hours a day. Her strategy includes adding lighting facilities to improve safety of the public space, adding new buildings to fill vacant land area, adding new public spaces in order to provide more opportunities for public interaction, and adding ground floor retail to increase nighttime activites. = 5,000 people

Her proposal included specific ideas about building form and adaptive reuse to increase the openness to the street, lightinging and eyes on the street, ground floor access, lighting, and activity. Streetscape design is particular to building use and changes throughout the district according to the type of street. Public spaces are programmed for day and night actitives with special lighting features to encourage nighttime activity.

Water and the Public Realm Understanding the water challenges for a city so heavily dominated by cars and car infrastructure (roads, highways, parking lots, etc.) and a downtown neighborhood struggling with open space, liveliness, and vacancy; Ian took on the urban systems related to water as a challenge and an asset to create a lively district around LA Live. multi-family residential

commercial

office buildings

His strategy involved creating a variety of typologies for streets, spaces and buildings that use rain water in sustainable but active ways to enliven the pubilc realm with a system that is usually relegated to underground management systems.

16

surface parking

metro line- underground metro line- ground level existing vehicular artery existing metro station existing bus stops

entertainment multi-family residential hotels parks/plazas surface parking

comme office b institut parking industr

7TH @ FIG MALL METROPOLIS

ighboring nuclei]

M M

2012

vision: to connect unique civic, cultural, and historical amenities in a pedestrian friendly way that encourages people to live, work, and visit south park.

21,426 pedestrians travelled on E-W streets on game day, of streets surveyed

residential clusters

streetcar route

bike infrastructure M

11 TH STREET OLYMPIC PLACE

12 TH STREET

(n-s) fi (e-w)

12.5 STREET

PICO STREET

According to studies conducted by the Harved School on their Innovation lab, the best environments for generating and sustaining an innovative captial are places that have

v

12,750 people/square mile density of Chicago

shared streets

11 .5 STREET

FIGUEROA STREET

v

square mile of L.A.

neighborhood elements

S

FARMERS FIELD

Linda Levin

velled on N-S streets streets survyed

s

L.A CENTRAL

2050

27,532 people/square mile density of N.Y.C.

PICO PLACE

neighborhood locations

FIGUEROA CORRIDOR three distint spatial qualities Axonometric View

a. HYPER COLLABORATIVE SPACES b. RETREAT SPACES c. HIDEAWAYs

At the present time, there is no foundation for the creation of these spatial qualities within the fabric of the city in downtown Los Angeles

AC T IVE E N VIRO N M E N TS T HAT SUP P O R T E N T R E P R E N E UR A L AC T IVIT Y

n01 (n-s) broadway -main (e-w) 7th - 4th

FESTIVE SPACES Visibility , opportunity M new PUBLIC SPACE

SHARED street

new PUBLIC SPACE

SHARED street

SHARED street

n

esidents of downtown, ents also work downtown

n02

office buildings

12th street

11th street

olympic blvd.

9th street

8th street

7th street

6th street

4th street

HYPER COLLABORATIVE ZONES Social Engagement

commercial RETREAT AREAS structured thought / observation

multi-family residential

surface parking

10 minute walk between neighborhoods

00,000 people who work in DTLA, f employees actually live downtown

olympic blvd.

metro line- underground metro line- ground level existing vehicular artery existing metro station existing bus stops

= 5,000 people

shared street

n03

L.A. Live Future Development

pico blvd.

Section b

main street

spring street

s. broadway

hill street

1. To create an anchor through place-making for the innovative and entrepreneural economy in South Park 2. To create a range of spatial conditions that allow for various interfaces with the public realm and generates a rich patchwork of urban spaces 3. To project this diverse quality as a compelling image for South Park, co-existing and contrasting with the big urban economy of leisure and entertainment

olive street

The goals, therefore, in reshaping the downtown space of South Park are :

grand avenue

hope street

flower street

figueroa street

GRADATION IN PUBLIC INTERACTION VS PERSONAL SPACE

GOALS

commercial/retail office buildings institutional parking building industrial

SPAT IA L Q UA L IT IE S TO F O ST E R A N IN N OVAT IVE E CO N O M Y

HIDEAWAYS Reflection

(n-s) olive -main (e-w) pico - 11th

entertainment multi-family residential hotels parks/plazas surface parking

SHARED street

n04

Unique Corridors Mohammed created a plan to de-centralize the parking system to guide pedestrian flows in the district along 3 distinct corridors that offer different experiences and different set of amenities. Multi-use buidings and open spaces are created to encourage 24 hour use and the district is linked by these corridors to make it more friendly for pedestrians, cyclists, transit, and cars.

grand avenue

hope street

Economic and Innovation Hub Building on the possibilities for large and small scale developSection c ment in South Park, Shruti developed a system for supporting large and small scale pubilc spaces and buildings that will offer various spaces for job, housing, commercial and other kinds of development, particularly focused around entrepeneurial economies. flower street

main st.

s. broadway

grand ave.

figueroa st.

(n-s) figueroa-grand (e-w) 15th - pico

figueroa street

ercial/retail buildings tional g building rial

5th street

7th st.

(n-s) hill -main (e-w) olympic - 8th

n05

(n-s) figueroa-grand (e-w) olympic - 8th

(n-s) fig (e-w)

Section a

Various scales of public spaces accomodate different social interactions that allow for a mix of events to happen in public rather than in private. The small scale development and alarge scale developemtn like LA Live are contrasted and mixed within the district to create a vibrant and textured city.

17

Urban Neighborhoods Noticing the opportunity to create distinct neighborhoods with appropriately scale public spaces, Linda focused on aligning various transpotation types - public transit, bikes, cars, walking - with various new core neighborhoods. Each neighborhood capitalizes on it’s most appropriate transportation system which, along with properly scaled and programmed buildings, creates 5 distinct places within downtown LA. Each creates new life on the street, with clever streetscapes and public spaces that support a vibrant urban lifestyle.

18

19

INTRODUCTION

THE CLASS Course Structure and Objectives MUD 713 is the second of three design studios in Master of Urban Design program at Washington University in St. Louis. The studio studies urban conditions in a major North American Metropolis. This year, the academic focus of the studio is the exploration of peoplefocused design works in the context Los Angeles. Using this great city as a test-bed, we investigated synergies between urban life and urban form and how these are relevant to our urban culture today.

The professional practice dimension of this studio critically looks at how we can make sense of the city through observational studies and how this process can transform the services carried out by the professions involved in design of buildings, open spaces and public infrastructures in cities.

Using downtown Los Angeles as the context, the studio explored the challenge of integrating large public destinations with complex operational requirements into urban environments while making diverse and stimulating urban spaces that are accessible to visitors and nearby residents. In downtown LA, the South Park neighborhood is directly adjacent to the LA Live Sports and Entertainment District (LASED or LA Live) which hosts over 250 events each year.

Students investigated synergies between urban life and urban form with an evidence-based design process beginning with an extensive Public Space and Public Life Survey of South Park and LA Live, of which this book is the result. The book serves to document and organize the wealth of information gathered about the site through historical research, on-site surveys, and on-site photo documentation. Students use the book to inform their comprehensive district and detail design solutions for the South Park and LA Live neighborhood.

Trip To Los Angeles

Methodology

Public Life Survey

Student tutorial and introducion to conducting a Publc Life Survey

Students travel to LA and conduct surveys in the Downtown, South Park, and LA Live Districts

Taking the premise that urban liveliness is requisite to urban sustainability; students used the Public Life and Public Space Survey to gather evidence about existing urban liveliness and the physical conditions that support it. This empirical evidence informed their urban design solutions for the sustainable future of South Park and LA Live while addressing a condition that will continue to be a challenge in cities around the world as entertainment and large scale events become more ubiquitous.

The complete studio was comprised of the following components: In Class Methodology Development Students were first briefed on a wide range of methodologies for understanding the characteristics of Urban Space. In particular, the students delved deeply into the mehtodology of public space and public live surveys utilized by Gehl Architects and William H Whyte.

Public Life Survey/Studio Trip Students got a brief introduction to the Public Life Survey process and methodology. Then during a 5 day trip to Los Angeles, students completed 2 days of Public Life Surveys which taught them new ways of observing public urban life. Students collected data on pedestrian activities, stationary activities in plazas and parks, building entrances, transit stations, and special events. This data served as a factual and informative starting point from which to shape design proposals for the South Park/LA Live neighborhood.

Back in St. Louis, students completed an extensive District Analysis of the study area to gain a better understanding of scale, morphology, landscape, typology, transportation, history, environment, and true physical conditions that create South Park/LA Live.

Deliverable: This Book (collectively completed by the students) 2050 Vision: 20

2050 Vision District & Survey Data Analysis Students compile findings into an analysis document, and develop 2050 visionof South Park and LA Live

Trip to Copenhagen

District Strategy Plan & Detail Design Plan

Students develop final studio project at the district and detail scale

To envision and design a lively and sustainable future for South Park and LA Live, students followed the visioning process outlined by Future City Lab to create a rendering of the South Park/LA Live District as it will be in 2050. The 2050 vision, timeline and infographic frame challenges and ideas for the District and capture the essence of the public space and public life of 2050.

Deliverables: 24� x 36� rendering of South Park/LA Live in 2050, a time-line of events that lead to that vision, and an infographic representing the major ideas behind the vision and design District Strategic Plan: Using the 2050 vision and the extensive survey data, students worked individually to develop a comprehensive District Strategic Plan addressing the future of public space and individual design projects that supports and their concept of liveliness and sustain ability in South Park / LA Live.

Deliverable: Final presentation boards presented the District Plan, 4 Sections, a Phasing Plan, Perspective or Axonometric images of impor tant areas in the district, and supporting diagrams as necessary.

Detail Design Plan: Selecting a smaller study area, students then created a Detail Design Plan that expresses the area-wide design strategies in design proposals for select key public spaces and the buildings that around them.

Deliverable: Final presentation boards included an illustrated plan, streetscape plans, street sections, perspective images, and program ming plans.

Select Bibliography Chase, J. M. Crawford, & J. Kaliski.(Eds.). (1999). Everyday urbanism.

Montacelli Press.

Ellin, N. (2006). Integral urbanism. New York: Routledge.

Frank, K. A. & Q. Stevens (Eds.). (2007). Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. New York: Routledge.

Gehl Architects. (2010). Public life survey manual. Copenhagen: Gehl Architects.

Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Washington D.C.: Island Press.

Gehl, J. & L. Gemzoe. (2004). Public spaces, public life. Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press.

Hou, J. (Ed.). (2010). Insurgent public space: guerrilla urbanism and the remaking of contemporary cities. New York: Routledge.

Jacobs, A. (1995). Great streets. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Lynch, K. (1981). The image of the city. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Margolis, L. & A. Robinson (2007). Living systems. Berlin; Basel; Boston: Birkhauser Vertag AG. Whyte, W. H. (2001). The social life of small urban spaces (second edition). NY: Project for Public Spaces.

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LIVELINESS TITLE LIVELINESS TITLESTUDIO THE LIVELY CITY Spring 2012 Secondary WashingtonTitle University inSecondary St.Louis. Title

JOHN HOAL Associate Professor Chair MUD, WUSTL. St.Louis, MO

OLIVER SCHULZE Instructor GEHL Architects Copenhagen , Denmark.

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

ANG GAO MUD Anhui, China.

COURTNEY CUSHARD Teaching Assistant MUD St. Louis, MO

ANG GAO

L

S

A N M X

LIVELINESS TITLE

Nerd TITLE LIVELINESS MUD

LIVELINESS TITLE

L

KE SHI MUD China.

LEILA SHAHRAMPOUR MUD Tehran, Iran.

LIANG LIANG MARCH + MUD Zengzhou, China.

A N M X

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

L

AMANDA TEXAS MARCH + MUD Florida, USA.

YANG QIANQIAN MUD Beijing, China.

SHRUTI SHANKAR MUD Chennai, India.

A N M X

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

Secondary Title XXXX, China.

Secondary Title

22

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

S

S

LIVELINESS TITLE LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

ANG GAO Nerd MUD XXXX, China.

ANG HUI GAO GAO MUD Shandong, China.

XXXX, China.

IAN ANGASHCRAFT GAO WILLIAMS MUD MUD San Francisco, XXXX, China. USA.

LIVELINESS TITLE LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

ANG GAO Nerd MUD XXXX, China.

MOHAMMED AL MAHMOOD MUD Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

MOON MARCH + MUD Korea.

LIVELINESS TITLE LIVELINESS LIVELINESSTITLE TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

LIVELINESS TITLE

ANG GAO Nerd MUD XXXX, China.

YUE BI MUD Wuhan, China.

YOU LI MUD Chengdu, China.

Secondary TitleSecondary Title

ANG HAO GAO GONG M.ARCH + MUD Nerd MUD Foshan, China.

MUD XXXX, China.

XXXX, China.

Secondary TitleSecondary Title

ANG LINDA GAO LEVIN MARCH + MUD Nerd Chicago, USA. MUD XXXX, China.

Secondary TitleSecondary SecondaryTitle Title

ANG ANG SWAPNA GAO GAOJOSHI MUD Nerd Nerd Nagpur, India.

MUD MUD XXXX, XXXX,China.

China.

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

23

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

Secondary Title

WHAT IS LIVELINESS?

Understanding the Importance of Liveliness Liveliness is a quality of urban space, characterized by movement, activity and the presence of people. Lively spaces are safe, comfortable and enjoyable for people to inhabit. When these characteristics are manifested in urban spaces, it creates a diverse public realm that can be occupied by varied social and economic groups.

A lively city provides us with opportunities to engage with other people, known and unknown to us, on many levels. If the city can maintain this positive attribute over time, it can be described as socially sustainable. The lively city is therefore an answer to an endemic problem associated with the postindustrial city in general: the increasing dispersal of people and public life.

This design studio carries out research and design activities that are rooted in the belief that people have an innate desire to find access to stimulating and lively urban environments as part of their daily life. Access to this urban life is seen as a key performance attribute of the sustainable city, and good city design can positively affect urban life.

Some public spaces are highly programmed as event spaces, others are designed in specific ways to encourage (or discourage) certain activities and behaviors, and yet others are flexible enough to allow for spontaneous, everyday activities to take place.

Temporality is also a critical consideration as the perceived liveliness in a place will vary over time, peaking at certain points of the day and experiencing lulls at other times. Nevertheless, an urban space is considered to be of good quality if it provides opportunities and potential for occupation at any time of the day, and invites people to participate in and celebrate urban public life.

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THE ENDEMIC PROBLEM

Search for Urban Quality & Liveliness "In a Society becoming steadily more privatized with private homes, cars, computers, offices and shopping centers, the public component of our lives is disappearing. It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life. " - Jan Gehl It is true that we shape our cities, and they in turn shape our lives.

Increasingly, the ways in which we shape and inhabit our cities are being driven by agendas of growth which desensitize or restrict the public realm from everyday life.

The sphere of social space is relocating itself, largely into virtual or private spaces, depriving us of the everyday human interactions that traditionally fueled public life. Liveliness as an attribute of urbanity is replaced by a capitalistic and consumerist mindset. On the one hand, there is the increasing role of the private sector in the consumption of space, leading to greater maintenance, orchestration and control over urban space. On the other hand is the preoccupation with safety, security and suspicion in today's urban condition, that motivates people to occupy more and more controlled environments which do not expose them to any unplanned encounters. This, then, becomes a cycle. The fewer people or activities there are in a space, the more it will be avoided, thus killing all the life in the space.

The reverse is also true; if a space is active, it will be occupied by even more people, and used more frequently, and thereby liveliness multiplies. In the words of William Whyte, "What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.� There is therefore an inherent desire amongst us to lead a social life, and the design of our urban spaces today needs to provide for this in an inclusive manner.

25

PUBILC LIFE| PUBLIC SPACE METHODOLOGY The core idea of the studio is to focus on the relationship between the built environment and people’s quality of life.

Gehl Architects, where Oliver Schulze is the Urban Design Director, is an urban research and design consultancy in Copenhagen Denmark. They address global trends with a people-focussed approach, utilizing empirical analysis to understand how the built environment can promote human flourishing. They apply this analysis to strategic planning and human-centred design to empower citizens, decision makers, company leaders, and organizations. Their methodology for studying people’s well-being lays the foundation for strategic planning and design.

LIFE

Design begins with life, then space, and finally buildings.

Work process In the traditions of urban researchers such as William Whyte and Jan Gehl, students utilized the empirical survey and mapping methods which explore the way urban areas are used. These empirical and analytical methods inform the work throughout the process.

SPACE

BUILDINGS 26

Vision of the City The vision for the studio was to create resilient places that are livable today and sustainable tomorrow. Places are never finished but continue to evolve over time so students aspired to create places for people that are: Healthy & Prosperous Accessible & Inviting Safe & Secure Lively & Diverse Attractive & Competitive

s ce Ac &I

ive rse

le sib

&D

it nv

Liv ely

ing

Places for people cure

& Se Safe

Hea

lthy

& Pr ospe

rous

Attractive & Competitive 27

LIVELINESS & OTHER URBAN SYSTEMS Identifying Cause and Effect of Liveliness

As a quality embedded in urban environments, liveliness affects and is affected by various urban systems that shape the metropolitan condition. The design of urban spaces therefore needs to account for the interconnected nature of these systems and their relationship with the liveliness of the urban public realm.

URBAN FORM:

The physical form of cities has a large impact on the life in its open public spaces. Compact cities with vibrant neighborhoods tend to create a much greater scope for lively urban spaces as they encourage people to occupy streets and promote pedestrians. In contrast, a sprawling city form would force people to drive to and from most of their everyday activities, thus taking the life away from streets and reducing human encounters that spark liveliness in urban places.

CLIMATE: Climate plays a key role in the

HYDROLOGY:

In contemporary cities, natural water systems are usually hidden away and controlled through expensive and calculated gray infrastructure. As this infrastructure ages and water resources become more scarce and therefore more valuable, cities are looking for new ways to integrate natural and healthy water systems into daily life for conservation, awareness, access, and good urban ecology.

occupation of open spaces in cities, thereby critically affecting the liveliness of space. At the most basic and obvious level, physical comfort in open spaces, achieved through adequate climatic responses in design directly impacts the way the space is used.

For instance, a streetscape that provides no shade or climatic buffer in a climate with high temperatures would automatically affect the walkability of the street.

Water as an element of urban design can be used to create livelier spaces both functionally and experientially. While the sound of flowing water can be used as a buffer against unwelcome noises such as traffic, larger pools or water features can also help to create a sense of place and a lively urban experience. Such designed water features can further serve as green infrastructure elements, to connect urban open spaces back to the hydrology of the city.

On the other hand at a much slower pace and larger scale, the climate and urban environment is also affected by the activation and usage of the public realm. If walkability within the city is increased, car dependency would effectively decrease, leading to lesser GHG emissions and the minimizing of adverse impacts on the climate such as global warming.

28

TRANSPORTATION:

Transportation networks are another type of system that directly affect the human occupation of open spaces in the city. Well connected public transport networks combined with walkable streets, enhance the pedestrian quality of urban spaces. This lends to the activation of such open spaces and improves the quality of liveliness. Quite often, transport infrastructure tends to act as a network of public spaces within the city, with its various nodes such as train or bus stations being hubs of activity.

Lively public spaces also tend to have an effect on the transport infrastructure. If there is greater activity and traffic of people at certain spots, these nodes are perceived as safer and can effectively increase occupancy among these mobility networks.

ENERGY:

CULTURE: Liveliness can be attributed in

Transportation, particularly in LA, is a major energy sector and more stringent environmental laws, gorwing concerns about air quality, and rising gas prices are contributing to the need for expanded alternative transportation infrastructure including more walkable, livable neighborhoods, cycle infrastructure, and new and better public transit options.

Culture can also be indirectly formed or affected through the gathering of people in urban spaces - diversity or conflict are often attributes of lively urban spaces and these can have significant effects on the culture of a place.

Energy use in buildings and transportation is beginning to impact contemporary cities because of rising energy prices, the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels, and the need for better long-term sustainable energy solutions. Because buildings account for 40% of energy use in the United States, they are often a focus of energy saving measures, including preservation, weatherization, rehabilitation, retrofitting, renovation, renewable energy, passive heating and cooling strategies, and green building design.

part to the nature of activity that happens in a space and in many cases, this is largely governed by the culture of a particular place. Broader examples of this might include the aspects of religion or tradition contributing to the sustenance of public life in cities through festivals and celebration.

There are also other practices that are considered cultural attributes, such as consumerism, which also leads to certain types of public activity such as retail streets and shopping malls that foster liveliness in space.

29

GOVERNANCE: The nature of politics and civic participation in a city can also play an important role in the making of its public spaces and the life in them. At a greater scale, the type of government and the nature of their principles will determine much about the quality of life that is fostered in the citizens. But, even at a local scale, the politics of planning, zoning and building the cities have a great influence on the way spaces are shaped, thereby physically defining their character, accessibility, location, and user friendliness.

LANDSCAPE & ECOLOGY:

Lively urban places provide for encounters and interactions with diverse groups of people and therefore such places help in building the social capital of a place, which might have local, or maybe even national influence in the political and civic landscape.

Lively public spaces also tend to have an effect on the transport infrastructure. If there is greater activity and traffic of people at certain spots, these nodes are perceived as safer and can effectively increase occupancy among these mobility networks.

Transportation networks are another type of system that directly affect the human occupation of open spaces in the city. Well connected public transport networks combined with walkable streets, enhance the pedestrian quality of urban spaces. This lends to the activation of such open spaces and improves the quality of liveliness.

Quite often, transport infrastructure tends to act as a network of public spaces within the city, with its various nodes such as train or bus stations being hubs of activity.

