DISSERTATION ON VERTICAL COURTYARDS

Dissertation Report

Session: 2015 – 16

“VERTICAL COURTYARDS”

Sachin Bafna 040110055 Batch: 2012 – 17

Guide: Ar. Manjari Rai

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the B.Arch Degree

Faculty of Architecture Jagannath University Plot No. – IP2&3, Phase IV, Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT

PAGE NO.

Approval……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….III Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..IV Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………………………..V Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………VI Chapters…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1-36

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 SYNOPSIS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 WHAT IS A COURTYARD? .....................................................................................................2-3 1.3 WHY DO WE NEED COURTYARDS? …………………………………………………………………………………3-4 CHAPTER 2 - HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 2.1 ORIGINS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 2.2 GREEK COURTYARDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 2.3 ROMAN COURTYARDS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….6-7 2.4 REBIRTH OF ATRIUM……………………………………………………………………………………………………….7-9 CHAPTER 3 - ROLE OF COURTYARDS IN URBAN DESIGN 3.1 URBAN DESIGN QUALITIES………………………………………………………………………………………….10-12 3.2 CLIMATE CONTROL…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 CHAPTER 4 - PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS 4.1 CASE STUDY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13-21 4.2 CONCEPTS- VERTICAL COURTYARDS…………………………………………………………………………………22 CHAPTER 5 - CASE STUDY 5.1 TRADITONAL INDIAN COURTYARDS…………………………………………………………………………….23-25 5.2 CASE STUDIES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26-36

ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37-39 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41-42 II

APPROVAL The dissertation study title ‘VERTICAL COURTYARDS’ is hereby approved as original work of Sachin Bafna – 040112050 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant as per the standard laid down by the Faculty of Architecture, JaganNath University.

This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of B.Arch degree from JaganNath University, Jaipur It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily enclose or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study for the purpose it has been submitted.

Date: Place: Jaipur

Seal of JaganNath University

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..………………………..

Name & Signature

Ar. Manjari Rai

External Examiner

Dissertation Guide

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Ar. Vivek Kumar

Ar. Sumeet Rai

Dissertation Head

Head of Department III

DECLARATION I, Sachin Bafna, hereby solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, ‘VERTICAL COURTYARDS’ is my original work and whatever incorporated in the form of text, data, photograph, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide assigned to me by the Faculty of Architecture, JaganNath University.

…………………………...

Sachin Bafna Enrollment No.: 040112050 Session: 2015-2016 JaganNath University.

Jaipur, Rajasthan

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation is a milestone in my academic career. I have been fortunate learn theories and concepts which would have been impossible if I had not extensively carried out the needed research.

I am grateful to a number of people who have guided and supported me throughout the research process and provided assistance for my venture.

I would first like to thank my Dissertation Guide, Ar. Manjari Rai, who guided me in selecting the topic for this dissertation. She was there throughout my preparation of the proposal and the conceptualization of its structure. I would not have been able to do the research and achieve learning in the same manner without her help and support. Her recommendations and instructions have enabled me to assemble and finish the dissertation effectively.

I would also like to thank all my teachers, Ar. Janesh Sharma and Ar. Ravi Sharma who guided me during my dissertation work. I am very grateful to have their support and encouragement. They have directed me through various situations, allowing me to reach this accomplishment.

Finally, my fellow classmates, my friends and my family has supported and helped me along the course of this dissertation by giving encouragement and providing the moral and emotional support I needed to complete my dissertation.

To them, I am eternally grateful.

V

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This dissertation focuses on the evolution of courtyards/ atriums through the time eventually developing into vertical courtyards. This study is particularly in the context of housing/high- rise residential projects.

The study starts with the brief introduction about the courtyards and its importance in housing/ residential projects, (CHAPTER 1). This takes us to its origins, and how it developed over the centuries. Through the change in course of time, and eras, it retained its prominence, (CHAPTER 2).

Today what we are witnessing, is in response to constraints of land and high housing densities, to a wide range of diverse and innovative ways of designing courtyards in high rise projects. The study intends to identify spatial solutions that may provide data about the designing of such spaces, (CHAPTER 3).

This study is an effort to encourage the use of vertical courtyards in high-rise residential projects, thus reviving the use of courtyards in modern times, since they are somehow forgotten or regarded as inoperable by the urban contingencies of our time.

It was through the efforts of various architects, that the characteristics of traditional courtyards were reinterpreted and implemented in modern vertical courtyards, (CHAPTER 4 & 5).

The study concluded with a cumulative analysis, analysing how courtyards/atrium developed with the time.

VI

CHAPTER 1

SYNOPSIS

AIMTo analyse how Vertical Courtyards came into existence and their development in courtyard housing, bringing out new concepts for courtyards in high-rise residential housing.

OBJECTIVETo study the evolution of Courtyard Housing, and how Vertical Courtyards has emerged in time.

SCOPE OF STUDY• • • •

To study history and evolution of courtyard housing.

To study the role of courtyard housing in urban design.

Developing new concepts of vertical courtyard housing for present-future scenario.

Understanding the concept of vertical courtyard housing.

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY•

This study will only emphasise on courtyards in residential/housing projects.

METHODOLOGY•

•

•

•

•

•

Introduction o Elaborating the term courtyard. o Need of courtyards in housing.

History and evolution of Courtyard Housing o Elaborating the context of history of courtyards in housing. o Explaining how vertical courtyards evolved from traditional courtyards.

Role of Courtyard Housing in Urban Design o Explaining the evolution of courtyard housing. o Explaining how courtyards effects on urban designing.

Present- Future scenario of Vertical Courtyard Housing o Explaining scenario through literature studies. o Analysing and developing new concepts based on the study (with sketches).

Understanding Vertical Courtyard Housing o Elaborating the term vertical courtyards. o Explaining Vertical Courtyard Housing from case studies (literature). o Analysing data from case studies.

