BOOK THREE | The Proposal: Academy Retroit by Sadaf Pourzand

SADAF POURZAND

BOOK THREE THE PROPOSAL: ACADEMY RETROIT

| DS3 | P30030 | P30033 | P30034 | 2014 - 2015 |

CREDITS

This thesis was conducted through curiosity, thorough research and a series of critical analysis at Oxford Brookes University. Under the advisement of: Ninnie Yeo, Design Studio 3 tutor Alana Madden, Design Studio 3 tutor A special thanks to my family and friends, especially my mother and Ravi Rana, for their patience and support, and for always challenging and inspiring me to do better.

THESIS QUESTION

RESEARCH

CRIME

DETROIT CITY

REHABILITATION

DETROIT RESEARCH BOOK ONE HISTORY & THEORIES

CASE STUDIES

DESIGN RESEARCH BOOK TWO

EXPERIMENTS

DESIGN

FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL BOOK THREE | BOOK FOUR

To what extent can education infiltrate the current rehabilitation process for non-violent offenders through the creation of a new prison system? The United States houses 5% of worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population and 25% of worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prison population. Today, Detroit is one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. 50% of the population are unemployed and 47% functionally illiterate; there is a clear correlation between education and Crime in Detroit. Extensive research has shown investment within the education system in prisons can prevent recidivism by 62%. Academy Retroit is a new concept for prison education, working with both non-violent offenders and non-offenders to provide positive impacts both socially and financially. This program aims to be a transitional stage which enables offenders to integrate with society in a safe environment and gain vital life and career skills before re-entering the community. Academy Retroit is in partnership with several businesses in the city that will provide scholars with placements upon graduation. Through education and extra curricular activities the school aims to reduce the recidivism rate by 90%.

DETROIT

HISTORY USA CRIME

HIGH CRIME

DETROIT CRIME

ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS CITIES IN THE U.S.

THESIS QUESTION

POVERTY

RECIDIVISM REDUCED WHEN EDUCATED LACK OF EDUCATION REHABILITATION

ACADEMY RETROIT

https://vimeo.com/116265474

http://sadafpourzand.wix.com/ academyretroit

http://2015ds3.tumblr.com/sadaf

1 2 The Overview: Research

The Site: Downtown

3 4 The Proposal: Academy Retroit

The Bibliography

1 The Overview: Research

1701 1943

Race Riot

1910

Fourth largest city in America

Race Riot

Total Industrial Landscape

Detroit was found

DETROIT OVERVIEW

1950

1967

1984 2007

BANKRUPT CITY

MOST DANGEROUS CITY

800 Arson in one year

1973

White Flight

300% increase in homocide

1980

2013

Crime and Education

EDUCATE THE PRISON POPULATION

REDUCE THE PRISON POPULATION

400 NON VIOLENT CRIMINALS

300 NON CRIMINALS

60,000

45,000

30,000

15,000

1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 72% Target decrease in prison population in Michigan

PROPOSED SAVINGS

$35,000 Security: $12,000

Facilities: $7,000

Other: $16,000

average annual cost of incarceration

$14,000,000 average annual cost of 400 incarcerated individuals

$15,000 Accommodation: $6,000

Education: $4,000

Other: $5,000

Annual Academy Re t r o i t f e e s

$6,000,000 Annual Academy Retroit Fees for 400 non violent criminals $8,000,000 SAV ED

$2,400,000 Fee for Non Criminals: $8,000

Annual Academy Retroit Fees for 300 non criminals

$10, 4 0 0 , 0 0 0

Average annual savings per 400 non-violent criminals & 300 non criminal fees

REHABILITATION

THEORISTS AND PRECEDENTS HUMANITARIAN 1726 - 1790 John Howard 1738 - 1794 Cesare Beccaria 1746 - 1813 Dr. Benjamin Rush