LIVELY CITY TIMELINE

Our Methodology & Process The studio sets out to understand in detail the public life generated in the Los Angeles Sports & Entertainment District [LASED] with a view to develop strategic design and physical design responses aimed at capitalizing on the positive impacts of the LASED in downtown Los Angeles. Students will also identify opportunities in the wider context of the district to complement the existing public life of the LASED with new opportunities to create accessible and inviting destinations for people in downtown Los Angeles. Students engaged in extensive field surveys on site and work to further ideas through group work and individual work processing fieldwork data and creating individual strategic design strategies through evidence based design research.

Due to heavy rain in the morning of our first intended day of surveying, we postponed the survey till the following day, Sunday.

Since we were given the day to ourselves, we were able to wander and experience Los Angeles on a larger scale, relying on public transit to transport us along the way.

Some adventuring as far as Santa Monica while others visited the many great museums and buildings in Downtown LA.

THURSDAY 1/19 FRIDAY 1/20 The official start to our studio trip was with a tour of the site walking the extents of the South Park District guided by our professor, Oliver Schulze who was familiar with the site after working with AEG and the city of LA to design a more connective pedestrian strategy along Figuroa Street.

8:00am-12:00pm 2:30pm-5:00pm

In order to fully understand evidence based design research and the importance behind public life surveys, as a studio we traveled to LA to get a better perspective of our site. For those unable to travel, detailed analysis of other AEG projects globally were cataloged and presented in the section of this book dedicated to understanding our global client, AEG.

SATURDAY 1/21

AEG

30

The studio was also given the opportunity to meet with our client, AEG, with a guided tour from Kevin Rieger, Senior Vice President of Real Estate Development, of both front of house and back of house facilities to gain a better understanding of their operation and how that effects the district. We were also presented with an informative presentation on LA Live from Ted Tanner, Vice President of AEG.

Due to the chilly and wet weather we were unable to accomplish a full day of surveying and instead targeted the rush hour time ranges to get a better understanding of how South Park operates with weekday flows.

12:30pm & 6:30pm 8-9am, 12-1pm, 5-6pm

LA Kings Hockey game at 7:30pm

MONDAY 1/23 SUNDAY 1/22

TUESDAY 1/24

8:00am-11:30pm

A full day of surveying the streets of South Park getting an idea of typical weekend and gameday flows. Scattered around the area, tasks were given for pedestrian counts, stationary counts, gender counts, entry threshold counts, pedestrian interviews and even the task of detective in which students discreetly followed pedestrians from specific locations such as the metro to see where people in the area go.

12:30pm & 6:30pm

After arriving back in St. Louis, we began the several week process of compiling and processing the data to gather conclusions and a full understanding of the LASED and South Park.

The following pages are a compilation of this process, district analysis, and public life survey data along with our conclusions on each element.

LA Clippers game at 12:30pm and a second basketball game, the LA Lakers playing at 6:30pm

x2 31

METHODOLOGY

During the survey, what did you find significant but could not document?

Public Life Surveys Liveliness is the defining quality in the making of a great urban public realm but it is also the starting point in a process which takes the human dimension as an important consideration of urban design. This aspect has been much ignored in the design of cities in the recent past as the automobile has become the dominating force.

Courtney: In Nokia plaza the constant sound, lights, advertising & neon lights & the fact that billboards going on 24 hours a day were really intense. This didn’t show up on survey & we really need a video to document something like that.

In contemporary urban planning methodologies, there is detailed documentation on the vehicular flow of traffic through cities to aid in design. However there are no adequate studies or benchmarks for the pedestrian flows and movement within the same urban landscape. In a similar manner, it has been common practice to develop the building fabric of a place, with the remnants forming the public ground, and the life in these middle spaces being at best an after-thought.

Mohammed: During the game there were number of food trucks serving people going out of the game. The distance that food trucks were parking at , the minimum distance they were allowed to be from the LA Live gave a sense that LA live is limiting people to buy from their chain of restaurants.

To actively encompass the issue of liveliness in urban spaces, the methods of design and conception of spaces therefore need to change. Rather than beginning with the building or the automobile, urban design would be better served today to begin with life in the space, the pedestrian. This method of addressing liveliness is based on the observation of public life in urban spaces - and finding a means of quantification to compare and study the phenomenon of liveliness in an objective manner, to then apply it to design.

Amanda: At the met-lofts there was an interactive led floor light on façade & on ground condition on entrance of building. The kids & adults loved it. It was interesting to see people who didn’t know each other, who were just walking to the game, interacting with each other.

Ang: Atmosphere, facial expressions...they were really happy.

The following pages catalog one such attempt to study liveliness in the city, by taking the example of the sports and entertainment district in the city of Los Angeles, California. The study focuses on collecting and quantifying public life data through multiple survey methodologies, including : Pedestrian and ti ity sur eys hresho d sur eys nter ie s

Did you encounter any difficulties during the survey?

Ian: At the J. W. Mariott hotel lobby . I needed to draw a floor plan & I had 2-3 security guards ask me what I was doing & who gave me permission, so I had to explain everything. It gave me a sense that something that seems very open & inviting to the public was very controlled in the background & it was always being observed.

Shruti: Dealing with the security in the Staples Center was difficult. We were actually on camera being tracked by the LA Live security. I was stopped by the security because I was turning on all of their cameras. It was interesting to see how the space was monitored.

You: There were no places to sit. The drastic lack of street furnitureshows that the space is not designed for public comfort.

Hui: Before the game there was a sudden rush of people to the Staples Center. It was difficult to count them 32

STUDENT INTERVIEWS

Where do you think South Park is heading?

Excerpts

Liang: I think South park has potential of being further activated by the LA Live area. If there is something in the surrounding area that can make people stay a little longer, just one or two hours, that would increase the area’s potential drastically.

Qianqian: I think south park is suitable to become a very dynamic neighborhood with schools, super markets, parks, & proximity to downtown. The problem might be retail stores, they don’t have satisfying hours of operation, & facilities in LA Live are not truly open to the public unless you pay for them.

Ke: South park could have a very good public realm. It can be made more popular, no matter if it is residential or commercial.

Moon: South park needs to focus more on people, how they live, zoom in to public spaces for future design.

hat did you learn from the survey

Swapna: The amount of activities, and expressions of people prodides hints to the way they use these spaces. This information gives a clear idea of why these surveys cannot be outsourced, and need to be done by designers themselves. It was interesting to see how di erent people use the same set of conditions & shape themselves into the same mold of public space, yet stay di erent.

Leila: I noticed people walking almost two blocks to the subway restaurant. I thus understand power of food in capturing people to the areas. ue: Many of the retail stores on the streets near LA Live were closed during the times of our surveys. LA Live does not seem to support a certain kind of retail facilities.

Linda: It is clear to me that South park needs some more public open space. Though LA Live is clearly a private entity & does not encourage public retention, it would still be great to have a central area to encourage people to use the space for a longer time.

33

34

LOS ANGELES : URBAN PROFILE 35

STUDY AREA

South Park & LASED in Context Los Angeles As the second largest metropolis is the US, Los Angeles is an important urban center with unique challenges. Downtown is the historic core of the city, but has had various characters and reputations over the course of it’s development. Previously the center of night-life, cinema, art, and life in the 1920s and 30s, it declined in through the 80s with the dominance of the car and parking lot typology. With a mix of uses but a lack of occupancy, it struggled with revitalization, but was pushed forward with the development of LA Live in the late 90s. A mixed use downtown with a financial center, arts district, industrial area, residential development opportunities, and a world class sports and entertainment district became a great selling point for Downtown LA and brought renewed interest and investment to the area. South Park is beginning to form it’s identity as the residential neighborhood in downtown LA and is directly adjacent to LA Live, the home of four professional sports teams. South Park is still facing challenges as it develops while LA Live is a clearly established destination drawing a large crowd over 250 days a year. The studio explored the relationship between these two districts and saught an urban design strategy that will capitalze on the assets of each to push downtown LA toward a lively and sustainable future.

Downtown LA

The City of Los Angeles: Downtown Los Angeles/Central City

California: The City of Los Angeles

The City of Los Angeles is 469 Square Miles

44 Miles Long, 29 Miles across

Population: 3,792,621 (2nd largest city in the US) Density: 8,092 people per square mile

LA is both flat and hilly, with the highest point at 5,074 ft at Mount Lukens.

The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are the fifth busiest in the world.

Los Angeles

In 2008, LA was the second most polluted city in the country, but by 2010, met it’s goal for providing 20% of city power from renewable resources.

36

0

South Park

rs te In

11 et ta

A

LASED B

Int ers tat e -1

0

Downtown Los Angeles: South Park and LASED Downtown LA is 5.3 square miles with a population of 45,500

LA River is a concrete channel that flows 51 miles

Downtown had it’s hey-day in the

1920s and 30s, with a large

population,office and entertainment development, and accessible transit.

rom the San Fernando Valley, through central city, and south to the Port of Long Beach.

Downtown declined as LA subrbanized.

Ralphs is the first supermarket in Downtown LA in 57 years.

South Park is home to the first 2 condo buildings in California to recieve a LEED Gold rating.

Between 2006 and 2008, with the adaptive-reuse ordinance in full swing, the downtown population increased by 37%.

Staples Center opened in 1999 and has contributed immensely to the revitalization plans, adding 250

events and nearly 4,000,000 visitors per year to the neighborhood.

37

GENERAL HISTORY Timeline

The Transitional Era

1848-1870

Oil Discovery

1892

Los Angeles changed rapidly after 1848, when California was transferred to the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War. Much greater changes were to come from the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1876. For the next 120 years of Los Angeles' growth, it was plagued by often violent ethnic and class conflict, reflected in the struggle over who would control the city's identity, image, geography and history.

Los Angeles Railway Co. (Yellow Cars)

1895-1945

Many lines were converted from streetcar to buses in late 1940s and early 1950s

Oil was discovered by Edward L. Doheny in 1892, near the present location of Dodger Stadium. Los Angeles became a center of oil production in the early 20th century, and by 1923 the region was producing one-quarter of the world's total supply; it is still a significant producer, with the Wilmington Oil Field having the fourth-largest reserves of any field in California.

Great Merger

1911 Eight separate companies were merged into the Pacific Electric Railway Company except Los Angeles Railway. Following this acquisitions Pacific Electric was the largest operator in the world with over 1,000 miles of track.

1848

Boom Town

1913-1941

Industrial Expansion and Growth

1887-1913

In 1848, the gold discovered in Coloma first brought thousands of miners from Sonora in northern Mexico on the way to the gold fields. So many of them settled in the area north of the Plaza that it came to be known as Sonoratown.

The California Gold Rush

1848–1855

Los Angeles hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which had opened in May, 1932 with a seating capacity of 76,000, was enlarged to accommodate over 100,000 spectators for Olympic events. It is still in use by the USC Trojans football team.

Olympic Boulevard, a major thoroughfare, honors the occasion.

Summer Olympics

1932 In the 1870s, Los Angeles was still little more than a village of 5,000. By 1900, there were over 100,000 occupants of the city. Several men actively promoted Los Angeles, working to develop it into a great city and to make themselves rich.

The City of Los Angeles mostly remained within its original 28 square-mile (73 km²) land grant until the 1890s. The city has been enlarged significantly because dozens of additional annexations have been added from 1913 to 1941.

38

River Revitalization

South Central Riots

1992

Metro Extension

Wilshire Towers

Future Development

Construction of Santa Monica

1961

1950 By 1950, Los Angeles was an industrial and financial giant created by war production and migration.

2012-

The 1992 Los Angeles Riots or South Central Riots, also known as the 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest were sparked on April 29, 1992, when a jury acquitted three white and one Hispanic Los Angeles Police Department officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King following a high-speed pursuit. Thousands of people in the Los Angeles area rioted over the six days following the verdict.

Civic Park The New Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX Metro Orange Line Extension Italian American Museum of Los Angeles The Watts Towers Los Angeles River Revitalization Metro Gold Line East side Extension Autry National Center Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts

Canyon Fires

Downtown Redevelopment

Nov. 1961

Recent Years Summer Olympics

1984 The U.S.Bank Tower

1987 Beginning in November 6, 1961, Los Angeles suffered three days of destructive brush fires. The repeal of a law limiting building height and the controversial redevelopment of Bunker Hill, which destroyed a picturesque though decrepit neighborhood, ushered in the construction of a new generation of skyscrapers.

The U.S. Bank Tower in Downtown L.A. is the tallest building in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River.

Staples Center In 1999, the Los Angeles City Council passed an adaptive reuse ordinance, making it easier for developers to convert vacant office and commercial buildings in downtown into renovated lofts and luxury apartment and condo complexes.

As of early 2009, 14,561 residential units have been created under the adaptive reuse ordinance, leading to an increase in the residential population. Downtown Los Angeles is seeing new life and investment.

The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics were held in the same stadium as the 1932 Games.

39

POLITICAL STRUCTURE City Of Los Angeles

The government of Los Angeles is comprised of elective and appointive offices, including commissions, departments and agencies. The overall structure of elections is based on nonpartisanship, which means that no party designations appear on city election ballots.

Elected officials include three citywide office holders elected at large (by all the city’s voters). They are the mayor, the city attorney and the city controller. The charter establishes a city council made up of 15 members, elected to four-year terms by individual geographic districts of nearly equal size.

CHIEF LEGISLATIVE ANALYST

ELECTED OFFICIALS

CHARTER OFFICES AND CHARTER DEPARTMENTS HEADED BY COMMISSIONS

CITY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

CHARTER DEPARTMENTS WITH CITIZEN COMMISSIONS

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE County Of Los Angeles

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

ORDINANCE DEPARTMENTS Los Angeles includes 88 cities,16 regions and 272 neighborhoods.

ORDINANCE DEPARTMENTS WITH CITIZEN COMMISSIONS

LOS ANGELES COUNTY

INDEPENDENT CHARTER DEPARTMENTS HEADED BY CITIZEN COMMISSIONS

LOS ANGELES CITY

CENTRAL LA COMMUNITY

STATE LAW DEPARTMENTS HEADED BY CITY COMMISSIONS

DOWNTOWN LA

LA LIVE

SOURCE: CAO website

CHARTER DEPARTMENT WITH FULL-TIME COMMISSION

SOUTH PARK DISTRICT

40

BUILDING & SAFETY

COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN

COMMISSION FOR CHILDREN, YOUTH & FAMILIES

CITY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM

ELECTORATE

COUNCIL 15 MEMBER GOVERNING BODY

CITY CLERK

PERSONAL

PLANNING

EMPLOYEE RATIONAL BOARD

GENERAL SERVICE

ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS

LOS ANGELES WORLD AIRPORTS

CITY ATTORNEY

CITY CONTROLLER

FIRE (COMMISSION)

FINANCE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGENCY

EL PUEBLO

MAYOR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

CULTURAL AFFAIRS

CONVENTION CENTER

POLICE (COMMISSION)

COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY

AGING

TRANSPORTATION

LIBRARY

HOUSING AUTHORITY

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS

BUREAU OF CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION

BUREAU OF ENGINEERING BUREAU OF SANITATION

BUREAU OF STREET LIGHTING

CITY TREASURE

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

HOUSING

NEIGHBORHOOD EMPOWERMENT

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & POWER

HARBOR

ETHICS COMMISSION

BUREAU OF STREET SERVICE

41

SANITATION

HUMAN RELATIONS COMMISSION

RECREATION & PARKS

ZOO

FIRE&POLICE PENSION SYSTEM

ANIMAL SERVICES

DISABILITY

DEMOGRAPHICS City of Los Angeles

The population of LA increased from 1610 people in1850 to 3,957,875 in 2005.

The map below shows the boundary of the city of Los Angeles.

Los Angeles Population Growth 1850-2005

The population increased to 9,818,605 in 2010. The population in St. Louis city is 319,294.

The population per square mile is 2,419.6, while in St. Louis city it is 5,157.5.

SOURCE: UNITED STATES CENSUS,CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE, CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CA.

42

DEMOGRAPHICS Visitors

Gender: 65 % of the visitors surveyed were female, while 36% were male.

Age: Visitors had a median age of 43.9 years, higher than the average age of residents or employees.

Frequency Visiting Downtown Several times per week About every other week About once per month About once every two months About once every three months About once every 4 - 6 months About once or twice per year Less than once per year First visit

17.2% 12.2% 22.7% 7.6% 10.5% 9.8% 11.4% 7.2% 1.4%

Household Income: Visitors reported a median household income for 2011 of $91,400.

Ethnicity: 52% of visitors were Caucasian, 17% Hispanic, 15% Asian-American, and 9% African-American.

Educational Attainment: 69% of visitors had completed a college degree or higher, and averaged 15.6 years of school.

Visitors came to Downtown a median of 0.8 (1.5) times per month.

Frequency Visiting Downtown: Visitors came to Downtown a median of 0.8 (1.5) times per month.

Visitors’ Main Purpose of their Most Recent Visit to Downtown was to conduct business, for vacation/pleasure/to visit, to attend a cultural or special event,etc.

Activities Engaged in Downtown by Visitors: Visitors engaged in numerous activities throughout Downtown. In the past two years, the majority, or 78%, ate meals in Downtown’s mid-level or upscale restaurants; 62% attended live music, theater plays, opera or dance; 53% shopped in Downtown retail centers or stores; and 45% visited art museums or galleries. Another 36% shopped in Downtown wholesale districts, 30% viewed historic or iconic architecture, and 42% attended live professional sports events.

Activities Engaged in Downtown by Visitors Eating meals in Downtown mid- level or upscale restaurants Live music, theater plays, opera or dance Shopping in Downtown retail centers or stores Art museums or galleries Live professional sports events Special events Shopping in Downtown wholesale districts Viewing historic or iconic architecture Sightseeing or tours Going to movies Live collegiate sports events Others

77.8% 61.8% 53.2% 44.6% 42.9% 39.1% 36.1% 29.8% 21.9% 18.2% 12.7% 12.6%

43

DEMOGRAPHICS

Residential Units in 2011

Downtown Residents 2011 Demographics: A total of 45,518 persons resided in Downtown within the following boundaries: North: 101 Freeway and the Chinatown area East: Los Angeles River South: 10 Freeway West: 110 Freeway and the City West area

Affordable 11,038 Market Rate 17,823

Ethnicity: The largest group, Caucasians, remained constant at 53%, with Asian-Americans/Pacific Islanders at 22% and Hispanics/Latinos at nearly 18%, African-Americans were at 6.5%.

Affordable Market Rate

Household Income - overall: For all Downtown residents, median household income was $86,300 in 2011, a decrease attributed to the recent recession.

A total of 28,861 Residential Units resided in Downtown in 2011.

and 45,518 persons

Gender: 54% of Downtown resident respondents were female and 46% were male.

Age: Downtown residents’ median age was 32.5 years.

Household Income - overall: For all Downtown residents, median household income was $89,770 in 2011, a decrease attributed to the recent recession.

Education Attainment: Downtown residents’ educational level continued to rise. Those completing four years of college or higher was at 80% in 2011, and approximately five percentage points higher than the 75% of Total respondents who completed at least four years of college.

Age

Employment Field: One-fifth or 20% of Downtown residents were employed in business/professional/technical services, with nearly as many, 19% in arts/ entertainment, by far the top two fields.

0 . 6 65

55 - 64 1.5% 45 - 54

5.9%

Employment Position: In 2011, of employed Downtown residents, more than one-half, 52% were at top, senior and professional staff levels (regardless of workplace location).

Up to 22

4.8%

35 - 44 9.8% 31.3% 23 - 29

Activities Attended: A significant share of residents attended Downtown cultural arts and sports events. Residents attended Downtown live music, theater, opera or dance a median of 3.5 times per year, and art museums or galleries 3.8 times annually. They attended Downtown live professional sports events 2.0 times per year, and 88% attended Downtown special events annually.

30 - 34 23.1%

Up to 22 23 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 65 Median : 32.5

44

Household Income - Overall

Ethnicity

1.3% Under $10,000 $250,000 and up 4.1%

African-American

$200,000 and $249,999

Hispanic/Latin 17.7% 53.3%

Asian-American

$10,100 - $49,999

5.9%

6.5%

17.7%

10.3%

Caucasian

20.0% $50,000 - $74,999

22.1%

21.6%

$150,000 - $199,999 18.6%

$75,000 - $99,999 African-American Hispanic/Latin

Under $10,000

Asian-American

$10,100 - $49,999 $50,000 - $74,999

Caucasian

$75,000 - $99,999 $100,000 - $149,999 $150,000 - $199,999 $200,000 and $249,999 $250,000 and up Median Income : $89,770

Employment Status

Education Level 0.7% Homemaker 1.4% Others or not employed

Retired 1.2% Current seeking employment 2.3%

High school or equivalent 6.6%

Students

11.6%

Self-employed

16.7%

Graduate or professional degree 31.9% 66.0%

13.4%

Community college

Employed full-or-part time 47.9%

High school or equivalent Employed full-or-part time

Community college

Self-employed

Undergraduate (BA. or BS.)

Students

Graduate or professional degree

Current seeking employment

Mean years of education : 16.1

Retired Homemaker Others or not employed

45

Undergraduate (BA. or BS.)

CLIMATE

Monthly Average Total Precipitation

Precipitation (in.)

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75 °F (24 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park. The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom." This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon.

Month

Downtown Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches (384.6 mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the winter and spring (November through April) with generally moderate rain showers, but often as heavy rainfall and thunderstorms during winter storms. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the mountains get slightly more. Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal, with a short string of dry years (perhaps 7–8 inches/180–200 mm) followed by one or two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter.