Conclusion o Based on the data analysis, how urban designing of courtyards were transformed and limits from the development of vertical courtyards.

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS A COURTYARD? It refers to an open space in a building, surrounded or defined by building elements (rooms, or walls).

In old traditional residences, the courtyard was the focal point of the house. Most, if not all, rooms of the house had a direct connection with the courtyard. Courtyards served privacy purposes where they maximized interior relationships and openness while keeping the outside separate. Not only were courtyards used as social family gathering spaces, they were also a source of air flow and thermal comfort to the residence. Courtyard Houses have been most popular in residential architecture all over the world and in all climatic regions. Courtyard can be square, rectangular, round or amorphous, generated by placement of rooms or buildings around it. The courtyards supply light and cool air to the rooms around it. Air circulation within this confined space relies largely on the proportions of the surrounding walls and positioning of window openings in the surrounding rooms. Breeze and shading in the courtyard help in creating comfortable living conditions during day and sleeping conditions during night.

A TRADITIONAL (RAJASTHANI) COURTYARD (CHOWK), SHEKHAWATI.

The Traditional Courtyard (above), the primary benefit of the courtyard is a result of its inward form, which provides a sense of enclosure and privacy to the residents of the house. The court is the heart of the house, where different functions can take place during different parts of the day. This can be used as an extension of the kitchen during mornings or as an extension of the living room during evenings to entertain guests. The court acts also as a space for interaction for all family members. All the rooms face the courtyard, creating a direct relationship between the inside and outside. This arrangement encourages family members to use the courtyard as a group. Privacy is one of the main concern of courtyard type dwellings. Therefore, in most of the courtyard houses the court is visually secluded by screened or walled entrances. Besides the visual privacy provided by the courtyard form, it also provides acoustical privacy. The courtyard house absorbs the noise of the house within itself. Also the surrounding rooms provide a noise barrier between the inner heart of the house and the street outside. This helps in providing a quieter and private outdoor space to enjoy.

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INTRODUCTION

Alternative terminologies used for courtyard are court, cloister, cortile, or quadrangle, to designate similar spatial enclosures but usually associated to specific building types, Monasteries, Italian Palazzo (medieval houses), Universities (Schools etc.) respectively.

1.2 WHY DO WE NEED COURTYARDS? Besides providing ventilation, and personal outdoor space; courtyard in houses makes a lot of sense.

They are the indispensable pause needed in buildings. Just as any good work of art needs pauses to allow the mind to connect and hold apart events architecture needs pauses to connect and hold apart covered spaces.

It is one of the few architectural devices that permits a vertical connection to the infinities of the heavens. Regardless of spirituality there is something in all of us that craves for this connection.

There are other good reasons for courtyards. Since the enclosing surfaces are in close proximity, the sense of time can be felt with the movement of shadows. The idea of letting the weather back into the centre of a building where it can be observed is a special kind of conceit. All of these aspects of courtyards combine to create a sense of intimacy.

Today the courtyard has become a blend of geometry and nature, transforming from a functional protection from weather and foes to a space that’s conductive to spending more time outside. Moreover, they work with any style of home, from modern to classical, but the designs are particularly popular in warmer climates, where it induces airflow.

Modern technologies also helpsparticularly in windows, doors and lighting. Window and door manufacturers now make an 8’ wide panels that can be combined to create a 32’ long stretch. Similarly, LED lighting has allowed architects to transform the courtyard into a functional room at night so it doesn’t became “dead space”.

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INTRODUCTION

It’s also noted that building a courtyard house is more expensive because of the additional exterior wall surface, but this is compensated for by the fact that the increased outdoor space, converted from indoor space, can lead to low energy bills.

In today’s urban environment, architect’s ability to enclose the courtyard creates so much extra useful space, compared to a usual house with front and back yard.

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CHAPTER 2

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

OVERVIEW The developments in the courtyards are best understood in the context of a historical perspective. Contemporary courtyards share the same origins which refer back to ancient times. Whereas the general spatial characteristics of the courtyard evolved very little, but the designing underwent dramatic mutations. The historical review will be thus more fixated onto the evolution of the vertical courtyards.

2.1 ORIGINS Based on accounts of “The Historic Evolution Of Courtyards “compiled by Hinrichs, Oliver, Schoenauer and Sullivan (1989)it may be said that the earliest form of courtyard architecture has either evolved from the encampments of the nomadic tribes or the fenced compound dwellings of the first agrarian communities. However, the form remains equally prevalent in all the countries and climatic regions of the world. Hinrichs (1989) observes that, “Time, civilizations and even climatic conditions seem to have very little effect on the courtyard style house as evidenced by history”.

The earliest examples of courtyard houses that were excavated dated back as far as the third millennium B.C. They were the typical houses of the cities of Ur in Mesopotamia (2112 B.C.), in the basin of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, in Assur (1500 B.C.) and Babylon (604 B.C).

The embryonic versions of the courtyard have evolved from some combination of three prehistoric prototypes: • Cave dwellings, • Encampments of nomadic people, and • Fenced compounds of early farmers.

PLAN OF HOUSE AT UR, MESOPOTAMIA

Around 2000–1500 B.C., houses were being built in Indus valley apparently on the same philosophy. The houses were planned as a series of rooms opening on to a central courtyard. The courtyard served the multiple functions of lighting the rooms, acting as a heat radiator in summer and absorber in winter, as well as providing an open space inside for community activities. Even after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization around 900 B.C., courtyard dwelling has continued in the Indian subcontinent to the present day.

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2.2 GREEK COURTYARDS The courtyard is found in the Greek houses between the fifth and second centuries B.C. The plan of the house excavated near Thessalonika, features a peri-style, (courtyard surrounded by columns), around which the rooms are organised and open onto it.

