LUXURY APARTMENTS DISSERTATION by Sachin Bafna

THESIS SYNOPSIS Session: 2016 – 17

“HILLSHORE”‐ LUXURY APARMENTS WITH LAKE FRONT MUGAON, LAVASA, MAHARASHTRA

Name of the student: Sachin Bafna Enrolment No.: 040112050 Batch: 2012 – 17 Name of Guide: Ar. Sanjeev Singh

Faculty of Architecture & Planning Jagannath University Plot No. – IP2&3, Phase IV, Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE NO. Approval……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………III Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….IV Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….V List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….VI List of Illustrations and drawings……………………………………………………………………………………………VI‐X

CHAPTER 1 ‐ INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.2 THE NEED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT…............................................................2 1.3 AIM/ OBJECTIVE/ SCOPE….....................................................................................................2‐3 1.4 THE CONSTRAINTS AND THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.......................................................3 1.5 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………........................................................3 CHAPTER 2 ‐ THE PROBLEM 2.1 THE BASIC ISSUES................................................................................................................…...4 2.2 THE RELEVANCE........................................................................................................................4 2.3 THE STATISTICAL INFORMATION..........................................................................................4‐6 CHAPTER 3 ‐ DATA INFORMATION 3.1 PRIMARY/ SECONDARY DATA.............................................................................................7‐22 3.2 CASE STUDIES….................................................................................................................23‐42 3.3 FINDINGS FROM LITERATURE SURVEY.............................................................................43‐47 3.4 INFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........48 CHAPTER 4 ‐ ANALYSIS 4.1 THE SITE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49‐51 4.2 CLIMATE………….......................................................................................................................52 4.3 BUILDING CONTROLS………………………...............................................................................53‐54 CHAPTER 5 – PLANNING AND DESIGN APPROACH 5.1 THE THEME…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55‐57 5.2 SITE NEGOTIATIONS...............................................................................................................58 5.3 DETAILS OF ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL…..............................................................................58 5.4 FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC EVALUATION.........................................................................58 5.5 ELECTIVE………………………………………….....................................................................................58 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….59 REFERENCES………………………………...........................................................................................…....60 II

APPROVAL

The Thesis “HILLSHORE”‐ LUXURY APARTMENTS WITH LAKE FRONT is hereby approved as original work of Sachin Bafna – 040112050 in the approved firm and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant as per the standard laid down by the Faculty of Architecture, JaganNath University. This Thesis has been submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of B.Arch degree from JaganNath University, Jaipur It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily enclose or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study for the purpose it has been submitted. Date: Place: Jaipur Seal of JaganNath University ……………………..

..………………………..

Name & Signature

Ar. Sanjeev Singh

External Examiner

Thesis Guide

……………………..

..………………………..

Ar. Manjari Rai

Ar. Sumeet Rai

Thesis Head

Head of Department

III

DECLARATION

I, Sachin Bafna, hereby solemnly declare that the thesis work undertaken by me, “HILLSHORE”‐ LUXURY APARTMENTS WITH LAKE FRONT, is my original work and whatever incorporated in the form of text, data, photograph, drawings etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report. This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of Ar. Sanjeev Singh (Thesis Guide) assigned to me by the Faculty of Architecture, JaganNath University. …………………………... Sachin Bafna Enrolment No.: 040112050 Session: 2016‐2017 JaganNath University. Jaipur, Rajasthan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation is a milestone in my academic career. I have been fortunate learn theories and concepts which would have been impossible if I had not extensively carried out the needed research. I am grateful to a number of people who have guided and supported me throughout the research process and provided assistance for my venture. I would first like to thank my Dissertation Guide, Ar. Sanjeev Singh, who guided me and was there throughout my preparation of the proposal and the conceptualization of its structure. I would not have been able to do the research and achieve learning in the same manner without her help and support. His recommendations and instructions have enabled me to assemble and finish the thesis effectively. I would also like to thank Ar. N.K. Khare who guided me during my thesis work. I am very grateful to have their support and encouragement. They have directed me through various situations, allowing me to reach this accomplishment. Finally, my fellow classmates, my friends and my family has supported and helped me along the course of this thesis by giving encouragement and providing the moral and emotional support I needed to complete my thesis. I am immensely indebted to my fellow colleagues Shivani Choudhary, Akshay Patel, Ar. Ankussh Gangwal, Ar. Hrishikesh Purandare, and Ar. Isha Pandit for the invaluable help that they have rendered at every step of this entire journey. To them, I am eternally grateful.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. 1. POPULATION OF LAVASA 1991‐2001

SOURCE Census of India 1991 and 2001

2. SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS District Census Handbook of Pune OF LAVASA 1991 and 2001 3. AREA ANALYIS 4. BUILDING CONTROLS, LAVASA

‐ Special Planning Authority, Lavasa

LIST OF TABLESILLUSTRATIONS AND DRAWINGS FIG. NO. 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

NAME VISION OF LAVASA

SOURCE Lavasa Corporate Presentation, Draft 2014

KITCHEN STANDARDS

Ernst and Peter Neufert, Architects Data, Third Edition

DINING STANDARDS BEDROOM STANDARDS BATHROOM STANDARDS HOUSING TYPES BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS

SITE INTERPRETATION SITE PLAN EXTERIOR PHTOGRAPHS

Courtesy of The Purple Ink Studio

PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING THE APPROACH TAKEN TO MAXIMISE GREEN COVER SOLAR STUDY AND APPROCH TO DESIGN FAÇADE TREATMENT PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING USE OF GREEN MATERIALS PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS

PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR FAÇADE

Courtesy of The Purple Ink Studio Courtesy of Shamanth Patil‐ The Purple Ink Studio

Courtesy of Karia Developers

VII

Courtesy of Shamanth Patil‐ The Purple Ink Studio

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79.

PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING ENTRANCE LOBBY LOACTION PLAN TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS

Self Courtesy of Karia Developers Courtesy of Karia Developers + Self

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FRONT VIEW OF BUNGLOW SITE PLAN PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FRONT VIEW TOWARDS EAST GROUND FLOOR PLAN LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN UPPER FLOOR PLAN PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR SITE MODEL CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR GROUND FLOOR PLAN PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING COURTYARD PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS SITE PLAN GROUND FLOOR PLAN VIEW PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE VIEW FROM THE HOUSE PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS

VIII

Courtesy of Ariel Huber‐ Opolis Architects Courtesy of Opolis Architects Courtesy of Ariel Huber‐ Opolis Architects Courtesy of Opolis Architects Courtesy of Ariel Huber‐ Opolis Architects Courtesy of Architecture BRIO Courtesy of Ariel Huber‐ Architecture BRIO Courtesy of Architecture BRIO Courtesy of Ariel Huber‐ Architecture BRIO

Courtesy of Design Workshop Courtesy of Hemant Patil‐ Design Workshop

80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105.

106.

PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING GIRDER DETAILS THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE A THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE B THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE C THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE D BRIDGE OVER A NALLA GABION NALLA CHANELISATION EXISTING FOREST MODEL PUNE‐ MUMBAI‐ LAVASA ROUTE MAP PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SITE VIEWS PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING WEST SIDE RIDGE LINE KEY PLAN SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

NORTH ASPECT SOUTH ASPECT EAST ASPECT WEST ASPECT DIAGRAM SHOWING AVG. TEMP. AND PRECIPITATION LUXURY OF HAVING A LARGE EXPENSIVE SPACE IN A CITY IS NO MATCH TO BE IN LUXURY OF BEING SURROUNDED BY NATURE.

Special Planning Authority, Lavasa Self

Courtesy of HOK International, Ltd. Self

Courtesy of HOK International, Ltd.

Courtesy of Meteoblue (https://www.meteoblue.com/) A HOUSE TAKING ADVANTAGE Sketches referred from Pinterest OF A REJUVENATING LANDSCAPE NEAR REYKJAVIK, ICELAND, COMMITTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL SCENERY AND RESOURCES.

Courtesy of HOK International, Ltd.

107.

108.

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING ROW OF VILLAS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE SURROUNDING LAKE AND INTURN PROVIDING MORE OF OUTSIDE EXPERIENCES IN THIS TECH‐ AGNOSTIC LIFE. A VILLA MERGED WITHIN THE NATURE WITH ALL THE AMENETIES YET MAINTAING PRIVACY.

Sketches referred from Pinterest

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT‐ HILLSHORE, gives an opportunity to reside in the heart of the town (Mugaon) situated on the edge of Warasgaon Lake where all the elements provides a wholesome luxurious living. Residential ranging from villas to 4‐BHK apartments and studios for the support staff/ students/ visitors will have easy access to the best in entertainment, leisure and hospitality as the town is slated to be home to Hollywood‐ Bollywood Theme Park, Space Theme Park, education and R&D Centres, and finest in hospitality. About Mugaon, Mugaon is planned wherein it will function as a premium level city. It will consists of Residential and Institutional projects. Also, it’s being envisioned to become the Entertainment Capital of Lavasa. Thus, the people who dream of larger‐than‐life experiences are closer to realising it in Mugaon, second town of Lavasa (Dasve, being the first).

FIG. 1 VISION OF LAVASA

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 THE NEED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT‐ The Real Estate Industry, is one of the biggest industries in India. The necessity of this industry is inevitable as the growth population will need to live out its future in cities. But our current cities doesn’t have what it takes to absorb the influx and still run with efficiency. The solution is for India to plan and built portfolio of newer and smarter cities. Cities that are sensitive to environment and provide for the increasing urban/ global migration. One such future cities is Lavasa, a planned hill‐city for a fast evolving future. Accommodation options in Lavasa ranges from budget to luxury and variety of amenities to cater its needs. One such project is HILLSHORE, on the edge of water in the heart of Mugaon. Since, the town is envisioned to be Entertainment Capital of Lavasa, this residential complex won’t be only catering to the needs of domestic high end society but will also palate internationally. Also, understanding the complexity of the land and responding directly to its unique context. Also, to study the needs of the high end society and planning according to it.

1.3 AIM‐ To research and analyse the term Luxury and the constraints/ challenges developed by the unique context of the land selected and design luxury based residential complex alongside the lake front. Since, the project undertaken is residential complex, a detailed study of interior will also be a part of the study alongside designing the complex.