The highest recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature is 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 22, 1944.

Temperature (°C)

Monthly Average Temperature

Temperature (°F)

The average annual temperature in downtown is 66 °F (19 °C): 75 °F (24 °C) during the day and 57 °F (14 °C) at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature typically ranges from 59 to 73 °F (15 to 23 °C) during the day and 45 to 55 °F (7 to 13 °C) at night. In the warmest month – August – the temperature typically ranges from 79 to 90 °F (26 to 32 °C) during the day and around 64 °F (18 °C) at night. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C). Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.

Precipitation (cm)

Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate, and has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.

Month

Source: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Period of Record : 4/ 1/1906 to 12/31/2011

46

Temperature (째F)

Annual Human Comfort Level

Month Month

Annual Temperature (째째F)

Los Angeles Annual Mean Temperatures 1921 to 2011

Year

47

HYDROLOGY Within the City of Los Angeles area, there are 4 primary watersheds -- the Los Angeles River, the Santa Monica Bay (Upper and Lower), Ballona Creek and the Dominguez Channel.

The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.

Los Angeles River

Santa anta Monica Bay

Downtown LA Ballona Creek

South Park

Hyperion Treatment Plant

The city has two separate drainage systems. The sewer system takes wastewater from homes and carries it to the City's Hyperion Treatment Plant for processing and filtration. It is then discharged into the ocean. However, The storm drain system, takes rainwater runoff and routes it directly--untreated---into ocean.

The City's wastewater system is comprised of more than 6,500 miles of sewer pipelines and four wastewater treatment and water reclamation plants that can process over 550 million gallons of flow each day citywide.

San Gabriel River

Dominguez Channel

South Park Los Angeles River Watershed Ballona Creek watershed Dominguez Channel Watershed San Gabriel River Watershed

Regional Watershed Context

Hyperion Treatment Plant, the City's largest facility, serves more than two-thirds of Los Angeles and has a capacity to process 450 million gallons per day (MGD); 100% secondary treatment. Terminal Island Treatment Plant in San Pedro, serves Los Angeles Harbor area communities. Donald C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant, serving San Fernando Valley communities. Los Angeles/Glendale Water Reclamation Plant serves eastern San Fernando Valley communities.

All wastewater treatment and water reclamation plants operate 24 hours a day, year-round.

(Source: www.lastormwater.org)

Storm Drain System

Hyperion yperion Treatment Plant

South Park Wastewater Collection Water Treatment Plants

Sewer System

Sewer System: Wastewater Treatment Plants 48

Site Hydrology/ Drainage: The he City of Los Angeles has two separate drainage systems, the storm drain system and the sanitary sewer system. Within the area of South Park, all the wastewater is collected into the Hyperion Treatment Plant, located 12.24 miles (20 km) away. Stormwater runoff drains from the street, through gutter enters the pipelines, flows into Los Angeles River, finally flow into ocean.

49

DEMOGRAPHICS CURRENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS

DOWNTOWN LA IN 2011 Plan: Circulation Central City Community Downtown The Central Residents City Community Plan is a part of the General Land Use Demographics: racial/ethnic composition, Map of the City ofDowntown Los Angeles.residents’ The follwing pages show the types age, householdincluded size andin gender demographic ratios in 2011. of information this plan.

Gender: 54%(53%) of Downtown resident respondents The Downtown Design Guide: Urban Design Standards were and female and 46%(47%) were male.

Guidelines for the City of Los Angeles supplements municipal code provisions and is a guide to help downtown, including South Park Age:LASED Downtown residents’median age wascommunity.

32.5 (32.1) years. and develop as a more sustainable It includes recommendations for streetscape design, building form, streets, Household Income - overall:and Formore. all Downtown residents, median land use, transit, walkability, household income was $86,300 in 2011, a decrease attributed to the recent recession.

Education Attainment: Those completing four years of college or higher was at 80%in 2011.

Employment Field: One-fifth or 20%(20%) of Downtown residents were employed in business/professional/technical services, with nearly as many, 19%(17%) in arts/ entertainment, by far the top two fields.

Visitors Gender: Many more visitor respondents were female, 64%than male, 36%.

Age: Visitors had a median of 43.9 years, higher compared to residents or employees.

Household Income: Visitors reported a median household income for 2011 of $91,400.

Ethnicity: 52%of visitors were Caucasian with 17%Hispanic, 15%Asian-American, and 9%AfricanAmerican.

Educational Attainment: 69%of visitors have completed college or higher, and averaged 15.6 years of school.

50

CURRENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS

Central City Community Plan: Industrial Zone Nearly half of downtown LA is zoned for industrial use.

N

0

0.5

51

1 mile

DEMONGRAPHICS CURRENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS DOWNTOWN LA IN 2011 Plan: Land Use Central City Community

Downtown Residents Demographics: Downtown residents’ racial/ethnic composition, age, household size and gender demographic ratios in 2011.

Gender: 54%(53%) of Downtown resident respondents were female and 46%(47%) were male.

Age: Downtown residents’median age was 32.5 (32.1) years.

Household Income - overall: For all Downtown residents, median household income was $86,300 in 2011, a decrease attributed to the recent recession.

Education Attainment: Those completing four years of college or higher was at 80%in 2011.

Employment Field: One-fifth or 20%(20%) of Downtown residents were employed in business/professional/technical services, with nearly as many, 19%(17%) in arts/ entertainment, by far the top two fields.

Visitors Gender: Many more visitor respondents were female, 64%than male, 36%.

Age: Visitors had a median of 43.9 years, higher compared to residents or employees.

Household Income: Visitors reported a median household income for 2011 of $91,400.

Ethnicity: 52%of visitors were Caucasian with 17%Hispanic, 15%Asian-American, and 9%AfricanAmerican.

Educational Attainment: 69%of visitors have completed college or higher, and averaged 15.6 years of school.

52

CURRENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS

Central City Community Plan: Height District

Height District

N

0

0.5

1mile

53

SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES Los Angeles is one of the world’s great cities; citizens and businesses from around the globe have made this one of the most diverse communities and economies found anywhere. But another global trend – climate change – jeopardizes the city’s many accomplishments, and future. Its many impacts, from global warming to changing precipitation patterns and increased risk of forest fires, are already threatening the city’s water supply, undermining gains in air quality, and endangering human health.

While the risks associated with climate change are high, the benefits of acting today are largely positive. Reductions in carbon emissions will improve air quality, create a more livable city, and invent cutting-edge green technology that can be marketed to the global community.

Viewed properly, the threat of climate change is really an opportunity to transform Los Angeles into the greenest big city in America—a model of urban sustainability for the 21st century.

Responsivenss to Climate Change

Based on the magnitude of temperature and precipitation response to greenhouse gas emissions,Southern California, northern Mexico and western Texas are identified as climate change hotspots for the 21st century.

54

Downtown Design Guide

55

56

AEG & LASED: PROFILE & MORPHOLOGY 57

GLOBAL PRESENCE OF AEG Projects all over the world

AEG is one of the leading sports and entertainment presenters in the world. AEG, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Anschutz Company, owns or controls a collection of companies. It has successfully run 85 projects involving in four major types in terms of arenas, stadiums, convention centers and theaters/clubs in 53 cities around the world. The projects list as follows: Arenas 1st BANK Center All phones Arena Ahoy Rotterdam American Airlines Arena Annexet AT&T Center Barclays Center BJCC Arena Broadbent Arena Brisbane Entertainment Centre Citizens Business Bank Arena Ericsson Globe FedEx Forum Freedom Hall Jobing.com Arena Hovet Kemper Arena KFC YUM! Center Key Arena at Seattle Center MasterCard Center Maverik Center Memorial Coliseum Mercedes-Benz Arena Newcastle Entertainment Centre O2 World Berlin O2 World Hamburg Perth Arena Prudential Center Rose Garden Scottish Hydro Arena Sprint Center STAPLES Center Stockholm Arena Target Center The O2 Arena Time Warner Cable Arena Ăœlker Sports Arena U.S. Bank Arena Valley View Casino Center Volksbank Arena XL Center Convention Centers Brisbane Convention Exhibition Centre Cairns Convention Centre and Arena Darwin Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur Convention & Exhibition Centre Oman Convention & Exhibition Centre Qatar National Convention Centre 58

GLOBAL PRESENCE OF AEG Projects all over the world Stadiums Houston Dynamo Stadium Farmers Field Nova Arena Pernambuco Stadium The Home Depot Center Rentschler Field East Sรถderstadion Suncorp Stadium Turk Telekom Arena VTB Bank Arena and Dynamo Moscow Stadium Theaters Albany Entertainment Centre Best Buy Theater Bluebird Theater Club Nokia El Rey Theatre His Majesty's Theatre Humphrey's Concerts by the Bay indigO2 The Joint at Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Keswick Theatre The Midland by AMC Mann Center of the Performing Arts Nokia Theatre L.A. LIVE Palladium Ballroom Perth Concert Hall Royal Oak Music Theatre Showbox At The Market Showbox SoDo Starland Ballroom State Theatre Centre of Western Australia Subiaco Arts Centre The Colosseum at Caesars Palace The Regency Ballroom The Ogden Theatre The Warfield Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie WaMu Theater

Cities with AEG projects

59

COMPANY INFORMATION Client Profile

AEG is one of the leading sports and entertainment presenters in the world. AEG, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Anschutz Company, owns or controls a collection of companies.

Leader of the Anschutz Company, Denver multi-billionaire Philip Anschutz, is a man of varied interests. The holding company includes an eclectic stable of entertainment, media, and sports businesses, in addition to telecom and energy development all around he world.

Arenas Convention Centres Facilities

AEG is committed to developing a diverse workforce marketplace that opens the door to opportunity and unleashes the possibilities within each and every employee.

Theatres

Stadiums

Basketball Franchises Sports Franchises Anschutz Company

Hockey Franchises

AEG

Other Teams

AEG Merchandising

Affiliates

A advertising agency AEG Creative AEG Global Partnerships

SOURCE: AEG HOME website

60

LIVELINESS TITLE COMPANY INFORMATION Secondary Title Events Calendar

in 2011, LA Live hosted 304 events on There are ten types of entertainment events in LA live, as charities, concerts, sports award shows, arts, comedies, and conventions.

Most of them occured over the winter holiday.

Some LA Live events are as:

Small Concerts

World Touring Concerts Grammy Awards LA Lakers Games LA Kings Games LA Clippers Games

304 events in total 100 100

Movie Premiers

X Games

80 80

Outdoor Art Fairs

World Touring Circus

Number of Events

60 60

Grammy Lectures and Presentations Fan Fair Events Special Events

40 40

20 20

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Month

STAPLES CENTER NOKIA THEATER NOKIA CLUB THE GRAMMY MUSEUM CONGA ROOM REGAL CINEMA

61

SOURCE: LALIVE.COM.2011 EVENTS CALENDAR

SIZE COMPARISON

AEG Worldwide Comparison Study The growing phenomenon of entertainment districts emerges from the desire to integrate multiple recreational programs under the same umbrella of ownership. In many ways, the construction of modern arenas, convention centers, sporting venues, and the like, are a function of venue owners providing a diversity of options available for consumption. As a large enterprise, AEG has undertaken the construction and establishment of many such event spaces. Size and scale of the buildings that form the campus, as well as their proximity to urban infrastructure and the encouragement or eradication of an existing grid. It is through studying other global venues of this magnitude, one comes to understand how the fabric of these large-scale urban interventions interface with existing metropolitan conditions. Through understanding other global locations, it seems that the venue acts within the existing urban fabric in one of three ways: As a Superblock Creator As a Green-Space/Natural Resource Activator As an Urban Renewal Catalyst While L.A. Live has created its own campus, while somewhat interrupting the existing urban fabric by creating superblocks, the campus provides more of a total environment (containing not only venues for events, but destinations like restaurants, clubs, and other amenities). In many ways, this approach has more potential for liveliness than the models which follow, because it distills for its visitors the intimidating scale of the city into a more approachable microcosm.

L.A. Live

Los Angeles, California Location: South Park Venue Area: 4 million sq ft Completed in 2010

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

62

Superblock Creator

Large arenas and convention centers interface with urban fabric by creating superblocks to accommodate the required square footage, as well as surrounding blocks to accommodate parking and other related programs. This intervention provides new challenges to street and pedestrian traffic, both in reducing the surface area of roads while increasing pedestrian density at certain peak hours.

Green-Space/Natural Resource Activator

Event venues are often utilized to reinvigorate a natural landscape or body of water in an urban environment.

Often times, though not always, these instances occur outside of the downtown area of the city. Large parks receive more pedestrian activity on event days when the venue is situated inside. The preservation of nature while servicing the venue with parking and other amenities is a challenge to this model.

63

Urban Renewal Catalyst

When a city is looking to attract more people and compete with other regions, new arenas are often viewed as the solution. In this sense, these venues function as a catalyst for urban renewal within the city, which can take place equally downtown as on the outskirts. In many new cities, the planning of a large convention center functions as a point of departure from which other city districts are later envisioned. This model presents challenges in that it often takes time to realize the projected liveliness and density. Often times funds are insufficient to complete the whole scope of the project, and the surrounding areas of the venue detract, rather than enhance, the user experience.

SIZE COMPARISON

AEG Worldwide Comparison Study

=

x4

Kuala Lampur Convention Center: Kuala Lampur, Malaysia Population of city : 7.2 million Location : Downtown Venue area : 474,900 sq ft Site area: 969,500 sq ft Capacity: 20,000 people

=

x4

Ahoy Rotterdam:

Rotterdam, The Netherlands Population of city : 593,049 Location : South of Downtown Venue area : 554,369 sq ft Site area: 1,249,571 sq ft Capacity: 15,818 people Completed in 1970, Refurbished in 1998

=

x2

Qatar Convention Center:

Doha, Qatar Population of city : 1.1 million Location : Education City outside Downtown Venue area : 857,008 sq ft Site area: 1,706,995 sq ft Capacity: 27,000 people

64

65

SIZE COMPARISON

AEG Worldwide Comparison Study

=

x4

SunCorp Stadium: Brisbane, Australia Population of city : 2 million Location : Downtown Venue area : 432,900 sq ft Site area: 936,500 sq ft Capacity: 52,500 people Completed in 2003

=

x7

American Airlines Arena: Miami, Florida Population of city : 5.5 million Location : Downtown Venue area : 181,167 sq ft Site area: 516,600 sq ft Capacity: 20,000 people Completed in 1999

=

x3

Field: Hartford, Connecticut Population of city : 1.2 million Location : Suburban Venue area : 363,200 sq ft Site area: 1,711,935 sq ft Capacity: 40,500 people Completed in 2003

66

67

EVOLUTION L.A. Live

The evolution of the district

1971-1997 Convention center is constructed

When the convention center was established, there was not much urban life in the surrounding areas.

1999 Staples Center opens

When staples center was built, a new urban activity destination was created in the area. But the place still did not have a clear urban identity.

2001

City approves LASED EIR, Specific PLAN and Develop Agreements

2006, 2007

AEG secures L.A. LIVE and hotel/condo financing

2008 L.A. LIVE opens – restaurants, clubs, Grammy museum, ESPN broadcast studios, etc.

The completion of L.A. Live created a whole new language of urban spaces for the area, creating urban spaces scaled for pedestrian movement and staying activity.

1989

2009 Regal Cinemas Open 2010 Conference Center, JW Marriott, and Ritz Carlton Hotels open

Existing: Surface Parking

planned developments The planned extensions within the L.A. Sports and Entertainment District Specific Plan expand the language to an even larger area starting to connect the district to Downtown Los Angeles.

2016 Farmers Field/LACC expansion The future conditions surrounding Farmers Field and LACC must build on the public space network introduced at L.A. Live and enhance the quality of the whole district.

7

6

5

4

3

8

2 1

2006 New: Nokia Theater Area: 97,000 sq. ft

New construction

Existing construction

68

3

1994 New: Convention Center Area: 1500,000 sq. ft

2002

New: Staples Center Area: 250,000 sq. ft

1

2007 New: ESPN Broadcast Studios Area: 28,000 sq. ft

2005

New: Reconstruction of part of 12th street

2

2008 4

2009

New: JW Marriott and Ritz Carlton Hotel &Residences Area: 66,000 sq. ft New: Club Nokia/Restaurants/Retail/Museum/Office/ Broadcast Facility 6 Area: 110,000 sq. ft

69

5

New: Regal Cinemas 7 Area: 60,000 sq. ft New: JW Marriott Conference and Banquet Center Area: 66,000 sq. ft

8

70

SOUTHPARK & LASED : DISTRICT ANALYSIS 71

DISTRICT ANALYSIS Students of the LA Studio analyzed the different urban systems that compose the built environment of the LASED and Southpark districts. Each element of the built environment was evaluated based on its contribution to the potential liveliness of the district. Throughout the analysis students identified sections of the district that have distinctly different character. This information was valuable as students began to develop design proposals for specific sites in the district.

BLOCKS SYSTEM:

STREETS:

PARKING:

- Blocks: District Structure.

- Building Area vs Total Area.

- Block Orientation.

- Block Sizes.

- Street Hierarchy.

- Street Direction and Accessibility.

- Public Transit: - Bus Stations/ Routes.

- Metro Stations/Routes.

- Bike Routes.

- Parking Structure.

- Surface Parking.

- Street Parking.

- Street Character: - Street sections.

- Edges conditions.

- Detailed Street Analysis: - Figueroa Street.

- 9th Street.

- Olympic Blvd.

- Grand Ave. - Flower Street.

- 11th street.

- 12th street.

- Chick Heam Ct. - Pico Blvd.

72

BUILDINGS: - Ground Floor Program.

- Ground Floor Entrances.

- Retail Types and Locations.

- Buildings Heights.

- Buildings Footprint sizes.

LANDSCAPE:

PROJECTED FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:

- Downtown New Infrastructure and Projects.

- LA Live Future Plan.

- Trees.

- Permeable surfaces.

- Parks / Plazas.

73

HISTORY OF SOUTHPARK MORPHOLOGY A Shift in the Commercial Center

As we can see from the three images on the right, the commercial center of Los Angeles has gradually shifted from Spring street to Figueroa street over the past 100 years, after the 1950s, along with the introduction of the interstate into this area.

Figueroa street dates to Los Angeles’s nascency, with humble beginnings as a dirt road in the late 18th century when Alta California was under the rule of Spain.

Early 19th century In the early 19th century the street was known as “Calle de las Chapules,” or Street of the Grasshoppers, for the locusts that would reportedly hatch by the millions in the grassy plains west of the city and cross the street as they ventured eastward into the Pueblo.

Late 19th century and early 20th century Late 19th century and early 20th century Figueroa remained primarily residential through the late 19th century and early 20th century. Many fine homes lined the street and in the adjacent neighborhood of University Park, located between the southern reaches of Downtown and the University of Southern California.

The Figueroa residential corridor and the adjacent University Park neighborhood were among the City’s most elite residences.

Multi-family apartment houses began replacing single family homes along Figueroa in the 1910s. Generally, four-story apartment buildings were constructed from Figueroa and Sixth Street south to Tenth Street (now Olympic Boulevard).

Completed around 1915, the 200-room, six-story Ivins Apartments at Tenth Street and Figueroa was reportedly the first brick apartment building of its kind constructed in Los Angeles.

1920s-1940s Commercial and automobile-related uses began to replace homes in the 20s, and by the time that Los Angeles entered the Post World War II years Figueroa was almost exclusively a commercial corridor, with some institutional uses scattered throughout.

1950s As the predominance of the automobile in Los Angeles culture reached its zenith in the post-World War II years, the streetcar was often seen as a nuisance more than a necessity and was eradicated altogether by the late 1950s.

Figueroa street Spring street 74

1894

75

2011

HISTORY OF SOUTHPARK MORPHOLOGY Footprint Study 1909 - 2012

1909

For most of Los Angeles' history, the area now known as South Park was dominated by industrial facilities, taxi dance halls, automobile dealerships, and residential hotels. Recently, the area has begun to transform rapidly with infill development.

1

However, 100 years ago, the whole district was dominated by small residential buildings.

Conclusions: 1. During the past 100 years, although the road network system remains basically the same, almost all the old buildings have been replaced by new ones.

2. Building types have gradually transformed from small, residential to large-scaled commercial buildings.

Average number of buildings per hectare has declined from

8 to 3 over the 100 years.

1909

2012

2 3

1

2

3

N

0

Inaccessible information

76

250

500

750

1000 ft

2012

1

2 3

N

0

250

77

500

750

1000 ft

HISTORY OF SOUTHPARK MORPHOLOGY Road Network Study 1909-2012

1909 Zone 2

Although the boom of the 1880s was, proportionately, the greatest period of growth in the history of Los Angeles, the boom of the 1920s arguably did more to shape the modern city as it appears today. It was during the 20s that the greater Los Angeles area reached a million inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in the United States.

In the 1910s, Figueroa transformed into Automobile Row, lined with purpose-built automobile showrooms and repair centers.

The other major change in the district happed in the 1950s. Many buildings were demolished for the construction of the interchange of the Santa Monica and Harbor Freeways.

Zone 1

Conclusions: 1. The road network in zone 1 is not as regular as the network in zone 2. This might be one reason that the authority designed the interstate to go through zone 1 instead of zone 2.

2. The scale of the grid of zone1, zone 2 and zone 3 are different. The three districts wer built in different time periods.

3. It is better to develop large-scale complexes like L.A. Live in an area such as zone 1 because the parcels are irregular sizes and shapes.

4. The interstate gives easy access for people who come to L.A. Live.

This may also be the other reason why developers developed L.A. Live in this location.

