Santiago Calatrava

2016

SANTIAGO CALATRAVA (NEOFUTURISTIC ARCHITECT, STRUCTURAL ENGINEER, SCULPTOR & PAINTER)

SACHIN NANDKUMAR UTTARWAR (B.ARCH 1ST YEAR) INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE 15-Nov-16

INDEX

➢ ACKNOLEDGEMENT ➢ EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION ➢ DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ➢ FAMOUS WORKS ➢ MAJOR WORKS IN DETAIL:• TURNING TORSO • BODEGAS YSIOS • CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES • PEACE BRIDGE ➢ BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report.

To

for his guidance and exceptional teaching, all

department faculty members, my seniors, my friends.

And to God who is always there for us.

EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION •

BORN ON JULY 28, 1951 IN A TOWN OF BENIMAMET, NEAR VALENCIA, SPAIN.

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FROM THE AGE OF 8, HE ALSO ATTENDED THE ARTS AND CRAFTS SCHOOL.

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AT THE AGE 13 HE WAS AN EXCHANGE STUDENT IN FRANCE AND TRAVELED TO STUDY IN SWITZERLAND.

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HE EARNED A DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE AND TOOK A POST-GRADUATE COURSE IN URBANISM.

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BEING ATTRACTED BY MATHEMATICS, CALATRAVA DECIDED TO PURSUE POST-GRADUATE STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, SO HE WAS ENROLLED IN THE FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ZURICH, SWITZERLAND IN 1975.

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HE RECEIVED HIS DOCTOR RATE IN 1979, DURING THAT PERIOD HE MET AND MARRIED HIS WIFE, WHO WAS A LAW STUDENT IN ZURICH.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY •

BLENDS IMPRESSIVE VISUAL STYLE AND THE STRICT RULES OF ENGINEERING

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SYMBOLIC AND RECOGNIZABLE THE WORLD OVER FOR THE SENSE OF MOVEMENT CAPTURED IN A STATIONARY OBJECT.

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LONG SWEEPING LINES, STARK WHITE MATERIALS AND A FLAWLESS USE OF GLASS AND LIGHT.

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HAD A DEFINITE VISION OF INSIDE AND OUTSIDE, THE CONCAVE AND CONVEX, OF HOW WE FACE THE SPECIFIC WORLD

FAMOUS WORKS 1) MUSEUM OF TOMORROW :THE DESIGN OF THE MUSEUM IS INSPIRED BY THE CARIOCA CULTURE AND THROUGH ITS ARCHITECTURE, EXPLORES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CITY AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. THE TOTAL HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING IS LIMITED TO 18 METERS, WHICH PROTECTS THE VIEW FROM THE BAY OF SAO BENTO MONASTERY, A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE.

2) ALLEN LAMBERT GALLERIA:-

SOMETIME DESCRIBED AS THE “CRYSTAL CATHEDRAL OF COMMERCE “, IS AN ATRIUM WHICH CONNECTS BAY STREET WITH SAM POLLOCK SQUARE. THE GALLERIA WAS THE RESULT OF AN INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AND WAS INCORPORATED INTO THE DEVELOPMENT IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE CITY OF TORONTO’S PUBLIC ART REQUIREMENTS.

3) St.NICHOLAS CHURCH :CALATRAVA’S ST. NICHOLAS GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH, IN LIBERTY PARK, IS A REDESIGN FOR THE CHURCH DESTROYED BY THE COLLAPSE OF TWO WORLD TRADE CENTER DURING THE SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS. CALATRAVA WAS AWARDED THE CONTRACT TO REBUILD THE ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH IN DOWNTOWN NEW YORK CITY, WHICH HAD BEEN DESTROYED ON 9/11.

THE CHURCH HAS BEEN CREATED FROM STEEL AND CONCRETE BUT THE EXTERIOR HAS BEEN CLAD IN STONE. IN DESIGNING THE CHURCH, CALATRAVA WAS SAID TO BE INSPIRED BY BYZANTINE CHURCHES OF THE PAST.