OBJECTIVE‐     

To analyse the architectural characteristics of Lavasa, to be incorporated while designing. To research and analyse the unique context of the land, understanding its complexities and designing with its accord. To understand the term Luxury and its accord with architecture and designing to the needs of the high end society. Also, to provide, economic residencies for the support staff/ students/ visitors etc. To develop the site plan along with other set of required drawings to cater the need of this project.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF STUDY‐      

To research and analyse the unique context of the land, understanding its complexities and designing with its accord. To research various case studies (literature/ live) and analysing the requirements for designing the project. To study the bye‐laws of hill stations and designing with its accord. To design the residential complex for the high end crust of the society. To design the economic residencies for the service staff/ students/ visitors. To develop the site plan along with other set of required drawings to cater the need of this project.

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY‐  

Limiting the site development/ designing only upto 30 Acres. (Total site area ~60 Acres). Not hitting the commercial aspect for the project.

1.5 METHODOLOGY‐  



Data Collection Primary Study o Survey  Basic information of the site  Scope and limitations of the project  Site analysis o Case study  Selection of study building  Comparative analysis and inferences Secondary study o Concept Development  From Data Collection, Primary Study  Scope of the project (requirements) o Design Development  Referring conceptual design  Design detailing

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CHAPTER 2 THE PROBLEM 2.1 THE BASIC ISSUES‐ 



The necessity of the real estate industry is inevitable as the growth population will need to live out its future in cities. But the current cities doesn’t have what it takes to absorb the influx and still run with efficiency. The solution is to plan and built portfolio of newer and smarter cities, that are sensitive to environment and provide for the increasing urban/ global migration. One such future cities is Lavasa, a planned hill‐city for a fast evolving future. And, since the town (Mugaon) is envisioned to be Entertainment Capital of Lavasa, the residential complex won’t be only catering to the needs of domestic high end society but will also palate internationally. To research and analyse the term Luxury and the constraints/ challenges developed by the term and design luxury based residential complex alongside the lake front.

2.2 THE RELEVANCE‐   

Managing the accommodation options ranging from budget to luxury and variety of amenities to cater its needs. Also, understanding the complexity of the land and responding directly to its unique context. To study the needs of the high end society and planning according to it.

2.3 THE STATISTICAL INFORMATION‐ 2.3.1 DEMOGRAPHY‐ The population of the project covering 18 villages for the years 1991 and 2001 is given in the table below. It is observed that the overall population of the project area has decreased from 4258 in 1991 to 3117 in 2001 which is a decrease of almost 18 %. The total revenue village area is about 11902 ha (119.02 sq. km). The gross density of the population (2001 census) is 26 persons/sq. km. The average household size is 5 persons per household. NO.

VILLAGE

YEAR 1991

YEAR 2001

Households Population Households Population 1.

Dasve

198

226

Bohini

208

210

Mugaon

255

224

Dhamanohol

405

395

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CHAPTER 2 THE PROBLEM 5.

Gadle

240

200

Koloshi

Ugawli

‐

Sakhri

149

Wadavli

10. Bembatmal

11. Patharshet

110

12. Padalghar

13. Admal

196

107

14. Palse

15. Bhode

116

583

361

16. Mose Bk.

106

484

301

17. Saiv Bk.

459

426

18. Warasgaon

157

683

412

864

4258 639 3117 TABLE. 1 POPULATION OF LAVASA 1991‐2001

Total

2.3.2 SOCIO‐ ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS‐ The main occupation in this area is related to natural resources of land and forest, like people engaged in agriculture either on their own lands or on land owned by others. Main crops grown are Warai and Nachni (millet). The average literacy of the project area was 18 % in 1991 which has improved considerably in 2001 to 32%, however it is still way below the state and national average (70.4 % and 58.7% respectively) for rural areas. The project area has shown improvement in the sex ratio as it improved from 968 females to thousand males in 1991 to 1000 in 2001. The Work participation rate is also very high at 53% in 2001 and it has improved from 44% in 1991. This could be mainly due to a most members of the family being engaged in agricultural work. NO.

VILLAGE

LITERACY RATE 1991

2001

SEX RATIO 1991

2001

WPR 1991

2001

Dasve

1063

1036

Bohini

1059

1442

Mugaon

1143

1154

Dhamanohol

947

881

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CHAPTER 2 THE PROBLEM 5.

Gadle

1051

887

Koloshi

1056

967

Ugawli

‐

Sakhri

1014

1125

Wadavli

1108

970

10.

Bembatmal

813

846

11.

Patharshet

1000

1211

12.

Padalghar

1000

13.

Admal

960

945

14.

Palse

902

1556

15.

Bhode

1128

1017

16.

Mose Bk.

1077

1020

17.

Saiv Bk.

1049

919

18.

Warasgaon

1063

1030

Average

18.00

32.00

968

1000

TABLE. 2 SOCIO‐ ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LAVASA

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.1 PRIMARY/ SECONDARY DATA‐

FIG. 2 KITCHEN STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 3 KITCHEN STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 4 KITCHEN STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 5 KITCHEN STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 6 KITCHEN STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 7 DINING STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 8 BEDROOM STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 9 BEDROOM STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG.10 BATHROOM STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 11 BATHROOM STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 12 BATHROOM STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 13 HOUSING TYPES

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 14 BARRIER FREE ENVIROMNET STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 15 BARRIER FREE ENVIROMNET STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 16 BARRIER FREE ENVIROMNET STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 17 BARRIER FREE ENVIROMNET STANDARDS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.2 CASE STUDIES‐ 3.2.1 KINGS HOUSE APARTMENTS‐ Occupying a strategic position in the heart of Bangalore city, the project is in close proximity with some of the best hospitality, medical and commercial facilities in the city. PROJECT DESCRIPTION‐     

PROJECT ARCHITECT‐ THE PURPLE INK STUDIO LOCATION‐ BANGALORE, INDIA SITE AREA‐ 30,000 SQ.FT. PROJECT AREA‐ 100,000 SQ.FT. RESIDENCES‐ 10,000‐ 20,000 SQ.FT.