Zone 3 N

Zone 1

0

Zone 2 Zone 3 Road network that has changed over the last 100 years

78

250

500

750

1000 ft

2012 Zone 2

Zone 1

Zone 3

N

0

79

250

500

750

1000 ft

BLOCKS: DISTRICT STRUCTURE

Buildings Footprint, Streets, and Block Structure Buildings: - 617 Buildings

Ground Floor Area = 11,521,899 sqft Blocks: 112 Blocks ( average width=350’ )

Vacant Aand Area = 10,447,896 sqft Circulation: 32 Streets (average width=60’ )

Total Street Area = 6,495,704 sqft 2 %

2 2 % 3 8 %

3 8 %

The graph above shows that 38% of

the study area is considered vacant land, which includes surface parking.

38% of the total area is occupied by

buildings

23% by traffic circulation 2% is left over for parks and plazas

Ground Floor Areas Vacant land Parks and Plazas N

Circulation

80

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

N

0

500

1000

Street Network

Block Structure

Building Footprint

- Average width of Interstate fwy = 170’ - Average width of district streets = 60’ - Total area for traffic circulation = sft 6,495,704 (19%)

- 115 Blocks - Typical block width in the district = 350’ - Typical block length in the district = 600’ - Total area of blocks = sft 21,969,795

- 617 Buildings in the study area.

- Total ground floor area = sft 11,521,899

81

1500

2000 ft

BLOCK ORIENTATION (A) Side vs. (B) Side

Block orientation analysis shows the two sides of blocks in the district. The main side, is the (A) and the secondary side the (B). In the north part of the district the (A) sides of the blocks located on the east and the west sides, which means that the continuation of the (A) sides are going along the north and south directions. This shows the fact that the main entrances of the buildings will take a place on the (A) side.

In the south part of the district where the block turns to take the square shape, the two sides of the blocks lose their pattern because of the orientation of each building on each block.

The A side of the block generally runs

North and South.

The B side of the block generally runs

East and West.

Exceptions often occur where parking lots sit at corners and occupy a long length of a block.

(A) side

N

(B) side

82

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

st.. th st 99th

st.

14t 14thh st.

Main st.

st.

8th 8th st.

260’ 260’

610’ lvdd.. ic BBlv mppic lym O Oly

490’

350’ 610’ Figueroa Street

st.

9th 9th st.

N

0

Small Blocks

Mid-Size Blocks

Large/Irregular Blocks

New York, NY

San Francisco, CA

Copenhagen, Danmark

Small blocks are mainly located in the southern part of the district, between 14th street and 17th street. They are square in shape, 260’ on each side . The area of each block is 67,600 square feet.

The majority of the district is composed of Mid-sized blocks. They are located on the east side of Figueroa street between 5th street and 12th street. The are rectangles with a length of 610 feet and a width of 350 feet. The total area of each block is 213,500 square feet.

83

250

500 ft

This type of block is located on the west side of the district along Figueroa street. Each block has a different shape and size. LA Live buildings and the convention center are the main buildings on these blocks.

PARCELS The South Park district includes 1226 parcels.

The Department of City Planning in City of Los Angeles has a profile report of each parcel.

The profile report contains the following information and regulations.

Address/Legal Information PIN Number Lot/Parcel Area (Calculated) Thomas Brothers Grid Assessor Parcel No. Tract Map Reference Block Lot Jurisdictional Information Community Plan Area Area Planning Commission Neighborhood Council Council District Census Tract # LADBS District Office Planning and Zoning Information Zoning Information General Plan Land Use General Plan Footnote Specific Plan Area Assessor Information APN Area Use Code Last Owner Change Tax Rate Area Building Additional Information Airport Hazard Coastal Zone Farmland Watercourse Economic Development Areas Business Improvement District Renewal Community Revitalization Zone State Enterprise Zone Targeted Neighborhood Initiative Public Safety Police Information Fire Information

N

84

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

ZONING General use of the parcels in the study area:

Residential = 245 parcels

Commercial = 873 parcels

Industrial = 94 parcels Open space = 12 parcels Public space facilities = 2 parcels Residential = 2,972,212 sqft

Commercial = 13,382,931 sqft Industrial = 1,074,716 sqft Open space = 2,503,418 sqft Public space facilities = 304,555 sqft

1% 0.2% 8%

Public Space

20%

Public space facilities Residential Commercial Industrial

70%

The diagram shows the percentage of different general uses for all parcels.

N

0

250

500

750

85

1000 ft

Spring st

The maps to the right show the street hierarchy of the study area in downtown Los Angeles. Major and secondary streets make up the majority of the streets and are often wider and handle more automobile traffic than other streets. This illustrates that the priority is given to efficiently getting cars through the area. By placing a priority on the car, the streets are less safe for pedestrians, noisier, and have poor air quality.

Broadway

Figueroa st

Hierarchy

Grand Ave

STREETS

5th st

Below is the total linear feet of each type of street in the district.

Secondary streets make up most of the streets in the district and usually contain four lanes of traffic plus at least one lane for street parking. This shows that most of the streets are quite wide and not geared towards the pedestrian.

11,431 ft 34,528 ft 87,580 ft 15,708 ft 3,370 ft 8,280 ft

Highway Arterial Secondary Collector Local Alley

160,897 ft

Total

7th st

9th st

11th st

Highway Arterial Secondary Collector Local Alleys

N

86

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Highway

Arterial

Secondary

N

Collector

Local

Alley

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

Main st

Spring st

Traffic Direction

Flower st

Figueroa st

STREETS

The map to the right shows the traffic directions in downtown Los Angeles. The arrows illustrate one way streets and the direction that traffic is allowed to travel. Streets not marked with an arrow allow two-way traffic.

Olive st

Grand Ave

6th st

8th st

9th st

11th st

12th st

N

0

88

250

500

750

1000 ft

Spring st

Broadway

Grand Ave

Figueroa st

STREETS

Highway Access 5th st

The map to the left shows the highway access and exit points in the downtown Los Angeles. There are 4 off ramps and 2 on ramps within one block of LA Live.

There are 4 off-ramps and 2 on-ramps 7th st

within 1 block of LA Live

9th st

11th st

Off-ramp

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

89

On-ramp

STREETS

History of Public Transit in Downtown

Westlake Park

First and Main

Southern Pacific Depot

r

To Harvard Boulevard

Main Fifth and Central

es Rive Los Angel

1960-2012 During in the 1970s, there was serious discussion about the need for additional mass transit systems based on environmental concerns, following rapid population growth and the 1973 oil crisis. The Metro Blue Line began commuter service in 1990, marking the return of electric rail passenger train service to Los Angeles. The opening of the route from downtown Los Angeles to Long Beach used much of the same right-of-way as the original Pacific Electric line that ceased in 1961. Since then, the LACMTA has opened more lines.

To College Street

er oa

1900-1960 Two historic events, the Great Merger and Streetcar Scandal, influenced the forming of the transportation system in this period.

The Great Merger took place during the expansion of the streetcar network. All of the small private companis merged and were reorganized into two larger companies as the transportation system. During this time, city planners began to plan the LA freeway system, including Pasadena freeway and the Santa Monica freeway due to accomodate the rapid increase of automobile ownership.

This resulted in the decline of the streetcar system in 1950s.

1880-1900

Fig u

1880-1900 Public transportation started in the late 19th century in the Los Angeles area. First it operated with a horse car and later changed to a streetcar. In the early years, a number of private rail companies founded and later merged. The companies were not primarily dedicated to the public, but rather focused on promoting real estate development.

Main and Pico Terminal Washington and Figueroa Boyle Heights

N

0

Spring and West 6th Street Railroad South Park

East Los Angeles and San Pedro Railway Company

Downtown districts Los Angeles river

Citi Railroad Company Main and Fifth Street Railroad

Figueroa street

Los Angeles Cable Railway Los Angeles Electric Railway Company

90

250

500

750

1000 ft

1900-1960

2012

a en

Fw

y

ad

Fw

y

ad

s Pa

Union Station

Union Station

Pacific Electric Depot

Los Angel

e Los Ang

es River

les Rive

r

s Pa

a en

San ta

Sa

nt a

Mo

Mo

nic

aF wy

nic

aF wy

N

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

0

Los Angeles Railway Company

Metro Liner

Pacific Electric Railway Company

Metro Blue Line (Light Rail)

Los Angeles Pacific Railroad

Metro Purple + Red Line (Heavy Rail)

Freeway (Under Construction)

Metro Orange Line (Light Rail)

91

250

500

750

1000 ft

STREETS

History of Public Transit in South Park 1880-1900 Most of the routes connected to downtown, which is the north part of South Park. A few routes passed through South Park. In this period, most development of rail routes were intended to promote real estate development in the area.

To College St.

1880-1900

To Southern Pacific Depot

1900-1960 There were two operators in this period. At this time they constructed and operated the longest length of rail track in the world. Even though rapid increases in automobile sales and opening of the freeway system caused shrinking public transportation, most of the lines currently operating were formed in this period.

2012 With expanding development in the downtown area, South Park now plays a key role in supporting downtown. There are some subway lines and bus routes passing though South Park. The government has plans for restoring the streetcar system, with the purpose of increasing tourism.

To Boyle Heights

To Westlake Park

To Harvard Boulevard

N

0

Spring and West 6th Street Railroad East Los Angeles and San Pedro Railway Citi Railroad Los Angeles Cable Los Angeles Electric Railway

92

250

500

750

1000 ft

1900-1960

2012

N

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

0

Los Angeles Railway Company

Metro Local or Limited Line

Pacific Electric Depot

Metro Rapid + Local Line

Pacific Electric Railway Company

Metro Silver Liner

Los Angeles Pacific Railroad

Metro Blue Line (Light Rail)

Freeway (Under Construction)

Metro Purple + Red Line (Heavy Rail) Freeway, Interstate

93

250

500

750

1000 ft

STREETS

Public Transportation + Bike Subway Between its light rail and heavy rail systems, Los Angeles Metro Rail has 73 miles (117 km) of rail, averaging 308,653 trips per weekday, and accounting for approximately 1.1% of the 29 million daily trips originating in Los Angeles County Buses The extensive bus system operated by LACMTA includes the Local, Rapid, and Express services. Local buses tend to be orange, while rapid and express buses are red. Los Angeles County averages 1.7 million bus boardings per weekday, accounting for approximately 5.9% of the 29 million daily trips originating in Los Angeles County.

Bike Bicycling accounts for less than one percent (0.6%) of all work commutes as of 2006.

Low percentage of use of public transportation Only approximately 10% of people use public transportation for their trip. This is very low compared to other major cities in the world. LA Live is in close proximity to 2 light rail stops and multiple bus routes, but driving and parking is still the most common way that visitors access LA Live.

Cycling accounts for less than 1% of all work commutes in LA.

Approximately 10% of people use public transportation for trips.

The Expo (blue) rail line is the least used light rail line in metropolitan LA.

Metro Stations Bus stops Blue Line Purple + Red Line Local Route Rapid + Local Route Silver Liner Bike Lane

Comfort Walkable Range (5 Minutes)

Planned Bike Lane

N

94

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Metro System

Bus Routes and Stops

Bike Lane

Metro Station

Local Route

Bike Lane

Blue Line

Local + Rapid Route

Planned Bike Lane

Purple + Red Line

Liner Route Bus Stop

Metro Blue Line - Pico Station

Metro Rapid Bus

Bike Lane - Spring Street

95

DOWNTOWN DISTRICT Edge Conditions Map

One of the most important physical conditions that can make public spaces more lively is their edge conditions. Edge conditions, particularly on the ground floor, determine the way people interact with the city. What can be seen and experienced at eye level can determine the quality of public spaces. Creating more sophisticated, interactive, vibrant, well designed edge conditions can help cities to have more usable streets and public spaces. For instance fences vs. window shops are two types of edge conditions that have drastically different effects on the quality of the public realm. Fences are not active and create poor public space quality and the windows offer a chance to interact with the buildings, can spill light or activity, or sound onto the street, and generally create a more interesting condition.

The common typology is to have a

fence surrouding a parking lot,

which contributes to the lack of active, pedestrian-friendly streets in the district.

Fences N

0

96

2500

5000 ft

BUILDINGS USE Parks and Plazas

Public spaces should be encourage people for public interactions.

Park and plazas are important spaces in each city to create vitality.

These are places where people meet and enjoy public events. This map shows how much spaces in south park area has dedicated to such public spaces. Less than 2% of the area is public park, plaza, or open space. In order to have more lively cities it is important to how to design open public spaces, where to locate them and how to program these places. Often these places are not used because they suffer from the lack of program, poor design, and unsafe conditions. In conclusion, having designed public open spaces like parks and plazas can create lively public places for people to enjoy.

Less than 2% of the area is public parks or plazas.

Building Footprint Parks and Plazas

N

0

2500

97

5000 ft

250

500

750

1000 ft f

Gr an dA ve

0

Flo we rS t

Ground Floor Street Facade Quality

Fig ue ro aS t

N

the buildings along several main streets around South Park. Mainly From the density of windows and entrances, we can tell the liveliness of a certain section of the street, and from the material quality, y we can see the y,

The overall length of street analyzed is 40804’ Figueroa Street: Flower Street: Grand Ave: e: Pico Blvd: d: 12th Street: eet: Chick Heam Ct: 11th Street: eet: Olympic Blvd: d: 9th Street: eet:

7703’ 6700’ 6800’ 4400’ 2690’ 1600’ 2700’ 4200’ 4011’

9th St

Only 34% of the street facade is transparent.

Olympic Blvd

41% of the street facade is Void.

11% of the street facade is Solid.

11th St

Chick Heam Ct

12th St Pico Blvd

98

South Park street quality comparing to Sunset Blvd and 3rd Street in Santa Monica

South Park

Sunset Blvd

3rd Street Santa Monica

99

Transparency

Solid

Semitransparent

Transparent

Void(plaza,parking)

Brick

Aluminium

Glass

Material

Concrete

100

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

Figueroa St.

: 7703’

West Side: 19.2% is solid 50.68% is transparent windows

Figueroa Street

30.3% is void East Side: 2.8% is solid 48.3% is transparent windows 48.9% is void

N

0

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW

500

1000

1500

2000 ft f

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

101

WINDOW

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

Material

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

Material

102

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

Material

T Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

solid

transparent

void

Entrance

WINDOW

ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE

Material

103

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

FFlower w St

4

3

Flower St.

: 6700 ‘

30% is Solid 2

1

25% is Transparent Windows 45% is Parking

1

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW

Material

104

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

N

2

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

105

ENTRANCE WINDOW WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

Flower St N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

4

3

2

1

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE ENT ANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

106

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

N

3

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

107

ENTRANCE

4

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE

Material

Grand Ave N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

4

3

Grand Ave : 6800 ‘ 20% is Solid 40% is Transparent Windows

2

40% is Parking

1

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

108

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW

N

2

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

109

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Grand Ave N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

4

3

2

1

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

WINDOW

WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

110

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

N

3

4

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE WINDOW

111

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

Material

Pico Blvd N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

Pico Blvd

: 4400 ‘

30% is Solid 10% is Transparent Windows 60% is Parking

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

112

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

113

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

Matterial ial

12th St : 2690’ North Side:

South Side:

6.7% is solid

29% is solid

34.7% is transparent windows

10% is transparent windows

58.6% is void

61% is void

12th Strreet

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

solid

transparent

Entrance

N 0

500

WINDOW

1000

1500

2000 ft f

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

114

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

void

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

Material

Chick Heam Ct N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

Chick Heam Ct : 1600 ‘ 10% is Solid 50% is Transparent Windows 40% is open plaza

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Material

115

WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Material

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft f

W.11th St : 2700 ‘ 20% is Solid 40% is Transparent Windows 40% is Parking

W.11th St

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW ENTRANCE

Material

116

WINDOW ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

Solid

Transparent

Void

Entrance

ENTRANCE

WINDOW WINDOW

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

117

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOWENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCEWINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

Material

Olympic Blvd :

4200’

North Side: 25.9% is Solid 22.4% is Transparent Windows 51.7% is void South Side: 8.8% is Solid

Olympic Blvd Bl d

44.2% is Transparent Windows 35.5% is void

N

0

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

500

1000

1500

WINDOW ENTRANCE

2000 ft f

WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Material

118

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCEWINDOW WINDOWENT

Material

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

solid

transparent

Entrance

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW WINDOW WINDOWENT

WINDOWENTRANCE

Material

119

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOWENTRANCE

ENTRANCE

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Material

9th St

: 4011’

North Side: 11.1% is solid 39.7% is transparent windows 49.2% is void South Side:

9th Street eet

31.2% is solid 32.3% is transparent windows 36.5% is void

N

0

WINDOW

500

1000

1500

ENTRANCE

2000 ft f

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

Material

120

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTR ENT RANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW

ENTR ENT RANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE ANCE

Material

Transparency Map 1”:500’ Transparency

solid

transparent

Entrance

WINDOW

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

WINDOW

WINDOW ENTRANCE WINDOW

Material

121

ENTRANCE

WINDOW

ENTRANCE

ENTR ENT RANCE

PARKING SYSTEM

Distribution of Parking

3 6 6 1 1

p ark i ng s p ots

Surface Parking Garage Street Parking Occupancy Rate

26%

of the entire site’s area is occupied by public parking.

Utilization Frequency According to the large amount of surface parking, garages, street parking and private parking, the parking capacity in LA downtown is sufficient. The supply of parking spaces may even be in excess of the demand. Even during rush hour on work days, some parking lots still have many empty spots.

A

Parking for Events In addition, the parking spaces near LA Live showed low utilization patterns in another way. Events are held almost every day in LA Live, however the nearby parking lots become full of cars only at the time s that there are big events like sports games. Besides the big events, the rest of time, parking lots near LA Live have relatively low utilization rate.

B

Surface Parking is the dominant parking type found in the district

Parking is the most dominant singular land use in the district.

Surface Parking

N

Garage Street Parking

0

122

250

500

750

1000 ft

Surface Parking

1 4 9 74

p ark i ng s p ots

Garage

1 71 8 8

Street Parking

p ark i ng s p ots

4 4 4 9

p ark i ng s p ots

5

5 2

7 7

6 1 0

5

7 7

7

5

7 8

7 2

4

7 2

6 6

2

5

6

7

N

0

A rea O ccu pied Rate by Type

Total Parking Area: 7,258,917 SF

Parking Space Rate by Type

9.3%

Surface Parking Garage

40.9% 73.4%

Street Parking

Surface Parking Garage

1500

2000 ft

79.3%

of the total length of streets within the site have street parking.

46.9%

Street Parking

17.3% of the area of the contributing 40.9% of the public

1000

Total Parking Spot: 36,611

12.2%

17.3%

500

Surface parking lots occupy

Garage parking is the most efficient way of parking in this

entire site while parking spaces. This means that there are 14974 surface parking spots, approximately. The general pattern shows that the spatial distribution of the surface parking lots concentrate around both the central and southern parts of the site. One group of large parking lots is in the area surrounding LA Live, satisfying the parking demand of the events held within LA Live. The surface parking lots which locate in the south part have a smaller scale compared with other places. This part is closed to the Fashion District, a retail commercial core of LA downtown with small scale and high density building type. Accordingly, small retail stores also concentrate here and share similar building types with the Fashion District, and then help to shape vacant land for surface parking.

site. Garage buildings only occupy 9.3% of the land but

create 46.9% of the entire parking capacity, which means 17188 parking spots, approximately. From the garage distribution diagram, the garages are divided into two groups: the southern part group and the northern part group. The group in the southern area has relatively larger scale buildings but less garages compared with the northern one. The famous Jewelry District locates at the north area of the site, buildings inside and near the Jewelry District are mainly mixed-use and high density.

As a result, there is rarely land available for surface parking. In addition, lots of office buildings locate in this area, creating a huge demand for parking. Accordingly, garages become the way to sove the parking issue. And because of the existed street gird and building density, garage buildings here have a smaller footprint than southern group.

123

The parking spaces contributed by street parking are

12.7% of the entire parking spaces, and have nearly 4500 parking spots. However, no street parking happens

inside LA Live area. One reason is that lots of events are held in LA Live every year. They bring huge traffic volume during a short period. If they were to add street parking, it would increase the possibility of traffic jams. In addition, two streets at the southern part of LA Live connect with the interstate. It is unwise to put street parking near the exits of interstate.

DOWNTOWN DISTRICT Proposed Infrastructure

Downtown LA Streetcar Project The proposed Downtown L.A. Streetcar will be an approximately 4-mile urban streetcar system which would serve areas including Bunker Hill, Grand Avenue and the Music Center, Historic Broadway and the Historic Core, South Park, L.A. LIVE and the L.A. Convention Center.

Bringing Back Broadway Bringing Back Broadway is a ten-year vision and an ambitious plan to revitalize the historic Broadway corridor between 2nd Street and Olympic Blvd.

Park 101 Park101 proposes a visionary urban design solution to cap the half-mile length of the 101 Hollywood Freeway in downtown Los Angeles, and reconnect the city’s historic core, north of the freeway, with the civic, cultural, and financial cores of modern Los Angeles to the south.

Regional Connector Transit Corridor The purpose of the corridor is to connect the Blue and Expo Lines to the Gold Line and Union Station. The corridor would become part of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail System.

7th St/Metro CTR

Little Tokyo

Bring Back Broadway

N

0

2500

5000 ft

South Park Highways Downtown districts

Downtown LA Streetcar Project

Los Angeles river Figueroa street Proposed Streetcar Route Bringing Broadway Back Park 101 Regional Connector Transit Corridor

Park 101

124

DOWNTOWN DISTRICT Proposed Buildings

Metropolis A mixed-use three-tower project (38, 47, and 52 stories), which is tentatively slated to consist of up to 300,000 square feet of retail, 836 residential units and 480 hotel rooms. It is currently in the planning phase.