EDUCATION Steiner Education Movement

1861 - 1925 Rudolph Steiner

Slow Education Movement

1965 - Present Mike Grenier

Moral Education Movement

1927–1987 Lawrence Kohlberg

Georgist movement

1859 - 1952 John Dewey

SURVEILLANCE Panopticon Prison Movement

1748 - 1832 Jeremy Bentham

Pinwheel Architecture

1812 - 1852 Augustus Pugin

1926 - 1984 ‘All Seeing Eye’ Micheal Foucault

AESTHETICS

Dr Marayca Lopez 1856 - 1924 Louis Sullivan

1857 - 1959 Frank Lloyd Wright

PRISON

E A R LY D AT E S

INDIVIDUAL CELLS

EXERCISE FACILITIES

REWARD

Walnut Street Jail

Newgate Prison

Eastern Penitentiary

LIBRARY

SUBJECTS

SIZE

Halden Prison

Leoben Prison

Bastoy Prison

All Schools

NATURAL LINKS

FORMAL LINKS

ACTIVITY

Manchester Art School

Halden Prison

Ashmolean Museum

Leoben Prison

Christs College School

Ashmolean Museum

Manchester Art School

DIVERSITY

NORMATIVE

LANDSCAPE

Halden Prison

Bastoy Prison

Leoben Prison

DESIGN RATIONAL AESTHETICS AESTHETICS

HUMANATARIAN

Design Concept 1 - SURVEILLANCE STAGE

STAGE

EXISTING CONTEXT

EXTERNAL SPACES

Existing Structure - To map the existing structure on the site and keep parts of the structure if possible.

Public Square - To design a public square to encourage street activities and create a sense of community.

Surrounding Buildings - To study the buildings around the site and

Courtyard - To create a large courtyard for different recreational uses for both the public and the scholars.

Building Heights - To study the surrounding building heights to ensure no overshadowing on the site. Orientation - Take in mind the orientation of the building and keep the south open as much as possible to allow maximum light.

Roof Gardens - To provide balconies and roof gardens for educational and living spaces.

Habitat 67

Basket Accommodation

Ashmolean Museum

Leoben Prison

Basket Accommodation

Halden Prison

Le Corbusier

John Howard

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Dr Marayca L贸pez

AESTHETICS

EDUCATION

Design Concept 2 - LIBRARY SPINE

STAGE

HUMANATARIAN

STAGE

CIRCULATION

INTERIOR SPACES

Main Circulation - To create a library highway to be used as the main circulation of the building

Flats - To design individual bedrooms around the communal space and kitchen.

Exterior Circulation - Provide outdoor circulation spaces where inmates to maximize the time being spent outside.

Spaces - To show different living and educational spaces through the architecture of the building

Open Plan - Create open plan circulation spaces to increase views and security of the spaces.

Reward Strategy - To encourage good behaviour by rewarding different levels of accommodation and facilities.

Ashmolean Museum

Leoben Prison

Manchester Art School

Halden Prison

Augustus Pugin

Le Corbusier

Louis Sullivan

Louis Kahn

F. L. Wright

Rem Koolhaas

Le Corbusier

Micheal Foucault

Dr Marayca L贸pez

Rudolph Steiner

LIGHT STAGE

ACCOMMODATION

Halden Prison has large windows in the cells and does not have bars on its windows to allow maximum light in and to make the prison as normal looking as possible for the inmates.

HALDEN PRISON

STAGE

DIVERSITY OF SPACES

Leoben Prison has a vast diversity of spaces. The main building material at Leoben Prison is glass curtain walls and this allows the maximum amount of light to enter all spaces.

LEOBEN PRISON

MATERIAL

STRUCTURE

The rooms include a small balcony coming off each student bedroom. For maximum safety the balconies have timber bars as railings however this has been made to look part of the building.

Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical and completely prefabricated modules stacked in various combinations and connected by steel cables.

BASKET APARTMENTS

HABITAT 67

Wooden interior for the design of the lecture theatre helps with the acoustic control. The wooden panels deliver clear sound and architectural vision in this new lecture theatre.

The building is composed of a hexagonal interwoven wooden grid shell roof structure that encompasses the whole building - timber columns and roof with an envelope of clear glass.

MIT LECTURE THEATRE

Halden Prison NINE BRIDGES

STAGE

OPEN SPACES

Halden Prison has a lot of open spaces surrounding the main building. Seating has been placed mainly in the south so inmates can enjoy the maximum amount of natural sunlight.

HALDEN PRISON

D SECURITY

Manchester School of Art has a large open design with a lot of glass walls to allow maximum views into and out of the building. This increases the visual connections - increasing security.

MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART

STAGE

CHENGDU LANDSCAPE

BASKET APARTMENTS

Halden Prison has used glass wall as a measure of connecting the outside with the inside. This increases the security and visual connectivity within the building.

Manchester School of Art has bridges connecting the open planed wings to each other the bridges have visible steal truss. This helps with the aesthetics of the interior spaces.

MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART

Each bedroom has a balcony attached to it. Balcony railings are made to look a part of the building with different size HPL timber stripes.

HALDEN PRISON

The design uses a variety of contemporary materials and different levels to express different spaces for traditional cultural activities and places of meeting.

2 The Site: Downtown

DOWNTOWN DETROIT

Greater Downtown Detroit Square Miles: 7.2 Population: 36,550 Density: 5,076 people / SQ. MI. Per Capital Income: $20,216

Sunny Days Windy Days

Foggy Days

Cloudy Days Rainy Days Snow Days Each Square = 2 days

January

February

March

April

May

June

Climate Characteristics of Detroit The humid subtropical zone contains the warmest month average temperature above 22 degrees with at least four months averaging above ten degrees. The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the year. Precipitation is most likely around December 30, occurring in 63% of days. Precipitation is least likely around September 11, occurring in 34% of days.

July

August

September

October

November

December

Prevailing Winds “Lake-effect” precipitation is a common event in the state of Michigan, occurring most often during the late autumn and early winter months. This form of precipitation is the result of rapid warming and moistening of cP (continental polar) air masses that regularly move southward from central Canada (Kunkel et al, 2000). Consistent wind speeds are characteristics of Detroit, due to the city’s close proximity to the shore and Great Lakes. The wind speeds range from 10 km/h to a maximum of 28 km/h, with the highest wind speeds occurring during the winter months at night. The relatively consistent low wind speeds allows for the usage of passive ventilation (U.S. National Climatic Data Centre, 2012). Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth’s surface. The diagram below shows the direction of prevailing winds are mostly from south west. N

345° 50 km/h

330°

15° 30°

40 km/h 45° 30 km/h 60° 20 km/h

10 km/h

75°

105°

120°

135°

150° 165°

Hours <25

(U.S. National Data Centre, 2012)

103

129

154

180

206

232

258+

Geological Conditions Much of Michigan is covered with glacial drift ground-up Canadian rocks bulldozed onto Michigan and much of the rest of the northern United States by several Ice Age continental glaciers, like the ones that rest on Antarctica and Greenland today. Those glaciers also excavated and filled the Great Lakes that today make Michigan two peninsulas (Alden, 2011). The map below shows the City of Detroit lying on top of four hundred million years of limestone and sandstone (Becker and Holmes, 2012). The design and construction of foundations in limestone areas have posed various problems to geotechnical engineers due to the karstic features of limestone such as steeply inclined bedrock, cavities, floaters, etc. Karst refers to a characteristic topographic feature or landscape which can be developed by rock undergoing dissolution by percolating meteoric water (Jakucs, 1977).

Key Limestone (USGS, 2010)

Sandstone

Gre a t er

Dow n t o w n

De t ro it

Ne igh bo u rh o o ds

New Center comes alive during the day, with one of the largest office populations in the area, including the employees and visitors of the Fisher, Albert Kahn, New Center One, and State of Michigan (Cadillac Place) buildings, and the Henry Ford Health System. Woodbridge is home to a varied cultural scene,with destinations including the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit, parks, a community garden, a bike shop, and a Buddhist Temple. Eastern Market hosts the oldest continuously operating public market in the United States, founded in 1891. It hosts 250 food vendors and merchants at a year-round Saturday public market, as well as the seasonal Tuesday Market from July to October. On any given Saturday, as many as 40,000 customers shop for fruits, vegetables, specialty foods, flowers, and moreâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;most from the local farms of Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario. Lafayette Park was constructed through the late 1950s and early 1960s, it contains a 19acre district designed by famed architect Mies Van der Rohe. The district is listed on the National Register of Historic places and is the largest concentration of Van der Roheâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work, demonstrating the simple International style of architecture. Rivertown includes a mix of commercial, residential, and recreational uses. Along East Jefferson, residents live in both affordable and luxury high-rises and condominiums, and enjoy a variety of casual dining options and bars. Rivertown is unique for being one of the few locations in Greater Downtown with large development-ready parcels available for future mixed-use development. These sites have the potential to transform the neighbourhood in coming years. Corktown is Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest neighbourhood and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Named for the Irish county of its immigrant founders, Corktown has a mix of historic homes, independent retail, restaurants, bars, and light industrial properties. The neighbourhood features federal-style row houses, Victorian single-family homes, and new housing, as well as loft conversions and a high-rise residential development. The Midtown area is a general mixed-use community area of neighbourhoods containing successive waves of development that have transformed the area multiple times since it was first plated. The neighbourhoods are dominated by the thoroughfare of Woodward Avenue, which runs north and south through the heart of Midtown. The vibrant area includes several historic districts, and Wayne State University. Downtown contains much historic architecture and many of the prominent skyscrapers in Detroit, including the Renaissance Centre, the Penobscot Building, One Detroit Centre, and the Guardian Building. Historic churches, theatres, and commercial buildings anchor the various downtown districts. Downtown has a number of parks including those linked by a promenade along the International Riverfront.