The idea of going higher was restricted by the existing Byelaws which did not allow the building to go beyond 12m. The master plan had to thus examine and organize the programs of the site to address the complexities of Super luxury living within the Green Parameters embedded within the site context.

FIG. 18 SITE INTERPRETATION

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 19 SITE PLAN

Two blocks were planned to house one apartment on each side per floor that would emerge from sunken gardens and blend into the peripheral greens amidst the site. To compensate on the loss of lower vegetation from the site during the construction, every floor plate extends into greens and balconies generating great diversity within the site context.

FIG. 20, 21 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) EXTERIOR PHOTOGRAPHS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 22, 23 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING THE APPROACH TAKEN TO MAXIMIZE GREEN COVER

FIG. 24 SOLAR STUDY AND APPROACH TO DESIGN

An integrated design approach was followed to evaluate and maximize the energy reductions of the building. Solar studies and simulations were used to generate data regarding day lighting, shadow analysis, rainfall pattern and shading systems. These studies, along with lighting analysis, were critical to generate the load calculations and sizing and selection of all the Mechanical Systems.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 25 FAÇADE TREATMENT

To optimize the cooling effect, the building mass and window openings were shaped and sized to best capture the breezes based on Computer Generated Simulations. The Vertical Shading devices are combined with Horizontals to cut off harsh rays of the sun. This functions as a rain protector and also multiplies as a Visual Barrier Sideways. ANALYSIS‐ The building thus functions as a selective environmental filter, enhancing the best components of the regional climate to address heating, cooling and ventilation needs of the structure.

FIG. 26, 27, 28 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING USE OF GREEN MATERIALS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION The construction deals intensely on using green materials to integrate multiple sustainable features into the project. Using materials like AAC Blocks, PV Cells for solar lighting, Solar Reflective tiles for High heat reflectance, Double Glazed Windows, Permeable Paving & Rain water harvesting for Ground Water Recharge are few of the systems that saves significant energy and minimizes the carbon footprint.

FIG. 29, 30 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ LIVING ROOM

FIG. 31, 32 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ DINING AREA

FIG. 33, 34 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ BEDROOM

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 35, 36 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ TOILET

FIG. 35, 36 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ WINE CELLAR, LIBRARY

While the concept of the building focuses on green factors of design and use of sustainable materials, the aesthetic character of the building is far from being compromised. With individual residential units being approximately 10,000 SQ.FT. in size, the ecological elements are conscientiously woven together with the luxury requirements of the project that conclusively expresses a contemporary response which further establishes a contextual relationship and giving each residence the highest degree of originality.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.2.2 KONARK BELVEDERE‐ Inspired by the Art Deco Architecture, Konark Belvedere has one apartment per floor, giving a choice of 4 bedrooms. Terraces adjacent to three bedrooms and large bay windows, giving unobstructed views of the surroundings. The structure of the building is accentuated by the contemporary art deco elements. It also gets enhanced at night with elegant lightning design.

FIG. 37, 38 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR FAÇADE

Pima facie proves that the apartments are ultra‐luxurious with a welcoming and grand lobby that adds to the overall beauty of the structure.

FIG. 39 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING ENTRANCE LOBBY

PROJECT DESCRIPTION‐     

PROJECT ARCHITECT‐ ARCHITECT HAFEEZ CONTRACTOR LOCATION‐ KOREGAON PARK, PUNE, MAHARASHTRA SITE AREA‐ 30,000 SQ.FT. PROJECT AREA‐ 100,000 SQ.FT. RESIDENCES‐ 5,595‐ 5,640 SQ.FT.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 40 LOCATION PLAN

The best part is the view from each flat, as there is single flay per floor, there is no sharing of wall, and thus all the views are clear. This apartment provides the best view of urban scape from windows.

FIG. 41 TYPICAL FLOORPLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 42, 43 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ LIVING ROOM

FIG. 44, 45 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ KITCHEN

FIG. 46, 47 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ BEDROOM

FIG. 48, 49 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS‐ TOILET

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.2.3 WEEKEND BUNGLOW‐ Situated within the Western Ghats, Amby Valley has a very rain drenched monsoon and this location in particular has high rainfall with a characteristic swirling motion due to the valleys.

FIG. 50 PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FRONT VIEW OF BUNGLOW

The brief demanded a rather large weekend get‐away house for a joint family‐ consisting of three smaller self‐contained villas for the parents and the two brothers (and their families) within the house with some shared facilities. The site had sweeping views towards the east and was steeply contoured and required good use of levels to negotiate the ground while maximising the view towards the east.

