SADAF POURZAND
| DS3 PORTFOLIO | P30030 | P30033 | P30034 | 2014 - 2015 |
THESIS QUESTION
RESEARCH
CRIME
DETROIT CITY
EXPERIMENTS
HISTORY & THEORIES
REHABILITATION
RESEARCH BOOK ONE
CASE STUDIES
FINAL DESIGN
RESEARCH BOOK TWO
PROPOSAL BOOK THREE | BOOK FOUR
DESIGN
Q
To what extent can education infiltrate the current rehabilitation process for non-violent offenders through the creation of a new prison system? The United States houses 5% of world’s population and 25% of world’s prison population. Today, Detroit is one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. 50% of the population are unemployed and 47% functionally illiterate; there is a clear correlation between education and Crime in Detroit. Extensive research has shown investment within the education system in prisons can prevent recidivism by 62%. Academy Retroit is a new concept for prison education, working with both non-violent offenders and non-offenders to provide positive impacts both socially and financially. This program aims to be a transitional stage which enables offenders to integrate with society in a safe environment and gain vital life and career skills before re-entering the community. Academy Retroit is in partnership with several businesses in the city that will provide scholars with placements upon graduation. Through education and extra curricular activities the school aims to reduce the recidivism rate by 90%.
VIDEO
https://vimeo.com/116265474
A website was put together to get as many feedback as possible on the concept and proposal of Academy Retroit. Please scan the QR code below to visit the website.
WEBSITE
http://sadafpourzand.wix.com/academyretroit
Design Studio 3, used a tumblr blog as a group to collect all research throughout the year. Please scan the QR code below to visit the website.
BLOG
http://2015ds3.tumblr.com/sadaf
DETROIT
THESIS QUESTION
HISTORY USA CRIME
POVERTY
RECIDIVISM REDUCED WHEN EDUCATED
HIGH CRIME
DETROIT CRIME
LACK OF EDUCATION REHABILITATION
ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS CITIES IN THE U.S. ACADEMY RETROIT
PORTFOLIO BREAKDOWN | Refer to thesis books |
1 2 3 4 5 The Research: Detroit Book One
The Research: Design Book Two
The Proposal: Academy Retroit Book Three | Book Four
The Design: Academy Retroit Book Three | Book Four
The Technology: Academy Retroit
1 The Research: Detroit Refer to Thesis Book 1
1701 1943
1967 White Flight
1984 2007 BANKRUPT CITY
MOST DANGEROUS CITY
1973
800 Arson in one year
1950
300% increase in homocide
Race Riot DECLINE OF DETROIT
1910
Fourth largest city in America
Race Riot
Total Industrial Landscape
Detroit was found
THE OVERVIEW
A B
1980 2013
A - THE RISE & THE RIOTS
THE RISE: In the early twentieth-century Detroit was, in the words of historian Oliver Zunz, a “total industrial landscape”. Factories, shops, and neighbourhoods blurred together indistinguishably, enmeshed in a relentless grid of streets and a complex web of train lines (Sugrue, 2005, P18).
1901
1910
1910
1943
Fourth largest city in the U.S.
Race riot
1950
1967
1970
THE RIOTS: By 1967, when Detroit erupted with one of the worst race riots in American history, the city had already lost tens of thousands of manufacturing jobs, had experienced massive white flight, and had seen many of its neighborhoods - especially those that had been built in the shadow of the major automobile plants - gutted by depopulation and disinvestment (Surgue, 2013).
The Henry Ford Co
Detroit was producing 40% of American cars
Largest race riot
1,850,000 population
America’s urban woes
B - THE DECLINE & THE CRIME
THE DECLINE: By the 1970s, Detroit’s image had been completely transformed from the mighty engine of American capitalism to the embodiment of America’s urban woes. The city is regarded as America’s largest city in decline, a metropolis that has failed to recover from an insidious cycle of deindustrialisation, racism, suburban flight and laggard politics (Berry, P3).
1974
1980
1982
1985
2007
From 55% white to 34% white population
800 arson in one year
70% homocides drug related
2013
2013
THE CRIME: By 1967, when Detroit erupted with one of the worst race riots in American history, the city had already lost tens of thousands of manufacturing jobs, had experienced massive white flight, and had seen many of its neighborhoods - especially those that had been built in the shadow of the major automobile plants - gutted by depopulation and disinvestment (Surgue, 2013).
Murder capital of the U.S.
1,203,339 population
699,018 Population
Chapter 9 Bankruptcy
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Population (M)
1908: General Motors founded
1903: Ford Motor Co. founded
1913: Ford pioneers assembley line production
1974: “Murder Capital” of U.S.
1967: Race Riots 1973: Oil Crisis
1959: Motown Records founded
1925: Chrysler Corp. founded
THE BANKRUPTCY
18th July 2013: Detroit files for bankruptcy
1900 1940 - 1945: “The Arsenal of Democracy” 2012: Murder rate tops 1970s levels 2009: Car industry bail out 2
1.5
1
0.5
U.S. CRIMES
U.S. CRIME: Over the last three decades of the 20th century, the United States engaged in an unprecedented prison-building boom that has given United States the highest incarceration rate in the world (Wagner, 2014). This growth in the prison and jail population in the U.S. can be traced to a complex set of political developments and changes in sentencing practice. The rise in crime in the 1960s came at a time of increasing social division and the politicisation of crime at the national level (Mauer, 2001).
5%
25%
of the world’s population
of world’s prison population
51% 670%
Increase of general population in 42 years Increase in prison population
1/100 92% of adults are in prison
non-violent criminals
DETROIT CRIME: Detroit is a city that commonly gets its reputation as the worst of the worst with regard to crime. But according to recent statistics, the city actually performs better in some categories of crime than several other US cities (UScollegesearch, 2014).
OVERCROWDED
U.S. PRISONS
Over the last three decades of the 20th century, the United States engaged in an unprecedented prison-building boom that has given United States the highest incarceration rate in the world (Wagner, 2014). This growth in the prison and jail population in the U.S. can be traced to a complex set of political developments and changes in sentencing practice. The rise in crime in the 1960s came at a time of increasing social division and the politicisation of crime at the national level (Mauer, 2001). Today it is estimated that there are now more than 6,000 jails and prisons nationwide (Brook, 2014). In the United States, where more than 2 million individuals are incarcerated, certain minority groups and persons living in poverty are at much greater risk of being counted among those in prison jails, With the shift in racial policy, the numbers of African Americans in U.S. (Sage, 2012).
Latino & African Americans
Latino & African Americans
30% 61% U.S. population
U.S. prison population
$ 3 5 , 0 0 0
It costs a minimum of $35,000 every year to imprison an individual in a U.S prison.
700 individuals released every year
2/3
re-offend and are back in prison within three years
PRISON EDUCATION
The importance of prisoner education in the United States has been recognized for over 200 years. Educational programs were introduced in the first prison in the United States – Walnut Street Jail – in 1798 (Coley & Barton, 2006). U.S. prisons and jails are overwhelmingly filled with African Americans and Latinos. The paths to prison for young African Americans and Latino men are many, but the starting points are often the school. Students of colour face harsher discipline and are more likely to be pushed out of school than whites (Community Coalition, 2012; Nellis, 2012). Despite limited funding and a frequent lac of public support, corrections officials have made efforts to establish prison programming that helps inmates successfully re-enter society after release from prison (Erisman, 2005). Education is an important factor in reducing re-offending (HM Government, 2005).
