Trucking with Le Corbusier
History and Theory Studies Sabrina Hoi Ching Lee Tutor: Sofia Krimizi
Being a long-haul truck driver is a job that requires more than a specialized skill but a
special lifestyle. Long haul: a long distance. Long haul trucking generally means trucking
for a longer distance, where the drivers stay on the road for weeks or even months at a time, spending most of their days and nights away from home. During these times, the truckers live
in their truck cabin; their truck cabin is their home away from home1. To live inside a truck cab is very different from living inside an apartment or house, some might say incomparable.
But when the truckers spend most of their time inside, and call it their second home, there is a certain degree of domesticity of this cabin that should not be overlooked. And it is more than just the truck cabin; they stop and step out of their cab and enter a restaurant; they travel across countries… it is a fully alternative way of living, in a very special kind of living space.
Le Corbusier is known for his interest in machine and transportation. He has written many
words on aircraft, ocean liner and automobile, specifically in Towards a New Architecture. In
it he wrote about his experience travelling in them, and how the new architecture should learn from their engineering based, problem-solving approach of design. Just like how everything inside the truck cabin has to be efficient, these transportation spaces possess similar
features, which inspired him to design houses that has efficient use of spaces, furniture that is highly functional just like a machine would be.
He also extended his ideas from individual dwellings to public spaces and the city, in
‘A dwelling at Human Scale’ in Precisions: on the present state of architecture and city
planning. The two are indeed inseparable in the sense that it is part of our living spaces. Le Corbusier loved travelling. He had his first trip at nineteen to Italy, and since then
travelling had been a huge part of his architectural education and career. His passion in
travelling and visiting foreign places is documented in books such as Journey to the East. A
passion he shares with many of the long-haul truckers who enjoy cruising across cities and nations, who feel like they belong to the road.
Le Corbusier was a forward-looking and practical thinker. Many of his ideas on architecture
incorporated his speculations on how people will live or want to live, during his time where technology was progressing quickly. When he wrote about this future, such as in The City of
Tomorrow and its Planning, he always considered the economy – all industries considered the
economy and he argued that architecture should too. Today, technological advancement did not slow down and especially for transportation and trucking, there are many speculations of its future and its influence on the economy.
The truck drivers’ way of living can be associated with Le Corbusier’s ideas and works in
multiples aspects as discussed above. Indeed, when Le Corbusier talked about the design of aircraft, he meant it only as a reference that can be applied to architecture. But what if
we take the comparison more literally and directly? In the case of living in a truck, ‘the
house is a machine for living in’2 is actually true and more than just a metaphor that some
would think it is. This essay aims to investigate the truck drivers’ way of living from the perspective of Le Corbusier, from his design to his personal love on travelling. Living
in a truck is still just part of a job to many, but the essay will attempt to analyze the
opportunities of it being an actual alternative lifestyle, by adopting his forward-looking line of thought and interest in the economy and future.
1 Gregory Meyer, “’A Good Living but a Rough Life’: Trucker Shortage Holds US Economy Back,” Financial Times, July 08, 2018, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/cf42db68-755e-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287. 2 Le Corbusier and Frederick Etchells, Towards a New Architecture (Connecticut: Martino Publishing, 2014).
DWELLING
Their truck cabin is their home away from home. Le Corbusier describes the bedroom he lived in during his 15 days trip from on an ocean liner: it included a bed, ‘like a raised couch’, a wardrobe with its mirror in limited dimensions,
which ‘could be infinitely better designed, but nonetheless very useful’, a desk with precious
drawers. He has a telephone within reach of his bed. He found the dimensions of his bedroom (3 meters by 3.10 meters) impressive; that a man can carry on all the functions of domestic life within such limited but spatially efficient space.1
Looking at aircraft and automobile he admired the engineers’ work – how they work based on
the well-stated problems and in accordance with the exactly determined conditions, and create designs that serve their purpose effectively.2
In the case of the truck cabin, it is an extremely small living space considering how much
time the drivers stay inside. Most of their hours on working days are spent inside the truck – driving, waiting, eating, sleeping at the back of the cab. The space has to be highly efficient. Truck company has spent years to improve its design to have its interior grow up by just one cubic meter3, which is a challenge due to all the technical and construction limitations,
as a vehicle. The cabin is not designed by architect, but is the end-product of a team of
engineers and designers (industrial, interaction) working in a very problem-solving approach, prioritizing the efficiency and the driver experience based on research, interview, ergonomics, etc.4
Le Corbusier’s appreciation on compact design and spatial efficiency is manifested in his Paris apartment design within the Immeuble Molitor, his home from the 19030s until his death. The
living area is equipped with built-in furniture, arranged around the casing enclosing the lift machinery. Cupboards are integrated into the walls5; a closet is attached behind a door. It
is simple and functional without excessive decoration. Even for furniture, his chaise longue
chair design which can adjust the inclination according to the user’s need6, manifest his idea that ‘a chair is machine to be sit in’, nothing much more.