FIG. 51 SITE PLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 52 PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FRONT VIEW TOWARDS EAST

The design looked at creating exterior open spaces between these three individual villas at the same time maximising their views out towards the east. The program was abstracted into two individual villas having two bedrooms each with the main shared facilities in between. There was a level added at the upper level that completed the younger brother’s house with a large Music room attached to it. The guest rooms were tucked below one villa with the services and parking under the other villa.

FIG. 53 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 54 LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIG. 55 UPPER FLOOR PLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION PROJECT DESCRIPTION‐    

PROJECT ARCHITECT‐ OPOLIS ARCHITECTS LOCATION‐ AAMBY VALLEY, MAHARASHTRA SITE AREA‐ 10,000 SQ.FT. PROJECT AREA‐ 5, 3970 SQ.FT.

ANALYSIS‐ The house uses the black basalt stone of the Western Ghats to create a visually stronger and solid base and exposed concrete walls to emphasize the main villa spaces. A light weight steel roof structure with wooden planks and Mangalore tiles completes the composition. A grey limestone floor ties in all the circulation spaces while the main living space has a white buff stone that creates its own pixelated carpet like look.

FIG. 56, 57 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING INTERIORS

FIG. 58, 59 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING EXTERIOR

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.2.4 RIPARIAN HOUSE‐ Not a long drive away from Mumbai, a mountainous landscape rises up, called the Western Ghats. From this UNESCO world heritage area, numerous rivers and streams find their way down through an undulating landscape eventually feeding into the Bombay bay.

FIG. 60, 61 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) SITE MODEL, CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

The Riparian House is placed just below the top of a hillock at the foothills of the Ghats. The top of a vegetated roof merges with the top of the hillock, hiding the house from the approach on the east side. Inside the house one can nevertheless enjoy the views to the north of the Irshalgad hill fortress and towards the west the sunset while the river winds its way across the agricultural fields.

FIG. 62, 63 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING EXTERIOR

PROJECT DESCRIPTION‐   

PROJECT ARCHITECT‐ ARCHITECTURE BRIO LOCATION‐ KARJAT, MAHARASHTRA SITE AREA‐ 330 SQ.FT.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION ANALYSIS‐ Since the most of the site is steeply sloping with a 1:4 gradient, the vegetated roof gives the house an additional usable area. From the top it seems to be an extension of the natural landscape, enhancing the under‐statedness of the house. The green cover serves to keep the house below cool due to its insulative properties. Along the central axis of the house landscaped steps lead you along a coarsed stone wall towards the pool deck. A second set of steps connects to the main level of the house where the axis culminates via the dining room and kitchen into a light filled courtyard. The experience of being inside the earth is enhanced through the stone boulders which were discovered during the excavation process and retain the earth.

FIG. 64 GROUNF DLOOR PLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION The kitchen occupies a central position along with the open to sky courtyard and is flanked on either side by two bedrooms at the two far ends. These spaces are embedded in the earth with windows brining in ample light from above and the river side.

FIG. 65, 66 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING COURTYARD

A master bedroom, bathroom, dining and living area sit along the front, a more open face of the house. Both the living room in the western corner of the house and the master bedroom in the northern corner enjoy panoramic views to the river.

FIG. 67, 68 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING EXTERIOR

Galvanized steel mullioned windows break down the scale of the front façade of the house. A rhythmic row of bamboo poles is placed at close intervals in front of the house to create a layer of privacy without obstructing the spectacular view of the river and the mountains beyond. The bamboo enclosure creates a dialogue between the interior and the dramatically changing landscape. The natural landscape changes from a dense brightly green coloured jungle‐like forest during the monsoon months to a pale brown shrubby wasteland during the dry and hot summer months.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 69, 70 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING INTERIOR

The building has to respond to these extreme conditions by allowing enough shade and breeze during the summer and providing a waterproof indoor environment during the stormy monsoons. The screen of columns creates an ever‐changing pattern of light and shadow throughout. The walls are built in Indian limestone in a coarsed pattern, which make the house seem to rise out of the ground giving it a solid base. This is contrasted by the lightness of a suspended timber deck verandah which surrounds the house on three sides. The covered verandahs allow for comfortably ventilated and shaded semi‐indoor spaces. Internally the timber floor continuous as a border around various patterned natural stone floors. In front of the living room the deck extends to form a large outdoor deck with a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape.

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.2.5 OVER WATER‐ To build on the lake surrounded by mountains is always a challenge, cause whatever one builds and however beautiful it may be it still takes away that much from nature.

FIG. 71 SITE PLAN

PROJECT DESCRIPTION‐  

PROJECT ARCHITECT‐ DESIGN WORKSHOP LOCATION‐ PUNE, INDIA

FIG. 72 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION The strategy then is to build a glass house perched on the land and providing privacy for the inhabitants, at the same time to make sure the lake view gets highlighted from inside for the inhabitants.

FIG. 73 VIEW

FIG. 74 PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE VIEW FROM THE HOUSE

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 75, 76 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING INTERIOR

FIG. 77, 78, 79 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING INTERIOR

The structure is wood steel and glass, supported on 2 RCC columns, perched like a bird on land.