68%
Federal prisoners do not have a high school diploma
For every dollar spent on correctional education, $12 of taxpayers money is being saved.
62% reduced recidivism rate with education
BREAKING THE PRISON CYCLE
PUNISHMENT & CONTROL
Crime and punishment in American history provides a valuable perspectie to current policy demates (Randall, 2005). Prisons have only been used as the primary punishment for criminal acts in the last few centuries. Prior the existence of prisons, various other types of punishment were used, such as public humiliation, theatre punishment, penal bondage, and banishment for the severe offences. In the olden days punishment was ceremonial and directed at the prisoner’s body. It was a ritual in which audience was important (Cox, 2003). The major aim was to better potential offenders so the public witnessed the perpetrator’s fear and agony. Incarceration was rare and contrary to the prevailing theory of public shame and redemption. By the 1820s, incarceration generally replaced most types of corporal punishment (Randall, 2005).
1622
1730
1820
Public punishment
Prisons
Penal Bondage
Theatre of punishement
Banishment
REFORMERS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment was severe in colonial America. In 1736, the Massachussetts assembley ordered that on first conviction a thief should be fined or whipped. The second time to pay treble damages, sit for an hour upon the gallows platform with a noose around his neck and then be carted to the whipping post for thirty stripes. For the third offense to be hanged (Morris & Rothman, 1995, P113). The following theorists have had major changes on the reformation of crime and punishment. They all believed that prisons should be a place to help prisoners to better themselves as human beings so that they can move past the crime commited when returning back to the society. Dr Benjamin Rush stated that the punishment of murder by death, is contrary to reason, and to the order and happiness of the society.
1738 - 1794
1726 - 1790
Cesare Beccaria
John Howard
1746 - 1819
Dr Benjamin Rush
1748 - 1832
1926 - 1984
Jeremy Benthem
Michel Foucault
REFORMERS OF EDUCATION
EXPERIENCE & EDUCATION Dewy believes that in educational environment, an experience involves the interaction between both the objective conditions and the materials learner interacts with and this increases the level of learning (P44-45). WALDORF STEINER EDUCATION This is designed to be a health-giving education, balancing the human faculties of thinking. The prime purpose of Steiner is to support and educate children so that their own innate and unique human qualities may come to greater fulfillment (Steiner Australia, 2015). SLOW EDUCATION This is grounded in adaptive, non-standards based approaches to teaching and learning, conducted in an environment which afford students greater autonomy, responsibility (Huang, 2014).
1859
1925 - 1865
John Dewey Experience & Education
1959
Mike Greiner Slow Education
Rudolph Steiner Waldorf Steiner Education
2 The Research: Design Influences Refer to Thesis Book 2
AUTHORITY
Both Prisons and schools function similarly – in the sense that they both have an authoritative figure responsible for a group of people/students. The Corridor within prisons and schools share similar traits in that the cellular programs like the prison cell and classrooms are attached to it, providing an internal circulation. The difference lies in the actual articulation of the corridor and the agitation of the corridor walls. The school corridor tries to create more nooks for reading and social gathering whereas the prison corridor is more streamlined and taut. Showing the differences of both corridors in how they are articulated and its surface treatment. The prison has clear sight lines down all corridors, whereas the school tries to promote more of a meandering and wandering path, allowing discoveries along the way.
Prison
School
PINWHEEL ARCHITECTURE
AUGUSTUS PUGIN The pinwheel plan served the practical and symbolic purpose of highlighting concepts of flexibility, movement, growth and extension represented in architectural and urban form—an array of concepts that can be traced back to similar claims in the work of Le Corbusier. As a possible “solution” to the problem of finding open form the pinwheel plan was seen to anticipate, in its geometric but loose order, the potential for a nuanced response to social need (indi-vidual and collective behavior) in the context of postwar recon- struction. Andrews clearly appropriates the plan’s form along with its conceptual meaning for his Stelco project—emphasising flexibility, growth and change as key aspects of the design. Function is as much a matter of environment as it is of distance and measurable convenience (Moullis, 2013).
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
LOUIS SULLIVAN It was an era were iconography and narrative so overshadowed functional concerns that buildings and objects were expensive, dark and inhuman (Weitz, 2013). The underlying idea behind this philosophy is “efficiency”. Efficiency in materials, space planning and ornamentation provides a way to minimize the cost of construction and increase the profit margin. The idea of efficiency suddenly became central to the high rise architecture because of modular construction that greatly supports repetition . It is the idea of striking a balance to optimize aesthetics, economics, experience and usability of any architecture (Jaiswal, 2013). One problem with “form follows function” is that it is tautological—it presupposes that every form in the natural world exists as it does because of functional requirements (Cloninger, 2009).
FORM AND FUNCTION
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Sullivan’s famous axiom, “form follows function,” became the touchstone for many architects. Wright extended the teachings of his mentor by changing the phrase to “form and function are one.” This principle is thoroughly visible in the plan for the Guggenheim Museum. According to Wright’s design, visitors would enter the building, take an elevator to the top and enjoy a continuous art-viewing experience while descending along the spiral ramp. Wright’s design for the Guggenheim has sometimes been criticized for being inhospitable to the art it displays. However, over the past five decades Wright’s design has housed a wide variety of exhibitions, from traditional paintings to motorcycles to site-specific installations by contemporary artists (Guggenheim museum, 2010).
LINEAR CITY
THE RADIANT CITY This is an unrealised urban masterplan by Le Corbusier, presented in 1924. This was designed to contain effective means of transportation, as well as an abundance of green space and sunlight. The aim of this proposal was not to create a better lifestyle but to contribute to creating a better society. Though radical, strict, symmetrical - Le Corbusier’s proposed principles had an extensive influence on modern urban planning and led to the development of new high density housing typologies. The radiant city sought order through separation, it promises light, air and open spaces. In the Radiant City vertical separation must be used such that not only would pedestrians not come into contact with high-speed vehicles.
MONIR SHAHROUDY
COSMIC GEOMETY Shahroudy is a contemporary Iranian artist, her artistic practice weds the geometric patterns and cut-glass mosaic techniques of her Iranian heritage with the rhythms of modern Western geometric abstraction. To create her 3D panels, Farmanfarmaian employs master craftsmen to draft her initial designs. Mirrors are then cut to fit the required shape, set in geometrical patterns, and mixed with stucco to produce new compositions that allow the artist to integrate colored glass. The resulting works are complex geometrical patterns that reference a range of influences in Islamic art, architecture, and science. Shahroudy’s Untitled 1976 presents a series of volumetric renderings of cubes, placed serially against each other to form an intricate geometric pattern that also reveals interlocking rhomboid and diamond shapes.