PLAN OF HOUSE, ANCIENT GREEK

2.3 ROMAN ATRIUMS The classical atrium is sometimes related to the Greek courtyard. Nevertheless, it is with the Roman town house (Domus) that the classical concept of atrium is almost always associated with. The Domus house was based upon the Greek house of which many examples had survived from the Greek colonization of Southern Italy. Most houses had one storey, though some had a second storey added to part of the building.

The front hail led directly into an atrium which was open to the sky, and whose primary function was to catch and store rainwater. The surrounding rooms were roofed with their roof surfaces inclined inward down towards the open centre of the atrium, (compluvium), where a basin, (impluvium), was placed. The latter was connected to a rainwater storage cistern beneath the house. Depending on their size, the houses could accommodate one or several garden courts, (the peri-styles), located towards the rear of the house.

INTERIOR OF AN ANCIENT ROMAN HOUSE

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A typical house, Vitrius accredited the invention of the Roman atrium to the Etruscans who used it some 2 or 3 centuries earlier.

Vitrius defined five types of atria: 1. Tuscan, 2. Corinthian, 3. Tetrastyle, 4. Displuviate, and 5. Testudiate.

The Tuscan, Corinthian and Tetrastyle models differed by the construction details of their roofs. The Displuviate, (with roof slopes directed away from the atrium roof opening), and Testudiate atrium (used in two story house and had no roof opening), however, did not have rain harvesting potential and were used as dinning or sitting rooms).

Later, the term atrium was borrowed to refer to the enclosure built in front of early Christian basilica and which were surrounded by arcaded walkways. This would rather be called, in the present-day definition, a cloister.

ANALYSIS The dwellings of the four ancient urban civilizations of Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt and China, along with the dwellings of the Classical Roman and Greek periods, all bear evidence to the fact that the “courtyard form� is rather timeless in the history of architecture.

2.4 REBIRTH OF ATRIUM Despite repeated use of this type of plan intermittently, it was not until the emergence of iron and glass technology in the 19th century that the modern atrium, as distinguished from the open-air Roman atrium or the courtyard emerged. A totally new architecture dominated by glass and iron began to blossom in Europe, with the most remarkable examples being probably the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, designed

by Joseph Paxton in 1851.

In particular two spatial types emerged and prospered in the course of the nineteenth century: the glazed atrium and the arcade.

The arcade was exclusively intended for commercial purposes, whereas the atrium had wider functions. The arcade, a glass covered passageway flanked with shops on their sides, was created to provide a sheltered public space to facilitate sale of luxury goods.

The best-known example is probably the Galleries Vittorio Emanuale II in Milan built in 1867.

The Reform Club in London, built in the first half of the nineteenth century is the first known example where the atrium became an interior space. The building borrowed the model of an Italian pallazo, but in which a glazed roof with a metal structure was added to its cortile, (Italian term for courtyard). In France the model was adopted in many large department stores, (called Galleries), to which the "Bon Marche" by Boileau and

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HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

Eiffel is one of the best-known examples. The model also flourished in many other kinds of buildings, including hotels, museums, apartments and libraries. However, towards the end of the century in Europe, the concept was plagued by the concern for fire safety and waned.

CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON GAVE RISE TO TWO ARRANGEMENTS

GLAZED ATRIUMS: REFORM CLUB, LONDON (RIGHT);

ARCADES: GALLERIES VITTORIO EMANUALE II, MILAN (RIGHT)

A new era for the atrium took place in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century. Another demise followed after the First World War, when the contracting world economy and the Modern Movement encouraged more economical building forms. Representative atrium buildings of this era was the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the Beurs, designed by Bergiage, and the Frank Lloyd Wright's Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York.

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AMSTERDAM STOCK EXCHANGE, BEURS (LEFT); LARKIN BUILDING, NEW YORK (RIGHT)

The atrium concept is currently enjoying another rediscovery after a dormancy of two third of the twentieth century. Though the revival of the atrium had several precursors, it is often accredited to two major buildings, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Atlanta by Edwards and Portman in 1967 and the Ford Foundation Headquarters in New York City

by Roche and Dinkeloo in 1968. Both designs were far echoes of the ancestors of the beginning of the century.

ATRIUM OF HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, ATLANTA

ATRIUM OF FORD FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK

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ROLE OF COURTYARDS IN URBAN DESIGN

OVERVIEW Currently the atrium is enjoying an unprecedented popularity. From the hotel and office prototypes of the sixties, the concept bloomed into buildings of other kinds hospitals, schools, libraries, specialised housing and in multiuse centres. New concepts have evolved, with an unprecedented variety of spatial qualities and scale, and with extended roles.

Their capability of addressing several issues simultaneously such as marketing economics, aesthetic and energy consciousness of the current period, and their active role in urban design, and in the preservation of historical buildings, are what probably justified this renewal of interest. Some of their urban design and environmental qualities are now reviewed.

3.1 URBAN DESIGN QUALITIES The call of the modem movement for sun, space and greenery had produced the idea of free standing towers. This had disastrous effects on cities which soon became aggregates of disparate elements which disregarded street frontages and the enclosure of space. The streets lost their coherence, and at the building feet the excessive spaces that were left were often channelling strong winds and did not ensure their intended amenity. The awareness of negative effects associated with the lack of urban cohesion has led to an ongoing urban renewal in which atrium, and to a lesser extent, courtyards, are emerging as among the most versatile and useful urban design elements.

The urban design qualities of these concepts rest in an efficient use of the land, in the maintenance of the streets continuity and the ability to deal with awkward sites whilst following street frontage.

There has also been an increased awareness in developing countries of the value of high-density courtyard housing for the last 30 years or so. The financial stringencies of various governments has forced designers to look at this type of housing in a realistic manner. Many examples have been built in India, West Asia and North America in particular.