Today, the truck cabin interior is spatial efficiency to the maximum, as shown in these advertising texts of truck models:
“The lower bunk is 40 You can even choose a perfect when resting, bunk or cab wall, and
millimetres wider at the head end, and 55 millimetres across the middle. manual or electronically controlled bunk that inclines to 55 degrees – reading or watching TV. The electric drying cupboard fits on the upper is a quick way to dry your clothes, towels and shoes. It’s also energy-
efficient, quiet and easy to store.”
“The spacious front, under-bunk, rear and exterior storage can be tailored to your exact
needs. And there are plenty of clever compartments for smaller items, too.”
7
There is steering wheel that can be moved upward for extra space in front of the driving seat; a dinette/work table that fold down in seconds. There is a wide range of in-cab appliance such as fridges, microwave, heaters, coolers, TV, premium audio system.8 A man can indeed ‘carries on all functions of domestic life’9 inside the cab. Engineers also worked on improving the
overall interior experience of the cabin, such as sound quality, air quality control, and less vibration with the electric truck. There is glass sunroof at the top that comes with a
1 Le Corbusier, Precisions on the Present State of Architecture and City Planning (Cambridge (Mass.): Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1991), 87-88. 2 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 2. 3 “Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria,” Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-sy/trucks/volvo-fh-series/design-interior.html. 4 “Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine,” Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.co.uk/en-gb/news/magazine-online/2017/jul/uncluttered-dashboard.html. 5 Harriet Agnew, “Inside Le Corbusier’s Paris Apartment: Architectural Principles Made Real,” Financial Times, January 18, 2019, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/f6c8fd3c-020f-11e9-9d01-cd4d49afbbe3. 6 Kenneth Frampton, Le Corbusier (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001). 7 “Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria” 8 “New Dual Battery System | Volvo Trucks Magazine,” New Dual Battery System | Volvo Trucks Magazine, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news/volvo-trucks-magazine/2018/may/introducing-dual-batteries.html?hootPostID=c13cbb7b8e615b934e36b5d7a6940666. 9 Le Corbusier, Precisions, 88.
sunblind, a mosquito net, and can act as an escape hatch; it aims at making the cab lighter and airier1, which aligns with Le Corbusier’s emphasis of light (and controllable window)
in a dwelling2. As the truck cabin quality increases whilst the housing quality worsens -
particularly in cities such as Hong Kong with extremely compact micro-living cells - the gap between truck cabin and a real dwelling becomes narrower and blurrier.