4) PEACE BRIDGE:CALATRAVA’S DESIGN FOR THE PEACE BRIDGE, A 130 METRES (430 FT) PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE TO SPAN THE BOW RIVER IN DOWNTOWN CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA, WAS ESTIMATED TO COST APPROXIMATELY $24.5 MILLION. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF PEACE BRIDGE PLANS WAS MADE ON 28 JULY 2009, AND IT WAS DESCRIBED AS A SLEEK, ELEGANT CONTRIBUTION TO DOWNTOWN CALGARY. THE BRIDGE WAS RECEIVED WITH MIXED FEELINGS AMONGST CALGARIANS.THE DESIGN MODEL SHOWED A SLEEK, TUBULAR, SINGLE-SPAN RED-AND-WHITE TRESTLE, OFFERING SEPARATE PATHWAYS FOR CYCLISTS AND PEDESTRIANS. THE BRIDGE WAS EXPECTED TO SERVE UP TO 5,000 PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS DAILY.

5) SHARQ CROSSING:IN DECEMBER 2013, THE CITY OF DOHA AWARDED CALATRAVA THE SHARQ CROSSING IN DOHA, QATAR - HIS BIGGEST PROJECT TO DATE. THIS PROJECT WAS PUT ON HOLD IN JANUARY 2015.IF PURSUED, THE PROJECT WILL SEE THREE INTERCONNECTING BRIDGES - SPANNING ALMOST TEN KILOMETERS – CONNECT THE CITY’S CULTURAL DISTRICT IN THE NORTH OF THE CITY TO HAMAD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT IN WEST BAY. THE BRIDGES WILL BE ABLE TO CARRY 2,000 VEHICLES PERLANE PER HOUR AND ARE CONNECTED BY A SERIES OF UNDERSEA TUNNELS TO KEEP THE TRAFFIC FLOW MOVING.

6) CITY OF ART AND SCIENCE:THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IS AN ENTERTAINMENT-BASED CULTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEX IN THE CITY OF VALENCIA, SPAIN. IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT MODERN TOURIST. DESTINATION IN THE CITY OF VALENCIA AND ONE OF THE 12 TREASURES OF SPAIN.

7) Auditoria de Tenerife, Canary Islands:THE MAJESTIC PROFILE OF THE AUDITORIUM HAS BECOME AN ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOL OF THE CITY OF SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE, THE ISLAND OF TENERIFE AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. IT IS ALSO REGARDED AS THE FINEST MODERN BUILDING IN THE CANARY ISLANDS AND ONE OF THE MOST EMBLEMATIC BUILDINGS OF SPANISH ARCHITECTURE. THE IMAGE OF THE TENERIFE AUDITORIUM WAS INCLUDED IN A SERIES OF COMMEMORATIVE COINS OF 5 EUROS, WHICH DISPLAYED THE MOST EMBLEMATIC SYMBOLS OF SEVERAL SPANISH CITIES.

8) PUENTE DEL ALAMILLO:THE BRIDGE IS OF THE CANTILEVER SPAR CABLESTAYED BRIDGE TYPE AND CONSISTS OF A SINGLE PYLON, COUNTERBALANCING A 200 M SPAN WITH THIRTEEN LENGTHS OF CABLES. THE ORIGINAL INTENT WAS TO BUILD TWO SYMMETRICAL BRIDGES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE ISLAND, BUT IN THE END, THE ALAMILLO'S SINGULAR DESIGN HAS PROVED MOST STRIKING. THIS BRIDGE REPRESENTED THE SOARING ASPIRATIONS OF THE CITY OF SEVILLE IN PREPARATION FOR EXPO '92, AND IS VISIBLE FROM THE TOP OF LA GIRALDA, THE FORMER MINARET WHICH IS THE SENTIMENTAL ROOF OF THE CITY, LINKING SEVILLE'S PAST AND PRESENT.