(Ali et al, 2012)

Cork

New Centre

Tech Town

Art Centre Wayne State Woodbridge Medical Centre

North Cass Mid Town

Cass Park

Brush Park Eastern Market

ktown Downtown

Lafayette Park

Rivertown

DOWNTOWN DETROIT

Greater Downtown Detroit Population

New Centre

Woodbridge Midtown

Population Gain

Downtown

Corktown

Lafayette Park

Population Loss

Rivertown

New Centre

Woodbridge

Midtown

01: -33% 02: -19% 03: -41% 04: -10% 05: -69% 06: -61% 07: +24% 08: +18%

09: -06% 10: -15% 15: +07% 16: +493%

11: +41% 12: -05% 13: +39% 14: -30% 17: +06% 18: -01% 19: -10% 20: -16%

(Ali et al, 2012)

21: -22% 22: -06% 24: -79% 25: -26% 26: -43% 27: +94% 28: -36%

Downtown

Lafayette

Corktown

30: +29% 31: +9% 32: +24% 33: -64% 34: -25%

35: +05% 36: -20%

23: -13% 29: -05%

Rivertown 37: -06%

Greater Downtown Detroit Demographics

0 - 18

17%

- 05%

12%

19 -24

12%

+ 05%

17%

25 - 34

19%

- 01%

18%

35 - 54

31%

- 05%

26%

55+

While Detroit experienced a 25% decrease in population between 2000 and 2010, Greater Downtown population declined at half that rate. (Ali et al, 2012). The diagram below shows the decline and increase in population in greater Downtown Detroit with age .

21%

+ 06%

27%

Age

2000

2010

0 - 18 19 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 54 55+

17% 12% 19% 31% 21%

12% 17% 18% 26% 27%

(Ali et al, 2012)

Greater Downtown Detroit Education 2,659 25-34 year olds with a bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree or higher reside in Greater Downtown Detroit. Downtown, Midtown and Lafayette Park have the highest concentration of young and college educated residents (Ali et al, 2012).

14%

New Centre

18%

Woodbridge 10% 2%

Midtown 17%

Corktown

Downtown

16% Lafayette Park

23%

Rivertown 15%

Percentage of 25 - 34 College Educated Downtown 470 People

Woodbridge 143 People

Rivertown 176 People

Midtown 1,055 People

Lafayette 375 People

Corktown 108 People

(Ali et al, 2012)

Cultural Institutions in Greater Downtown There are 29 K-12 schools and 77 cultural institutions - universities, museums, galleries - in Greater Downtown. Midtown - 50 Cultural Institutions

Downtown - 22 Cultural Institutions

Corktown - 2 Cultural Institutions

Woodbridge - 2 Cultural Institutions Rivertown - 1 Cultural Institution

K-12 Schools in Greater Downtown Midtown - 15 Schools Corktown - 5 Schools

Woodbridge - 4 Schools

Lafayette Park - 5 Schools Downtown - 5 Schools Rivertown - 5 Schools Eastern Market - 5 Schools (Ali et al, 2012)