In Towards a New Architecture, Le Corbusier argued for standardization for house, and
discussed mass-production for houses. If airplanes had been made in factories, why not make houses? He then gave examples of the buildings he designed which had mass-produced doors,
cupboards, pipes, concrete slabs. And further on, mass-produced units and cells in buildings of big scale.3 Today, everyone lives in a mass-produced dwelling in that sense. But if the
truck is counted as a ‘house’, then it would be the mass-production house in the purest sense, as the entire truck cabin with built-in furniture and facilities come as one as a package. On a cab trim line of a truck assembly plant, it took under 6 hours to put around 900 components together to complete a truck cab.4
Le Corbusier believed that standardization will still lead to beauty and style:
“All motor-cars have the same essential arrangements. But, by reason of the unceasing competition between the innumerable firms who make them, every maker has found himself obliged to get to the top of this competition and, over and above the standard of practical realization, to prosecute the search for a perfection and a harmony beyond the mere practical side, a manifestation not only of perfection and harmony, but of beauty. Here we have the
birth of style.”5
Which is undoubtedly true in the case of truck design today:
“In addition to being practical and functional, the uncluttered dashboard also enhances the typically Scandinavian minimalist aesthetic of the truck, which is also a key consideration for the designers. Ideally, a cab’s interior should be so unique and distinctive that one knows they are driving a Volvo truck as soon as they sit behind the wheel.”6 In an advertising video, a chief truck designer displays photos of running horses and a hitech speed boat on his image board, as inspirations of the truck exterior design – powerful
yet still elegant. The company aim was “to create a solid, flowing shape, instead of a front
and two sides. This is why the lines and graphics sweep around the whole cab. … The form
expresses the truck’s efficiency and dynamics. It appears to lean forward, wheels pressing at
the ground. It’s bold. Assertive.”7
If the truck cabin is our dwelling, then the truck exterior becomes the façade of our
moving house. Although the exterior of the truck is very limited in variety and form with the standardization and mass-production, it is easy and common to personalize the truck
appearance. For example, Volvo offers hundreds of hues to for customers who want a personalized colour for their truck cabin8. Many truckers are passionate on customizing theirs with paints,
lights and other decorations at truck shops. Le Corbusier didn’t like such decoration much, stating that it is for peasants, not a cultivated man; he wrote that “decoration is the
essential overplus, the quantum of the peasants.”9 If that is true, then it only means the
easy access for personalizing your own façade is indeed an attractive feature to many of us normal people, that concrete building apartments cannot offer.
1 “Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria” 2 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 120. 3 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 229-240. 4 “Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine”. 5 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 137. 6 “Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine”. 7 “Volvo FH - Peerless Cab Design | Volvo Trucks,” Volvo FH - Peerless Cab Design | Volvo Trucks, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-om/trucks/volvo-fh-series/design-exterior.html. 8 “Volvo FH – Colour Your Cab,” Volvo FH – Colour Your Cab, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.com/ en-en/trucks/volvo-colour-your-cab.html. 9 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 143.
PUBLIC SERIVCES
And it is more than just the truck cabin. They stop and step out of their cab and enter a restaurant...
Le Corbusier’s experience on the ocean liner didn’t just ended within his compact ‘house’, but it was also the restaurants he dined in outside his unit and the other public facilities on the ship, that made him think of the role of public services in our way of living:
“We are fifteen hundred to two thousand inhabitants on this boat. If there are fifty men in the kitchen, my housework, just mine, employs 50/2000 = a fortieth of a cook. Ladies and gentlemen, I employ a fortieth of a cook; I’ve found the trick to have ay my service only a
fortieth of a cook”1
In the same chapter, he concluded that “The human dwelling should be extended by public
services”.
Regardless of how many appliances is inside the cab, it is still a very confined space that
many other activities have to be done outside the cab and in public facilities, mostly truck stops. Truckers, of course, have to stop a few times every day to take mandatory break or to conduct other activities as basic as going to the restroom. A lot of truck drivers in fact drive on the same few routes a lot, and as a result they have established their own living spaces along the road - drivers would have their favorites spots to park; favorite home-
cooking restaurants2 as regular dining space. Some have a gym membership so they can shower
in the gym’s bathroom3. In America, there are many big truck stop service centers, which have lounge, movie theater, shops, ministry, and more. To some, truck stops are their lives4, a
place they would spend on day offs. It is as if the truck cab is the private, personal bedroom; but the living room, the dining room, the backyard, are all spread across the road. The
drivers’ domestic spaces are fragmented across cities and even countries. Their cab is very
small, but these living spaces are diverse and very spacious – more spacious then if one. They can get their physical activity outside their cab, and social activities – “it’s easy to find
someone to talk to if you want, usually in the lounge.”5
So each trucker employs n-th of a bathroom, n-th of a living room, and so on. The showers will not be used by one person and left idle the rest of the day, but instead shared by a group people in different times.