9) BAHNHOF STADELHOFEN IN ZÃœRICH:THE EXISTING STADELHOFEN STATION BUILDING DATES FROM 1894, AND WAS BUILT IN A NEOCLASSICAL STYLE REFLECTING THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS. IN THE 1990S THE TRAIN STATION WAS REBUILT, THE PRINCIPAL CHALLENGE OF THIS REBUILD WAS TO ADD A THIRD TRACK TO A STATION CONSTRAINED BY A STEEP HILLSIDE RISING ABOVE THE STATION TO ONE SIDE, AND AN URBAN SQUARE TO THE OTHER. THE RESULTING DESIGN PRESERVED THE EXISTING STATION BUILDING ON THE SQUARE SIDE, AND EXCAVATED THE HILLSIDE TO PROVIDE ROOM FOR THE THIRD TRACK AND THE PLATFORM SERVING IT. THE HILLSIDE WAS THEN RESTORED WITH A MULTILEVEL STRUCTURE THAT REINSTATES THE WALKWAYS AND BANK ABOVE, WHILE PROVIDING AN OPEN, NATURALLY LIT ISLAND PLATFORM UNDERNEATH SERVING THE NEW TRACK AND ITS PRE-EXISTING NEIGHBOUR.

10) TURNING TORSO:-

TURNING TORSO IS BASED ON A SCULPTURE BY CALATRAVA, CALLED TWISTING TORSO, WHICH IS A WHITE MARBLE PIECE BASED ON THE FORM OF A TWISTING HUMAN BEING. IT IS THE FIRST "TWISTING" TOWER.

11) MILWAUKEE ART MUSEUM:THE MILWAUKEE ART MUSEUM, WHICH OVERLOOKS LAKE MICHIGAN, WAS PARTIALLY HOUSED IN A BUILDING DESIGNED IN 1957 BY EERO SAARINEN AS A WAR MEMORIAL. THE DESIGN ALLOWS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION, OFFSET FROM BUT SYMMETRICAL TO THE EXHIBITION FACILITIES, ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE KAHLER BUILDING. AMONG THE MANY MARITIME ELEMENTS IN CALATRAVA'S DESIGN ARE:MOVABLE STEEL LOUVERS INSPIRED BY THE WINGS OF A BIRD; A CABLED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE WITH A SOARING MAST INSPIRED BY THE FORM OS A SAILBOAT AND A CURVING SINGLE-STORY GALLERIA REMINISCENT OF A WAVE.

12) L’HEMISFÈRIC:BUILT IN THE SHAPE OF THE HUMAN EYE, L’HEMISFÈRIC IS ONE OF THE STRUCTURES WITHIN THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN VALENCIA, SPAIN. DESI, L’HEMISFÈRIC HOUSES AN IMAX THEATRE, A PLANETARIUM AND A LASERIUM. THE “PUPIL” IS THE HEMISPHERICAL DOME OF THE IMAX THEATRE AND THE “EYELID” CAN OPEN AND CLOSE BY USING HYDRAULIC LIFTS TO OPERATE THE STEEL AND GLASS SHUTTER. THIS IMPRESSIVE ARCHITECTURAL MASTERPIECE IS SITUATED AT THE END OF THE DRIED UP RIVERBED TURIA. CALATRAVA WANTED TO BRING WATER BACK TO THE AREA BY CREATING A REFLECTING POOL WHICH ALSO SERVES AS A STUNNING ATISTIC DISPLAY AT NIGHT WHEN THE LIGHTING CREATES AN IMAGE OF A WHOLE EYE.

MAJOR WORKS 1)"TURNING TORSO" LOCATION: - Lilla Varvsgatan, Sweden DATE: - 2005 BUILDING TYPE: - RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: - WHITE MARBEL, CONCRETE STYLE: - NEO-FUTURISM HSB TURNING TORSO IS ONE OF THE TALLEST RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN EUROPE AND HOLDS APARTMENTS, OFFICES AND MEETING FACILITIES. THE 190 METER TALL CONCRETE AND STEEL TOWER TURNS 90 DEGREES FROM BOTTOM TO TOP. DESIGNED FOR A PROMINENT URBAN SITE ON THE OCCASION OF THE EUROPEAN HOUSING EXPO 2001, CALATRAVA'S RESIDENTIAL TOWER FOR MALMO, AT THE CITY'S WEST HARBOR, IS BASED IN FORM ON HIS SCULPTURE TURNING TORSO. CONCEIVED TO ENHANCE AND ENLARGE A PUBLIC AREA, DEFINED BY THE INTERSECTION OF TWO MAIN ROADS, THE "TURNING TORSO" BUILDING IS MEANT TO BE SEEN AS A FREE-STANDING SCULPTURAL ELEMENT POSED WITHIN THE CITYSCAPE.