GEOMETRY OF HOPE
UNTITLED 1976
STACKING STRATEGY
Rem Koolhass’ Seattle library design started from practical considerations: what activities will the building be required to handle and how can similar functions be grouped together. After analysing the functions and space requirements, five broad strategies emerged: administration and staff, collections, information, public space and parking. The architects visualised the space as five stacked boxes and used that as a starting point for the building’s design. The boxes, or sections, were repositioned to allow better views and light. The result is a unique space that solved many of the library’s logistical problems. Koolhaas applied its interpretation of the feature set and architecture for the project that the building would be flexible for future expansions. Flexibility in contemporary libraries is conceived as the creation of generic floors on which almost any activity can be developed.
hq
hq
Spiral
Spiral
Meeting
Meeting
Staff Parking
Staff Parking
HABITAT 67
Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical and completely prefabricated modules (referred to as “boxes”) stacked in various combinations and connected by steel cables. The apartments vary in shape and size, since they are formed by a group of one to four of the 600 squarefoot “boxes” in different configurations. Each apartment is reached through a series of pedestrian streets and bridges, along with three vertical cores of elevators for the top floors. Service and parking facilities are separated from the tenant’s circulation routes, located on the ground floor. By stacking concrete “boxes” in variant geometrical configurations, Safdie was able to break the traditional form of orthogonal high rises, locating each box a step back from its immediate neighbor. This ingenious method provided each apartment with a roof garden (ArchDaily).
Rotated Modules
HALDEN PRISON
This is a maximum security prison in Norway. It is the most humane jail in the world. The concept is based on the contrasts between hard and soft, precise and organic, punishment and rehabilitation. Norway focuses intensely on ensuring that `doing time` is done in a dignified way, and inmates’ sentence should be a dress rehearsal for living a life without crime once they have completed their sentence. The physical setting around the prison in Halden therefore underpins a focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment and supervision. Time and serving time Serving a sentence is a fixed-term detention. A former inmate describes his stay in prison as a spell in a diving bell, divorced from time and place. Time and thoughts about time have therefore been an important aspect in developing the prison in Halden, and our intention has been for the inmate to nurture a relationship with time and place.
LEOBEN PRISON
Justice Center Leoben is a court and minimum security prison complex in Leoben in Styria, Austria, designed by architect Joseph Hohensinn, completed in November 2004. With 205 inmates, the prison is fully booked. Faรงades, layout of spaces, art concept - everything meets the highest Austrian standards. The prisoners also have three courtyards at their disposal, with concrete seating walls meandering through the space, so it would no longer be possible to circle around in a single file. A sleek structure made of glass, wood and concrete, stately but agile, sure in its rhythms and proportions: each part bears an obvious relationship to the whole. In the daytime, the corridors and rooms are flooded with sunshine. At night, the whole structure glows from within (New York Times, 2013).
ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM
The Ashmolean Museum, established in 1683, is the oldest public museum in Britain. The extension to Ashmolean Museum comprises six storeys, which hold display space, a new entrance, an education centre, conservation studios and a rooftop terrace. The project combines doubleand single-height gallery spaces connected by a series of walkways and two main staircases. Two staircase lightwells are naturally lit, one by a large rooflight, the other with a 5.5 metre high window. Natural light is filtered vertically through the building to the lower ground level via inter-connecting, double-height galleries. A new grassed rooftop café terrace gives views over the ‘dreaming spires’ of Oxford. The building is organised by two major axes established by Cockerell, creating a clear route throughout the building (ArchDaily).
CHANGE NORMALIZATION
NATURE
ACOUSTICS
VIEWS
SAFETY
INTERACTION
DAYLIGHT
REHABILITATION BY FORM
For the last two decades the value of correctional architecture as a catalyst for positive outcomes has pushed forward-thinking architects to reassess classical models, rethink prison designs and experiment with innovative spatial concepts embedded with theories from sociology, psychology, and even ecology. Dr Marayca Lopez stated; in order for a correctional building to function as a tool for rehabilitation, the design of a correctional facility should: be based on the premise that people are capable of change and improvement, Make a “good neighbour� to sorrounding buildings and facilities, be rightlysized (no more than 1000 inmates), provide normative spaces, promote safety, security, ease of supervision, and circulation, provide a healthy, safe environment, provide a variety of spaces (Lopez, 2009) .
DIRECT SUPERVISION
HOW TO BUILD FOR SUCCESS
HUMAN SCALE
The discourse concerning whether it is the body that should inform architectural form, or whether the architectural form should act as an enabler of politics that in turn affect the human body, are each discourses in their own right with different lines of thought. In Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975) there is, respectively, a treatise that presents a Modernist’s perspective of the anthropocentrism carried through Classicism from Antiquity, and another in which the author explores and analyses the way in which punitive systems have changed from public torture and execution to reformation, in which architecture plays an important role. Although Michel Foucault references architecture extensively, he implies that it is not necessarily more than an apparatus to enable certain politics and enforce certain behaviours encouraging what he describes as “docile bodies” (Cargocollective, 2013).
Saif Mhaisen, 2012
HUMAN SCALE
HUMAN SCALE
Michigan State Prison Cells: INHUMANE
Helden Prison Cells: HUMANE
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
Architect Deanna VanBuren carried out a restorative justice workshop, to focus on healing victims and offenders at San Francisco’s County Jail. With the help of VanBuren , inmates designed the prison space that they would like. The goal was to empower those inside the instituations and prod architects to talk to people they design for. Inmates suggested that prisons should be made homely, so they feel more comfortable and treat eachother like family members and less like barbarians. Inmates proposed very fanciful models - individual cells with internet connections and even outdoor decks. As consensus builds that traditional criminal justice models are failing to prevent recidivism, VanBuren and her team have joined a small chorus of designers, researchers and even judges and wardens calling for new spaces to match the tenets of restorative justice (Romney, 2014).
“INSTEAD OF BEING BARBARIANS AND BEATING EACH OTHER UPSIDE THE HEAD, WE CAN BE LIKE A FAMILY.”
REHABILITATION JOURNEY
JEREMY TRAVIZ | BUT THEY ALL COME BACK JeremyTravis introduced five main principles for a successful prison re-entry. Travis argues that the current collective unwillingness to take responsibility for the consequences of mass incarceration must be understood as one cause of America’s continuing crime problem. Through neglect, and a quarter century’s worth of bankrupt, conservative crime policies, United States is manufacturing the conditions for recidivism and virtually guaranteeing high levels of crime and incarceration well into the foreseeable future. Instead of trying to reintegrate offenders and assure their postrelease success. The United States has consciously worked to limit their legitimate opportunities and to undermine genuine efforts at reform (Riley, 2005). Strengthening social network is a large part of the rehabilitation process.