Regarding the public service in the ocean liner, Le Corbusier continued:
“what I’m telling you is extremely ordinary: usual in all the hotels on the earth and the sea. But what is prodigious is to evoke our home life; what seems unqualifiable insolence is to dream of integrating the things described above in the purgatory of the daily life of modern men imprisoned in the houses of the preindustrial age. Thus, liberty appears…”6 Today, it is perhaps no longer prodigious either that the public services evoke our home life, with it being more common, e.g. student accommodations having a public laundry room and study room. But these are still in the same building. The fact that these truck stops with public
services scattered across the nation are part of the ‘home life’ of the long-haul truckers, is prodigious. And, as many truckers said they like the freedom they have with their job, this level of public services extensions really demonstrate the liberty Le Corbusier mentioned. What if more people live on truck, and more housing is replaced by huge public services places? Will we have more sports, entertainment, and specialized facilities?
1 Le Corbusier, Precisions, 88. 2 Gregory Meyer, “’A Good Living but a Rough Life’: Trucker Shortage Holds US Economy Back,” Financial Times, July 08, 2018, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/cf42db68-755e-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287. 3 “Going to the Gym on the Road? And Showers?” TruckersReport.com Trucking Forum | #1 CDL Truck Driver Message Board, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.thetruckersreport.com/truckingindustryforum/threads/going-to-the-gym-on-the-road-andshowers.269072/. 4 Ross Ufberg, “Does It Really Take a Special Breed to Be a Truck Driving Man? We Find out,” The Guardian, May 24, 2015, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/24/truck-driving-man-truckers-long-distance. 5 Ufberg, “Does It Really Take a Special Breed” 6 Le Corbusier, Precisions, 88-89.
MOBILITY
They travel across countries. Le Corbusier travelled for the places he wanted to visit and the destinations he wanted to reach, but he also loved the mere act of travelling, being on a journey, the in-transit moments that he found peaceful and joyful. To him, a global architect and educator who
travelled around for projects and lectures, the transporting act is not a sacrifice. Instead he happily lived 15 days on the ocean liner, and rode a 68 hours flights from Frankfurt to Recife1, appreciating the experience. He embraced the mobility as a global architect:
“I have been in the plane since 2o’clock Saturday. It is Monday noon. I am arriving in Delhi. I have never been so relaxed and so alone, engrossed in the poetry of things (nature) and poetry pure and simple and Meditation.”2 “In this really atrocious, crushing life that I have been leading for so many years these first six hours in flight have been a paradise.” 3 “Zurich, Mach 3 1961// 1:30pm we take off in Air India, my usual seat number 5 = huge space in Super Constellation”… But here I am at home, in airbourne India. This airplane asylum of salvation.”4 As most long-haul truck drivers would agree – one has to like this lifestyle to have a long-
term career in it. Despite the exhausting hours they sometimes have to bear, a lot of truckers do enjoy driving and getting paid to travel around to places people had to pay money to go:
“I love the solitude of driving and the sense of reward of being good at what I do”5 “But if you could sacrifice that time, there’s a whole world out there just waiting for you to see. I’ve been in 48 states and I can’t tell young folks enough. Just drive. There’s so much out there. And you get paid to do it. What’s better than that?”6 The John Steinbeck classic Travels with Charley, published in 1962, tells a story about his
America road trip on a truck, hoping to truly see and learn about his vast country homeland. A long-haul trucker, Finn Murphy, also wrote a book The Long Haul in recent years, sharing his 30-years’ experience of cruising over America with his eighteen-wheeler ‘Cassidy’.
Although trucking can be a routine, it can also not be - depends on the orders, there will be different loads and roads. This mobile lifestyle brings uncertainty and freshness to the
drivers; most of the time, unexpected do happen during the journey7. A long-haul trucker said: “I love waking up and pulling back the cab curtains, not knowing what the view will be.”8
With this mobility, the changing environment surrounding the truck plays a more important
role to the living condition. For the truckers, where to park, especially at night, matters a lot. For example, there are parking lot which is less secure, making you can’t sleep well at
night; some are near the road, which can be noisy throughout the night. Sometimes the parking lot is full, and you have to do find somewhere else or do some ‘creative parking’9. Yet there
are times where you can park with your front window (windshield) facing a beautiful scenery,
free of charge. Living in a mobile home – truck drivers get to decide their outer environment every day/night, or maybe not, if things are out of their control. Nonetheless, this changing environment is a significant part of living in a truck cabin, and it’s very different from living in a permanent, concrete house with set views and surroundings. 1 Craig Buckley and Pollyanna Rhee, Architects Journeys: Building, Travelling, Thinking (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 9-21. 2 Le Corbusier, Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, vol. 2 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985), 628-629. 3 Le Corbusier, Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, vol. 3, 881. 4 Le Corbusier, Le Corbusier Sketchbooks, vol. 4, 688-90. 5 Anonymous, “The Secret Life of a Truck Driver: At the Sharp End of What the EU Means, I Want out | Anonymous,” The Guardian, September 05, 2016, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/05/secret-lifemusic-business-truck-driver-tom-jones-driving. 6 Meyer, ‘A Good Living but a Rough Life’ 7 “The Big Delivery,” Volvo Trucks Magazine, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news/volvo-trucks-magazine/2018/aug/big-delivery.html. 8 “The Secret Life of a Truck Driver” 9 Siemens, “Emergency on the Autobahn,” Urban Mobility: Parking Information for Trucks - Mobility & Motors - Pictures of the Future - Innovation - Home - Siemens Global Website, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/ home/pictures-of-the-future/mobility-and-motors/urban-mobility-parking-service-for-trucks.html.