IN THE ORIGINAL SCULPTURE OF TURNING TORSO, SEVEN CUBES ARE SET AROUND A STEEL SUPPORT TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL STRUCTURE, WHICH RESEMBLES A TWISTING HUMAN SPINE.

BUILDING FACTS:•190 METRES HIGH •CONSISTS OF NINE CUBES WITH FIVE FLOORS EACH, EACH CUBE WERE MADE WITH SO-CALLED SELFCOMPACTING CONCRETE , BECAUSE OF ITS FLOW CAPACITY, THIS TYPE OF CONCRETE DOES NOT NEED VIBRATING. •TOGETHER WITH INTERMEDIATE FLOORS A TOTAL OF 54 FLOORS. •EACH FLOOR HAS 400M² OF AVAILABLE SPACE. •147 APARTMENTS FROM CUBE THREE TO NINE. •MEETING FACILITIES ON THE TWO TOP FLOORS. •EACH FLOOR CONSISTS OF A SQUARE PART AROUND THE CORE AND A TRIANGULAR PART WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY AN EXTERNAL STEEL STRUCTURE. •THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION TWISTS 90 DEGREES ON ITS WAY UP WITH EACH FLOOR TILTING BY 1.6 DEGREES

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BUILT DIRECTLY ON THE LIMESTONE BEDROCK. PROFILED STEEL PLATES, FORMING THE FOUNDATION SHAFT, WERE DRIVEN 15 M. INTO THE GROUND AND A FURTHER 3M INTO THE LIMESTONE BEDROCK. CONCRETE BEAMS, POURED AT REGULAR INTERVALS ON THE INSIDE OF THE SHEETING TO STABILIZE THE STEEL LINING AGAINST THE PRESSURE OF THE SOIL OUTSIDE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION WAS POURED ONTO THE BEDROCK, 30 METERS IN DIAMETER AND 7 METERS THICK AN EXOSKELETON AROUND THE BUILDING'S FRONT FACE IS MADE OF TAPERED WHITE STEEL TUBES. FOLLOWING THE CONCRETE PERIMETER COLUMN, THE EXOSKELETON'S SINGLE UPRIGHT IS FIXED TO THE TOWER BETWEEN EACH MODULE WITH HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED TUBES. THESE TUBES REACH BACK TO STEEL ANCHORS EMBEDDED IN SHEAR WALLS AT THE BUILDING'S BACK CORNERS. WHILE THE SPINE COLUMN TAKES PERIMETER VERTICAL LOADS, THE EXOSKELETON AROUND IT PROVIDES WIND RESISTANCE AND DAMPENS THE BUILDING'S VIBRATIONS.

“I AM ALWAYS SEARCHING FOR MORE LIGHT AND SPACE” - SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

2) “BODEGAS YSIOS” LOCATION: - LAGUARDIA, SPAIN DATE: - 2000 BUILDING TYPE: - INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: - CONCRETE, CERAMICS, etc STYLE: - FOLDED PLATE

CONCEPT:THE GROUP YSIOS BODEGAS Y BEBIDAS WANTED AN ICONIC BUILDING THAT WOULD ATTRACT ATTENTION TO THE ALAVESA WINE LAND AND ACCOMMODATE THE PRECISE AND RIGOROUS SPACES NEEDED TO MAKE, STORE AND SELL WINE PROGRAM. THE BUILDING IS CONCEIVED AS A FULLY INTEGRATED INTO THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE ELEMENT AND AT THE SAME TIME, AS A SPECIFIC AUTONOMOUS SCULPTURE SITE DUE TO THE VOLUMETRIC TREATMENT OF ITS WALLS AND DECK CREATES CONTINUITY BETWEEN OUTER SPACE AND THE INTERIOR THROUGH THE “STATIC "ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT. THE COVER OF THE CELLAR IS THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT IN THE DESIGN OF THE PROJECT. THE MATERIAL USED IN ITS EXTERIOR FINISH IS NATURAL ALUMINUM, WHICH CONTRASTS WITH THE WARMTH OF WOOD AND OPTIMIZE THE DYNAMIC POSSIBILITIES OF THE BUILDING.