34 99

Historic Buildings of Greater Downtown Detroit Albert Kahn Building An anchor of the New Centre business district, the Albert Kahn Building offers a rich history behind its Art Deco facade. From its industrialist patrons and world famous architect, to the many prominent businesses that have occupied its floors, the edifice encapsulates the era that vaulted Detroit into international prominence. The architect intended some components of what is now the Albert Kahn Building to reference the Fisher Building, other aspects of the design insured that the edifice would not overshadow its neighbour. This objective found its most direct expression in the smaller stature of the Albert Kahn Building, which rises only 10 stories (McDonald, 2013). Old Wayne County Building It is a masterpiece of marble, mahogany and mosaics, bas relief, sculptures and columns. It is a stately building that looks as old as the city itself, one of the few survivors of the years before Detroit became the auto capital of the world. This beauty of Beaux Arts Classicism was built as the Wayne County Courthouse at a cost of $1.6 million - about $39 million today, when adjusted for inflation (Austin, 2013). Fisher Building The building known as “Detroit’s largest art object” has been dropping jaws in New Centre for more than 80 years. Built by the Fisher brothers of “Body by Fisher” fame — opened in 1928, at Second Avenue and Grand Boulevard. Once known as the Cathedral to Commerce, the 441-foot tower is decked to the nines in fancy marbles, mosaics, soaring, painted ceilings and a whole lot of brass and bronze. This world of shops, theatre, art and architectural beauty is renowned architect Albert Kahn’s masterpiece, “a superbly designed complex which displays some of the finest craftsmanship in any Art Deco style building constructed in the U.S. in the 1920s,” (Austin, 2013).

35 100

Guardian Building She is known as Detroit’s Cathedral of Finance. Originally named the Union Guardian Building, this building was created for the Union Trust Co. when it required more space after a merger with the equally huge National Bank of Commerce. It would vacate its 1895 building — designed by Donaldson & Meier — for a new structure located across the street on a block bounded by Griswold, Larned and Congress. The commission for the building went out to Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, which chose one of its noted designers, Wirt C. Rowland, for the job. The result was a 496-foot, 40-story steelframed building sheathed in 1.8 million orange bricks - (Austin, 2013). Free Press Building The Detroit Free Press has had 14 homes since being founded in 1831, and moved into No. 13, this Albert Kahn gem on Lafayette between Washington and Cass, in 1925.The six-story building - with a 14-story tower was commissioned by Free Press owner E.D. Stair and cost $6 million - about $72 million in today’s dollars - to build. The building’s facade is made of limestone quarried and hauled from Bedford, Ind (Austin, 2013). Ford Building Detroit’s second-oldest skyscraper was designed by a renowned American master, once held the title of tallest building in the city, helped save downtown’s central business district and is a lovingly restored link to an era before the Motor City was the Motor City. The Ford stands about 250 feet high and 19 stories tall, the Building was erected on the north-western corner of Griswold and Congress streets in 1909. When it opened, the Detroit Free Press trumpeted it as “the beginning of a new era in the building of Detroit Beautiful” and said “probably no building project in the history of Detroit has been so noteworthy” (Austin, 2013).

Site in Context

Reference

Not to Scale

Reference

38 109

Proposed Site The proposed Wayne County Jail, a $300 million state-of-the-art jail facility, broke ground on September 15 2011 in downtown Detroit. Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano and Sheriff Benny Napoleon were both in attendance at the ground breaking ceremony to offer remarks about the unique facility, which will adopt best-practice technologies to save the county approximately $20 million per year while creating a safer environment for its employees and inhabitants. Housing 2,192 beds, the 715,000 sq. ft. facility will consolidate prisoners from three existing jails. The site is located in Downtown Detroit - 594 Clinton St, Detroit, MI 48226. Today the jail is nicknamed “fail jail” - the half-built $300 million Wayne County jail sits abandoned, a victim of cost over-runs of nearly $100 million and an ensuing grand jury probe. It’s been untouched for more than a year (Clark, 2014). Site Area: 115585 m2

FAIL JAIL

Not to Scale

Views Out of the Site

(Google Maps, 2012)

Not to Scale

Views in to the Site

(Google Maps, 2012)

SHADOW ANALYSIS

3 The Proposal: Academy Retroit

BUILDING BRIDGES

Edu cation

Edu tainment

ACADEMY RETROIT Working with both non-violent offenders and non-offenders Academy Retroit is a pilot scheme which aims to provide positive impacts both socially and financially through various educational programs and reduced inmateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expenditure. This prison and school collaboration will allow scholars to receive a GED and specialise in the chosen subject. Scholars will be provided with many opportunities to better themselves and improve their lives. Academy Retroit is partnered with companies in Detroit that will provide graduates with jobs and internships. This type of collaboration will help scholarsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; self-confidence and self-esteem, giving them a sense of importance and value. Rather than regarding prisons simply as a means of punishment that might ensure convicts of no other future upon release, this new concept for prison and prison education will promote rehabilitation.