ECONOMY
Today, technological advancement did not slow down, and especially for transportation and trucking, there are many speculations of its future, and its influence on the economy. In Le Corbusier’s Manual of the Dwelling, the last instruction states:
“Bear in mind economy in your actions, your household management and in your thoughts”.1 Le Corbusier also did bear in mind the economy, finance and business in thinking about the New
Architecture. To quote – “Industry has created its tools. Business has modified its habits and
customs. Construction has found new means. Architecture find itself confronted with new laws.”2
In The City of Tomorrow and its Town Planning, with his proposed reconstruction of Paris
center, he would ask questions such as who would pay to build these blocks; who will invest in them?3 The economy and finance are always a part of his thinking, his speculation of the near
future that we should move towards.
Looking at the trucking lifestyle from this perspective, it can actually be a very economical way to live, especially when being more speculative and considering the possibilities brought by the new technologies and business model.
First, living in a truck can be a much cheaper, money-saving way of living then renting an
apartment, particularly in cities with soaring rent today. Different from paying a huge sum of rent to the landlord and simply consume the flat; the truck is productive tool, a money-making
asset that one invests in. Most truckers buy their own truck on finance, repaying a fixed amount of money month by month, just like paying a monthly rent4.
It is true that the normal truck driver job is, after all, still a job. The reality of
a trucker consists of driving for hours every day, at many times stressful, hectic, and
exhausted. The working hours where they concentrated on driving – is not a really a lifestyle. Yet there are a lot of speculations on the trucking industry and economy; in fact the
technological breakthroughs are already happening which will bound to change the future of
trucking. Vehicles are starting to have higher level of autonomous driving, no longer needing driver’s control in more and more road situations.
There are already companies testing
driverless trucks on the motorway, albeit still with a safety driver behind the wheel, which, some predicted will be the situation for the coming years, before we can rely computers to operate without human back-up.
Meanwhile, new business model is also changing transportation. Uber has turned many people’s private cars into money generating tool. They also launched the Uber Freight app in 2017, which operates the same way, but specifically for carriers and shippers. With its slogan
‘freedom to haul the way you want’, the app aims to let truckers pick their load as they wish,
as shippers offer different orders on the platform, which vary on dates and time, types of load, routes and pricing.5
Considering the above-mentioned technology and business model - can living in a truck be a
new kind of productive way to live, without the hectic schedule and stress that most truckers
have today? Perhaps with an autonomous truck, a well-designed truck cabin, along with the Uber Freight app on phone, a trucker will be able to live in his/her truck, and conduct normal domestic activities, while the truck travels on the motorway on its own; the trucker has
taken a long-haul shipment order with a destination that he likes, but other than interacting with other people during loading and unloading, majority of the in-between times on the road, s/he is free to do read, work and play on the computer, and live. Indeed, s/he can also be
1 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 123. 2 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 283. 3 Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, 206. 4 “A Guide To Becoming An Owner Driver - Return Loads,” Returnloads.net Freight Exchange, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.returnloads.net/becoming-an-owner-driver/. 5 “Uber Freight,” Uber Freight, , accessed March 21, 2019, https://www.uberfreight.com/
one of the digital nomads (people who use telecommunications technologies to earn a living and, more generally, conduct their life in a nomadic manner1), running an online business
while travelling. Surely, to argue that this way of living can come true, one would need much more supporting evidence and knowledge on the trucking industry. But as a speculation on an alternative dwelling tying to economic factors, this offers something entirely different than
living in a normal flat and could be a highly economical mode of living, one which Le Corbusier would be interested in. Imagine if this became a mainstream way of living? How will the society change?