One of the most exciting urban design values of courtyard is their contribution towards the richness of pedestrian experience in the city, and which architects and urban designers have explored to a great extent. They owe their large use to the new quality of space they offer, to the multiple characters and functions they can support, as routes, focal space or variants of the two. They can deliver varied and variable moods, depending on programmed social activities, (as private, semi-public, public or variations of these), in their furniture, (fountains, artworks), landscape and in the permanent or occasional activities they accommodate. By being enclosed, sheltered, free from road traffic and noise, their usefulness is extended to, many hours of the day, and in all seasons, with advantageous implications for marketing.

In the Indian city of Vadodara, architect Mathur has designed a series of low-income urban houses which utilize courtyards and verandahs as an integral part of dwelling unit. The houses are constructed entirely of traditional materials such as bricks, lime and stone, except for a few larger structures made of steel and cement. All floors are

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local stone slabs and roofs use a system of barrel vault brick arches in lime mortar which, according to their designer, have become a sort of trademark of these houses.

These houses trademarked as Janata’s (people’s) houses are of 37m2 area on a 46.5m2 plot achieving a density of 260 persons per acre (0.4 Ha) or 52 dwellings per acre (0.4 Ha) allowing for 22 percent of open space. These houses cost just over $1000 (in 1975).

A slightly more generous housing type, 58m2 area, where men and women’s room are separated but are discreetly linked through multi-purpose spaces and courtyards for outdoor activities.

OM MATHUR’S MINIMUM COST JANTA HOUSE, VADODADRA PLAN

SECTION – ELEVATION OF JANTA HOUSE

ANNOTHER EXAMPLE OF COURTYARD HOUSE, BY OM MATHUR

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Atrium have proved to be able to have dramatic effects in revitalizing the city in which they were built and change their image. However, they can do more harm than good in the urban environment when they are completely introspective. The threat is that, by turning their back from the street they can engulf most of the activities leaving the streets for service functions rather than human ones.

3.2 CLIMATE CONTROL Courtyard structures are found in most of the climates of the world, but mainly in the Mediterranean and hot arid regions. All it requires is fine adjustments to respond to the specific climatic needs were made through the proportioning of the courtyard void to the building solid. Several researchers attempted even to prove that this speculation is well grounded by listing the recurrent courtyard geometries, which were found under similar climate characteristics.

The interest in climate control of recent years was certainly one of the major reasons that contributed towards the rehabilitation of the courtyard concepts in current architectural practice, as they were revealed to have inherent features to passively temper the indoor climate and reduce purchased energy.

The concepts, are under the scrutiny of much recent research effort in climate control.

Studies on the subject are found in the two main trends followed by the architecture research, and which are, • The rediscovery of the ancestral knowledge behind the adaptation of vernacular buildings to the climate where they were erected, and • Innovation of passive techniques which make use of the new technology.

Other attributes of the courtyard concepts lie in the great amenities delivered by the provision of daylight, wind-shelter and protection from noise. Although the present study is dedicated to evolution of courtyards, the above mentioned environmental aspects are important assets which preferably must not be lost in the pursuit for evolution of Vertical Courtyards.

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS

OVERVIEW The idea of urban housing is based on two fundamental objectives: To provide higher density by intensifying land use as urban growth escalates at an unprecedented rate, and to reconsider the essential qualities of house - a house with a garden, light and air.

High-rise apartments provide greater density and improved living conditions in terms of proper sanitation, electricity, and open space. But it lacks individuality and promotes a high degree of anonymity leading to limited social contact between neighbours. It dissociates the house from the ground and creates ambiguous open space between buildings. Single-family detached houses provides individuality and open space but detachment is not only meaningless but highly inefficient in terms of land use. In this section, we will study how Vertical Courtyards tackle these problems.

4.1 CASE STUDY 4.1.1 HIGH-RISE COURTYARD APARTMENTS, L.A., U.S.A. High-Rise Courtyard Apartments/ The Wilshire Tower proposal recently opened at the LA A+D Museum, for the exhibition Shelter: Rethinking how we live in Los Angeles.

PAR has plans to create a 930 foot tall stack of individual houses in LA. Rethinking how people live in Los Angeles, USA, PAR proposes a new model of high-rise courtyard housing, integrated with mass transit, on Los Angeles County Museum of Art’s (LACMA) proposed tower site on Wilshire Boulevard.

The tower typology, an important element in the contemporary metropolis, has become anonymous, defined mainly by its height. Typical residential skyscrapers, while successfully providing density, rarely produce unique living environments with access to green space, qualities that are emblematic of Los Angeles living.

PAR's proposal, completed in close collaboration with Buro Happold, creating a 930 foot tall stack of individual houses, each with a direct connection to nature through oversized terraces, some containing common spaces and leisure zones.

• • •

•

Form evolution - Form design of the 80 storey tower evolves through iterations that respond to structural, environmental and programmatic criteria.

Views - Single stacks of residential floor plates horizontally frame expansive views of L.A., relating to city’s urban form.

Shifted Terraces - Floor plates shifting provides a direct connection to nature for the tower’s residents through oversized terraces. Dense vegetation on south and west terraces naturally buffers the environment while north and west terraces provides leisure zones.

Public Spaces - Open space at the ground level connects the building to the district, enabling host of social public activities to integrate with other programs.

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FORM EVOLUTION

SHIFTED TERRACES

VIEWS

PUBLIC SPACES

VIEW OF TOWER’S SHIFTED TERRACES

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TOWERS MODEL

VIEW OF HIGH-RISE COURTYARD HOUSING, L.A., U.S.A.

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4.1.2 ELEMENTS TOWER, CHICAHO, IILINOIS, U.S.A. “Humans were created with n inhale desire to live in community, we seek out fellowship in all environments. Our desire to fit in drives our decisions, lifestyles, and beliefs.”

-Joshua Nieves + Architecture Design, architect of Elements Tower Zoning has created segregated regions that separates humans from nature. Elements Tower reunites the four elements of nature – fire, water, wind, and earth with the fifth element, us.