Wilshire Grand Hotel Redevelopment A two-tower hotel and office project, is currently in the planning phase.

L.A. Central A two-tower residential and hotel project designed by RTKL, which is currently in the pre-construction phase.

The Grand Avenue Project

The Grand Avenue Project Designed by architect Frank Gehry, is a multi-phase project on four parcels and will include a 48-story iconic hotel tower.

Wilshire Grand Hotel Redevelopment FIG at 7th Project Metropolis

FIG at 7th Be anchored by one of the nation’s first City Target stores, the plan includes a $40 million redesign, renovation and re-leasing strategy.

Farmer’s Field New Convention Center

1340 Figueroa A 43-story residential tower designed by architect Daniel Libeskind, would replace a surface parking lot.

N

0

2500

5000 ft

South Park

Metropolis

Highways Downtown districts Los Angeles river Figueroa street Proposed Skyscraper

125

FIG at 7th

BUILDINGS

Ground Floor Program The South Park district has a diverse program on the ground floor level. It is really interesting that the building’s program helps to shape the public life on the street. For example, on the map, it is clear that the area between 5th street and 8th street has overlaps in ground floor program such as offices, retails, residential, recreational, civic, and hotels in one area. This helps to create the day/night activities of the area.

The ground floor areas of the buildings used in the area of study: -Retail Uses = sft 3,090,558 -Mixed-use (residential/retail) = sft 765,529 -Mixed-use (office/retail) = sft 455,729 -Hotels= sft 499,706 -Institutional= sft 2,183,940 -Offices = sft 971,651 -Multi-Family= sft1,303,810 -Public Space= sft 540,860 -Entertainment= sft 647,102 -Industrial =sft 18,928 -Parking structure= sft 1,044,086

0%

9%

6%

27%

5% 11% 7% 8%

4% 4% 19%

The diagram shows the percentages of different programs on the ground floor.

Parking Structures Industrial Use Public Spaces Entertainment Buildings Single Family Residential Multi-Family Residential Hotels Commerce/ Retails Mixed-use [Retail +Office] Mixed-use [Retail +Residential] Institutional Buildings N

Office Buildings

126

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCES Mapping the ground floor entrances provides a clear picture of the nodes in the city. In the South Park District, there are three different levels of entrance density.

The area between 5th and 7th streets has the largest number of entrances which where the Jewelry node located. Then there is the area south of the Main street along the wholesale outlets node. The last one is on 11th street next around the danish bakery.

In addition, the fragmented segments in the middle are the surface parking and parking structures which consumea huge area in the district.

N

1270

250

500

750

1000 ft

Retail Buildings:

Mixed Use Buildings (Office/Retail):

Mixed Use Buildings (Residential/Retail):

- Total ground floor area of the buildings = 3,090,558 sf.

- 336 Buildings - Mainly small buildings located in the east side of the district along the Main st.

- Total ground floor area of the buildings = 455,729 sf.

- 25 Buildings - The main node of this type of buildings is located in the financial district between 6th and 7th streets.

- Total ground floor area of the buildings = 765,529 sf.

- 16 Buildings.

- This type of building is distributed around the district and creates a number of small nodes.

128

N

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

Office Buildings:

Institutional Buildings:

Entertainment Buildings:

-Total ground floor area of the buildings = 971,651 sf.

- 47 Buildings.

-Total ground floor area of the buildings = 2,183,940 sf.

- 28 Buildings.

- Total ground floor area of the buildings = 647,102 sf.

- 17 Buildings.

129

BUILDINGS: RETAIL TYPES

Restaurant, Grocery, Jewelry, Department Stores, Apparel, and Wholesale Outlet.

In order to understand the different nodes that the retail creates, this map categorize the retail into six main types. Restaurants, grocery, jewelry, department stores, apparel, and wholesale outlet are the main types that are found in south park district. The small map shows the “Jewelry node” between 6th and 7th street. It also shows the “wholesale outlet” node in the south part of the district next to the Fashion district. It also shows the locations of food facilities, which are mainly located in the area between 6th and 8th street.

The study area has a wide range of

retail types.

Restaurants are concentrated to the

north of the district.

Wholesale outlets are councentrated in the southeast part of the study area.

The most mixed use area of the district is the Northwest.

LA Live/ Convention Center Restaurants / Cafes Jewelry Department Stores Groceries Apparel Wholesale Outlet Neighborhood Services

N

130

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Restaurants and Cafes

Jewelry

Grocery Markets Neighborhood Services

Department Stores

Apparel

Wholesale Outlets N

131

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

BUILDINGS HEIGHTS The density of the buildings in the south park district is varied according to the uses of the buildings. In the area between 5th street and 7th street, most of the buildings are high-rise buildings which reflect the program in that area, which is either office towers or mixed-use (office/retail). The height of the buildings decreases gradually in the southern part of the district where LA Live buildings are located. The area between 11th street and Santa Monica Fwy is mainly low rise buildings, which have a lack of retail.

High-rise buildings (10+ stories) are

mostly located in the north west of South Park. The program in that area in mainly offices.

Low-rise buildings (1-5 stories) are

located in the south east of the district.

They are mainly warehouses, institutional, and some residential.

The area along N. Broadway is mainly mid-rise buildings (5 - 10 stories).

30+ 15 - 30 stories 8 - 15 stories 3 - 7 stories N

1 - 2 stories

132

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

1 to 2 stories

3 to 7 stories

15 to 30 stories

above 30 stories 133

8 to 15 stories

N

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

BUILDING: FOOTPRINT SIZES Large, Medium, and Small Size

There are three standard footprint sizes in the district, large, medium, and small sizes. The largest footprint sizes in South Park belong to the Convention Center and LA Live buildings. Also, there are a few large footprints in the Financial district in the north. Mid sizes are the most common footprint size in the district; they are distributed equally around South Park. The small size buildings are mainly located in the wholesale outlet area in the south side of the district. LA Live buildings are located very close to the small size building which makes LA Live building look so huge compared to the surrounding buildings.

LA Live and the Conference Center buildings are the anomaly in the urban fabric. They are larger in footprint but also shorter height that the rest of the study area.

The entrie district has a mix of medium footprint buildings.

Smaller footprints are mostly

located along the eastern edge of the district and the west side of the highway outside the study area boundary.

Large size Buildings Mid-size Buildings Small size Buildings

N

134

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Large Size Buildings:

Mid-Size Buildings:

Small Size Buildings:

- 11 Buildings.

- Mainly the convention center and LA Live buildings.

- 256 Buildings.

- Mostly located in the financial district between 5th street and 7th street. The rest are distributed equally in the other parts of South Park.

- 350 Buildings.

- Mostly located in the western side of South Park along the Main st.

Med-Size

Small Size

Large Size Benefits - Attract a high density of people.

Problems - Huge comparing to human scale.

- Mainly indoor activites.

- Less entrances in the ground level.

- The service sides of the buildings do not interact with the public realm.

Benefits - Add density to the district.

- A group of them can create a cluster with a human scale public area.

Problems - Some of them are built to the parcel edges which leaves no room for liveliness.

Benefits - Match the human scale.

- Many entrances on the ground level.

Problems - Do not produce or occupy high density.

N

135

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

Grand Ave.

Typical Buildings Footprint in South Park

240’

57’ 158’

9th st.

st.

20’

4

310’

Figueroa Street

7th

Grand Ave.

9th st.

125’

Wilshire Grand Hotel is one of the large size buildings in the district. The total area of the figure ground is 105,000 sft.

FIDM Fashion School is one of the mid-size buildings in the district. The total area of the figure ground is 38,750 sft.

- Building width = 240’ - Building length= 420’

- Building width = 125’ - Building length= 310’

838 Building is one of the small size buildings in the district. The total area of the figure ground is 8,505 sft.

- Building width = 57’ - Building length= 158’

LA Live Buildings Footprint

Nokia Theater

.

Ct

ic

Ch

Olympic

700’

Regal LA Live

’ 490

Staples Center

Blvd.

290’

arn

e kH

280’

Figueroa Street

525’

450’

Staples Center is the main sport stadium and it is one of the major LA Live buildings. The total area of the figure ground is 253,900 sft.

Nokia Theater is the main performing theater and it is one of the major LA Live buildings next to Nokia plaza. The total area of the figure ground is 110,100 sft.

Regal LA Live is the movie theater and it is one of the LA Live buildings. The total area of the figure ground is 126,000 sft.

- Building width = 525’ - Building length= 700’

- Building width = 280’ - Building length= 490’

- Building width = 290’ - Building length= 450’

N

136

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

Wilshire Grand Hotel

838 Building

FIDM Fashion School

Nokia Theater Regal LA Live Stapless Center

Staples Center

Nokia Theater

Regal LA Live

137

LANDSCAPE Existing Trees

The palm tree is an iconic tree for city of Los Angeles. However, there are studies that show Los Angeles Palm trees are fading. The city of Los Angeles has been trying to revitalize these iconic trees with “1 million trees� initiative. This map shows how vegetation in south park Los Angeles is currently segregated. By adding more trees to downtown, the city can be more connected to the regional green networks. Creating more tree canopy in hot climates is one the ways to create cool urban spaces that encourage people to hang out in public places. Adding new activities along with the new landscape can create more lively public spaces.

South Park and LA Live are

significantly lacking urban tree canopy, street trees, and landscaping that support healthy and active urban environments.

N

0

Existing Trees

138

2500

5000 ft

LANDSCAPE

Permeable Surfaces Less than 0.5% of the whole district’s surfaces are permeable.

How does this affect the water cycle? More than 73% of the surfaces in the area are covered by asphalt. This has a great effect on how surface storm water gets back to the natural water cycle in the area. The more permeable the surfaces the easier the water can go back to its natural cycle.

Open space is also important as an urban amenity for residents and visitors. The National Recreation & Park Association recommends 10 acres of park and recreational space per every 1,000 people. With expected urban population growth and the number of visitors to the district and LA Live, an increase in park and open space should be considered in the future development of the district.

Less than 1/2% of the district is permeable surface.

More than 73% of the district is asphalt.

Parks and Open Space represent only 2% of the district.

N

0

2500

5000 ft

Permeable Surface

139

STREET CHARACTER Spatial studies

A

A

375’ N

0

25

50

75

140

100ft

60’

197’

70’

357’

70’

156’

141

SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT Planning

Boundary Of Special Area Plan The Department of City Planning in City of Los Angeles establishes the specific plan for Los Angeles Sports and Entertainment District(LASED) Specific Plan as a part of the General Plan - City of Los Angeles http:\\cityplanning.lacity.org (General Plan - Specific Plan) The plan includes the Specific Plan Area Boundary, Specific Plan Land Use, Prohibited Use Area, Conceptual Helistop Locations, General Open Space Components, Eleventh Street Pedestrian Area, and Sign Districts.

The area bounded generally by Olympic Boulevard on the north, Flower Street on the east, Pico Boulevard on the south, and the 110 Freeway on the west, and including the area north of Olympic Boulevard between Georgia Street and Francisco Street, as shown on the following Map 1 within the heavy dashed lines.

Development Site 1 1A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Health Club = 120,000 sft Convention Center = 250,000 sft Hotel = 1,060,000 sft; Retail = 15,000 sft Retail = 350,000 sft Office = 75,000 sft; Retail = 65,000 sft Retail = 30,000 sft Retail = 45,000 sft Residential = 435,000; Retail = 50,000 sft Residential = 435,000; Retail = 85,000 sft Retail = 95,000 sft Retail = 75,000 sft Retail = 35,000 sft

Total: 3,750,000 sft

SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING OF LOS ANGELES CITY

142

Land Use Of Special Plan Area

143

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

Summary of District Analysis Findings The district analysis revealed a number characteristics that define the public realm in the South Park district and LASED. These findings are critical for determinging any future design initiatives for this area.

Zones and Scale

drastic differences in scale of buildings and blocks between South Park and LA Live. In the LASED area, located in

The district analysis revealed

the South-West, the blocks, buildings, and street capacity is all at a larger scale than elsewhere in the district, which reflects the special/entertainment uses of these areas. Other areas within the district contain more amentities for pedestrians due to their smaller scale.

Underutilized Transit Infrastructure Despite a number of stops and routes in the area, only

Large Footprint Medium Footprint Small Footprint

10%

of people take public transit in the LA Live area.

Metro Stations Bus stops

Poor Park, Landscape, and Open Space Amenities Several key urban amenities are lacking in the South Park district.

Public open space and parks represent only 2% of the district footprint, a small percentage.

The district contains an unsutiable and poorly distributed tree

canopy, street trees, or landscape identity. Less than 1/2%

Blue Line

Total Ground Floor Area: ~11,521,900 sf

Purple + Red Line Local Route Comfort Walkable Range (5 Minutes)

Rapid + Local Route Silver Liner Bike Lane Planned Bike Lane

of the district is permeable surface. More than 73% of the district is asphalt.

Surface Parking is a Dominant Land Use Parking dominates the district but is most often underutilized.

79% of streets have street parking, and 26% of the district area is dedicated to parking.

A

B

Total Parking Area: 144 ~7,258,900 sf

Total Park Area: ~550,000 sf

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS ENTRANCE

ENTRANCE WINDOW

ENTRANCE

Summary of District Analysis Findings

ENTRANCE

Poor Street Frontage The streets in the Southpark District contain a large number of large

building setbacks, fences and blank walls, and parking lots fronting the street, which cause a negative pedestrian experiences. There are concentrations of commercial uses in certain areas, such as the Jewelry District to the northeast, which contain a large proportion of transparent storefronts, ground floor entrances, and small setbacks, which create a positive pedestrian experience.

Bring Back Broadway

Park 101

Downtown LA Streetcar Project

Strong Mix of Uses To its benefit, the Southpark district contains a wide variety of

commerical uses with a variety of scales and price ranges. The financial district is home to a

variety of office buildings, the wholesale area serves the fashion industry and fashion school. The jewelry and arts district is popular, and of course LA Live draws large crowds for major entertainment

Parking Structures

events. The district is lacking a residential density and doesn’t have numerous neighborhood amenities.

Industrial Use Public Spaces Entertainment Buildings Single Family Residential Multi-Family Residential Hotels

Visionary Redevelopment Projects

Commerce/ Retails

South Park and Downtown LA have a variety of new and

Mixed-use [Retail +Office] Mixed-use [Retail +Residential] Institutional Buildings Office Buildings

innovative building and infrastructure projects in development incliding the Downtown LA Streetcar, Bring Back Broadway, Park 101, The Grand Avenue Project, and various residential developments.

0%

9%

6%

27%

5% 11% 7% 8%

4% 4% 19%

Ground Floor Uses 145

146

SOUTHPARK & LASED : PUBLIC LIFE SURVEY 147

PUBLIC LIFE SURVEY ANALYSIS

Elements of Evidence Based Design Research The studio sets out to understand the details of public life in South Park and in the Los Angeles Special Entertainment District [LASED or LA Live] with the goal of developing a strong set of factual data that can inform their design responses. Students engaged in extensive on-site public life surveys to gather data about how people are using South Park and LA Live. The following techniques were used to record pedestrian behaviors.

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS:

STATIONARY COUNTS:

To count pedestrians, students stand by an edge (such as a building) of the street or space and ensure an unobstructed view of all people passing by. They stand with their back against the edge and create a ”counting line” by looking at an object across the space and imagining a line running from them to that object. Each pedestrian that crossest that line gets counted. Students counted for 10 minutes each hour from 8am to 11pm. For our purposes, this count also included people on bicycles.

To count pedestrians, students stand by an edge (such as a building) of the street or space and ensure an unobstructed view of all people passing by. They stand with their back against the edge and create a ”counting line” by looking at an object across the space and imagining a line running from them to that object. Each pedestrian that crossest that line gets counted. Students counted for 10 minutes each hour from 8am to 11pm. For our purposes, this count also included people on bicycles.

Pedestrian counts provide data on how people move around in the city. The counts give an indication of activity levels and destinations that attract people. Pedestrian data is also helps understanding the hierarchy of streets in the city.

Pedestrian counts provide data on how people move around in the city. The counts give an indication of activity levels and destinations that attract people. Pedestrian data is also helps understanding the hierarchy of streets in the city.

148

ENTRY THRESHOLD COUNTS:

Adding to the traditional elements of a pubilc life survey (pedestrian and stationary counts only), students also counted people entering and exiting certain typical building types. This gives an understanding of how much foot traffic particular building types or land uses generate and at what times of day they are most in use.

Located directly at the entrance threshold of the assigned building or space, students spent 10 minutes each hour counting the number of people that passed through the threshold, either entering or exiting. The entrance selected was located on the sidewalk, not adjacent to a parking lot or garage.

AGE & GENDER COUNTS:

An age and gender survey can provide a picture of who uses and moves through the city. The balance between men and women and people of different ages, is an indicator of the quality, safety and integration level of public spaces.

At one location on one of the most important and active streets in the study area, the approximate age and gender of pedestrians was surveyed for 10 minutes each hour.

DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS:

To better understand how people navigate the district, two students spent time following people from their origin point to their final destination while mapping their route through the neighborhood. This study helped us understand how people navigate their route, what the average walking distance is for a pedestrian in this area, which destinations are popular, and the commonalities or differences between pedestrians traveling in the neighborhood.

Students stationed at a popular parking lot and at the entrance to the Metro in the district selected an individual exiting the lot and followed them to their final destination and recorded their route and any stops they made along the way. When that route was complete, they returned to the parking lot and began again.

149

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS:

Gathering specific information from people using public spaces gives deeper insight to how and why people use that public space. This information can paint a broader picture of the common occurrences in that public space.

In the time remaining after the stationary counts, students interviewed people using the public space to find out more information about their habits in the city including how often they visit, what their purpose is, how they traveled to and from the destination.

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Sunday Game Day: 8 am - 6 pm - All Day Where are people in the streets?

Cumulative Count On a Game Day, the total pedestrian usage of streets is most apparent in the streets surrounding L.A. Live. As one heads west from the stadium, total daily pedestrians decreases. There is an increase, however, on Broadway, perhaps due to its proximity to Main Street.

Pico Boulevard is also a significant path in the district, allowing east-west travel for pedestrians between L.A. Live, the Flower Street metro station, and the Fashion District to the east.

Both during the day and in the evening, pedestrians traverse in an east-west direction more than north-south (the connection to downtown).

1560

Sunday Survey Total:

50,758 pedestrians

6876

Generally, pedestrians are travel in the East-West direction more than they travel in the North-South direction.

1908

1092

738

228

420

1722

2718 3012

4566

1986

5184

14 444 15

7 13 8

1

2

3

4

5

3534

6

11

9 12

10

N

150

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Sunday Game Day: 6 pm - 12 am - Game Time Cumulative Count On the evening of Game Days, the main intersections leading to parking and metro stops are more populated. While L.A. Live does contain nighttime activities like clubs and bars, there remains a drastic difference from its daytime population.

In the evening, on Game Days, pedestrian movement in the East-West direction is most prominant, whereas, the pedestrian presence on the North-South streets diminishes from thier numbers earlier in the day.

During game time, pedestrians are moving mostly East-West.

318

2742

942

234

180

168

66

420

972 1098 2496

3228

178

768

960

151

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Comparison: Busiest Street per Zone

Game Day Conclusion

Cumulative Count From the prior page’s assessment of cumulative daily pedestrian counts, we gather that the streets immediately surrounding L.A. Live comprise about 68% of total daily pedestrian traffic in the area (of the streets surveyed).

Figueroa between Olympic & 9th

The Average Street When each street, however, is averaged, one notices that the streets North of L.A. Live are, on average, always busier than those to L.A. Live’s East, but also, are twice as busy as the average street surrounding L.A. Live at least from 8-9 pm. This has great implications for the area connecting L.A. Live to downtown, perhaps offering an opportunity to unify people in both locations.

Flower Street between Olympic & 9th

Olympic between Figueroa & Flower

Comparison: Second Busiest Street per Zone Percentage Daily Pedestrian Traffic by Surveyed Areas 8th Street between Figueroa & Flower

Streets North of L.A. Live:

Streets East of L.A. Live:

10%

22%

11th Street between Figueroa & Flower

Flower Street at Pico Station - East Side

68%

Streets Bordering L.A. Live:

152

= 50 people

Streets Bordering L.A. Live

Streets East of L.A. Live

this area are the busiest. Even

Here the streets are most active with pedestrian traffic between 12-1 pm, likely

The streets around L.A. Live expand and contract based on event schedules, though on average, the streets in

Hourly Average Number of Pedestrians by Area

in the evening, the streets of this area are, on average, x2 more crowded than those to the east. On Sunday from 8-9pm, the streets downtown, however were x1.5 busier than the L.A. Live streets.

This area heads east from L.A. Live toward the Financial District and the shops of Main Street. This area also encompasses the Pico metro station.

due to restaurants located around Broadway and Main Streets. The streets in this are, on average, are the least busy of all the three zones.

Streets North of L.A. Live

These streets are among the closest to downtown L.A. which were surveyed with pedestrian counts. When

this area is x2 busier than the area around L.A. Live and x4 busier than the streets East of L.A. Live between 9 am - 12 pm.

averaged with the other two zones,

1345 327

994 204

178 888 348 840

119 671

559 168

113

261 150

443 222

427

120 271

77 144

36 75

9:00-10:00

12:00-13:00

14:00-15:00

153

16:00-17:00

18:00-19:00

20:00-21:00

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Locations: North-South Travel The character of the streets surveyed in this study vary. This, in turn, affects the density of pedestrians observed and calculated.