*
*
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In this essay I attempted to investigate the potential of the trucking lifestyle from the
viewpoints of Le Corbusier, from his argument on architecture to his personal interests. By
trying to apply his ideas to the case of truck drivers, it is also an opportunity for thinking what his words of thoughts and arguments mean, or could potentially mean. The analysis
also contains further ideas about living in a truck that are not necessarily related to Le
Corbusier. However, while it is not likely the trucking would really become a mainstream way people live – despite, or due to, its unique features that normal dwelling does not serve– I believe Le Corbusier would also find this topic interesting and relevant to his interests and
views. Indeed, not everyone can become a truck driver, but if Le Corbusier was alive today and not an architect – he might enjoy being a long-haul trucker of the new epoch.
1 mad.
“Digital Nomad.” Wikipedia. February 22, 2019. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_no-
BIBLIOGRPAHY “A Guide To Becoming An Owner Driver - Return Loads.” Returnloads.net Freight Exchange. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.returnloads.net/becoming-an-owner-driver/. Agnew, Harriet. “Inside Le Corbusier’s Paris Apartment: Architectural Principles Made Real.” Financial Times. January 18, 2019. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/f6c8fd3c-020f-11e9-9d01cd4d49afbbe3. Anonymous. “The Secret Life of a Truck Driver: At the Sharp End of What the EU Means, I Want out | Anonymous.” The Guardian. September 05, 2016. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2016/sep/05/secret-life-music-business-truck-driver-tom-jones-driving. Buckley, Craig, and Pollyanna Rhee. Architects Journeys: Building, Travelling, Thinking. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. Corbusier, Le, and Frederick Etchells. The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning. London: John Rocker, 1929. Corbusier, Le. Precisions on the Present State of Architecture and City Planning: With an American Prologue, a Brazilian Corollary, Followed by the Temperature of Paris and the Atmosphere of Moscow. Cambridge (Mass.): Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1991. Corbusier, Le. Aircraft. Madrid: Abada, 2003. Corbusier, Le, and Ivan Žaknić. Journey to the East. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Corbusier, Le, and Frederick Etchells. Towards a New Architecture. Connecticut: Martino Publishing, 2014. Corbusier, Le, and Jacob Brillhart. Voyage Le Corbusier: Drawing on the Road. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2016. “Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine.” Dashboard Design | Volvo Trucks Magazine. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.volvotrucks.co.uk/en-gb/news/magazine-online/2017/jul/uncluttered-dashboard.html. Frampton, Kenneth. Le Corbusier. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001. Meyer, Gregory. “’A Good Living but a Rough Life’: Trucker Shortage Holds US Economy Back.” Financial Times. July 08, 2018. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/cf42db68-755e-11e8-b6ad3823e4384287. Murphy, Finn. The Long Haul: A Truckers Tales of Life on the Road. New York: W W. Norton & Company, 2018. “New Dual Battery System | Volvo Trucks Magazine.” New Dual Battery System | Volvo Trucks Magazine. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news/volvo-trucks-magazine/2018/may/introducingdual-batteries.html?hootPostID=c13cbb7b8e615b934e36b5d7a6940666. Roberts, Jack. “Truck Cabs Designed With Drivers in Mind.” Drivers - Trucking Info. December 19, 2017. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.truckinginfo.com/157878/truck-cabs-designed-with-drivers-in-mind. “The Big Delivery.” Volvo Trucks Magazine. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news/ volvo-trucks-magazine/2018/aug/big-delivery.html. “Uber Freight.” Uber Freight. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.uberfreight.com/. Ufberg, Ross. “Does It Really Take a Special Breed to Be a Truck Driving Man? We Find out.” The Guardian. May 24, 2015. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/24/truck-driving-mantruckers-long-distance. “Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria.” Volvo FH – A Cab Interior, Designed around You | Volvo Trucks Syria. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-sy/trucks/volvofh-series/design-interior.html.