Utilizing the spatial efficiency of the three-story, Chicago- style town home and the communal aspects of courtyard living, Elements Tower has created interactive skycommunities. Together, with the elements, this tower has brought the community of a courtyard, enhanced by the natural elements, into high-rise living. Elements Tower has reversed the negative effects of seclusion, found in typical residential towers, and reunited the five elements.

SUN (FIRE)

WIND

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EARTH

RAIN

FOUR ELEMENTS WITHIN THE TOWER

A. Fire – With the help of reflecting panels, varying in angle, natural sun light is able to bounce into each courtyard at every time of year.

B. Wind – Wind turbines within these space, harness the power of Chicago’s harsh winds for energy throughout the building.

C. Earth – Reflected light within the courtyards provide for the growth of a variety of plant-life and vegetation.

D. Water – Rainwater that enters the structural deck is collected by the follow core diagrid and harvested for greywater and irrigation.

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FLOOR PLANS

STACKING OF COURTYARDS

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MODEL OF THE TOWER

VIEW OF ELEMENTS TOWER, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.

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4.1.3 WEST END VERTICAL COURTYARD HOUSING, BOSTON, U.S.A. During 1960’s, the old dense urban fabric was completely wiped away and rebuilt with Corbusian residential towers. This vertical courtyard housing is designed to bring back the dense street activities that once existed in the west end in contemporary times. To accommodate the housing, this building is planned to tie in all neighbouring activities. A strong axis was established throughout the site to bring the neighbouring elements. A raised terrain was designed to provide underneath parking and park above. The housing tower was located at the corner of the site to create maximum attention for the site. The overall site diagram follows a twisted axis that emerges from surrounding context, which directs the views and unit plan diagram.

TRANSFORMATION OF TOWER BLOCKS, TO CREATE VERTICAL COURTYARDS

TOWER DIAGRAM, VIEW

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SECTION OF WEST END VERTICAL COURTYARD HOUSING

VIEWS, OF WEST END VERTICAL COURTYAARD HOUSING, BOSTON, U.S.A.

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4.2 CONCEPT OF VERTICAL COURTYARDS They can be defined as modern inheritance of traditional courtyard. Like the traditional courtyards, it possess ideal image of isolated landscape offering mixed social interactions. Population density is most important factor in the evolution of vertical courtyards.

The vertical courtyard towers provides an alternative solution by combining advantages of individual house and high density housing. Its introverted nature allow dense clustering while maintaining a private open space. The design takes this traditionally horizontal aggregation of dwellings one step further to increase its potential density.

Proposed vertical courtyard tower maintains its access to light and air, visual and acoustical privacy, efficiency of construction, and a revitalization of street life and open space.

EXAMPLE (ELEMENTS TOWER), EXPLAINING THE CONCEPT OF VERTICAL COURTYARDS

EVOLUTION OF VERTICAL COURTYARDS

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CASE STUDY

OVERVIEW The purpose of this study is to analyse how vertical courtyards are effective than traditional courtyards in high-rise buildings. Also, this study explores how traditional courtyards were given new perspective and at a greater level by architectural researchers in modern architecture, and uncertainty about its implementations in this architecture. The case studies discussed in this section, provides an overview on how architects approached to vertical courtyards.

4.1 TRADITIONAL INDIAN COURTYARDS: THROUGH THE HAVELI’S OF RAJASTHAN The havelis of Rajasthan used chowks and their elements as the perfect architectural response to the state’s diverse culture and climate. A courtyard continues to define the perfect spatial organisation, being the heart of the haveli, it also served as a microclimate modifier, centres for rituals, marriages, festivals and social gatherings.

The traditional Indian courtyard is built on the principles of Vastu Shastra, which state that all spaces emerge from a single point, that is, the centre of the house. All other activities revolve around this centre, which has some divine power and energy associated with it – radiating through the entire house.

All these elements joining to form an enclosure, give the chowk a composed and a secured feel. The level of enclosure depends on various factors - treatment of the horizontal and the vertical plane, the proportions, the light coming in, number of occupants and the activities carried out by them. The positions of the openings will have a tremendous effect on the sense of enclosure felt by users.

It’s an intelligent way to cope with the situation, where technology was a limiting factor in covering a large space under one roof. Simply break up the required spaces into smaller units, and tie them together with the central courtyard. The breaking of spaces also served the purpose of lighting and ventilation well.

COURTYARD IN PODDAR HAVELI MUSEUM, SHEKHAWATI

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CASE STUDY

The courtyard in havelis were developed when the concept of air-conditioning did not exist. No mechanical devices were used to achieve desirable thermal comfort conditions – it all depended on the architectural concepts, plans, forms, elevations, sections and details. Traditional layouts essentially promoted air flow within and around buildings. The built form, and even the street layout and vegetation, aided lowering of temperatures in summer.

The courtyard was a simple design strategy that enhanced daylight availability in every room. Daylight, being a cool source of light, further reduces the cooling load. The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors cool.

FLOOR PLAN & SECTION OF A TYPICAL COURTYARD HAVELI, JAISALMER, SHOWING AIR FLOW

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TYPICAL CHOWKS, JAIPUR

The construction of these courtyards cannot be justified from an economic point of view today, as they required a lot of space, and every single inch of it today is very expensive. The influence of the various cultures, their methods of construction, and the modern movement, ultimately resulted in the side lining of our traditional and climatically appropriate principles of planning. Also with advancements in technology, the arrival of new materials in the market and a changed lifestyle, we are keen to give our buildings a modern look, often forgetting the impact on the environment. The inappropriate use of glass, for example, increases heat gain and denies ventilation, which is most essential in India.

What is required, is a reinterpretation of traditional and regional aspects, existing well within the parameters of contemporary times. Thus, the following case studies explains how buildings in modern context are to be approached in terms of courtyards.