FIG. 80, 81 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWIING GIRDER DETAILS

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.3 FINDINGS FROM LITERATURE SURVEY‐ 3.3.1 Openings‐ Windows shall be made of painted or stained wood, aluminium or vinyl and shall have clear glass. Doors shall be painted wood or painted wood or painted metal. Storefronts shall be made of painted wood or metal. Shutters shall be made of painted wood or hard plank. 3.3.2 Roof Materials‐ Roofs shall be made of country tiles or painted galvanized standing seam steel material. Exposed Structures shall be painted wood or composite wood or painted metal. 3.3.3 Thoroughfare Standards‐ The urban element that provides the major part of the public space as well as moving lanes for vehicles. A thoroughfare is endowed with two attributes: capacity and character. Capacity is the number of vehicles that can move safely through a segment of a thoroughfare within a given time period Character is the suitability of a thoroughfare as a setting for both vehicular and pedestrian activities and as a setting for a variety of building types.

FIG. 82 THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE A

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 83 THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE B

FIG. 84 THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE C

FIG. 85 THOROUGHFARE STANDARD TYPE D

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.3.4 Nalla Corridors‐ The nalla corridor is not a set physical width, but responds to numerous variables including terrain, elevation, water flow volumes and velocity, stream bed materials and vegetation. In order to properly preserve the integrity of the nalla corridors, the actual corridor width will be considered variable and the definition of the corridor protection limits shall include a naturally vegetated nalla buffer strip that extends a minimum of 7.5 meters beyond the top of bank at either side of the nalla. This vegetated nalla buffer provides for capture and treatment of storm water runoff and provides erosion protection for the nalla banks. No development is to occur within the entire corridor width, including the 7.5 meter buffer at either side. This development restriction applies to all nalla corridors, including those that occur within private parcels or lots.

FIG. 86 BRIDGE OVER A NALLA

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION

FIG. 87 GABION NALLA CHANELISATION

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.3.5 Landscape Planting‐ The native forest systems of the Sahyadri Mountains provide the landscape palette and the model for landscape performance at Lavasa. The key factor for the success of the landscape demonstrated by the native forest model is the health of the soil resource. Preservation, restoration and building of soil health is the most important aspect of landscape planting efforts at Lavasa. The genius of place in this regard is the litter layer which holds 70% of all nutrients deposited in the forest. The litter layer aids in filtering and infiltrating rainfall into the soil while acting as a vapour barrier to soil evaporation in the dry season.

FIG. 88 EXISTING FOREST MODEL

The forest model performance illustrates the importance of the canopy layering structure of the forest and the biodiversity of the forest ecosystem, fauna and flora. These aspects of the forest contribute to its function and resiliency and are characteristics that can inform the built landscape. The forest provides an indigenous landscape palette suited to the site conditions of Lavasa as well as providing seasonal colour, character and ornamental qualities. *ATTACHED DRG. (DRG1.) (P.T.O.)

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CHAPTER 3 DATA INFORMATION 3.4 INFERENCES‐

KINGS HOUSE KONARK APARTMENTS BELVEDERE

WEEKEND BUNGLOW

RIPARIAN HOUSE

OVER WATER

STUDIO

~90 SQ.M.

1‐ BHK

2‐ BHK

3‐ BHK

~200 SQ.M.

4‐ BHK

~600 SQ.M.

>4‐ BHK

~1400 SQ.M. ~520 SQ.M.

TABLE. 3 AREA ANALYSIS

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS 4.1 THE SITE‐ 4.1.1 APPROACH‐

FIG. 89 PUNE‐MUMBAI‐LAVASA ROUTE MAP

SITE APPROACH‐     

FORTUNE SELECT, DASVE (HOTEL)‐ 8.8KM APOLLO HOSPITAL, DASVE (HOSPITAL)‐ 9.2KM RESTAURANTS‐ CAFE’S‐ EATERIES‐ 9KM CHRISTEL HOUSE (SCHOOL)‐ 8.2KM CHRIST UNIVERSITY, ECO HOTELIERE LAVASA‐9.6 KM

4.1.2 PROPOSED SITE‐ Lavasa, invitingly located in the Mose Valley in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India, includes three major valleys on the north side of the lake. The site (Mugaon valley) is located in the Western Ghats, a unique ecosystem with heavy rainfalls and extended periods of draught, strong soil stability, and high temperature and humidity. The location provides a lush tendency toward moist deciduous forest and rich basalt soils. The location of the site is a position of inspiration, with soaring views and rugged terrain. *ATTACHED DRG. (DRG2. & DRG3.) (P.T.O.)

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS

FIG. 90, 91 (LEFT‐ ROGHT) PHTOGRAPH SHOWING SITE VIEWS

FIG. 92 PHTOGRAPH SHOWING WEST SIDE RIDGE LINE (PROPOSED SITE)

SITE ANALYSIS‐ The site contains high ridge tops on west side. The geography of the site is typical of the remainder of Lavasa and the Western Ghats. Mid to upper level terraces occur throughout the mountainous landscape. Vegetative cover tends to be scrubby shrub plants covering the primary slopes. A primary topography influencer, the waterways known as nalas bring along associations with larger tree types, as well as scrub /shrub vegetation occurring mainly due to increased soil moisture content. The valley floor is subject to seasonal flooding during the monsoon season. When Warasgaon Lake recedes during the dry months, the water that covers the valley floor in Mugaon disappears. The annual fluctuation has removed all or most of the vegetation that once occupied the area prior to the creation of the lake.