Please refer to Academy Retroit 2025 - 2026 Brochure

COURSES Academy Retroit focuses on vibrant and engaging a medium, which encourages individuals out of their shell to get participated. The school caters for all personality types – the extraverts as well as the introverts – The extraverts who may be a bit more free to express themselves through art and film making and also the introverts who may want to apply themselves to criminology and IT. The average time spent at academy Retroit will be Four years. The first year - Foundation year - is spent studying all subjects, and individuals can specialise in a chosen field for the rest of their time at the school. Each year students must get 120 credits, 80 credits must be earned through the chosen course and 40 credits must be earned through the “Give Back” scheme. This can be done by taking responsibilities at the institution and helping other students with their course (tutors).

Please refer to Academy Retroit 2025 - 2026 Brochure

SELECTION PROCESS & CONTRACT Non violent criminals sentenced to five years and over must serve at least a quarter of their time in a prison before they can be reviewed by a judge. Upon good behaviour the judge decides whether the inmate should move to Academy Retroit to serve the rest of the sentence. Academy Retroit is a once in a life time opportunity for offenders. During their time at the school, scholars must ensure to be on their best behaviour at all times. The school works on trust, if individuals feel like the system respects them, they would respect the system. However if an individual breaks the terms of the contract they will be reviewed by a judge. On an occasion an inmate tries to escape, they will be sent back to prison and their initial sentence will be doubled.

GOALS Studies show that with every dollar spent on prison education, two dollars is being saved. In areas where this scheme has been tested, there has been a reduced recidivism rate of up to 62%. Academy Retroit aims to be a centre for excellence, to lead the world in rehabilitation and aims for a reduced 90% rate in recidivism. The school provides opportunities and avenues. It is equipping people with knowledge and know-how. Furthermore thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a tendency to lock people who are accused of a crime away and reduce their interaction with the public by essentially nothing. In other countries they have open prisons and systems, which allow a degree of integration, and this is successful because it acknowledges the true fact that 92% of the prison population are non-violent and putting them all in the same group of violent criminals can be dangerous.

EDUCATE YOUR WAY TO FREEDOM Academy Retroit, Clinton St, Detroit, MI 48226

ACADEMY RETROIT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

ENCOURAGING SENSE OF SELF, COMMUNITY AND PLACE

ACADEMY RETROIT

Training Attitude Formation

Skill Development

VALUES

Help with the rehabilitation process

TRUST

Teaching the Basics

CARE

Effectiveness of Education

STABILITY

Efficiency of Education

INTERACTIONS

Ongoing Strategic Conversations

AWARENESS

Necessary Daily Skills

RESPONSIBILITIES

Challenge for higher skills

DECISION MAKING

ACCEPTING

GOALS

OBJECTIVES

OUTCOMES

Empower Confidence

Encourage Further Learning Enhance Social Responsibilities

Encourage and Stimulate

SAFE AND EDUCATED COMMUNITY

DESIGNING ACADEMY RETROIT The design of Academy Retroit was based around three key objectives that were influenced by architectural and historical research carried out - please refer to book 2 for full design research and theories. Firstly, flexibility; when designing a large scale building, it is vital to ensure that the spaces provided are flexible and can be used for different facilities at different times. Secondly, Function; the design of the school must follow functionalism, the principle that the design should be based upon the purpose of the building. Thirdly, Form; Flexibility and function come together to create a form and structure for the building. Taking in mind that Academy Retroit is a symbolic building, representing major change in the prison system and prison education - it is important for the form of the building to be aesthetically pleasing . The building must be â&#x20AC;&#x153;friendlyâ&#x20AC;? to the surrounding buildings.