The streets closer to downtown L.A. seem to be more vibrant: full of shops, restaurants, and other amenities. This same character exists as one heads east from the district. The streets surrounding L.A. live often have multiple lanes, due to the proximity of highway entrances and exists. They are also characterized by open parking lots.

Denotes location of surveyor

7 15

1

2

3

4

5

6

Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the North-South Direction

21,426

N

154

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

1

4

7

Flower Street between Olympic & 9th 2

Hope Street between Olympic & 9th

Olive Street between Olympic & 9th

5

Hill Street between Olympic & 9th

Figueroa Street between Olympic & 9th

1 5

Francisco Street between Olympic & 9th

155

3

6

Grand Street between Olympic & 9th

Broadway Street between Olympic & 9th

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Data by Location: North-South Travel 1 Flower St. between Olympic & 9th

Date: Sunday, January 22nd Weather: Partly Cloudy, 50-60*F P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

The significance of the data collected on Sunday represents activity around L.A. Live specifically on a weekend and on an event day. In fact, two events took place on this day, one in the afternoon and one in the evening.

The key findings from the Sunday pedestrian count include the significance of the direction in which pedestrians travel. Activity on north-south streets in the area are generally busiest from about noon until 5 pm. Flower, Figueroa, and Francisco Streets, unlike the others in this section, also have a significant pedestrian presence in the evening, likely due to their proximity to the clubs and restaurants within L.A. Live.

2850 534

Pedestrians all day Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

600

384 324 300

210

48

54

306

300 246

240

156

144

114

84

144

96

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

T im e 12

5.4

6

3.5 0.9

0

8-9

9-10

6.4

4

5.1

1.4

5 2.4

1.9

1.6

2.6

2.4

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

4 Olive St. between Olympic & 9th

396 54

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

300

12

18

30

18

18

12

36

18

36

30

24

48

54

12

30

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

15

7

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

600

Pedestrians all day

156

12

6 0.3 0

8-9

9-10

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.6

0.3

0.6

0.5

0.8

0.9

0.2

0.5

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

2 Hope St. between Olympic & 9th

1326 270

3 Grand St. between Olympic & 9th

Pedestrians all day Pedestrians morning/noon/evening 600

300

216

24

54

90

114

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

600

192 96

132

114

60

84 30

78 18

24

0 9-10

144 12

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

8-9

18

18

60

66

114

96

138 72

36

66

36

24

18

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

12

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

300

T im e

6

0.4 8-9

0.9 9-10

1.5

1.9

1.6

2.2

1

3.2

1.9

0.5

1.4

1.3

0.3

0.4

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

12

6 2.4 0

T im e

0.2

0.3

8-9

9-10

0.3

1

1.9

1.6

2.3

1.2

0.6

486 120

6 Broadway St. between Olympic & 9th

Pedestrians all day

2142 372

Pedestrians morning/noon/evening

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

300

18

60

54

24

48

84 24

12

36

36

18

12

0

0

8-9

0.4

0.3

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

600

60

1.1

T im e

5 Hill St. between Olympic & 9th

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

Pedestrians all day

0 8-9

0

918 114

Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

600 396 300

0

240

30

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 T im e

Pedestrians all day

60

90

240

276 186

144

60

102

138

96

84

0

8-9

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

T im e 12

6 1 0

8-9

0.3

1

0.9

0.4

0.8

0.2

1.4

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.3

0.2

0

0

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 T im e

157

12 6.6 6

4 0.5

0

8-9

1

1.5

1

4

4.6 3.1

2.4

1.7

2.3

1.6

1.4

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 T im e

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Data by Location: North-South Travel 7 Figueroa St. between Olympic & 9th

Date: Sunday, January 22nd Weather: Partly Cloudy, 50-60*F

9618 2610

1500

1278

Pedestrians all day Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

1224

1194 1200

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

1050

900 792

768

600

516

510 456

300

432

390

354

342

204 108

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

24

21.3

20.4

19.9 17.5

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

18 12.8

13.2 12

8.6 7.6

8.5 5.9

6

0

6.5

7.2

5.7

3.4

8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

15 Francisco St. between Olympic & 9th

3690 1176 3690

900

2

3

4

5

6

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

1

600 444 378 294

300 120

276 150

102

162

126

96

90

48 0 8-9

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

7

Pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

720

684

15

Pedestrians all day

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

4.9

6 0.8 8-9

2

9-10

1.7

4.6 1.6

2.5

2.1 1.5

2.7

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

158

12

7.4

6.3

0

T im e

11.4

12

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS Survey Data by Location

600

318 300 162

2 Hope St. between Olympic & 9th 570 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

1 Flower St. between Olympic & 9th 564 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600

0

0 8-9

12-13 18-19

8-9

12-13 18-19

T im e

T im e

4 Olive St. between Olympic & 9th 144 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

3 Grand St. between Olympic & 9th 384 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening 600

300

198 90

600

300

96

8-9

8-9

12-13 18-19

12-13 18-19

600 462

228 144

6 Broadway St. between Olympic & 9th 876 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

5 Hill St. between Olympic & 9th 834 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600 426

300

264 186

0

0 8-9

8-9

12-13 18-19

522

300 132

186

15 Francisco St. between Olympic & 9th 300 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

7 Figueroa St. between Olympic & 9th 840 Pedestrians morning/noon/evening 600

12-13 18-19

T im e

T im e

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

54

T im e

T im e

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

48

42 0

0

300

180

126

84

The same area of streets on Monday has a different character. This is primarily because there was only 1 evening event taking place, as opposed to the two events that occurred on Sunday. Since the rain prevented us from surveying during all hours, you will see comparisons of the same hours of both Sunday and Monday found in red.

264

300

600

300

246

30 0

24

0 8-9

12-13 18-19

T im e

8-9

Date: Monday, January 23nd Weather: Rainy, 50-60*F

12-13 18-19

T im e

159

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Locations: East-West Travel The streets immediately around L.A. Live are home to mostly parking lots or low rise buildings. This area, therefore, experiences densities based upon the usage of the parking lots, which, in turn, is much related to the events on the campus.

Denotes location of surveyor

14

13

8 11 9

12

10

Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the East-West Direction

29,538

N

160

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

8

11th Street between Figueroa & Flower

9

1 1

Flower Street at Pico Station, East Side

1 2

1 4

8th Street between Figueroa & Flower

12th Street between Figueroa & Flower

Pico Street between Figueroa & L.A. Live Way

161

1 0

Pico Street between Figueroa & Flower

1 3

Olympic Street between Figueroa & Flower

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Data by Location: East-West Travel 7062 2172

8 11th St. between Figueroa & Flower

Date: Sunday, January 22nd Weather: Partly Cloudy, 50-60*F

1500

1200

pedestrians all day pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

1152 1008

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

942 864

900 720

600 396

378

390

312 300

252

222

162 78

138

48

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e 24 19.2 16.8

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

18

15.7

14.4

12 12 6.6 6.3

5.2

6

3.7 1.3

0

6.5

4.2 2.7 2.3

0.8

8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

14

618 126

P ed es tri ans P er H r.

12 Pico Blvd. between Figueroa & L.A. Live Way 13 8

11

9

pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

300

24

66

48

66 30

60

24

42

36

48

36

60

24

36

18

0

P ed es tri ans P er Mi n.

12

pedestrians all day

10

162

8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

6 0.4 0

8-9

1.1 9-10

0.8

0.5

1.1

1

0.4

0.7

0.6

0.8

1.1

1

0.4

0.6

0.3

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

8142 1986

9 12th St. between Figueroa & Flower 2400

pedestrians morning/noon/evening 2196

2100

pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

708

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

1800

1500

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

pedestrians all day

876

900

2022 600

546 480

456 372

360 294

300

276

114

78

156

132

90

36

0

1152

1200

4974 1332

10 Pico Blvd. between Figueroa & Flower

pedestrians all day

8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e 18

900

834

14.6

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

756

600 426 288

300

270

192

11.8 12

4.9

6 1.9 0

72

90

60

6.2

6

4.6

9.1

8

7.6

8-9

2.2

1.5

9-10

2.6 0.6

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

48

6 0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

2754 768

11 Flower St. at Pico Station - East Side 42

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

33.7

30

24

444

420

396

348 264

300

60

114

144

114

132

126

78

36

48

30

0 8-9

19.2

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

18 12.6

13.9

12 4.5

7.1 6

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

600

36.6 36

pedestrians all day

4.8 3.2

0.1

1.2

1

1.5 0.8

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

12 7.4

5.8

1 0

8-9

0.6 9-10

1.9

1.9

2.4

2.1

2.2

0.5

1.3

0.8

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

163

7

6.6

6

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Data by Location: East-West Travel 4110 pedestrians all day 852 pedestrians morning/

13 Olympic St. between Figueroa & Flower

Date: Sunday, January 22nd Weather: Partly Cloudy, 50-60*F P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

900

noon/evening

558

600

552 474

432

414

366

336 246

300

240 156

144 78

42

72

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

T im e 12

9.3

9.2

7.9

7.2

6.9

6

6.1

5.6

4.1 2.4

0

8-9

9-10

4

2.6

1.2

1.3

0.7

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

T im e

1878 450

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

14 8th St. between Figueroa & Flower

14

13 8

pedestrians morning/ noon/evening

900

600

300

198

156

150

186

180

198

156

144

90

102

11

72

66

108

72

0

9

8-9 24

10 P ed es tri ans P er Mi nu te

12

pedestrians all day

18

12

6

0

164

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 T im e

3.3

8-9

2.6

2.5

3.1

3

3.3 1.5

2.6

2.4

1.7

1.2

1.1

1.8

1.2

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

PEDESTRIAN COUNTS

Survey Data by Location: East-West Travel

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

666

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600

546

300

66

9 12th St. between Figueroa & Flower

510

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

8 11th St. between Figueroa & Flower

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600 444

36

12-13 18-19

8-9

T im e

600

342 300 156

11 Flower St. at Pico Station-East side

588

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

132

12-13 18-19

T im e

10 Pico Blvd. between Figueroa & Flower

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

30

0 8-9

630

On Monday, the survey of peak hour pedestrian counts showed that the most pedestrians in this section of streets occurred in the evenings, with the exception of 8th Street which peaked during lunch. This can be attributed to the evening game which occurred at L.A. Live on this day. It can be concluded from this condensed study that weekdays are far less busy in the area than are weeknights with events.

300

54

0

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600

342 300 162 84 0

0 8-9

8-9

12-13 18-19

12 Pico Blvd. between Figueroa & L.A. Live Way pedestrians morning/noon/evening

13 Olympic St. between Figueroa & Flower

714

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

138 600

300

48

24

12-13 18-19

T im e

T im e

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

600 486

300 198

66

30 0

0 8-9

12-13 18-19

8-9

12-13 18-19

T im e

T im e

14 8th St. between Figueroa & Flower

1430

pedestrians morning/noon/evening

P ed es tri ans P er H ou r

738

600 494

300

198

0 8-9

Date: Monday, January 23rd Weather: Rainy, 50-60*F

12-13 18-19

T im e

165

STATIONARY ACTIVITY SURVEY Conclusion

What do people do here?

As part of an estimate of the usage and role of different public spaces, a stationary activity survey was undertaken in a selection of public spaces. The survey records the number of people doing stationary activities in each space. A large number of people doing stationary activities suggest a popular and inviting public space. The images to the right show different types of activities that were recorded.

The highest percentage of people were standing while sitting on cafe chairs was the next highest. These two categories make up almost 80% of the total activities. This data shows that there isn’t a diverse amount of activities going on in the spaces. Also, people tend to sit for a longer time than they stand, so although a large amount of people were standing it doesn’t mean they were staying for very long. Most likely they were waiting to enter restaurants and event spaces. Overall, the LA Live area is a place of movement. To attract people to stop and stay more than just waiting in line more places to sit could be provided.

Sitting on Cafe Chairs

Photography Activities

Commercially Active

Sitting on Folding Chairs Children Playing

Sitting on Benches Physical Activities

Waiting for Transport

Lying Down

Commercially active Phototography activities Children playing Physical activities Lying down Secondary seating Sitting on caféchairs Sitting on folding chairs Sitting on benches Waiting for transport Standing

Secondary Seating

Standing 166

Dominant Activities (all locations)

Dominant Activities (per location)

90%

Staples Center Forecourt

60%

Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

36%

JW Marriott Lobby

39%

Nokia Plaza

42%

30%

93%

Pico Station

0

20

40

60

80

Standing and sitting are the overall predominant activities, with people standing 2x more than sitting.

Standing is predominant at the locations directly next tot he Staples Center and sitting is predominant near retail .

Activities by Percentage (all locations)

Average Stationary Activities (per location) 150

60%

145

60

40

100

76

18.7%

1.9%

5.6%

50

50

9

11

Pico Station

.6%

Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

.04% .5%

0

167

JW Marriott Lobby

2.6%

Nokia Plaza

2.8% 4% 2.6%

Staples Forecourt

20

0

100

STATIONARY ACTIVITY SURVEY Survey Locations

The survey records the number of activities in five different locations in downtown Los Angeles. The survey was recorded from 8am to 10pm on a Sunday and three separate times on a Monday (8am, 12noon, and 6pm). The map to the right shows the locations that were surveyed.

1 JW Marriott Lobby 2 Nokia Plaza 3 Staples Center Forecourt

4 Pico Station

5 Gilbert Lindsay

N

0

168

250

500

750

1000 ft

1 JW Marriott Lobby

2 Nokia Plaza

4 Pico Station

5 Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

3 Staples Center Forecourt

STATIONARY ACTIVITY SURVEY Data

DATE: Sunday the January 22nd TIME: 8 am to 10 pm WEATHER: Overcast 55째

748 total activities 59 sq ft per person

1 JW Marriott 100 100

3 79 62

56

54

47 Number of People

50

77

39 32

44 36

42 29

36

15

0

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Time

Most variety of activities

4 Pico Station

1 Number of People

50

2 3 4

1000

1500

2000 ft

0

5

7

8

10

12

12

10

14

Least variety of activities

N

500

27

16 Time

5

0

109 total activities 400 sq ft per person

170

18

14 5 17

18

10 1 19

20

22

1,152 total activities 27 sq ft per person

2 Nokia Plaza

2,019 total activities 13 sq ft per person

3 Staples Center Forecourt

401

200

400

385

178

145

150

136

350

93

100

85

85

86

300

73

69

61 52

Number of People

50

38

36

250 230

5

10

211

0 8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

200

22

Time

121

172

154

155

150

100

5 Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

133 total activities 1,251 sq ft per person

14

14

12

8

4

1 8

18

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10 3 17

Number of Persons

Number of People

31

0

43

50

50

15

3 18

19

20

21

22

28

27

21

13 4 0 8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Time

Time

Standing dominates and is influenced by game times

171

20

21

STATIONARY ACTIVITY SURVEY Data

DATE: Monday, January 23rd TIME: 8 am, 12 pm, and 6 pm WEATHER: Rainy 50째

1 JW Marriott Lobby

96 total activities 48

Number of People

50

Due to the fact that is was raining all day and no games took place at the Staples center until after 6 pm there was very little activity on Monday and the data can be assumed to be misrepresentative of a normal Monday.

25

0

23

8

12

18

Time

10 total activities

4 Pico Station

50 Number of Persons

1 2 3 4

N

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

0

8

12 Time

5

0

7 3

172

13 total activities

2 Nokia Plaza

3 Staples Center Forecourt

Number of Persons

50

11 2 0

8

12 Time

5 total activities

5 Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

Number of Persons

50

4

1 0

8

12

18

Time

173

0 total activities

AGE & GENDER SURVEY Conclusion

Who walks on Figueroa?

Age Distribution .8%

An age and gender survey was conducted on Figueroa Street to find out how many males and females of different age groups used the area.

0.4%

4.5%

Age Children (0-14 years) had the highest numbers recorded at 3pm.

This was also when the most people were counted overall. Only 3 people (above 65 years of age) total were counted. The graph to the right shows the percentage of each age group out of all the people recorded on Figueroa Street.

50%

44%

Gender Men out numbered women in all age groups except people 15-30 years at 11am. There were 419 males and 281 females between the ages of 7 and 64.

Conclusion The survey shows that middle-aged and young people dominate the public realm at this location. Children and the elderly are under represented. This is important because it shows that the public realm at this location isn’t necessarily welcome to children and the elderly. Similarly, with over 100 more males than females recorded it can be suggested that the public realm and the activities of the area are more appealing to males. In addition, the imbalance between male and females can have an affect on the perceived stability and safety of the street.

Children (0-14 years) had the highest numbers recorded at 3pm.

Elderly (Over 64 years) Middle-aged (30-65 years) Young People (15-30 years) Children (7-14 years) Children (0-6 years)

94%

of people on Figueroa are between the ages of 15 to 65, while only 6% of people recorded were under 15 or over 64 years old.

Gender Distribution (7-64 years)

There were 419 males and 281 females between the ages of 7 and 64.

419

281

There are more Men than Women occupying the public space.

Male Female

The larger number of males can make the street feel less safe.

174

AGE & GENDER SURVEY Survey Location

LIVELINESS TITLE Secondary Title

Body Textand goes here survey was conducted on Sunday, January The age gender 22nd one block North of the Staples Center on Figueroa Street between 9th and Olympic. The survey was conducted every two hours starting at 9 am.

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

AGE & GENDER SURVEY Data

These graphs show the number of male and female people of each age group recorded at the given times.

10

5

0

0-6

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

9 am

30

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

Babies

Women

Men 0

Elderly

0-6

7-14

11 am

15-30

30-64

Over 64

0

1pm 176

0-6

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

60

55

50

50

45

45

40

40

35

35

30

30

25

25

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

0

0 0-6

3 pm

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

5 pm

0

0-6

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

0-6

7 pm 177

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

0 0-6

9 pm

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

WHERE DO THRESHOLD THEY GO? COUNTS ENTRANCE Entrance SummaryThreshold DNA: L.A. Live

Spacial Pattern 64% of entry utilization within the site is concentrated in L.A. Live, which is the most lively area in the site. 40% of the utilization happened at Staples Center, another 40% occurred at the other entertainment surrounding Staples Center, the left 20% of the utilization happened at the JM Marriott Hotel.

As the peak hours of Staples Center and surrounding entertainment are different, we can conclude that the whole activities within the area is generated by Staples Center, and the surrounding entertainment are capable of absorbing the pedestrian flow.

4 5 1 2

Time Pattern Compared to the other groups, the highest concentration of entry utilization was found in L.A.Live between 16:00 to 19:00. Before 10:00 and after 20:00, the entries of small commercial are quite active. The entries catering to residential are lowly active for the whole day.

e ro Ce er lo er ar i

Relationship With Events The usage pattern of the small commercial stores was relatively stable and did not relate to L.A. Live, except Starbuck’s Coffee which is located inside LA Live. The utilization pattern of transportation entries showed the pedestrian flows of theses entries were affected by the events of LA Live.

al

r o

ra

lo

r

ra ce 1 9 6 2

S

1 2 72

e al Ci ema

ai

72 6

o e

r

6 1 4 4

r

1 9 1 76

arrio

o ia la a

S a le Ce er

9 4 9 8

ar i

o

r o

1 0 3 8 0

ra

4 74

o e ar

ramm

ai

er

er ai me

arrio

e m

r

r r

3 75 6

5 74 2

5 5 2

8 3 3 4

1 9 6 8 6

e o

ai

r

70 8

4 0 0 2

2 3 4

e a er

6 9 6

r

1 1 2 2

o

S a le Ce er

li e S

r

i eroa o el r arrio l m ic ar

3 6 0

r

i eroa ar i

Entry Utilization Within L.A. Live 1 9 6 9 8

o

S

S ar

r

c

ai

r

Co ee

r

o el

Entry Utilization Within the Site

11%

25% 64%

L A L iv e Ca eri

o ei e

al

N

Small Commercial

0

178

250

500

750

1000 ft

9:00 - 10:00 am

12:00-13:00 pm

14:00-15:00 pm 8%

11% 18% 32%

21% 29%

50%

60%

71%

384

192

96

18

18

378

24

390

42

48 414

246

900 48

942 50000

50000

12

282 342

90

144

186

36

78 2448

16:00-17:00 pm

18:00-19:00 pm

13%

552

740 588

20000

20000

10000

10000

0

0

55%

90

192

84

354

30000

270

90

90

240

12

954

606

36

1056

606

30

630

42 306

264 492

6

192

234

330

312

30 48

1302 132

40000

30000

258

48

36

84

40000

31%

75%

1386

54 3348 210

14%

6%

144

84

20:00-21:00 pm

19% 68%

270

126 54

24

492

36

6

984

36

24

252

54

324

474

162

19%

6

234

18

12

288

144

66

36

30

498

2010 90

24

48

1000~5000 500~1000 300~500 100~300 50~100 0~50 N

0

179

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

500 people

JW MARRIOTT NOKIA PLAZA

JW MARRIOTT OLYMPIC

STAPLES CENTER

REGAL CINEMA

YARD HOUSE

GRAMMY MUSEUM

Met Lofts

The Met

Metro Station

180

STARBUCKS COFFEE

FIGUEROA PARKING

Grand St & Olive PARKING

Figueroa Hotel

Ralph’s

Hygge Bakery

EVO Loft

Grand Hope Park

181

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS L.A. Live

The general pattern shows that the time and spatial distribution of entries’ utilization are not balanced in L.A. Live. The busiest entries are the ones belonging to Staples Center and Yard House, the busiest hours of the entries are 16:00-18:00 and 20:00-22:00.

Differences in the entries’ utilization The highest concentrations of pedestrians is to be found at the main entry of Staple Center, other concentrations of pedestrian volumes are found at entries of Yard House and Regal Cinema, the least concentration of pedestrians is found at Grammy Museum entry.