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS

FIG. 93 KEY PLAN FIG. 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 (TOP LEFT‐ BOTTOM) SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

STRATEGIES FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT‐ 1. SLOPE PRESERVATION‐ Limiting the development to only slopes less than 3:1 and preferably 4:1. (FIG. 87) 2. STREAM PRESERVATION‐ Restrict development from Nala corridors. Provide mutliple terracing and pools to slow and store water. 3. EXISTING VEGETATION RESORATION‐ Stop current agricultural techniques and aggressively restore entire Valley vegetation. FOREST PRESERVATION‐ Respect Forest Preserve and encourage additional reforestation. 4. MINIMIZING DEVELOPMENT FOOTPRINT‐ Looking north along the existing roadway leading towards the site. The arrival sequence has a great opportunity to capture the eye of the visitor.

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS 4.2 THE CLIMATE‐ ASPECT MAPS‐

FIG. 99 NORTH ASPECT* FIG. 100 SOUTH ASPECT

FIG. 101 EAST ASPECT FIG. 102 WEST ASPECT *Aspect refers to the directional orientation of the land.

In the Lavasa region, the western aspect receives more moisture during the monsoon than the eastern aspect which is in the rain shadow. While, the northern aspect is more shaded than the southern aspect which faces the sun path. WIND DIRECTION‐ N.W. TO S.E.

FIG. 103 DIAGRAM SHOWING AVG. TEMP. AND PRECIPITATION

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS 4.3 BUILDING CONTROLS‐

NO.

ASPECT

DESCRIPTION

Permissible Land Use

Residential

F.S.I.

0.5‐1.75

Max. permissible BUA

Max. permissible ground coverage Max. permissible building height

6. 7.

Max. permissible floors Floor Height

Basement/ stilts

Setbacks

10.

Parking Space Requirements

11. 12.

Location of Parking space Slope Restrictions

13.

Walls

15 M. (Height shall be measured for each elevation of the building from its average surrounding made up ground level till the top of roof slab in case of flat roof. Further height to the extent of 3m or the average between the eaves level and the ridge whichever is less for pitched/ sloping roof may be permitted). G+4 4.2 M. Stilts are permissible. They may be used for parking. One level basement may be provided for storage and/or to accommodate building services or for parking. Front‐ 3.5 Side 1‐ 3.5 Side 2‐ 3.5 Rear‐ 3.5 1 car parking space for every 200 SQ.M. of total floor area of a lodging establishment (either within plot or in common parking lots or both). The covered parking area shall be excluded from FSI calculation. Parking can be provided anywhere within the lot. No development shall be taken up in the areas steeper than 1:3. Permanent materials like Stone, Brick or Concrete. Stone cladding may be kept limited to parking or plinth area whereas one vertical element in front façade may be clad by stone till the roof. Stone building walls shall be made of coursed stone and shall be left natural.

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CHAPTER 4 THE ANALYSIS 14.

Compound Wall

15.

Windows

16.

Balcony/ Verandah

17.

Roof

18.

Terrace Elements

Compound wall is not permissible. Hedges not exceeding 0.9m high shall be permitted along the boundaries of the lot except on the road side boundary. All windows facing road shall be glazed with clear glasses. The centreline of window frame shall align with centreline of wall. Outside flush mounted window shall not be permitted. In case of Bay Window it should be three sided bay window. Bay window shall project maximum 0.75m from Building. A balcony if provided and if projected maximum 1.2m from building shall be permitted in the front, side and rear margin and shall be free of FSI provided it does not exceed 15% of the floor area. Building shall have predominantly sloping roof. The sloping roof shall have a slope in between 1:2 to 1:3, it should have minimum overhang of 300mm beyond the external face of wall and rooftop material shall be clay tiles or metal sheets. In case of roofing done by metal sheets it shall be painted in colour closely resembling clay tiles. Flat roof shall have a parapet wall of min. 900mm height above the roof. All the equipment if kept on the roof shall be screened by parapet wall or penthouse. All service elements such as water tanks, cooling towers, solar panels etc. shall be screened with parapet wall, pent house, etc. so they are not visible from the street or promenade.

TABLE. 4 BUILDING CONTROLS, LAVASA

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CHAPTER 5 PLANNING AND DESIGN APPROACH 5.1 THE THEME‐ 5.1.1 APPROACH‐ Due to the aforementioned ecological concerns and the strict constraints of the topography of the site, the development of the project needs to be kept to areas near already constructed roadways and onto the parcels identified as developable. The man‐made lake becomes the focal point of the development, around which multi‐family residential is established.

5.1.2 WHAT IS LUXURY?‐ 

Luxury is so much more than LOCATION‐ LOCATION‐ LOCATION…… Traditional prominent addresses and prized zip codes are no longer the defining baseline concept for luxury homes.

FIG. 104, 105 (LEFT‐ RIGHT) LUXURY OF HAVING A LARGE EXPENSIVE SPACE IN A CITY IS NO MATCH TO BE IN LUXURY OF BEING SURROUNDED BY NATURE.



Luxury is CONSCIOUS LIVING‐ Owing a home that doesn’t negatively impact the community, and one that can even the positive meaning, is attractive for wealthy buyers. The demand for more sustainable and healthy environments has fuelled a trend towards conscious living.

FIG. 106 A HOUSE TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A REJUVENATING LANDSCAPE NEAR REYKJAVIK, ICELAND, COMMITTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL SCENERY AND RESOURCES.