INMATE RE-ENTRY PREPARE RE-ENTRY
BUILD BRIDGES
MOMENT OF RELEASE
SUPPORT CIRCLE
SUCCESSFUL RE-ENTRY
Family Ties
Criminal Justice Agencies
Exit Orientation
Self
Recognise Milestones
Community Roles
Correctional Agencies
Welcome Team
Family
Healthcare
Social Servie Agencies
Family
Peer Group
Work Opportunities
Community
Community Institutions
Personal expectations
Mentors
Social Service Agencies
CRIME PREVENTATION
NATURAL SURVEILLANCE Formal surveillance aims to produce a “deterrent threat to potential offenders” (Clarke, 1997, P20) through the deployment of personnel whose primary responsibility is security (e.g., security guards) or through the introduction of some form of technology, such as CCTV. Defensible space involves design changes to the built environment to maximize the natural surveillance of open spaces (e.g. streets, parks) provided by people going about their day-today activities. Examples of design changes include the construction of street barricades or clo- sures, re-design of walkways, and installation of windows. (O’Dell, 2010), Natural surveillance is generally achieved by the use of appropriate lighting, low or see-through fencing or landscaping, the removal of areas that offer concealment (Fritz, 2009).
CRIME PREVENTATION
TERRITORIAL REINFORCEMENT Physical design can create or extend a sphere influence. In this setting, users develop a sense of territorial control, while potential offenders perceive this control and are discouraged from their criminal intentions (RYEBREAD, 2013). Security and/or reception areas should be positioned to observe all persons entering the building. Most importantly building entrances should be accentuated through architectural elements, lighting, landscaping and/ or paving stones (O’Dell, 2010). Physical design can create or extend a sphere of influence. Users then develop a sense of territorial control, while potential offenders, perceiving this control, are discouraged. This strategy is promoted by features that define property lines and distinguish private spaces from public spaces (Kelowna, 2011).
CRIME PREVENTATION
ACTIVITY SUPPORT Activity support increases the use of a built environment for safe activities with the intent of increasing the risk of detection of criminal and undesirable activities. It encourages legitimate activities in public places to foster opportunities for natural surveillance and may include block parties, neighborhood clean-up days, or the design of mini malls to encourage more social interaction (BJA, 2014). Activity support encourages interaction by putting activities in public spaces that are intended for use by residents or customers and other legitimate users and, therefore, discourages criminal acts. sitting area offers Activity Support in this commercial area for both the parking lot and the businesses. Additional landscaping may be needed to utilize this area in the summer (Indy, 2009).
BARBARA HEPWORTH
Hepworth was an English artist and sculptor. Her work exemplifies Modernism and in particular modern sculpture. Fascinated from early childhood with natural forms and textures, Hepworth decided at age 15 to become a sculptor. She was “one of the few women artists to achieve international prominence”. The majority of Barbara Hepworth’s sculptures have holes and space through them to symbolise connection. Hepworth’s Holes turned out to be spelt with a W as well as an H. She believed holes were not gaps, they were connections. Hepworth made the hole into a connection between different expressions of form, and she made space into its own form.
3 The Proposal: Academy Retroit Refer to Thesis Book 3 & Design Process Book
PRISON EDUCATION EDUCATE THE PRISON POPULATION
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
REDUCE THE PRISON POPULATION
HIGH CRIME
OVERCROWDED PRISONS
EXERCISE FACILITIES
REWARD
Walnut Street Jail
Walnut Street Jail
Walnut Street Jail
Newgate Prison
Newgate Prison
Newgate Prison
Eastern Penitentiary
Eastern Penitentiary
Eastern Penitentiary
LIBRARY
SUBJECT
SIZE
Halden Prison
Halden Prison
Halden Prison
Leoben Prison
Leoben Prison
Leoben Prison
Bastoy Prison
Bastoy Prison
Bastoy Prison
All Schools
All Schools
All Schools
NATURAL LINKS
FORMAL LINKS
ACTIVITY
Manchester Art School
Halden Prison
Manchester Art School
Ashmolean Museum
Leoben Prison
Christs College
Christs College
Ashmolean Museum
Ashmolean Museum
DIVERSITY
NORMATIVE
FORM & FUNCTION AT ONE Frank Lloyd Wright
Halden Prison
Halden Prison
Halden Prison
REHABILITATION THROUGH FORM Dr Marayca Lopez
Manchester Art School
Leoben Prison
Ashmolean Museum
1726 - 1790 John Howard 1738 - 1794 Cesare Beccaria 1746 - 1813 Dr. Benjamin Rush
E A R LY D AT E S
INDIVIDUAL CELLS
EDUCATION 1861 - 1925 Rudolph Steiner
STEINER EDUCATION MOVEMENT
1965 - Present Mike Grenier
SLOW EDUCATION MOVEMENT
1859 - 1952 John Dewey
GEORGIST MOVEMENT 1927–1987 MORAL EDUCATION MOVEMENT Lawrence Kohlberg
SURVEILLANCE PANOPTICON PRISON MOVEMENT
1748 - 1832 Jeremy Bentham
1812 - 1852 Augustus Pugin 1887 - 1965 Le Corbusier
LINEAR CITY
PINWHEEL ARCHITECTURE
1926 - 1984 ‘ALL SEEING EYE’ Micheal Foucault
AESTHETICS 1856 - 1924
Louis Sullivan
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
1857 - 1959
PRISON
REHABILITATION
THEORY & PRECEDENT OVERVIEW
HUMANITARIAN
LANDSCAPE
HUMANITARIAN
KEY DESIGN INFLUENCES
EDUCATION
SURVEILLANCE
AESTHETICS
INDIVIDUAL CELLS
EXERCISE FACILITIES
LIBRARY
SUBJECT
SIZE
NATURAL LINKS
FORMAL LINKS
ACTIVITY
DIVERSITY
NORMATIVE
LANDSCAPE
REWARD
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS
HUMANATARIAN
EDUCATION
HUMANATARIAN
Design Concept 1 - SURVEILLANCE STAGE
STAGE
STAGE
STAGE
EXISTING CONTEXT
EXTERNAL SPACES
CIRCULATION
INTERIOR SPACES
Existing Structure - To map the existing structure on the site and keep parts of the structure if possible.
Public Square - To design a public square to encourage street activities and create a sense of community.
Main Circulation - To create a library highway to be used as the main circulation of the building
Flats - To design individual bedrooms around the communal space and kitchen.
Surrounding Buildings - To study the buildings around the site and
Courtyard - To create a large courtyard for different recreational uses for both the public and the scholars.
Exterior Circulation - Provide outdoor circulation spaces where inmates to maximize the time being spent outside.
Roof Gardens - To provide balconies and roof gardens for educational and living spaces.
Open Plan - Create open plan circulation spaces to increase views and security of the spaces.
1
DESIGN RATIONAL
Design Concept 2 - LIBRARY SPINE
Building Heights - To study the surrounding building heights to ensure no overshadowing on the site. Orientation - Take in mind the orientation of the building and keep the south open as much as possible to allow maximum light.
2
3
4
Spaces - To show different living and educational spaces through the architecture of the building Reward Strategy - To encourage good behaviour by rewarding different levels of accommodation and facilities.
Ashmolean Museum
Leoben Prison
Habitat 67
Manchester Art School
Halden Prison
Basket Accommodation
Ashmolean Museum
Augustus Pugin
Le Corbusier
Leoben Prison
Basket Accommodation
Louis Sullivan
Louis Kahn
Halden Prison
Le Corbusier
F. L. Wright
Rem Koolhaas
John Howard
Dr. Benjamin Rush
Le Corbusier
Micheal Foucault
Dr Marayca L贸pez
Dr Marayca L贸pez
Dr Marayca L贸pez
Rudolph Steiner
HABITAT 67
EXTERNAL SPACES
Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical and completely prefabricated modules stacked in various combinations and connected by steel cables.