FLEXIBILITY

FUNCTION

FORM

DESIGN CONCEPT 1 | LIBRARY HIGHWAY

Bringing together Pugin’s ‘Pinwheel Architecture’ and Louis Sullivan’s ‘Form Follows Function’ Design Concept 1 works as the core of the building. The main circulation takes place in the library highway and all facilities and functions such as cooking rooms, staff rooms, computer rooms etc, are built around this space.

DESIGN CONCEPT 2 | LINEAR ARCHITECTURE

Design Concept 2 brings together Frank Lloyd Wright’s ‘Form and Function at one’ and Le Corbusier’s ‘Linear City’. This encourages linear vision lines through the building as a measure of security as well as creating a forms that are both aesthetically pleasing and functionable.

Cafe/Bakery

Restaurant

Instructive Space 2

Instructive Space 3

Instructive Space 4

Pastery Studio

Washrooms

Break Room

Storage

Staff Room

Reception

Waiting Area

CULINARY SCHOOL

Public

Class Room 1

Class Room 2

Class Room 3

Class Room 4

Demonstration Kitchen 1

Demonstration Kitchen 2

Instructive Space 1

Scholars

Workshop

Exhibition Space

Washrooms

Cafe

Reception | Staff Room

ART SCHOOL

Public

Studios for 200 scholars

Lecture Theatre

Washrooms

Photography Space

Dark Room

Scholars

IT SCHOOL

Lecture Theatre

Washrooms

Computer Room 1

Computer Room 2

Computer Room 3

Computer Room 4

Staff Space

CRIMINOLOGY

Lecture Theatre

Washrooms

Class Room 1

Class Room 2

Class Room 3

Classr Room 4

Staff Space

Flat Type B 6 Bedrooms and 1 Kitchen

Kitchen

Bedroom

Staff Space

Guard Accommodation

Laundry Room

Flat Type A 4 Bedrooms and 1 kitchen

Kitchen

Bedroom

ACCOMMODATION

Visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Space

DESIGN RATIONAL AESTHETICS AESTHETICS

HUMANATARIAN

Design Concept 1 - SURVEILLANCE STAGE

STAGE

EXISTING CONTEXT

EXTERNAL SPACES

Existing Structure - To map the existing structure on the site and keep parts of the structure if possible.

Public Square - To design a public square to encourage street activities and create a sense of community.

Surrounding Buildings - To study the buildings around the site and

Courtyard - To create a large courtyard for different recreational uses for both the public and the scholars.

Roof Gardens - To provide balconies and roof gardens for educational and living spaces.

Habitat 67

Basket Accommodation

Ashmolean Museum

Leoben Prison

Basket Accommodation

Halden Prison

Le Corbusier

John Howard

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Dr Marayca L贸pez

AESTHETICS

EDUCATION

Design Concept 2 - LIBRARY SPINE

STAGE

HUMANATARIAN

STAGE

CIRCULATION

INTERIOR SPACES

Main Circulation - To create a library highway to be used as the main circulation of the building

Flats - To design individual bedrooms around the communal space and kitchen.

Exterior Circulation - Provide outdoor circulation spaces where inmates to maximize the time being spent outside.

Spaces - To show different living and educational spaces through the architecture of the building

Open Plan - Create open plan circulation spaces to increase views and security of the spaces.

Reward Strategy - To encourage good behaviour by rewarding different levels of accommodation and facilities.

Ashmolean Museum

Leoben Prison

Manchester Art School

Halden Prison

Augustus Pugin

Le Corbusier

Louis Sullivan

Louis Kahn

F. L. Wright

Rem Koolhaas

Le Corbusier

Micheal Foucault

Dr Marayca L贸pez

Rudolph Steiner

INITIAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Please refer to Book Four

COSMIC GEOMETRY Inspired by geometric shapes, Monir Shahroudy (Refer to book 2 for more information on this artist) delivered her incredible art pieces using different materials such as geometric cut glass and mirror. The resulting works are complex geometrical patterns that reference a range of influences in Islamic art, architecture, and science. Shahroudyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Untitled 1976 presents a series of volumetric renderings of cubes, placed serially against each other to form an intricate geometric pattern that also reveals interlocking rhomboid and diamond shapes. Untitled 1976 was very influential to the design of Acadamy Retroit. This resembles different facilities and functions stacked on top of each other to form the design of the building.