The following case studies to be discussed are: 1. Walden 7, Barcelona, Spain 2. Vertical Courtyard Apartments, Hangzhou, China 3. Kanchanjunga Apartments, Mumbai, India

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4.2 CASE STUDIES 4.2.1 VERTICAL COURTYARD APARTMENTS, HANGZHOU, CHINA The traditional Chinese courtyard in China has been the most influential in courtyard design and planning. The traditional courtyard has a lot of values and meanings behind it but all these have been reinterpreted differently in the modern courtyard design.

The traditional courtyard in China is identified by its layout of having 4 buildings surrounding a central courtyard. It also uses the concept of Yin and Yang in the arrangement of layout of the courtyard as well as to give positive energy and the emphasis between heaven, earth and other people.

In the modern century, issues like increase of land value and limited space causes the floor plan design to be more compact and less empty space. Therefore, modern design could not afford to waste a big piece of land just for courtyard purposes. Efforts made to replace n reinterpret the traditional courtyard is the vertical garden and roof garden. The elements of Feng Shui were interpreted differently in the modern design. While traditional courtyard uses natural elements to represent the five elements of Feng-shui (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water), the modern courtyard uses decorative elements to represent them. While the traditional courtyard focuses on the harmonious living between heaven, earth and people, the modern courtyard placed its focus on the sustainable living by having the vertical garden to provide better air quality as well as Feng Shui elements to provide positive energy for wealth.

ARCHITECT- WANG SHU PERIOD OF COMPLETION- 2002-2007 • The apartment uses vertical courtyard to replace the traditional courtyard giving, each residence will have their own courtyard in their unit.

• The vertical courtyard garden helps to improves the air around and provide greenery.

• It also insulates heat and cool building.

• The Vertical garden also enhances visual appearances.

• There are also Feng shui elements being used in the development of the vertical courtyard in this apartment.

• The orientation of the vertical courtyard also faces north and south to provide positive Qi flow of good wealth and career as well as good health and family relationship.

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VERTICAL COURTYARD APARTMENTS, HANGZHOU, CHINA

SITEPAN, VETRICAL COURTYRD APARTMENTS

PLAN (LEFT), SECTION (RIGHT), VERTICAL COURTYARD APARTMNTS

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4.2.2 WALDEN 7, BARCELONA, SPAIN Walden 7 is a project addressing most of the modern city’s life. The housing structure benefits from Boffil’s earlier research and the idea of providing public spaces and gardens for residents to enjoy an enhanced quality of living. At several levels there is a complex system of bridges and balconies for access, producing a fantastic variety of vistas and enclosures. The courtyards have a lively treatment because of the intense blue, violet and yellow coloured facades. The min courtyard, located at the building’s entrance, is an extension of the street and the plaza for the use of the inhabitants.

ARCHITECT- RICARDO BOFFIL TALLER DE ARQUITECTURA PERIOD OF COMPLETION- 1972-1974 • • •

•

The building, also called as “City in Space”, is composed of 18 towers displaced from their base, forming a curve and coming into contact with the neighboring towers.

The result is a vertical labyrinth with seven interconnecting interior courtyards.

The 31,140 square meters complex includes 446 dwellings, public spaces, meeting rooms, games rooms, bars, and shops on the ground floor, and two swimming pools on the roofs.

The apartments are formed on the basis of one or more 30 square meters modules creating, on different levels that range from a studio consisting of a single module to a large, four-module apartment.

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VIEWS, WALDEN 7

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COURTYARDS, WALDEN 7

SITE VIEW

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PLANS, WALDEN 7

SECTION, WALDEN 7

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4.2.3 KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI, INDIA In the past 2 decades, Mumbai has become India’s New York. Land value have increased dramatically, and the high-rise solution to housing the developer’s choice. In 1970, when Charles Correa received this commission to build high income flats he wondered whether he could use the principles of climate control, zoning of spaces, views, etc., that he had used in housing elsewhere.

The climate and the location of Mumbai, presented a contradictory situation: the eastwest axis affords the best views (Arabian Sea to the west and the harbour to the east) and catches all the sea breezes, but also brings into the building the hot afternoon sun and hard monsoon rains. Correa decided to use the concept of a bungalow of wrapping around the main living spaces by a protective verandah. He proposed a new concept of middle zone that is to create a zone with protective effect between indoor and outdoor, so as to achieve the effect of sheltering hot afternoon’s sunshine, stopping monsoons’ impact, and regulating micro-climate. It consists of two layers of garden platform that form the air courtyard space. Thus, combining climatic consideration with that of views he settled upon a configuration of interlocking units which faces in eastwest.

CONCEPT OF AIR COURTYARD It’s a courtyard which is formed by shape change, angle and air connection. It is the representational form of the modern inheritance of traditional courtyard. For the middle-high building, the vertical courtyard model proposed by “Air Courtyard” is considered to be an effective design solution.

Air Courtyard mainly emphasize on the greening and plant on roof, so as to improve city's environmental beauty, enlarge the stereo space, provide the site for leisure, tourism, entertainment. However, it also emphasizes on the functionality such as improving the heat insulating property and enlarging the greening area to setting it as communication space between human and nature. Due to the people separately live in high buildings, there's a lack of centralized communication site. Air Courtyard is to create a platform for communication, private space or semi-private space, surrounding or semi-surrounding, vertical developed stereo courtyard in multi-storey and tall residence.

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FIG. 1

FIG. 2

In fig.1, each two houses are connected, so as to form a higher air courtyard by the use of space, for this kind of housing design, it owns the flexibility and variety, and also enriches facade effect. While in fig.2, the middle part of high residential building can be emptied to form a public courtyard through design. If the emptied part be designed as a step-like drop, it will turn public garden into private, and will form a constant greening from up to down.

ARCHITECT- CHARLES CORREA (PRINCIPAL ARCHITECT), PRAVINA MEHTA (ASSOCIATE ARCHITECT) PERIOD OF COMPLETION- 1970-1983 • • • • • •

• • •

Kanchanjunga Apartments is a complex of 32 luxury apartments of three to six bedroom each.