Halden Prison has a lot of open spaces sorrounding the main building. Seating has been placed mainly in the south so inmates can enjoy the maximum amount of natural sunlight.
Halden Prison has used glass wall as a measure of connecting the outside with the inside. This increases the security and visual connectivity within the building.
The design uses a variety of contemporary materials and different levels to express different spaces for traditional cultural activities and places of meeting.
CHENGDU LANDSCAPE
B
The rooms include a small balcony coming off each student bedroom. For maximum safety the balconies have timber bars as railings however this has been made to look part of the building.
BASKET APARTMENTS
STAGE
Halden Prison has large windows in the cells and does not have bars on its windows to allow maximum light in and to make the prison as normal looking as possible for the inmates.
HALDEN PRISON
STRATEGIES FOR DESIGN
EXISTING CONTEXT
STRUCTURE
HALDEN PRISON
A
MATERIAL
HALDEN PRISON
STAGE
LIGHT
Manchester School of Art has bridges connecting the open planed wings to eachother - the bridges have visible steal truss. This helps with the aesthetics of the interior spaces.
D
INTERIOR SPACES
Leoben Prison has a vast diversity of spaces. The main building material at Leoben Prison is glass curtain walls and this allows the maximum amount of light to enter all spaces.
Manchester School of Art has a large open design . The interior materiality of the school consists of wood, timber, glass and concrete. These materials create unique aesthetics.
The building is composed of a hexagonal interwoven wooden grid shell roof structure that encompasses the whole building - timber columns and roof with an envelope of clear glass.
NINE BRIDGES
STAGE
MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART
Ashmolean museum has simple white rendered staircase as its main circulation, this allows the art pieces to stand out more with the simplicity of the staircase.
MAXXI MUSEUM
Maxxi Museum by Zaha Hadid has iconic staircase in the lobby/entrance zone of the building with open cieling above catching natural light.
LEOBEN PRISON
STRATEGIES FOR DESIGN
CIRCULATION
STRUCTURE
MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM
C
MATERIAL
MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART
STAGE
LIGHT
DOWNTOWN DETROIT
Downtown Detroit is the central business district and a residential area of the city of Detroit, Michigan, United States. Detroit is the major city in the larger Metro Detroit region. Downtown contains much historic architecture and many of the prominent skyscrapers in Detroit, including the Renaissance Center, the Penobscot Building, One Detroit Center, and the Guardian Building. Historic churches, theatres, and commercial buildings anchor the various downtown districts. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was named among the best big city neighborhoods in which to retire by CNN Money Magazine editors. Downtown contains popular destinations including, the International Riverfront, the MGM Grand Detroit, Greektown Casino Hotel, and many sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Downtown Detroit includes two prisons, one jail, one juvenile correctional facility and a court.
CLIMATE
January
February
March
April
May
June
Sunny Days
July
Windy Days
August
September
Foggy Days
October
Cloudy Days
November
Snow Days
December
Each Square = 2 days
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
14%
2,659 25-34 year olds with a bachelor’s degree or higher reside in Greater Downtown Detroit. Downtown, Midtown and Lafayette Park have the highest concentration of young and college educated residents (Ali et al, 2012). Percentage of 25 - 34 College Educated Downtown 470 People
Woodbridge 143 People
Rivertown 176 People
Midtown 1,055 People
Lafayette 375 People
Corktown 108 People
New Centre
1%
2%
6%
18%
6%
Woodbridge 10% 2%
4%
Midtown 17%
3%
5%
3%
5%
Corktown
3%
Downtown
16% Lafayette Park
23%
5%
1%
Rivertown 15%
SITE LOCATION
Not to Scale
N
SITE
The site is located in Downtown Detroit - 594 Clinton St, Detroit, MI 48226. Prior the construction of a a new jail, the site was used as a carpark. The proposed Wayne County Jail, a $300 million state-of-the-art jail facility, broke ground on September 15 2011 in downtown Detroit. Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano and Sheriff Benny Napoleon were both in attendance at the groundbreaking ceremony to offer remarks about the unique facility, which will adopt bestpractice technologies to save the county approximately $20 million per year while creating a safer environment for its employees and inhabitants. Housing 2,192 beds, the 715,000 sq. ft. facility will consolidate prisoners from three existing jails. Today the jail is nicknamed “fail jail” - the half-built $300 million Wayne County jail sits abandoned, a victim of cost over-runs of nearly $100 million and an ensuing grand jury probe. It’s been untouched for more than a year (Clark, 2014).
A
VIEWS OUT OF THE SITE
B
C B
A
C
D F
D
E
E
F Not to Scale
N
A
B
VIEWS INTO THE SITE
C B
A
C
D F
D
E
E
F Not to Scale
N
ACADEMY RETROIT
Working with both non-violent offenders and nonoffenders Academy Retroit is a pilot scheme which aims to provide positive impacts both socially and financially through various educational programs and reduced inmate’s expenditure. This prison and school collaboration will allow scholars to receive a GED and specialise in the chosen subject. Scholars will be provided with many opportunities to better themselves and improve their lives. Academy Retroit is partnered with companies in Detroit that will provide graduates with jobs and internships. This type of collaboration will help scholars’ self-confidence and self-esteem, giving them a sense of importance and value. Rather than regarding prisons simply as a means of punishment that might ensure convicts of no other future upon release, this new concept for prison and prison education will promote rehabilitation.
CRIMINOLOGY | CULINARY | ARTS |MUSIC | FILM |PHOTOGRAPHY
Please refer to Academy Retroit 2025 - 2026 Brochure
SELECTION PROCESS & CONTRACT
Non violent criminals sentenced to five years and over must serve at least a quarter of their time in a prison before they can be reviewed by a judge. Upon good behaviour the judge decides whether the inmate should move to Academy Retroit to serve the rest of the sentence. Academy Retroit is a once in a life time opportunity for offenders. During their time at the school, scholars must ensure to be on their best behaviour at all times. The school works on trust, if individuals feel like the system respects them, they would respect the system. However if an individual breaks the terms of the contract they will be reviewed by a judge. On an occasion an inmate tries to escape, they will be sent back to prison and their initial sentence will be doubled.
AIM 90% REDUCED RECIDIVISM RATE
NETWORK DIAGRAM
BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATE
STAKE HOLDERS
JUDGE
SPONSORS
AWARDED INMATES
SPONSORS ARE BUSINESSES IN AND AROUND DETROIT THAT OFFER SCHOLARS INTERNSHIPS AND JOBS.