Inefficient operating time of the entries Most entries in L.A Live open after 11 am and close at 11:00pm, only the Nokia Plaza entry and Olympic entry of JW Marriott opens at 8:00am. The concentration of pedestrians after 6:00pm is much higher than in the daytime, which means the buildings in L.A Live are more frequently used in the night.

3

5

64% of all entry utilization in the district is concentrated in LA Live.

2

40% of the utilization happened at the Staples Center.

6

1

4

100

80

60

40

20

0

1

8-9

2

9-10

3

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

4

5

6

N

182

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Staples Center Main Entry S a 1

4

1 9 6 8 6

e e ria

all a

JW Marriott Nokia Plaza Entry S

all a

Grammy Museum Entry S a e e ria

2

JW Marriott Olympic Entry S

e e ria

5

3

a all a

3 75 6

6

Yard House Entry S a e e ria

all a

a e e ria

Regal Cinema Main Entry S a e e ria

183

all a

all a

184

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS L.A. Live

S

Staple Center Main Entry The drastic change of the utilization frequency shows the entry’s highly event-oriented pattern, it’s underutilized during other hours without games.

2500

2000

Yard House Entry Yard house entry is much busier at night than during the daytime, and the peak hours happen during dinner time and show time.

1500

1000

500

282

Regal Cinema Entry The irregular change of the utilization frequency is relevant to the show time of the movies, the peak hours happen at 15:00-16:00 and 21:00-22:00.

162

0

0

0

0

5 6

JM Marriott Nokia Plaza Entry This entry has three peaks in one day:10:00-11:00, 15:00-16:00, 21:00-22:00. The former two may have a high correlation with the games held by Staple Center, the last one may be related to the closing time of surrounding restaurants and bars.

0

2 1

3

4

S 2448

JM Marriott Olympic Entry Compared to the entry on Nokia Plaza, this entry embraces a stable pedestrian flow, the peak hours happen at 11:00-13:00, which may be related to the check-out time of the hotel.

2500

2000

Grammy Museum Entry The total pedestrian flow of this entry is low, and the busiest hours are 14:00-17:00.

1500

1000

378

500

390 414

384

78

0

1

2

3

5 4

6

3 5

S

2 6

2500 1

2010 2000 4

1500

1000

606

492 500

306

264 60

0

1

2

3

4

5 6 185

N

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Staples Center Main Entry 1

1 9 6 8 6

e e ria

all a

e e ria

all a

6 0 0 0

100

5454

90.9

5 0 0 0

80 4020

67

4 0 0 0

60

3348

55.8 3 0 0 0 2448

40.8

40

2010

33.5

2 0 0 0

1302

21.7

20

4.1

6

eo le er o r

eo le er mi

e

1 0 0 0 8.3

0 8-9

246

0

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

Regal Cinema Main Entry 6

T im e

498

360

6 1 4 4 20.2

2 1

17.6

1 8

1 5 13.3 12

1 2

1212 1 2 0 0

9

8.2

7.3

1056

1 0 0 0

6.9

798

8 0 0 5.4

6 0 0

5.1

492

414

3

eo le er o r

e eo le er mi

4

1.9

0

4 0 0

438 324

270

306

2 0 0

114

0

Grammy Museum Entry

6 9 6

9

1 0 0 0 8 0 0

6 e

6 0 0

3

1.7 1.3 0.4

0.2

0.5

eo le er o r

3.5 eo le er mi

720

4.5

6

2.2 1

0.8

4 0 0 210 2 0 0 0

24

0 8-9

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

186

12

78

30

102

132

60

48

e e ria

all a

2

5 74 2

JW Marriott Nokia Plaza Entry

e e ria

all a

14.7

15 13.5

12 9.8

10.5

9

8.2

1 0 0 0

5.5

e

6

eo le er mi

8 0 0

5.2

4.7

0

8-9

5

2.2

1

1.6

eo le er o r

2.1

588

6 0 0

3.1 3

882

810

7.2

6.4

492 384

4 0 0 2 0 0

630

282

312 186

96

60

126

132

0

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

Yard House Entry

8 3 3 4

24

432

330

e e ria

all a

23.3

23.1

21.1

21

18 15.7 15

11.7

12

9

800

6

5.5

5.2

702

3

606

546

600 eo le er o r

e

946

1000

7.6 6.5

eo le er mi

1266

1200

10.1

9.1

1398

1386

1400

312

400

456

390

330

200 0

0

8-9

3

9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

3 75 6

JW Marriott Olympic Entry

e e ria

all a

T im e 1 5

1 2

8.8 9

1 0 0 0 6.3 5.1

e

4.1 eo le er mi

2.7 3

1.5

3.1

2.7

4.5

8 0 0 4.4 3.1

3.9

4.2

6 0 0 eo le er o r

6

5.9

2.3

0

187

528 378

4 0 0 2 0 0 0

90

162

186

162

306

354 246

270

264

186

234

252 138

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS Commercial

This group of entries is comprised of two parking lots, a small hotel, a supermarket and two food stores. The busiest entry within this group was the entry of the supermarket, Ralph’s. There were two entrances to Ralph's: one for pedestrian customers and the other for the customers who drive there. The two entries showed different patterns of the utilization of the time distribution. The two parking lots had totally different utilization patterns. During the whole survey time on Sunday, the usage peak hours were distributed in different periods, and the utilization trends were opposite accordingly.

Differences in the entries’ utilization frequency The general pattern showed that the highest concentration of pedestrians was to be found at the entrance of the supermarket. The Starbucks Coffee which is located near Nokia Plaza and the parking lot located in between Grand St. and Olive St., are the other two concentrations of pedestrian volume. Hygge Bakery had the lowest concentration of pedestrians.

1 G 1

2

The busiest entrance was to Ralphs

Supermarket.

4 5

3

6

P e e ria

er o r o

i ere

rie

8 0 0 70 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

8 -9

9 -1 0

1 0 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 2 - 1 3 1 3 - 1 4 1 4 - 1 5 1 5 - 1 6 1 6 - 1 7 1 7- 1 8 1 8 - 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 2 0 - 2 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 3

G

N

1

O

1

2

3

4

4

5

6

188

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

1

Parking Lot Entry on Grand St. & Olive St. Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 2 3 2 2 p ed es tri ans all d ay

2

4

ra S li e S

r r

3

Figueroa Parking Lot Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0

Starbucks Coffee Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 4 0 0 2 p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 2 72 p ed es tri ans all d ay

p ed es tri ans p ed es tri ans

Ralph’s Pedestrian & Elevator Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 1 8 : 0 0 1 0 3 8 0 p ed es tri ans all d ay

5

6

Figueroa Hotel Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 72 6 p ed es tri ans all d ay

189

Hygge Bakery Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 2 3 4 p ed es tri ans all d ay

190

SU N D A Y 9 : 0 0 - 1 0 : 0 0

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS Commercial 474

500

400

4 Ralph’s entry is the busiest one of this group. There were three peak utilization periods of the pedestrian customers’ entry: 12-13:00, 15-16:00 and 19-20:00. The three concentrations corresponded with the lunch and dinner time. 12-13:00 and 19-20:00 were after the lunch and dinner time meanwhile 15-16:00 was in between. The peak usage concentrations of the driving entry was 10-11:00, 14-15:00 and 16-17:00. Since driving customers have higher mobility than pedestrian customers, they can arrive at the market earlier after lunch and later before the lunch, accordingly. Basically, the busy period of the market began at 9:00 am and ended around 9:00 pm. Both of the two entries shared common peak utilization: 12-13:00 and 19-20:00.

342

300

200

114 100

12 0

1

18

2

3

5

12

4

6

SU N D A Y 1 2 : 0 0 - 1 3 : 0 0 984 1000

1 2 Figueroa parking lot, given its location close to the Staples Center, was affected by the events. Three blocks from there is another parking lot located between Grand Ave and Olive St. The influence of the events declined intensely but still affected this lot’s utilization pattern. The evidence shows that there was higher pedestrian volume at Grand Ave entry which was closer to the Staples Center when compared with the entry at Olive St. 3 6 Compared with Hygge Bakery which has the least pedestrian volume among all the survey entries, Starbucks Coffee was much busier and was absolutely influenced by the Staples Center. The two busy times for Starbucks Coffee, 10-11:00 and 16-17:00, were before or in between the two sports games on Sunday.

800

600

324

400

240 144

200

24 0

1

2

36

4

G 1

5

3

6

SU N D A Y 1 8 : 0 0 - 1 9 : 0 0

O

1 2 4

954

1000

5 3

800

6 600

400

240 200

192

90

30

0

0

1

2

3

4

5 6

N

191

0

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

2 3 2 2

Parking Lot Entry on Grand St. & Olive 1

p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 5

1 2

T im e 9

1 0 0 0 8 0 0 4.4

3

4.1

3.9

4.2

2.5

G

2.2

1.6 0.8

O

0.7

0

8 -9

0.3 9 -1 0

2.4 0.8 1 0 -1 1

0.4 1 1 -1 2

0.4

0.1

1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

1 4 -1 5

0.1 1 5 -1 6

1 6 -1 7

1 1 7- 1 8

1.8

1.5

1.5 0.8

1 8 -1 9

1 9 -2 0

Starbucks Coffee Entry 3

li e oa

r o

ra

S

6 0 0 3.2

P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

6

r o

2 0 -2 1

4 0 0 2

2 1 -2 2

4 0 0

288

2 0 0

114

90

336

276

246

240

198

138

108

90

60

90

48

0

2 2 -2 3

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

11.9

9

8

1 0 0 0

5.7

8 0 0

6.2

6 4.3 3

T im e

5

0

4.5

3.2

2.4

3.4

8-9

4.1

5.2

9-10

P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

12

3.5 2.4

1.9

72 6

480 372

342

4 0 0

258

204

2 0 0

246

312

270

192

144

210

144

114

0

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

Figueroa Hotel Entry

714

6 0 0

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

1 0 0 0

9

8 0 0 P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

12

6

3 0.3

T im e

0

8-9

1.8

1.6

1.1 9-10

0.3

0.6

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.2

0.5

1.1

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0

1.6 0.7

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

192

0

66

18

18

36

24

36

42

96

36

12

30

108

66

96

42

2

Figueroa Parking Lot Entry

1 2 72

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

P eop le p er m i nu te

12

9

1 0 0 0

8 0 0 4.5

P eop le p er hou r

5.4

6

4 3.4

3 1.1 0.2

T im e

0

8-9

0.1

9-10

0.8 0.8

0.1

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20

Ralph's Pedestrian & Elevator Entry 4

0.4

0.2

6 0 0 4 0 0

0.2

12

0

20-21 21-22 22-23

1 0 3 8 0

324

2 0 0

270 66

6

204

240

48

6

48

24

12

12

p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 5 12.2 1 2 10.4

7.2

8.2 7.7

7.6

7.1

5.7

5.5 6

7.4 5.8

5.5

5.5

6.4

6

5.7

4.9

3.1 3.4

2.4

2.3

1.6

6

4.6

2.5 3

T im e

8.8

0

8 -9

9 -1 0

P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

8.3 9

1 0 -1 1

1 1 -1 2

1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

2.2

1 4 -1 5

1 5 -1 6

Hygge Bakery Entry

1 6 -1 7

P ed es tri an Cu s tom ers

1 2 0 0

9.5

1 7- 1 8

1 8 -1 9

1 9 -2 0

2 3 4

2 0 -2 1

2 1 -2 2

3.2

984

1 0 0 0 8 0 0

690

6 0 0

D ri v i ng Cu s tom ers

1026

954

900

954

870

762 636

630

606

474

4 0 0

306

246

2.5

342

2 0 0 0

2 2 -2 3

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

9 1 0 0 0 8 0 0

6

P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

12

3

T im e

0

0.4

0.2

8-9

9-10

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.9

0.

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 24

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 0

193

12

48

30

36

6

54

18

6

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS Residential, Park, Transit

This group of entries includes three loft entries, one street park entry and Metro station entry. Given by the different functions, these entries showed utilization differences on both time and spatial distribution. The busiest entry is the Metro station entrance which showed an obvious usage peak at 11-12:00 am. The three loft entries, shared a common usage peak between 10:00 to 11:00 am.

The utilization patters of Met Lofts and EVO Loft are more similar to The Met. Differences in the entries’ utilization frequency The highest concentration of pedestrians was found at the Metro station. Other concentrations of pedestrian volumes were found at the main entrance of EVO loft and Met Lofts. The least concentration of pedestrians was found at the Grand Hope Park.

1

4

The highest concentration of pedestrians was at the 7th Street Metro Sta-

tion.

2

The lowest number of pedestrians was at Grand Hope Park.

3

5

P e e ria

er o r o

i ere

rie

8 0 0 70 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

1

8 -9

2

9 -1 0

3

1 0 -1 1

1 1 -1 2

4

1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

1 4 -1 5

1 5 -1 6

1 6 - 1 7 1 7- 1 8

1 8 -1 9

1 9 -2 0

2 0 -2 1

2 1 -2 2

2 2 -2 3

N

5

194

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

1

4

Metro Center Flower & 7th St. Entrance Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 4 5 1 2 p ed es tri ans all d ay

The Grand Hope Park Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 1 8 : 0 0 4 74 p ed es tri ans all d ay

5

2

The Met (Loft) Main Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 5 5 2 p ed es tri ans all d ay

EVO Loft Main Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 1 1 2 2 p ed es tri ans all d ay

195

3

Met Lofts Main Entry Su nd ay 0 8 : 0 0 - 2 3 : 0 0 70 8 p ed es tri ans all d ay

196

SU N D A Y 9 : 0 0 - 1 0 : 0 0

ENTRANCE THRESHOLD COUNTS Residential, Park, Transit 474

500

400

1 The Metro station entry at the corner of 7th St and Flower St was the busiest entry within the group. There were three peaks of utilization: 11-12:00, 16-17:00 and 20-21:00. Since pedestrian flows toward office buildings were rare on Sunday the three peaks corresponded to the schedule of the two sport games which were held at Staples Center: the two games began at 12:00 and 18:00 respectively, and then ended at 20:00. According to the diagram, the Metro station kept busy from 10:00 to 19:00.

342

300

200

114

2 3 5 The entry’s utilization patterns of these three lofts were different.

None of the lofts’ usage pattern seems be affected by the events at the Staples Center. This can be attributed to the different building scales: EVO loft has the largest number of units and 2-4 times larger than the other two lofts. The pedestrian volume of EVO loft was higher than the other two entries.

100

12 0

1

18

2

3

5

12

4

6

SU N D A Y 1 2 : 0 0 - 1 3 : 0 0

4 From the diagram, Grand Hope Park showed two utilization concentrations: 11-12:00 and 16-17:00. The pedestrian concentration during 11-12:00 was caused by people who had lunch there. The periphery of the park entry was supermarket, coffee and restaurant, it was easy for people to get food and eat here. From 16:00 to 17:00, many mothers who lived near the park, brought their babies and played inside the park.

984 1000

800

600

324

400

240 144

200

24

36 1

0

1

2

5

3

4

6

SU N D A Y 1 8 : 0 0 - 1 9 : 0 0 4 2

954

1000

3 800

5

600

400

240 200

192

90

30

0

0

1

2

3

4

5 6

N

0

197

500

1000

1500

2000 ft

1

4 5 1 2

Metro Center Flower&7th St

p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 5

1 2

10.7

9

1 0 0 0

6

T im e 0

6.9

6.4 4.8

3.3

3.2

5.4

3.4

642

4.5

4.3

4.5

2.9

3

3

8 -9

9 -1 0

1 0 -1 1

1 1 -1 2

1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

1 4 -1 5

1 5 -1 6

1 6 -1 7

1 7- 1 8

1 8 -1 9

70 8

Met Lofts Main Entry 3

8 0 0

5.5

1 9 -2 0

2 0 -2 1

2 1 -2 2

2 2 -2 3

6 0 0 P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

6.4

384

4 0 0

414

384 288

198

2 0 0

192

324

330

204

258

270 174

270 180

0

p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 5

1 2

9

P eop le p er m i nu te

1 0 0 0 8 0 0

P eop le p er hou r

6

3 1.1 0.3

T im e

5

0

8 -9

0 9 -1 0

1 0 -1 1

1.5

1.4

0.7 1 1 -1 2

1.3

1.5 0.3

0.5

1 6 - 1 7 1 7- 1 8

1 8 -1 9

0.5 1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

1 4 -1 5

1 5 -1 6

The EVO Loft Main Entry

0.9 1 9 -2 0

1 1 2 2

0.5 2 0 -2 1

0.8 2 1 -2 2

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0

0.5 0

2 2 -2 3

18

0

66

42

90

30

84

78

90

18

30

54

30

48

30

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

9

1 0 0 0 8 0 0

6

P eop le p er hou r

P eop le p er m i nu te

12

3.3 3

2.3 1.1 0.5

T im e

0

8-9

0.4 9-10

0.9

1.4

1.4

1.9

1.5 0.2

10-11 11-12

12-13 13-14

0.4

14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20

1.7 0.8

0.9

20-21 21-22 22-23

198

6 0 0 4 0 0 198

2 0 0 0

30

24

66

54

84

84

138

90

12

24

114

48

102

54

The Met (Loft) Main Entry 2

5 5 2

p ed es tri ans all d ay

15

12

P eop le p er m i nu te

9

1 0 0 0 8 0 0 P eop le p er hou r

6

3 0.1

T im e

4

0

8-9

0.6 9-10

0.9

0.6

10-11 11-12

0.8

0.4

0.8

0.8

0.6

12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.6

0.5

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0

0.6 0

17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23

Grand Hope Park Main Entry

4 74

36

6

54

48

36

24

48

48

36

42

42

30

36

30

36

p ed es tri ans all d ay

1 5

P eop le p er m i nu te

1 2

9 1 0 0 0 8 0 0

3

1.8 0.6

T im e 0

8 -9

0.3

0.4

9 -1 0

1 0 -1 1

1 1 -1 2

0.9

0.6

0.6

1 2 -1 3

1 3 -1 4

1 4 -1 5

1 1 5 -1 6

P eop le p er hou r

6

1.4 0.3 1 6 -1 7

1 7- 1 8

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 36

1 8 -1 9

1 9 -2 0

2 0 -2 1

2 1 -2 2

2 2 -2 3

0

199

108 18

24

54

36

36

60

84

18

DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS

Where do people go from the 7th Street Metro Sation?

Sunday, January 22nd

We followed people who were getting off at 7th Street/ Metro Center Station in the 7th/Flower NE corner on Sunday and Monday

67% of people go to the bus station across the street.

Hotel 3190 ft

9% of people go to a residential building. 9% of people go to a retail store.

Metro Station Staples Center 3650 ft

Bus Station in front of Macy’s: Almost 67% of the total people transferred to bus stations after they got off at Metro station.

200

Hotel 2250 ft

Bus Station 510 ft

Office Building 400 ft

Bus Station 725 ft

Office Building 1435 ft Lofts 1325 ft

Parking Lot 975 ft

Bus Station 130 ft

Lofts 780 ft

Restaurant 875 ft

Store 1725 ft Store 1917 ft

Store 1078 ft Bus Station 1720 ft

Store 2890 ft Store 2135 ft

Gas Co Lofts: One family of 3 people went home happily in the afternoon on Sunday.

Retail Stores in Jewelry District: Several people went to the Jewelry District to shop on Sunday. They hung out around 7th Street.

JW Marriott Hotel: One young lady with luggage walked to this hotel quickly at 3:00 pm on Sunday.

201

Staples Center: Two couples walked to the Staples Center at noon before the Clippers game.

Parking Lot: Two men came there at noon on Sunday to drive their cars.

DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS

Where do people go from the 7th Street Metro Station?

Monday, January 23rd

48% of people go to the bus station across the street.

Bus Station 550 ft

Between 8 and 9AM, 70% of people go to an office building.

Office Building 1073 ft

Overall, 29% of people go to an office building.

Lofts 800 ft

Metro Station

202

Bus Station: Half of the whole people who Bus Station: were followed on Monday Half of to the four wholebus people who went stations were followed on Monday around the Metro Station, went tothey four transferred bus stations where to around the Metroto Station, busses heading their where they transferred to destinations. busses heading to their destinations.

Office Building 1515 ft

Office Building 920 ft

Office Building 1070 ft

Office Building 470 ft

Bus Station 640 ft

Bus Station 60 ft

Lofts 1275 ft

Bus Station 120 ft Club 1277 ft Restaurant 850 ft

Bus Station 1685 ft

City National Tower: One business lady walked to the City National Tower hurriedly in the morning on Monday even though it was raining heavily.

Milano Lofts: One young lady walked to this residential building at noon. On her way there, she bought some snacks and drinks at Walgreens.

Louie: This Italian restaurant is located on the corner of 7th Street & Grand Avenue, 3 of the people followed on Sunday went to Louie for brunch and 2 people on Monday went there for afternoon tea.

203

LA Athletic Club: One young man walked to this building quickly in the afternoon on Monday.

Paul Hastings Tower: Two business men walked to this high-rise building around 8:30am on Monday for work.

DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS

Where do people go from the 8th Street Car Park?

Sunday, January 22nd

69% of people go to a restaurant.

11% of people go to a school.

204

School 205

DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS DETECTIVE DIAGRAMS

Where do Do people People go Go?from the 8th Street Car Park?

Monday, January 23rd

47% of people go to an office building.

35% of people go to a restaurant.

206

207

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS Who uses the public space?

The following graphs are made according to data collected through interviews.

Interviews were taken at two locations -Nokia Plaza and Pico Station. Every interviewee was asked four questions: Where do you live? How often do you come here? How did you get here?