SPACES:THE CONSTRUCTION IS UNEVEN, WITH STEEP ELEVATION CHANGES OF UP TO 10M AT THE TOP, ON THE NORTH SIDE, TO THE LOWEST LEVELS IN THE SOUTH. THE ORIGINAL ARCHITECTURAL RESULT IS OBTAINED BY OVERLAPPING SHEET MEMBERS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS, CROSSING POOLS IN FRONT BY A BRIDGE LEADS TO THE MODEST MAIN ENTRANCE PLACED IN THE CENTER OF THE FACADE, A WOODEN DOOR WITH TWO LEAVES IN WHICH THE NAME OF THE WINERY, ON THIS ENTRY THE ROOF FORWARD IN A CONTINUOUS VOLUME WHICH IS CONCEIVED AS A BALCONY OVERLOOKING THE VINEYARDS.

STRUCTURE:THE BUILDING IS EMERGING AS A SIMPLE RECTANGULAR PLAN, ALONG AN EAST-WEST AXIS TO ACCOMMODATE THE LINEAR PROGRAM WINEMAKING PROCESS. THE TWO LOAD-BEARING WALLS, WITH 196M LONG, WHICH FORM THE BOUNDARIES OF THE VOLUME WERE MADE IN CONCRETE AND PLACED AT A DISTANCE OF 26M. HIS STROKE IS WINDING IN BOTH PLAN AND ELEVATION, FOLLOWING THE STRATEGY OF ARCHITECT GIVING A VOLUMETRIC TREATMENT BOTH AS TO COVER THE WALLS.

COVER:THE COVER IS MADE OF LAMINATED WOOD BEAMS IS TREATED AS A CONTINUATION OF THE FACADES. THE RESULT IS A WAVY RULED SURFACE, WHICH COMBINES CONCAVE AND CONVEX SURFACES AS IT EVOLVES ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS. THE WOODEN BEAMS THAT SUPPORT THE ROOF ARE SUPPORTED BY THE LATERAL LOAD-BEARING WALLS. AT BOTH ENDS OF THE BUILDING, ON THE SIDE WALLS, TWO ENTRANCES GOODS ARE LOCATED, ACCENTUATING THE LINEARITY OF THE BUILDING

MATERIALS:THE WALLS OF THE MAIN FACADE, THE SOUTH, WHICH ARE MADE OF CONCRETE LIKE THE REST OF THE WALLS WERE LINED WITH WOODEN SLATS OF CEDAR, PLACED HORIZONTALLY, EXCEPT FOR THE STEEP SLOPED BEAMS THAT HIGHLIGHT THE HIGH GLASS PLACED OVER THE MAIN ENTRANCE WHICH THEY WERE PLACED UPRIGHT. THE HORIZONTAL SLATS WERE SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE UNDULATIONS OF THE WALLS. WATER PONDS AROUND THE FRONT OF THE WINERIES WERE TILED WITH BROKEN CERAMIC WHITE, "TRENCADIS" USUAL STUFF IN THE WORKS OF CALATRAVA, THE ROOF HAS BEEN COVERED WITH ALUMINUM PANELS, CREATING A SHARP CONTRAST WITH THE WOOD OF THE FACADE. THE EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT CREATED ON THE COVER ACCENTUATES ITS SINUOSITY AND CREATES A KINETIC EFFECT IN CONTRAST TO THE CALM OF THE VINEYARDS AND THE SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS.

“THE MOST TOUCHING THING THAT ANY ONE CAN SAY TO ME IS THAT I HAVE DONE SOMETHING BEAUTIFUL FOR COMMUNITY” - SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

3)" CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES" LOCATION: - VALENCIA, SPAIN DATE: - 2005 BUILDING TYPE: - COMPLEX STYLE: - MODERN CONSTRUCTION: - WHITE MARBLE