CHANCELLOR DEAN PROFESSORS ASSISTANT PROF. LECTURERS TUTORS TEACHING ASSISTANTS COUNSELLORS GUARDS
NON CRIMINALS SCHOLARS
AFTER GRADUATION INMATES MAY RETURN AS TEACHING ASSISTANTS OR WORK WITH AR SPONSORS. | GRADUATION |
$35, 000
PROPOSED SAVINGS
60,000
Security: $12,000
45,000
Facilities: $7,000
Other: $16,000
$15, 000
30,000
Accommodation: $6,000
15,000
1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 For detailed proposed savings refer to Book 3, Page 6
average annual cost of incarceration
72% Target decrease in prison population in Michigan
Education: $4,000
Other: $5,000
Annual Academy Retroit fee
$10,400,000 Average annual savings per 400 non-violent criminals
& 300
non criminal fees
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
The design of Academy Retroit was based around three key objectives that were influenced by architectural and historical research carried out. Firstly, flexibility; when designing a large scale building, it is vital to ensure that the spaces provided are flexible and can be used for different facilities at different times. Secondly, Function; the design of the school must follow functionalism, the principle that the design should be based upon the purpose of the building. Thirdly, Form; Flexibility and function come together to create a form and structure for the building. Taking in mind that Academy Retroit is a symbolic building, representing major change in the prison system and prison education - it is important for the form of the building to be aesthetically pleasing. The building must be “friendly� to the surrounding buildings.
FLEXIBILITY
FUNCTION
FORM
DESIGN CONCEPTS
DESIGN CONCEPT 1 | LIBRARY HIGHWAY
DESIGN CONCEPT 2 |LINEAR DESIGN
Bringing together Pugin’s ‘Pinwheel Architecture’ and Louis Sullivan’s ‘Form Follows Function’ - Design Concept 1 works as the core of the building. The main circulation takes place in the library highway and all facilities and functions such as cooking rooms, staff rooms, computer rooms etc, are built around this space.
Design Concept 2 brings together Frank Lloyd Wright’s ‘Form and Function at one’ and Le Corbusier’s ‘Linear City’. This encourages linear vision lines through the building as a measure of security as well as creating a forms that are both aesthetically pleasing and functionable.
EXISTING CONTEXT
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
The proposed site was analysed carefully.
SITE
EXISTING STRUCTURE
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Taking in mind that the site is home to an unfinished structure, a section of what was meant to be Wayne County Jail was chosen to be kept as a symbol of what was meant to be built in this location and what Academy Retroit stands for. This structure being kept will be used as a Wall of Graduation - names of all graduated scholars will be carved on this wall.
PARTS OF THE EXISTING STRUCTURE KEPT
SURROUNDING FACILITIES
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Surrounding context was analysed further, taking in mind what the facilities are. Lines were drawn into the site from a court, jail, juveinle centre and car parks. These lines represnts routes of individuals into the site.
CAR PARKS
JUVENILE CENTRE COURT
JAIL
BUILDING HEIGHTS
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Building heights of the surrounding context was measured and analysed further to ensure no over shadowing and maximum direct sunlight.
25 METRES 36 METRES
30 METRES
45 METRES
SHADOW ANALYSIS
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Shadow Analysis showing all 12 months of the year.
ACCESS ROUTES
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Using the lines drawn into the site from the surrounding context, two main access routes were selected.
INITIAL MASSING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
After selecting the main access routes - four main areas were chosen for the initial building mass.
INITIAL MASSING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
These were then inverted to created the initial building mass.
LANDSCAPING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
To allow space for landscaping, parts of the initial building mass were chosen and pushed back down.
COURTYARD
LANDSCAPING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
By pushing parts of the building mass down, a large courtyard was then created.
LANDSCAPING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
The four building parts were then pushed closer together to create a smaller courtyard.
PUBLIC SQUARE
LANDSCAPING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
This allowed space for a public square in south west of the site. By creating a public square and providing a well landscaped area - the sense of community will increase allowing the building to create life.
1
ENVIRONMENTAL
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
2
STAGE D
pushing the four building parts together and creating space for landscaping allowed for sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS). 1. Rainwater is collected on the building rooftops and conveyed via downpipes. This is then harverseted and reused as ‘greywater’ in the building. 2. Stormwater is collected from hard and soft surfaces and controlled through landscaped design. The water is collected in the manmade swales and is held to infiltrate into the natural ground where it recharges groundwater.
2
INITIAL MASSING
FORM DEVELOPMENT
MODULAR FORMS Inspired by Monir Shahroudy’s Untitled 1971 - Cubes were stacked on top of another to create a connecting form. Each row was twisted when placed on top of another row and this created open spaces. MOSHE SAFDIE - HABITAT 67 Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into and urban high-rise. Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical prefabricated modules stacked in various combinations to form an unusual structure. This method provided each apartment with a roof carden and constant flow of fresh air and maximum natural light: qualities.
HABITAT 67
FORM DEVELOPMENT
STACKING FACILITIES By stacking facilities, the designer has a wide range of options to define circulation patterns, develop plans and layouts. For the design of Academy Retroit an experiment was carried out with sugar cubes, painting them different colours for different facilities - hot water was poured on the cubes and all the colours started to merge with each other. From this experiment the idea of all educational facilities bleeding into each other on all floors was gathered - this allows scholars to be able to interact with individuals from other courses - rather than having one floor for each facility. REM KOOLHASS - SEATTLE’S CENTRAL LIBRARY The diagram represents the idea behind Koolhass’ design, instead of simply stacking facilities, he rotated and moved floors to create a more interesting building mass.
FORM DEVELOPMENT
STACKING AND ROTATING Influenced by Rem Koolhass’ stacking strategy, the design developed further by stacking modules of 12x12 metres on top of one another to form a building mass. This created many balconies where modules were rotated and placed on top of each other. However after doing a shadow analysis using the 3D model, it was clear that these balconies were not receiving much natural sunlight. The modules were also too angular therefore the concept was developed even further.
A-12X1
2M
STACKED
FORM DEVELOPMENT
STACKING AND ROTATING The previous design was developed further by creating large and linear modules of 24x12 metres. These were stacked on top of each other keeping some of the previous angular modules allowing an interesting form for the building. Although creating the linear modules reduced the over shadowing in the balconies, this concept was developed further.
A-12X1
2M
B -24X12M
ANGULAR LINEAR
REFINED MASSING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
The shape of the building was then analysed and all the angles were straightened up to create a more linear building shape, as this allows more flexible interior spaces.
REFINED MASSING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
The refined, linear building mass allows the building to fit in the sorrounding context better.
FORM DEVELOPMENT
STACKING AND ROTATING Again, the previous concept was developed further by creating three new modules. Module A: 12x8 metres - to be used for the library spine and educational facilities, module B: 8x8 metres, to be used for educational facilities and module C: 8x4 metres to be used for circulation (stairs). These modules were stacked on top of each other and rotated to create a more functional and linear design.
B - 8X8M A - 12X8M
C - 8X4M
Rotated Modules
FORM DEVELOPMENT
STACKING AND ROTATING The designed was developed further by stacking modules in a way so that it allows for more open spaces, such as roof gardens and balconies. Instead of rotating modules, in this form modules were simply placed on top of eachother and moved to the right or left by four metres to create a balcony. By doing so, the design created a four metre by four metre construction grid as all the modules were 12x8, 8x8, 8x4 and moved over by four metres.