What is your destination?

By analyzing these groups of data, we hope to understand what kind of people are using these public spaces.

Location: Time:

Nokia Plaza Sunday Jan. 22, 2012 8:00am-10:00pm

Location: Time:

Pico Station Sunday Jan. 22, 2012 8:00 am -10:00 pm Monday Jan. 23, 2012 8:00am, 12:00pm, 6:00pm

N

208

0

250

500

750

1000 ft

Nokia Plaza, the central meeting place for LA live. The plaza is around 40,000 square feet. The plaza has hosted many popular events.

Pico Station, on Pico Street. The station services LA metro blue line. Trains in both directions came every ten minutes.

Broadcast screens in Nokia Plaza. Nokia Plaza provides a broadcast venue featuring giant LED screens. These LED screens fill the plaza with constant sounds and lights.

Entrance to the Station. The sidewalk on Flower Street is fenced, with gates opening at two points allowing pedestrians to cross the rail and enter the station.

209

Seating in Nokia Plaza. The plaza has minimal seating around its periphery. Restaurants around the plaza also provide outdoor seating for customers.

Seating and signage in Pico Station. The station has basic seating. One row of benches runs along the station in the middle, providing seating for people waiting on both sides.

Through comparing data at the two different sites, it became obvious that different people used Nokia Plaza and Pico Station.

22 people participated in the interviews at Nokia Plaza. They all come for events, with LA Live or Staples Center as their destination.

Over 90% of them drove, no one used the metro.

67 people participated in the interviews at Pico Station over two days. Altogether, about 29% of them used the station daily. At the same time, a large proportion of the people using the station were visitors to the events at LA live and Staples Center. On Sunday, the number of event visitors was obviously larger than Monday.

N/ A

1-2 /y

5-6 /y

1-2 /m o

3-4 /w

5-7 /w

22 interview · person

1-2 /w

1 Nokia Plaza Sunday

Summary

/ F Firs ir st t t tim ime e in eve yea r rs

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS

Metro

1

Bus

1

Foot

Bike

5

Car

91.0% 4.5% 29.0%

4

6

2

3

of the interviewees at Nokia Plaza arrived by car.

8:00PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Couple, 30-45 “ We live 50 miles away. We came here by car and parked at a public garage on Figueroa...

We visit often... to both LA live and Staples Center. ”

of the interviewees at Nokia Plaza used public transportation.

6:30PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Family, couple 30-45 & child “ We live in Torrance. We come here for every Clippers home game... We drove here and parked at LA live. “

of the interviewees at Pico Station use the station daily.

8:00PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Group of six males, 15-30 “ We live in Futana, it’s about a one hour drive from here... Yes, we drove here for the game. We come here about once a year.”

9:50AM 1/22/2012 Sunday Group of two males, 15-30 “ We are visiting from Spain. We are staying at a hotel in LA downtown. We drove here... We came here for the game. It’s our first time here. ”

210

9

Bus

4

Foot

5

2

2

2

2

8

12

N/ A

/ F Firs ir st t t tim ime e in eve yea r rs

1-2 /y

5-6 /y

1-2 /m o

3-4 /w

5-7 /w Metro

57 interview · person 1-2 /w

2 Pico Station Sunday

1:45PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Male, 15-30, Hispanic “ I live at South Gate. I come here everyday at seven in the morning for work. It’s in that building around the corner... I took the subway, and the bus before that.”

7

11:45AM 1/22/2012 Sunday Family of three (parents and a girl, parents didn’t speak English, girl translated), Hispanic “ We live in West LA, on 38th St. We come here everyday by bus and transfer to the blue line. We are going to Long beach.”

2

1

Bike

5:45PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Couple, 30-45, White “ We live in Downtown. We come to LA live about every month or two, not only for the events, sometimes just to hang out... We usually drive, but we took the subway today... Our destination was LA live, now it’s Universalthe cinema. “

1

Car

3:45PM 1/22/2012 Sunday Group of two females, 30-45, African American “ We live in Inglewood. We only come here for events.

Today we came for the art show... We drove to a parking lot then took the train. Now we are heading home. ”

A N/

/F

1-2

5-6

/y

/y

o /m 1-2

/w 1-2

/w 3-4

/w 5-7

F irst irst t tim ime e in eve yea r rs

12 interview · person

3 Pico Station Monday

Metro

Bus

Foot

6:45PM 1/23/2012 Monday Female, 15-30, Hispanic “ I live at Long beach. This is a stop on my way to work, so I come here every working day. I came here by train, and bus before that... Now I’m going home.”

2

3

1

1

2

1

12:45PM 1/23/2012 Monday Couple, 15-30, White “We are from Finland. But we are currently staying at the Olive Hotel in Hollywood. It’s our first time here. We came here to see the downtown... We came by metro.

Now we are going back to the hotel.”

1

12:45PM 1/23/2012 Monday Group of two females, 30-45, African American “ We live at Long beach. We come here almost once every two months. Today we walked here. We are going to Lemoore Station.”

Bike

Car

1

211

212

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS Where do they come from?

LOCATION: Nokia Plaza DATE:Sunday, January 22nd TIME: 8 am to 10 pm 22 people interviewed

Location LA metro line

1 Nokia Plaza

213

214

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEW Where do they come from?

LOCATION: Pico Station DATE: Sunday, January 22nd TIME: 8am to 10pm DATE: Monday, January 23rd TIME: 8am, 12pm, 6pm 57 people interviewed

location LA metro line

2 Pico Station

215

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS

1 Nokia Plaza

How do they get here?

22 interview 路 person

DATE: Sunday, January 22nd TIME: 8am to 10pm WEATHER: Overcast 55掳

25

20 (91.0%)

20

4.5%

4.5% 15

N/A First time ever / first time in years 1-2/y 5-6/y

Bike

1-2/mo

91.0%

Foot

1-2/w

Bus

3-4/w

Metro

5-7/w

Number of Persons

N/A Car

10

5

0

Metro Means of Transportation

216

1 (4.5%)

1 (4.5%)

Bus

Foot

0 (0%)

0 (0%) Bike

Car

2 Pico Station

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS

57 interview 路 person

How do they get here?

50

45

DATE: Sunday, January 22, 2012 TIME: 8am to 10pm WEATHER: Overcast 55掳

45 (78.9%)

40

35

30

3.5%

3.5%

25

20

15

14.0%

10

Number of Persons

8 (14.0%)

N/A

78.9%

Car

5 2 (3.5%)

2 (3.5%)

Foot

Bike

Bike Foot

0 (0.0%)

0 Metro

Bus

Bus

Car

Metro

Means of Transportation

3 Pico Station

DATE: Monday, January 23rd TIME: 8am, 12pm, 6pm WEATHER: Rainy 50掳

12 interview 路 person

10

Number of Persons

8.3% 5

5 (41.7%)

4 (33.3%) 2 (16.7%) 0 (0.0%)

0 Metro

Bus

Foot

Bike

1 (8.3%) Car

N/A

Means of Transportation

41.7%

33.3%

Car Bike Foot Bus Metro

217

16.7%

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS

How often do they come here?

DATE: Sunday, January 22nd TIME: 8am to 10pm WEATHER: Overcast 55掳

1 Nokia Plaza

22 interview 路 person

7 6 (27.3%)

6

18.2% 5 (22.7%)

5

22.7% 4 (18.2%)

4

N/A

5-6/y

Car

1-2/mo

18.2%

1-2/w 3-4/w 5-7/w

4 (18.2%)

3 (13.6%)

3

13.6%

Number of Persons

N/A First time ever / first time in years 1-2/y

Bike Foot

27.3%

Bus Metro

2

1

0

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

5-7/w

3-4/w

Frequency

218

0 (0%) 1-2/w

1-2/mo

5-6/y

1-2/y

First time ever / first time in years

N/A

PEDESTRIAN INTERVIEWS

How often do they come here?

2 Pico Station

DATE: Sunday, January 22nd TIME: 8am to 10pm WEATHER: Overcast 55掳

57 interview 路 person

20

15 (26.3%)

15

12 (21.1%)

12.3%

10

26.3%

8 (14.0%) 7 (12.3%)

N/A First time ever / first time in years 1-2/y

6 (10.5%) 5 (8.8%)

5

Number of Persons

4 (7.0%)

21.1%

5-6/y

10.5%

1-2/mo 1-2/w

14.0%

3-4/w

0 5-7/w

3-4/w

1-2/w

1-2/mo

5-6/y

1-2/y

5-7/w

First time ever / first time in years

8.8% 7.0%

Frequency

3 Pico Station

DATE: Monday, January 23rd TIME: 8am, 12pm, 6pm WEATHER: Rainy 50掳

12 aa 路 person

10

16.7%

Number of Persons

5

5 (41.7%)

2 (16.7%) 1 (8.3%)

1 (8.3%)

0 5-7/w Frequency

3-4/w

1-2/w

N/A First time ever / first time in years 1-2/y

2 (16.7%) 1 (8.3%)

0 (0.0%)

5-6/y

1-2/mo

1-2/mo

5-6/y

1-2/y

First time ever / first time in years

1-2/w 3-4/w 5-7/w

219

8.3% 41.7%

16.7% 8.3%

8.3%

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

Summary of Public Life Survey Findings The public life survey revealed a number characteristics that define the public realm in the South Park district and LASED. These findings are critical for determining any future design initiatives for this area.

Dominant Activities (all locations)

Dominant Activities (per location)

Dominant Activities (all locations) Dominant Activities (all locations)

Dominant Activities (per location) Dominant Activities (per location)

90%

Staples Center Forecourt

60% 60%

JW Marriott

Gilbert Lindsay Plaza

36%

JW Marriott Lobby

Impact of Game Day/Special Events The public life survey confirmed the dramatic impact of special events on numbers of pedestrians present on the streets. For the streets surrounding LA Live numbers of pedestrians traveling between entrances to the complex and parking facilities increases

The streets surrounding the complex had dramatically higher levels of pedestrians during game days, while on average the streets in South

dramatically

from

typical

levels.

39%

Nokia Plaza

30%

42%

30%

93%

Pico Station

Standing and sitting are the overall Staples Center predominant activities with people Standing sitting are the overall predominant activities, Standing and sitting are the and overall predominant activities, people standing with people 2x more than sitting.2x more than sitting. standing 2xstanding morewith than sitting

Park closest to Downtown to the north were nearly twice as active as the streets surrounding LA Live, when lulls between games are included in calculations.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Standing is predominant at the locations Standing is predominant at the locations directly next tot he directly next tot he Staples and sitting predominant near retail .

Staples Center and sitting is Center predominant nearisretail .

Comparison: Busiest Street per Zone

East-West Movement While the majority of blocks have primary entrances on the long

there is more pedestrian movement east and west along the short sides which lack entrances, known as the B side running north and south, Known as the A sides,

Figueroa between Olympic & 9th

sides. This could suggest a few things, for example: that long block deter pedestrian movement, or that there are more destinations to the east and west of the district than there are north and south.

Flower Street between Olympic & 9th

Olympic between Figueroa & Flower

Stationary Activities

drammatic nead for adequate places for sitting, especially in the areas surrounding LA Live. Overall,

The survey illustrated a

Streets North of L.A. Live:

standing composes 60% of the stationary activities, but outside LA Live, standing composes 90% or more of activities, especially during game times. The lack of resting areas within the plazas make them

transient places that limit the amount of liveliness and interaction that can happen there. JW Marriott Lobby has the widest diveristy of acitivty. The Staples Center Forecourt has the most activity and is the most occupied. Pico Station has the least activity of all spaces surveyed.

Streets East of L.A. Live:

10%

22%

68% Streets Bordering L.A. Live:

Percentage Daily Pedestrian Traffic by Surveyed Areas Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the East-West Direction

29,538

220

Total Number of Pedestrians Moving in the North-South Direction

21,426

4.5%

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

Summary of Public Life Survey Findings

4.5%

N/A Car

Gender Differential The survey found that throughout the district there was a

Bike Foot

greater percentage of Males in all public spaces.

Bus

This differential was increased during game times and special events at LA Live.

Metro 91.0%

Prevalence of Automobile Through surveys students determined that a high percentage,

50

How did you get here?

over 90% of people in the district use a car for all transportation needs, frequently travelling from destinations across the wider region. The work by the students in the “detective� role reveals that a high percentage of those that do use public transportation must connect to their final destination via a bus, or often walk over 1,000 feet to arrive at their destination.

45

40

Entrance usage varies Because The Staples Center has the greatest capacity and was hosting a large event, it had the most people passing through the

The pedestrian movement generated by this event did not have a great impact on other commercial and residential uses surrounding LA Live, so we understand that the events of LA Live do not bring foot traffic to other buildings, they entrance.

35

30

4 5 1 2 Metro Center Flower & 7th St. Entrance

25

ar i

o

al

r o

ra

lo

r

1 9 6 2

S

1 2 72

e al Ci ema

ai

o

o e

72 6

arrio

r

6 1 4 4

r

o ia la a

S a le Ce er

1 0 3 8 0

ra

4 74

li e S

o e ar

ramm

ai

e m

r

r r

3 75 6

5 74 2

5 5 2

8 3 3 4

1 9 6 8 6

e o

ai

r

70 8

4 0 0 2

2 3 4

e a er

6 9 6

r

1 1 2 2

o

15

r o

r

i eroa o el r arrio l m ic ar

ar i

r

i eroa ar i

20

3 6 0

S ar

r

10

c

ai

r

Co ee

r

11%

25% 64% 5

Entry Utilization Within the Site

0

5 pm

0-6

7-14

15-30

30-64

Over 64

i e Ca eri

o ei e

Small Commercial

221

al

only contribute to activity on the streets and to buildings contained within LASED.

DESIGN PROJECTS

Selected Student Final Projects

Following the District Analysis and Pubilc Life Survey, students completed final vision, district, and detail design projects. These are six samples of their work:

L.A. Live

[nei =

= 30,000 visitors daily (average)

REET FOR SOUTH PARK

south park

29,538 pedestrians trav on game day, of s

DISTRICT STRATEGY

= = > neighborhood elements

OU LI

ghboring nuclei]

4,797 population; nearly 1/6 of L.A. Live’s average daily visitors

5,304 people/square mile

7,877 people/s density o

Linda Levin

eets

21,426 pedestrians travelled on E-W streets on game day, of streets surveyed

Lighting From Indoor Spaces Lighting For Pedestrain

Lighting For Bus Stop Lighting For Automobiles

vision: to connect unique civic, cultural, and historical amenities in a pedestrian friendly way that encourages people to live, work, and visit south park.

2012 residential clusters

streetcar route

shared streets

bike infrastructure

downtown l.a.

M

M

=

of the 45,518 re 57% of the reside

Lighting From Indoor Spaces

Lighting For Bike Lane

Lighting For Pedestrain

Basic lighting requirement

Lighting For the Public Spaces

Entertainment lighting

v 12,750 people/square mile density of Chicago

2050

27,532 people/square mile density of N.Y.C.

of the 50 only 24% of

l+Residential) Threshold

Important Threshold

eet

Garage

Pedestrian Path to the garage

Mix-use Building(Residential + Retail)

Transparent Street Facade

Automobile lanes

Bus Stop

Bike Bike Transparent ParLane king Street Facade

Mix-use Building(Residential + Retail)

Pedestrian Path to the garage

Garage

Alley( Car path to the garage)

ntown, owntown

who work in DTLA, ually live downtown

Times Square West Building from the capacity of people that LA Live generates, Ke’s idea is to create a district with a great density of entertainment and exciting activities that spill out from buildings to create an exciting district that rivals Times Square. Her district strategies involves innovative building facades, transparent street fronts, additional outdoor public spaces, a multifunctional central plaza, and a great avenue to link them all.

M

Alley( Car path to the garage)

Safety and Light Drawing on her experiences during the survey, You developed a strategy to create a district that was lively and inhabited 24 hours a day. Her strategy includes adding lighting facilities to improve safety of the public space, adding new buildings to fill vacant land area, adding new public spaces in order to provide more opportunities for public interaction, and adding ground floor retail to increase nighttime activites. = 5,000 people

Her proposal included specific ideas about building form and adaptive reuse to increase the openness to the street, lightinging and eyes on the street, ground floor access, lighting, and activity. Streetscape design is particular to building use and changes throughout the district according to the type of street. Public spaces are programmed for day and night actitives with special lighting features to encourage nighttime activity.

Water and the Public Realm Understanding the water challenges for a city so heavily dominated by cars and car infrastructure (roads, highways, parking lots, etc.) and a downtown neighborhood struggling with open space, liveliness, and vacancy; Ian took on the urban systems related to water as a challenge and an asset to create a lively district around LA Live. multi-family residential

commercial

office buildings

His strategy involved creating a variety of typologies for streets, spaces and buildings that use rain water in sustainable but active ways to enliven the pubilc realm with a system that is usually relegated to underground management systems.

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surface parking

metro line- underground metro line- ground level existing vehicular artery existing metro station existing bus stops

entertainment multi-family residential hotels parks/plazas surface parking

comme office b institut parking industr

7TH @ FIG MALL METROPOLIS

ighboring nuclei]

M M

2012

vision: to connect unique civic, cultural, and historical amenities in a pedestrian friendly way that encourages people to live, work, and visit south park.

21,426 pedestrians travelled on E-W streets on game day, of streets surveyed

residential clusters

streetcar route

bike infrastructure M

11 TH STREET OLYMPIC PLACE

12 TH STREET

(n-s) fi (e-w)

12.5 STREET

PICO STREET

According to studies conducted by the Harved School on their Innovation lab, the best environments for generating and sustaining an innovative captial are places that have

v

12,750 people/square mile density of Chicago

shared streets

11 .5 STREET

FIGUEROA STREET

v

square mile of L.A.

neighborhood elements

S

FARMERS FIELD

Linda Levin

velled on N-S streets streets survyed

s

L.A CENTRAL

2050

27,532 people/square mile density of N.Y.C.

PICO PLACE

neighborhood locations

FIGUEROA CORRIDOR three distint spatial qualities Axonometric View

a. HYPER COLLABORATIVE SPACES b. RETREAT SPACES c. HIDEAWAYs

At the present time, there is no foundation for the creation of these spatial qualities within the fabric of the city in downtown Los Angeles

AC T IVE E N VIRO N M E N TS T HAT SUP P O R T E N T R E P R E N E UR A L AC T IVIT Y

n01 (n-s) broadway -main (e-w) 7th - 4th

FESTIVE SPACES Visibility , opportunity M new PUBLIC SPACE

SHARED street

new PUBLIC SPACE

SHARED street

SHARED street

n

esidents of downtown, ents also work downtown

n02

office buildings

12th street

11th street

olympic blvd.

9th street

8th street

7th street

6th street

4th street

HYPER COLLABORATIVE ZONES Social Engagement

commercial RETREAT AREAS structured thought / observation

multi-family residential

surface parking

10 minute walk between neighborhoods

00,000 people who work in DTLA, f employees actually live downtown

olympic blvd.

metro line- underground metro line- ground level existing vehicular artery existing metro station existing bus stops

= 5,000 people

shared street

n03

L.A. Live Future Development

pico blvd.

Section b

main street

spring street

s. broadway

hill street

1. To create an anchor through place-making for the innovative and entrepreneural economy in South Park 2. To create a range of spatial conditions that allow for various interfaces with the public realm and generates a rich patchwork of urban spaces 3. To project this diverse quality as a compelling image for South Park, co-existing and contrasting with the big urban economy of leisure and entertainment

olive street

The goals, therefore, in reshaping the downtown space of South Park are :

grand avenue

hope street

flower street

figueroa street

GRADATION IN PUBLIC INTERACTION VS PERSONAL SPACE

GOALS

commercial/retail office buildings institutional parking building industrial

SPAT IA L Q UA L IT IE S TO F O ST E R A N IN N OVAT IVE E CO N O M Y

HIDEAWAYS Reflection

(n-s) olive -main (e-w) pico - 11th

entertainment multi-family residential hotels parks/plazas surface parking

SHARED street

n04

Unique Corridors Mohammed created a plan to de-centralize the parking system to guide pedestrian flows in the district along 3 distinct corridors that offer different experiences and different set of amenities. Multi-use buidings and open spaces are created to encourage 24 hour use and the district is linked by these corridors to make it more friendly for pedestrians, cyclists, transit, and cars.

grand avenue

hope street

Economic and Innovation Hub Building on the possibilities for large and small scale developSection c ment in South Park, Shruti developed a system for supporting large and small scale pubilc spaces and buildings that will offer various spaces for job, housing, commercial and other kinds of development, particularly focused around entrepeneurial economies. flower street

main st.

s. broadway

grand ave.

figueroa st.

(n-s) figueroa-grand (e-w) 15th - pico

figueroa street

ercial/retail buildings tional g building rial

5th street

7th st.

(n-s) hill -main (e-w) olympic - 8th

n05

(n-s) figueroa-grand (e-w) olympic - 8th

(n-s) fig (e-w)

Section a

Various scales of public spaces accomodate different social interactions that allow for a mix of events to happen in public rather than in private. The small scale development and alarge scale developemtn like LA Live are contrasted and mixed within the district to create a vibrant and textured city.

223

Urban Neighborhoods Noticing the opportunity to create distinct neighborhoods with appropriately scale public spaces, Linda focused on aligning various transpotation types - public transit, bikes, cars, walking - with various new core neighborhoods. Each neighborhood capitalizes on it’s most appropriate transportation system which, along with properly scaled and programmed buildings, creates 5 distinct places within downtown LA. Each creates new life on the street, with clever streetscapes and public spaces that support a vibrant urban lifestyle.