INTRODUCTION:THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, DEVELOPED BY SANTIAGO CALATRAVA, IS A LARGE-SCALE URBAN RECREATION CENTER FOR CULTURE AND SCIENCE. SET IN THE OLD DRIED-UP RIVER BED OF THE TURIA, MIDWAY BETWEEN THE OLD CITY OF VALENCIA AND THE COASTAL DISTRICT OF NAZARET, THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES COVERS AN AREA OF 350,000 SQUARE METERS. L'HEMISFÈRIC (PLANETARIUM) WAS THE FIRST ELEMENT TO BE OPENED TO THE PUBLIC IN APRIL 1998. THE SCIENCE MUSEUM PRINCIPE FELIPE OPENED IN 2000, L'UMBRACLE (PARKING STRUCTURE) OPENED IN 2001, THE PALACIO DE LAS ARTES, OPENED IN 2003. CALATRAVA'S USE OF PURE WHITE CONCRETE AND GAUDIESQUE FRAGMENTS OF SHATTERED TILES, AN IMPORTANT VALENCIAN INDUSTRY, TIES ALL THE STRUCTURES TOGETHER AS A WHOLE.

L'HEMISFÈRIC (PLANETARIUM):THE DISTINCTIVE EYE-SHAPED CONSTRUCTION DESIGNED BY SANTIAGO CALATRAVA, WAS THE FIRST ELEMENT TO BE OPENED TO THE PUBLIC IN THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.THE "PUPIL" IS THE HEMISPHERICAL DOME OF THE IMAX THEATER, WHICH IS TRANSFORMED INTO A GLOBE THROUGH ITS REFLECTION IN THE POOL. THE CONCRETE SOCKET OF THE EYE INCORPORATES ELONGATED ALUMINIUM AWNINGS THAT DIFFER IN LENGTH AND FOLD UPWARDS COLLECTIVELY, OR AS INDIVIDUAL UNITS, TO FORM A BRISE-SOLEIL ROOF THAT OPENS ALONG THE CURVED CENTRAL AXIS OF THE EYE SHAPE. THE CONCRETE ENCASEMENT HAS BEEN EXTENDED UPWARDS, AND THE BRISE-SOLEIL NARROWED AND REPLACED BY A SYSTEM OF SLATS MOUNTED ON EACH SIDE OF PIVOTING, TO IMITATE THE STRUCTURE OF A FEATHER.

SCIENCE MUSEUM PRINCIPE FELIPE:THE SCIENCE MUSEUM IS A SPATIAL TOUR DE FORCE, LIKE THE GRAND EXHIBITION PAVILIONS OF THE PAST; IT IS A LONGITUDINAL BUILDING, RESEMBLING A PREHISTORICSKELETON, CREATED FROM THE MODULAR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSVERSE SECTIONS THAT REPEAT ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE SITE.THE WHITE CONCRETE SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK OF THE SOUTH FACADE IS FILLED WITH GLASS; THE NORTH FACADE IS A CONTINUOUS GLASS-AND-STEEL CURTAIN ALONG THE BUILDING'S FULL LENGTH. THE SYMMETRICAL ENDS OF THE BUILDING ARE BRACED FIRMLY

BY TRIANGULATED STRUCTURES WHICH ALSO MARK THE ENTRANCES.

L'UMBRACLE (PARKING STRUCTURE):LOCATED ON THE SOUTHERN FACADE OF THE COMPLEX THE STRUCTURE, KNOWN AS L'UMBRACLE, IS A PROMENADE AND PARKING GARAGE BUILT WITHIN AN OPEN ARCADE, PROVIDING A CONTEMPORARY REINVENTION OF THE WINTER GARDEN. THE UPPER PART COMPRISES A LONG PANORAMIC PROMENADE, WITH A TREE-LINED GARDEN, FROM WHERE THERE IS A SUPERB VIEW OF THE COMPLEX AS A WHOLE.

PALACIO DE LAS ARTES:CONCEIVED AS THE FINAL ELEMENT IN THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES COMPLEX, THE VALENCIA OPERA HOUSE (PALACIO DE LAS ARTES) HAS BEEN DESIGNED AS A SERIES OF APPARENTLY RANDOM VOLUMES, WHICH BECOME UNIFIED THROUGH THEIR ENCLOSURE WITHIN TWO SYMMETRICAL, CUT-AWAY CONCRETE SHELLS. THESE FORMS ARE CROWNED

BY A SWEEPING STEEL SHEATH, WHICH PROJECTS AXIALLY FROM THE ENTRANCE CONCOURSE AND EXTENDS OVER THE UPPERMOST CONTOURS OF THE CURVILINEAR ENVELOPE. THE RESULTING STRUCTURE DEFINES THE IDENTITY OF THE OPERA HOUSE, DRAMATICALLY ENHANCING ITS SYMBOLIC AND DYNAMIC EFFECT WITHIN THE LANDSCAPE, WHILE OFFERING PROTECTION TO THE TERRACES AND FACILITIES BENEATH.