The building is 28 storeys (85 metres) high and square in plan: 21 metres X 21 metres.

The basic interlock is that of a three and four bedroom apartments with the larger flats formed by the addition of another half level.

The structure is built around a central service core.

Each of the flats have large usable garden-roofs which have dramatic city views.

The building is distinctive in Mumbai’s urban landscape. The apartments are well ventilated and appear to suit the contemporary life-style of city’s wellbeing.

The highly articulated and complex interiors do not follow the geometric rhythms of exterior.

The two floor height roof-garden are enlivened through the use of coloured tiles walls and brightly painted ceilings.

From within the flats themselves, there are views out from the living and bedrooms and from the terraces the city is overlooked.

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EARLY SKETCH BY CORREA SHOWING PRINCIPLE USED FOR THE UNITS AS A VARIATION OF A BUNGALOW PLAN

VENTILATION IN KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS

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PLANS, KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS

3D VIEWS, BIULDING FORMATION, KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS

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VIEW OF KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENNTS

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI, INDIA

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ANALYSIS ERAS PREHISTORIC ERA/ ORIGIN

GREEK ERA/ CLASSICAL ERA

ROMAN ERA

CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES LOCATION: CITY OF UR, ASSUR, BABYLON IN MESOPOTAMIA (EXCAVATED 2112 B.C. - 604 B.C.) • EVOLVED FROM THE COMBINATION OF CAVE DWELLINGS, NOMADIC ENCAMPMENTS, AND FARMER’S DWELLINGS. • PRIMARY PURPOOSE WAS TO PROVIDE NATURAL VENTILATION A TYPICAL HOUSE, UR, MESOPOTAMIA (2112 B.C.).

TO THE ROOMS SURROUNDING THE COURTYARD. LOCATION: EXCAVATED NEAR THESSALONIKA, GREECE. (5 B.C. TO 3B.C.) • ONE TO TWO STOREYED HOUSES, COURTYARDS OPEN TO SKY. • HOUSES ACCOMODATED GARDENS (PERI-STYLED*).

• BESIDES THE NATURAL VENITALTION, GREEKS DEVELOPED A TYPICAL HOUSE PLAN, ANCIENT GREEK. IT TO MORE INTERACTIVE SPACES FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS. LOCATION: EXAMPLES SURVIVED FROM GREEK COLONISATION OF SOUTHERN ITALY. • ONE TO TWO STOREYED HOUSES, COURTYARDS OPEN TO SKY. • PRIMARY FUNCTION WAS MOMDIFIED AND USED AS TO STORE RAIN WATER. • ROOFS OF THE SURROUNDING ROOMS WERE INCLINED TOWADS THE OPEN CENTRE OF CURTYARDS. • ALSO THEY ACCOMODATED A TYPICAL ROMAN ATRIUM. GARDEN COURTS (PERI-STYLED*), FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS. • LATER VITRIUS, CLASSIFIED ITS CATEGORIES BASED ON THEIR CONSTRUCTION DETAILS: TUSCAN, CORINTHIAN, TETRASTYLE, DISPLUVIATE, AND TESTUDIATE. • LATER, COURTYARD WAS MODIFIED TO THE TERM ATRIUM, WHICH WAS BORROWED FROM

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THE ENCLOSURE BUILD AROUND THE ARCHED WALKWAYS (PERI-STYLED). *PERI STYLE – COURTYARD SURROUNDED BY COLUMNS.

PRE AND POST WORLD WAR 1

EMERGENCE OF GLASS AND IRON IN 19TH CENTURY, BROUGHT US TWO SPATIAL ARANGEMENTSGLAZED ATRIUMS AND ARCADE. • THE ARCADE WAS EXCLUSIVELY INTENDED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. • A GLASS COVERED PASSAGEWAY FLANKED WITH SHOPS ON THEIR SIDES, WAS CREATED TO PROVIDE A SHELTERED PUBLIC SPACE TO FACILITATE SALE OF LUXURY GOODS. • THE GALLERIES VITTORIO EMANUALE II IN MILAN BUILT IN 1867.

• THE ATRIUM HAD WIDER FUNCTIONS. • THE REFORM CLUB IN LONDON, BUILT IN 19TH CENTURY IS THE FIRST KNOWN EXAMPLE • THE ATRIUM BECAME AN INTERIOR SPACE. • THE BUILDING BORROWED THE MODEL OF AN ITALIAN PALLAZO. • A GLAZED ROOF WITH A METAL STRUCTURE WAS ADDED TO ITS COURTYARD. A NEW ERA FOR THE ATRIUM TOOK PLACE IN THE UNITED STATES AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY. EXAMPLES OF THIS ERA WERE: • THE AMSTERDAM STOCK EXCHANGE, BY BERGIAGE, • THE FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S LARKIN BUILDING IN BUFFALO, NEW YORK. • IN THIS ERA THE WORLD ECONOMY BEGAN CONTRACTING AND THE MODERN MOVEMENT ENCOURAGED MORE ECONOMICAL BUILDING FORMS. •

GALLERIES VITTORIO

REFORM CLUB

AMSTERDAM STOCK EXCHANGE

LARKIN BUILDING

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20TH CENTURY

EXAMPLES OF THIS ERA, • THE HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, ATLANTA (1967), • GRAND ATRIUM SURROUNDED BY GALLERIES, BOUNDARIES (SUPPORTING PLANTERS) WHICH OVERLOOKED THE CITY. • BESIDES VENTILATION, PURPOSE OF ATRIUM WAS EXTENSIVELY USED IN BUILDING’S ELEVATION TREATMENT. • ELEVATORS WERE EXPOSED IN ATRIUMS, SHOWING THE GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY. • ATRIUM BECAME A HALLMARK. • THE FORD FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK CITY (1968), • GLAZED ATRIUM WAS PROVIDED TO COMPLETE THE SQUARE OF LSHAPED BUILDING PLAN, ENCLOSING AN ENORMOUS OVERLOOKING GARDEN (CONNECTING THE PRIVACY OF INSIDE WITH CITY’S OUTSIDE).