B - 8X8M A - 12X8M
C - 8X4M
FORM DEVELOPMENT
REFINED MASSING
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
The building mass was the refined further by pulling and pushing parts of the building to create a more interesting building shape. This allowed the building to have some structural elements to it and many balconies, creating open space study areas.
ORIENTATION
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Taking in mind the orientation of the building, the south facade was the pushed down in the middle - creating a ‘V’ shape - to allow maximum natural sunlighht into the courtyard and the back elevation.
4 The Design: Academy Retroit Refer to Thesis Book 3 & Design Process Book
STAGE C
STAGE D
The interior layout of Academy Retroit has been designed as a reward strategy. Individuals start the rehabilitation process at foundation level the educational floors are spread between ground to third floor and at advanced stage scholars have the most contact with the community as soon they will be rejoining the society. The accommodation levels are spread from sixth to ninth floor - advanced level is spread on ninth floor where individuals have the most view out to the community. This is also visible on the facade design, where ninth and ground floors have the least dense facade with more views out.
Advanced
Views to the society
Accommodation
STAGE B
Foundation Leisure Floor Foundation
Start of Rehabilitation Process
Education
FACADE | REWARD STRATEGY
STAGE A
Advanced
Rejoining the society
FACADE DEVELOPMENT
BUILDING FACADE Model and sketched exploration lead to the development of the final facade, focusing on the effects of light and shadow. The traditional prison facade concept was challanged to maintain the structural elements but form a more social connection.
FACADE DEVELOPMENT
BUILDING FACADE This idea was developed further by exploring with wood and interweaving wood. This represented the concept of offenders interacting with non offenders at Academy Retroit.
1 2 3 Brick & Glass
Steel
6
Brick
Concrete
Steel
Concrete
Block
7
Concrete
URBAN CONTEXT | MATERIALS
8 5
4
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
MATERIAL OPTIONS
URBAN CONTEXT
ALTERNATIVE
CONCRETE
STEEL
TIMBER
ALUCOBOND
Advantages: • Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily available. • Concrete’s long life and relatively low maintenance requirements increase its economic benefits. • It is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay • Concrete has the ability to be molded or cast into almost any desired shape.
Advantages: • Long lasting and requires little or no maintenance • Its smooth surface gives year-round new and shiny look to the building and it is easy to keep clean • It is durable and strong • Cost affective • Easy to install • Recyclable / Sustainable
Advantages: • It’s a lightweight material • Dry installation means external envelope is quicker to install • Timber is a renewable resource • Cladding panels may be factory pre-fabricated complete with insulation and breather membrane. • Easy to repair
Advantages: • Low cost for substructures and fasteners, Smooth handling on the site • Supplied ready to install • No additional sound-damping needed • Simple processing using conventional tools • Short construction times, adherence to schedules, low cost
Disadvantages: • Concrete has a relatively low tensile strength (compared to other building materials), • low ductility, • low strength-to-weight ratio, and • Concrete is susceptible to cracking
Disadvantages: • Corrodes in coastal areas • Maintenance cost due to rusting • Poor thermal regulation and insulation • If steel loses its ductility property, than chances of brittle fractures increase
Disadvantages: • Regular painting or staining to preserve its natural beauty • Risk of spreading fire • Loss of quality or damage after being exposed to the elements for a long time
CONCRETE
CONCRETE FACADE 1. Scott Street building is located in Brisbane. It is an intriguing building with a sculptural facade. The Eastern precasted concrete screen; an iconic public face for the building inspired by nearby mangroves and melaleuca forests, provides thermal protection and visual privacy, whilst creating a unique identity seen from the Bradfield Highway. 2. Tour Total, located in Berlin uses raster faรงade is a loadbearing precast concrete frame that eliminates interior columns, allowing floor-to-ceiling glass by way of tripleglazing with exterior retractable protective louvers, and generates more usable floor area than other systems. The precast faรงade generates a ratio of 60 percent glazed to 40 percent closed surfaces, improving insulation values.
1
2
STEEL
STEEL FACADE 1. Portebello Road MSCP - Expanded metal mesh is one of the most important fashionable decoration elements in buildings construction.This product is strong and beautiful, so it is suitable for using in many fields after processing. It is widely used in making of filters baskets, air filtration units, machine guards, metal cages, safety door & window screening, room dividers, decorative ceilings, highway fencing and civil building, 2. Narrow strips of steel give an undulating facade to this renovated commercial block in Tokyo. Amano came up with the design after being asked to give the existing structure a new frontage that would allow it to stand out from its neighbours. The curving stainless-steel louvres wrap around the upper floors of the three-storey-high structure.
1
2
TIMBER
TIMBER FACADE 1. Parklex Facade is a high-density stratified timber panel manufactured from kraft paper treated with resins thermoset under high pressure and temperature, finished with natural timber veneers highly resistant to UV radiation and atmospheric agents. The timber includes a special overlay that dramatically increases the normal life of the panel, improving UV resistance and colour stability. It also allows for the development of new panels with an extensive range of finishes. 2. The vertical timber strips are mounted on top of the actual facade structure. They are made of untreated larch timber and will fade to a silver-grey colour over the course of time.
1
2
ALUCOBOND
ALUCOBOND FACADE 1. The office building Onix in Lille has a facade made up of four different modules of alucobond with changing width, consisting of fixed opaque glass panels which can be opened as well as fixed and turnable ones. The latter are used mainly in the higher floors while in the lower storeys, the façade is built in a completely transparent manner. On the roof, a metal structure envelopes the technical facilities and emphasises the streamlined shape of the entire structure. 2. Live’in residential building uses Alucobond aluminum composite material for the exterior cladding, which not only achieved noise reduction but also regulates occupant privacy and exposure to sunlight, given the unique fabrication of the panels.
1
2
ALUCOBOND
ALUCOBOND URBAN After studying four different materials, alucobond was chosen to be used on the facade of academy Retroit due to its impressive characteristics and advantages. Alucobond perfectly adaps to a building’s contours. It is the combination of formability, flatness, stability and weather resistance as well as a long life cycle that characterizes this material, due to its composite structure. Urban life is characterised by interplays of light and shadows, transparency and colour. The choice of colour is very important within the urban context. Taking in mind the urban context a grey shade of alucobond was chosen for the facade. This colour is similar to the sorrounding context’s concrete and steel facades.
ACADEMY RETROIT FACADE
THE DESIGN
Academy Retroit rejects the norm designs and concepts of prisons. The idea behind the design of this building is to make the individual/visitor feel claustrophobic and restricted upon arrival, like how one would feel in prisons. For this reason the main entrance has been designed to be a long and narrow concrete passage at 35 meters high. To add to this concept and to hold a sculptural element to the building, the main entrance holds the photography gallery with two narrow divisions separating this part of the building at 35 meters high. Another tight and high path leads to the film gallery in the under ground. An additional contribution to this concept is the placement of bars at 35 meters high with a distance of a meter from each other. This adds to the characteristics of the public square and increases the sense of interaction with the building.