UNTITLED 1976

MODULAR FORMS Inspired by Shahroudyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Untitled 1976 - Cubes were stacked on top of another to create a connecting form. Each row was twisted when placed on top of another row and this created open spaces. MOSHE SAFDIE - HABITAT 67 - Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into and urban high-rise. Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical prefabricated modules stacked in various combinations to form an unusual structure. This method provided each apartment with a roof carden and constant flow of fresh air and maximum natural light: qualities which were unprecedented for a twelve story apartment complex.

H A B I TAT 67

MODULAR FORMS By stacking facilities, the designer has a wide range of options to define circulation patterns, develop plans and layouts. For the design of Academy Retroit an experiment was carried out with sugar cubes, painting them different colours for different facilities - hot water was poured on the cubes and all the colours started to merge with each other. From this experiment the idea of all educational facilities bleeding into each other on all floors was gathered - this allows scholars to be able to interact with individuals from other courses - rather than having one floor for each facility. REM KOOLHASS - SEATTLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CENTRAL LIBRARY - The diagram represents the idea behind Koolhassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design, instead of simply stacking facilities, he rotated and moved floors to create a more interesting building mass.

EXPERIMENTING WITH SUGAR CUBES

STACKING AND ROTATING Influenced by Rem Koolhassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stacking strategy, the design developed further by stacking modules of 12x12 metres on top of one another to form a building mass. This created many balconies where modules were rotated and placed on top of each other. However after doing a shadow analysis using the 3D model, it was clear that these balconies were not receiving much natural sunlight. The modules were also too angular therefore the concept was developed even further.

STACKED

STACKING AND ROTATING The previous design was developed further by creating large and linear modules of 24x12 metres. These were stacked on top of each other keeping some of the previous angular modules allowing an interesting form for the building. Although creating the linear modules reduced the over shadowing in the balconies, this concept was developed further. A - 12X1

B - 24X12M

STACKING AND ROTATING The previous concept was developed further by creating three new modules. Module A: 12x8 metres - to be used for the library spine and educational facilities, B: 8x8 metres, to be used for educational facilities and C: 8x4 metres to be used for circulation (stairs). These modules were stacked on top of each other and rotated to create a more functional and linear design.

C - 8X4M

B - 8X8M

A - 12X8M

Rotated Modules

DESIGN PROCESS

The proposed site was analysed carefully.

SITE

Taking in mind that the site is home to an unfinished structure, a section of what was meant to be Wayne County Jail was chosen to be kept as a symbol of what was meant to be built in this location and what Academy Retroit stands for. This structure being kept will be used as a Wall of Graduation - names of all graduated scholars will be carved on this wall.

EXISTING STRUCTURE KEPT

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Surrounding context was analysed further, taking in mind what the facilities are. Lines were drawn into the site from a court, jail, juveinle centre and car parks. These lines represnts routes of individuals into the site.

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CAR PARKS JUVENILE CENTRE COURT JAIL

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Building heights of the surrounding context was measured and analysed further to ensure no over shadowing and maximum direct sunlight.

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36 METRES 30 METRES

25 METRES

45 METRES

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Shadow Analysis showing all 12 months of the year.

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Using the lines drawn into the site from the surrounding context, two main access routes were selected.

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After selecting the main access routes four main areas were chosen for the initial building mass.

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These were then inverted to created the initial building mass.

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To allow space for landscaping, parts of the initial building mass were chosen and pushed back down.

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By pushing parts of the building mass down, a large courtyard was then created.

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COURTYARD

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The four building parts were then pushed closer together to create a smaller courtyard.

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This allowed space for a public square in south west of the site. By creating a public square and providing a well landscaped area - the sense of community will increase allowing the building to create life.

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PUBLIC SQUARE

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The shape of the building was then analysed and all the angules were straightened up to create a more linear building shape.

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The refined, linear building mass allows the building to fit in the sorrounding context better.

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The building mass was the refined further by pulling and pushing parts of the building to create a more interesting building shape. This allowed the building to have some structural elements to it and many balconies, creating open space study areas.

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Taking in mind the orientation of the building, the south facade was the pushed down in the middle - creating a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Vâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shape - to allow maximum natural sunlighht into the courtyard and the back elevation.

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PLEASE REFER TO FINAL DRAWINGS

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4 The Bibliography

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