HYATT REGENCY HOTEL

FORD FOUNDATION HEADQARTERS

EVOLUTION TO VERTICAL COURTYARDS

•

Nevertheless it is in the early urban settlements that the courtyard appeared as a prevalent form. Therefore, it may well be that the inception of the house was determined by the conditions of urbanism, i.e., the lack of privacy, limited land area.

•

But as our population continues to grow and our resources become scarce, this becomes less and less sustainable, the vertical towers are certainly an option that must be considered. That’s why we presume going vertical will be the new urban form that can solve our problems.

•

If properly designed, a vertical towers provides its residents with a sense of belonging to a community and most importantly, it is easier and less costly to maintain and operate. A well designed vertical tower will address concerns in environmental, formal, and socioeconomic/political areas. The climatic control of the courtyard forms of development, particularly in hot and dry regions of the globe, is also believed to have been equally a determinant.

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CONCLUSION Earliest examples of courtyards evolved from cave dwellings, nomadic encampments, and their purpose was to provide natural ventilation to the rooms surrounding it.

Centuries later, Greeks and Romans developed the courtyard into socially interactive spaces while utilizing it for harvesting rain water. The courtyards (garden courts) were open from sky and surrounded by columns (per-style).

With the invention of glass and iron, in 19th century, courtyards began to be used in commercial buildings. Arcades (courtyards became interior spaces) and glazed atriums were the new courtyards. The concept of arcades and glazed atriums were evolved, in 20th century, to show the growth in technologies by treating building’s elevation.

Harmony (inside’s privacy was connected to the nature outside) The construction of the courtyards are not justified from economic point of view today.

The influence of the various cultures, their methods of construction, and the modern movement, resulted in the side lining of traditional and climatically appropriate principles of planning. Also with advancements in technology, arrival of new materials and a changed lifestyle, buildings were given a modern look, forgetting the impact on the environment. What is required, is a reinterpretation of traditional and regional aspects, existing well within the parameters of contemporary times.

The Vertical Courtyard towers provides an alternative solution by combining advantages of individual house and high density housing. Its introverted nature allow dense clustering while maintaining a private open space. The design takes this traditionally horizontal aggregation of dwellings one step further to increase its potential density. Proposed vertical courtyard tower maintains its access to light and air, visual and acoustical privacy, efficiency of construction, and a revitalization of street life and open space.

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REFRENCES BOOKS • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

Bednar, M.J., (1986). The New Atrium. Mc Graw-hill, New York, London.

Dunham, D., (1960). The courtyard house as a temperature regulator. The New Scientist, 8 Sept. 1960. pp 663-666.

Hinrichs, CL., (1987). The courtyard housing form as a traditional dwelling in the Mediterranean region. Energy and Buildings for Temperate Climates – A Mediterranean Regional Approach. Proceedings of the 6th International PLEA Conference, Porto, Portugal, 27-3 1 July 1988, edited by E. de Oliveira, Fernandes and S., Yannas, Pergamon Press. pp 53-59.

Li, Chen, Reinterpretation of Traditional Chinese Courtyard House. Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 2009.

MacCormac, R., Van der Ryn, S., and Law, M., (1983). Daylit delight. The Architects' Journal, 3 Aug. 1983. pp 13-15.

Martin, L., and March, L., (1966). Land use and built forms. Cambridge Research.

Rapoport, Amos. 2007. The nature of the courtyard house: a conceptual analysis.

T D S R18 (02).

Rafik Bensalem, “Wind-driven natural ventilation in courtyard and atrium-type buildings”. Ph.D., Building Science Unit, School of Architectural Studies , University of Sheffield, 1991 Shubham Sharma, Use of Architectural Elements in Evolution of Regional Style in Jaipur. 2009 BARC 065, X sem B.Arch School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal Schoenauer, Nobert and S.Seeman. (1962), the Court Garden House. Montreal McGill University Press.

Saxon, R., (1986). Atrium Buildings - Development and Design. 2nd edition (IST edition 1983). The Architectural Press, London.

The Necessity for Courtyards, Courtyards Bring the Outdoors In in the Fort Worth Star Telegram. May 27, 2000.

Thomas, Kerwin, Building Tall (and Designing Deep), China”, The Architectural Review, 224, no. 1337 (2008).

Wang, Shu`, Possibilities of ‘Chinese-Style Housing: A Dialogue between WANG Shu and his Students, Time Architecture, no.3 (2006).

Yu, Nancy. 1999. The Urban Courtyard Housing Form as a Response to Human Needs, Culture and Environment. Canada: National Library of Canada.

Zako, R. ‘the power of the veil: gender inequality in the Domestic setting of traditional courtyard houses’. In Edwards, B., Sibley, M., Hakmi, M. and Land, P. (eds). Courtyard housing: past, present and future. Taylor & Francis: Abingdon 2005 Z. Yan, “The air courtyard of high residence: the inheritance and development of china's traditional courtyard space”. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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WEBSITE •

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http://archimemeplex.blogspot.in/2009/12/punch-hole-building-new-vertical.html http://www.websterdictionary.org/definition/courtyard http://www.dongyuezhang.com/project-5/fvbkmi9pfdgb6lnjp54b6gv0hdhoxe http://www.metalocus.es/content/en/blog/pritzker-architecture-prize-2012wang-shu-ii http://zhouwy1221.wap.blog.163.com/w2/blogDetail.do;jsessionid=D2BD854352 15E23385E86FE5DAEB3EDB.blogp16v18010?blogId=1229270427&hostID=zhouw y1221 http://joshnieves.com/elementower.php http://www.archdaily.com/332142/ad-classics-walden-7-ricardo-bofill

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