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CHAPTER 5 PLANNING AND DESIGN APPROACH 

Luxury is EXPERIENCIAL‐ Today’s society is more informed, more exposed & more sophisticated than the previous generations, i.e. “Less materialistic, more experiential”.

FIG. 107 PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING ROW OF VILLAS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE SURROUNDING LAKE AND INTURN PROVIDING MORE OF OUTSIDE EXPERIENCES IN THIS TECH‐ AGNOSTIC LIFE.

 



Luxury is CONVINIENCE Luxury is AGE‐ AGNOSTIC‐ There is an increasing demand for homes with spaces that have flexibility to adopt to generational diversity and entertaining requirements. Luxury is PRIVACY‐ The age of the smartphone and its pervasive social‐media feeds has brought with it an increasing desire for privacy, particularly for high‐ profile and celebrity buyers of luxury homes.

FIG. 108 A VILLA MERGED WITHIN THE NATURE WITH ALL THE AMENETIES YET MAINTAING PRIVACY.

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CHAPTER 5 PLANNING AND DESIGN APPROACH 

Luxury is UNDERSTATED‐ Luxury is no longer about displays of wealth. Instead, quality‐over‐ quantity luxury will continue to be one of the key factors behind many prestige acquisitions.

5.1.2 LUXURY AND ARCHITECTURE‐ 



Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... quality of space and light Understanding the space and giving a positive impact to the building. Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... quality over quantity It’s not about the number of spaces/ amenities one provides, it’s the quality of spaces provided marks the actual luxury. It’s not about quantity, or covering everything in marble – it’s about using materials that are timeless and well‐made, and considered in how they are put together.



Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... tangible nature of materials. Traps that one easily fall into is the idea that expensive materials equate to luxury. How materials are used is very important. We always feel that the quieter the visual outcome the better.



Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... details, craftsmanship. It’s not about creating things for the sake of it, it’s about giving attention to details, craftsmanship afforded to both the design process and build process.



Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... tailoring/ customising. There is a real joy and fulfilment in spending hours on research, drawing sketches and details by hand and then watching the build to achieve the end customised outcome. It’s not a “one‐‐size‐‐fits‐‐all” scenario – designs tailoring to each client’s brief, allows us to explore and develop our ideas to arrive at a personal solution.



Luxury in architecture can be equated to ... boundless. Also increasingly using elements that add value to recreation spaces and blur the lines between inside and outside, giving the sense to enjoy the exotic and indulgent experiences they have while travelling being introduced into their own homes.

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CHAPTER 5 PLANNING AND DESIGN APPROACH 5.2 SITE NEGOTIATIONS‐ (As discussed in 4.3)

5.3 DETAILS OF ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL‐

*ATTACHED DRG. (DRG. 4 TO DRG.12) (P.T.O.)

5.4 FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC EVALUATION‐ *ATTACHED DRG. (DRG. 13 & DRG.14) (P.T.O.)

5.5 ELECTIVE‐

*ATTACHED DRG. (DRG. 15 TO DRG. 1 ) (P.T.O.)

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CONCLUSION The site is situated in Mose river valley on the hill slopes around Warasgaon lake (Veer Baji Pasalkar Reservoir), covering an area of around 30 Acres. The origin of the river is at village Dhamanohol and 17 out of the 18 villages included in the hill station are in the catchment area of the Warasgaon dam. The hill surroundings have moderate to steep slope rising from the full reservoir level of 639.5 m from the mean sea level (MSL). The slopes are denuded of tree cover, except in some patches. The idea was to emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a ‘sense of place’. The project was to provide with more of buildings‐ residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable an efficient use of services and resources.

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REFERENCES

BOOKS REFERRED‐     

IS 14243‐ 2, 1995 LAVASA ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE‐ MINISTRY OF FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT MAHARASHTRA NIDM URDPFI GUIDELINES VOL. 1, MINISTRY OF UURBAN DEVELOPMENT HOME AUTOMATIONS, LEVITON

SITES REFERRED‐                 

http://www.archdaily.com/773186/merenkulkijanranta‐arkkitehdit‐nrt‐oy http://www.archdaily.com/773251/house‐in‐shfela‐hila‐israelevitz‐architects http://www.archdaily.com/791161/house‐in‐goa‐ankit‐prabhudessai http://www.archdaily.com/783402/house‐by‐a‐river‐architecture‐brio http://www.archdaily.com/772255/hornbill‐house‐biome‐environmental‐solutions http://www.archdaily.com/803619/ashish‐cherian‐residence‐architecture‐paradigm http://www.archdaily.com/804097/elathur‐house‐playgroup‐studio http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/david‐chipperfield‐interview‐valentino‐ store‐st‐louis‐art‐museum‐article http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/comment/luxury‐architecture‐ considers‐how‐not‐how‐much‐mat https://luxuryletter.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/what‐is‐your‐definition‐of‐luxury/ https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/week/london_united‐ kingdom_2643743 http://freshome.com/2014/02/18/serene‐family‐house‐iceland‐eco‐conscious‐ design/ http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012‐13_eng.pdf http://cgwb.gov.in/CR/achi_gw_resou.html http://www.geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=927 https://in.pinterest.com/espaciosFG/croquis‐dibujos/?lp=true https://in.pinterest.com/pin/18788523424064313/

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REFERENCES

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