“AS THE SITE IS CLOSE TO THE SEA, AND VALENCIA IS SO DRY, I DECIDED TO MAKE WATER A MAJOR ELEMENT FOR THE WHOLE SITE USING IT AS A MIRROR FOR THE ARCHITECTURE.” - SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

4)" PEACE BRIDGE"

LOCATION: - CALGARY, CANADA DATE: - 2012 TYPE: - BRIDGE STYLE: - NEO-FUTURISM CONSTRUCTION: - STEEL, CONCRETE

PEACE BRIDGE IS A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE , THE BRIDGE WAS BUILT BY THE CITY OF CALGARY TO CONNECT THE SOUTHERN BOW RIVER PATHWAY AND DOWNTOWN CALGARY WITH THE NORTHERN BOW RIVER PATHWAY AND THE COMMUNITY OF SUNNYSIDE. THIS CONNECTION WAS DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF PEOPLE COMMUTING TO AND FROM WORK AND THOSE UTILIZING CALGARY'S PATHWAYS. THE BRIDGE IS REPORTEDLY USED BY 6000 PEOPLE A DAY AND HAS RANKED AMONG THE TOP 10 ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS IN 2012 AND AMONG THE TOP 10 PUBLIC SPACES OF 2012.

DESIGN:THE DESIGN FOLLOWS STRICT REQUIREMENTS WITH NO PIERS IN THE WATER (IN AN EFFORT TO MINIMIZE THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT) AND RESTRICTED HEIGHT (DUE TO THE VICINITY OF THE CITY/BOW RIVER HELIPORT).

THE BRIDGE HAS ALSO BEEN DESIGNED TO:• • • •

WITHSTAND CALGARY'S ONE-IN-100 YEAR FLOOD CYCLE MEET A MINIMUM 75 YEAR LIFE SPAN ALLOW BARRIER FREE ACCESS FOR PEOPLE OF ALL MOBILITY TYPES PROVIDE COMFORT AND SECURITY THROUGH LIGHTING

THE BRIDGE IS A DEPARTURE FROM CALATRAVA'S PREVIOUS DESIGNS, WHICH WERE TYPICALLY ASYMMETRIC SHAPES ANCHORED BY HIGH MASTS. ANOTHER TYPICAL ELEMENT IS THE COLOR; WHILE MOST OF CALATRAVA'S DESIGNS ARE WHITE, THE PEACE BRIDGE FEATURES RED AND WHITE AS USED IN BOTH THE FLAG OF CANADA AND THE FLAG OF CALGARY.

FEATURES:• • • •

HELICAL STEEL STRUCTURE WITH A GLASS ROOF (850-METRIC-TONNE STEEL) A WIDTH OF 6.3 METRES - DOUBLE THE WIDTH OF OTHER PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES IN THE AREA SEGREGATED BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC LIGHTING FOR NIGHT TIME USE

MATERIALS USED:• •

STEEL FOR THE ARCHES REINFORCED CONCRETE ABUTMENTS & DECK

“SINCE THE BRIDGE IS FOR PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS, SEPARATE PATHS HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED SO EACH CAN ENJOY HIS JOURNEY OVER THE BRIDGE COMFORTABLY”

THE BRIDGE’S TUBULAR FORM IS A SUCCESSFUL DESIGN SOLUTION AS IT COULD NOT HAVE PIERS IN THE RIVERBED OR VERTICAL ELEMENTS.

“SEEMINGLY SIMPLISTIC AT FIRST GLANCE, THE PEACE BRIDGE IS A HIGHLY TECHNICAL BRIDGE” - SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

BIBLIOGRAPHY ➢ www.wikipedia.org ➢ www.archdaily.com ➢ www.quora.com ➢ image source :- google images ➢ book :- Santiago Calatrava: -complete works by Alexander Tzonis