THE DESIGN
Once the individual has entered the building, they have two choices: either go through the main reception, which holds a voided sculptural staircase that leads to all floors at 35 meters high or alternatively go to the open and beautifully landscaped courtyard (Image X). This design, therefore, acts in contrary to the traditional notion of how prisons should be constructed.
SOUTH WEST ELEVATION 35 meter bars have been placed one meter away from each other to create a tight and claustophobic atmosphere in the public square.This allows visitors to feel a bit of what inmates feel in prisons.
The bars increase the visitors experience and interaction with the building.
Two entrances are placed on the south west of the building. One entrance leading to first floor and the other leading to fourth floor - Health & Leisure floor where the gym and medical centre is situated.
Culinary School is situated facing the south, this allows for vegetation balconies where scholars learn how to grow and look after vegtables and use these.
0
20
0
20
NORTH WEST ELEVATION
As part of the art school, scholars have the opportunity to showcase their sculptures in the public square and sculpture balconies.
Concrete, dull, tall and narrow entrances have been created to emphasise on the claustophobicness of existing prisons.
Concrete, dull, tall and narrow division between the photography gallery to highlight the concept of claustophicness upon arrival.
Concrete, dull, tall and narrow main entrance this gives access to either the large, green, open courtyard or the voided foyer and reception area.
SOUTH EAST ELEVATION
0
20
SECTION A-A
Accommodation
Detailed Floor Plans
Leisure
Education
Art Workshop
Lecture Theatre
Art Gallery Storage
UNDERGROUND FLOOR
Workshop Storage
Access to the UG facilities
Film Gallery - This is where scholars studying film making can showcase their work.
Plant Room
Recording Studios
Film Gallery - Where scholars studying film have a chance to showcas their work with the public
Art Gallery Art Studios
Reception
Photography Gallery
Pottery Room
Sculpture Garden
GROUND FLOOR
TEXT
Photography School Study Rooms
Staff Room
Culinary Studios Culinary Lectures AR Restaurant - Advanced Culinary Scholars get the opportunity to work here AR Shop and Storage Room Located here for easy delivery
Film School
Library Highway
AR Restaurant - Advanced Culinary Scholars get the opportunity to work and train in the restaurant
FIRST FLOOR
Photography Gallery
Photography School Staff Room Art Studios Voided view to advanced art School
Voided view to advanced cooking Culinary Studios Vegetation Balconies
Culinary Lecture Room
Film School
Library Highway
SECOND FLOOR
Sculpture Balconies
Unlike the panoptical model of the prison, Academy Retroit brings together the scholars and the public as a collective entity. By doing so, everyone can see each other, therefore the space ultimately promotes a self-regulating system in which individuals became conscious of their action. Inspired by Barbara Hepworth’s theory that ‘holes make wholes’, by connecting spaces with each other - Academy Retroit has been designed to have a visually open interior. Voided spaces like the image above, have been created throughout the building to create more open and visually linked spaces.
Photography School Staff Room Voided view to Intermediate art School Art Studios
Voided view to advanced cooking Culinary Studios Vegetation Balconies Culinary Lecture Room
Film School
Art Studios
THIRD FLOOR FLOOR
Sculpture Balconies
Photography School Voided view to Study Spaces Voided view to Intermediate art School Voided view to Beginners art School Art Studios Voided view to advanced cooking Culinary Studios Vegetation Balconies Culinary Lecture Room Voided view to Study Spaces
Film School
Vegetation Balconies - Where scholars studying Culinary Arts can grow and cook with these vegtables
ACCOMMODATION
TYPICAL FLAT LAYOUT | FLOORS 5, 6, 7 & 8 The student accommodation has been spread over four floors, each floor representing the level of education at Academy Retroit. The floor plans represent a typical flat design. Student rooms are ensuit and circle the communal area in the middle where scholars come together to cook and to relax. The rooms have been mirrored so the bathrooms face eachother to minimize the drainage and soil pipes.
MAIN CIRCULATION
STAGE A
STAGE B
STAGE C
STAGE D
Facilities are located through the library highway, making this the core of the building - therefore the most amount of interaction would be happening in this space. This diagram represents the main walls and spaces of the library highway in pink and lines of communication and movement in white.
5 The Technical Drawings
SOIL PIPES
Services in the building are located stacked on top of one another minimizing the number of soil pipes needed for the building.
MAIN CIRCULATION
The main circulation area for Academy Retroit is the library highway - all the facilities are spread off the highway, this encourages scholars to meet in the library highway increasing the sense of community in the building. Each wing of the building includes a stairwell and lift. The dots represent where the stairs and lifts are located in the building.
MAIN CIRCULATION
The pink section on the diagram represents the main circulation in the building which is the library highway. This is spread over all floors. The main circulation for the accommodation floors is in the same location - called communal highway. Kitchens and living rooms are located on the communal highway, this encourages individuals to cross paths before re entering their rooms.
OPEN PLAN DESIGN
2
To create an open plan design, a four by four grid was constructed. This allowed interior walls/ columns to be placed eight metres away from each other. Where necessary the grid was broken to create a more interesting building shape.
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LOAD DIAGRAM
D E A D LO A D L I V E LO A D O P P O S I N G LO A D
FACADE DETAIL
TIMBER & CONCRETE
SLATE
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
GLASS
CONCRETE
GLASS
TIMBER & CONCRETE
CONCRETE
BUILDING STRUCTURE
1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Grout poured into blocks
Concrete Block Grout Connecting Beam Vertical Reinforcement Beam Concrete Finish
1:10
FLOOR TO WALL
2
3
4 5
BLOCK ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM
INTERMEDIATE ELEVATION
TOP OF WALL
BASEMENT LEVEL
1:20
1:5
BASEMENT BASEMENT LEVEL
1. Drainage pipe 1. Drainage 2. Reinforced Vertical Beam 2. Wall Studs 3. Concrete Block Rebar 3. Horizontal 4. Wall Studs Wall 4. Concrete 5. Sound ClipsClips 5. Sound 6. Acoustical FoamFoam Mat Mat 6. Acoustical 7. Sound Division BoardBoard 7. Sound Division 8. Plasterboard 8. Wall Board 9. Plasterboard 1:5
SOUND PROOF WALL
1:5
SOUND PROOF WALL
1:20
ROOF GARDEN
1:20
GALLERY LIGHTING
NATURAL LIGHTING
SUMMER | SUN ANGLE: 60
WINTER | SUN ANGLE: 15
LIGHTING & VENTILATION
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
CROSS VENTILATION
SPECIALISATION INFLUENCES
SPECIALISATION INFLUENCES
Specialising in Urban Design in 2013-2014 had many influences on the Design of Academy Retroit. As part of a module an essay was written on importance of urban open spaces. Urban Design suggests many ways to create a space that is more than just a space. Public open spaces are a key part of urban life, they play a vital role in the social and economic life of communities. It is important for a space to bring life into the area, to create a sense of community and encourage individuals to spend time outside. Public urban spaces must be social places to increase street life and activity. For this project, this was carried out by designing a public square at the south west of the site and a large landscaped courtyard. Social activity is increased in the area resulting in crime preventation as individuals become aware of their actions.
SPACE + ACTIVITY
=
BUILDING LIFE