䈀攀礀漀渀搀 䘀攀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 圀攀猀琀ⴀ䔀渀搀 圀漀爀欀椀渀最 ☀ 䰀椀瘀椀渀最 匀琀爀攀攀琀猀挀愀瀀攀猀
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Sadaf Khalilzare
Master Dissertation Project Reflection Paper
Living & Working streetscapes
Sadaf Khalilzare Under supervision of Prof.Dr.Kris scheerlinck
2016-2017 International Master of Scince in Architecture KU Leuven,Faculty of Architecture,Campus Sint-Lucas Ghent
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Sadaf Khalilzare
“The cities everyone wants to live in should be clean and safe, possess efficient public services, be supported by a dynamic economy, provide cultural stimulation, and also do their best to heal society’s divisions of race, class, and ethnicity. These are not the cities we live in�* The open city
* Senett.R, (2006) The Open city
Urgency Introduction
043
Safety Perception
078
Amenities
006
Foreword
047
Space privacy Analysis
079
Collective Garden
007
A Glimpse to history of Cincinnati
048
Neighborhood and outer edge spatial analysis
081
Interactive Border
009 German immigrants and culture mix|Art and brewery
049
Auto related Functions
082
Fold-able walls
011
Cincinnati’s 50 year population decline
050
Active manufacture and art institutions
084
Sections
013
Where is West-End?
051
Introvert active buildings
090
Materials
015
Demographics
053
Open air storages
091
Construction Detail
Reading 020
Framework and Site reading
020
Methodology to Read and Define the Site
023
Perception
024 025 026
First Glimpse Assets Problems
028
Site Reading:Zoom out
031
Zoom in :StreetScapes Analysis
093
Position 055
Segregation,Inclusion,Extroversion
056
Strategies
057 059 061 062
Densification and consolidation of Grid Reimbursing productive and artistic basis of neighborhood From Introversion to Extroversion Plinth Activation
064
Intervention
066
Working-Living Corridor
Bibliography
Foreword
The framework I have chosen for my Master Dissertation project is the streetscape Territories research project Directed by Dr.Kris Scheerlinck.StreetScape territories is a given name to his international research that deals with territorial organization of urban projects,studies as part of different cultures and defined by multiple social networks. Streetscape Territories deals with models of proximity within a street, neighborhood or region and starts from the assumption that urban space, from the domestic scale till the scale of the city, can be understood as a discontinuous collective space, containing different levels of shared use that are defined by multiple physical, cultural or territorial boundaries. Cincinnati is the city I had to work on through this framework because of my 4month exchange semester in university of Cincinnati. Through the framework and interviews with Dr. Vikas Mehta(Associate Professor in university of Cincinnati) and Dr.Danilo Palazzo(Director of school of Planning in University of Cincinnati) and self experiences of the city the neighborhood was chosen by me because of it’s challenging context and essence for a coherent architectural-urban intervention.
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A Glimpse to History of Cincinnati
Cincinnati is a city in the southwest of the state of Ohio in the United States and the second-largest city of state. The introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio River in 1816 inaugurated a period of very rapid growth and by 1840, it was the sixth largest city in the Unit ed States. Thereafter, due the gradual decline in importance of river transportation relative to rail, Cincinnati slowly dropped in the national rankings, although it remained the largest in Ohio until 1900, when it ceded the position to Cleveland. The city’s early economy was based on the pork industry, and this was celebrated in the summer of 2000 with the Big Pig Gig, during which large flying pig statues took up residence along the city’s main thoroughfares.
http://wikitravel.org/en/Cincinnati
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German immigrants and culture mix Art and brewery
Fig1.Cincinnati city plan
1912
Germans had been a part of Cincinnati almost since its founding in 1788; the German Johan Heckewelder wrote the first account of Cincinnati and the surrounding area in 1792. During 1830s massive waves of Germans settled into the city populating neighborhoods which at their height in the late 1800s were some of the most densely populated outside of New York City. By 1840, 30 percent of the city’s population was German-speaking, prompting city officials to publish ordinances in both German and English, and prompting the usual social discrimination. These German immigrants built a culture based off of beer gardens, beer brewing, dance and music halls giving Cincinnati a very distinct and vibrant local culture. Cincinnati’s German heritage and large German-speaking districts had much to do with the attraction of German art schools. While German artists were among the earliest to work in Cincinnati, the first of note was Frederick Eckstein, one of a family of artists, and who had trained at the Academy in Berlin under Johann Gottfried Schadow. Traditionally trained in Europe, Eckstein undoubtedly aspired to bring similar training to Cincinnati, a city already with pretensions as a center of learning. He lobbied for the establishment of a European-style academy of art not only to train artists, but to exhibit their work, casts, and the work of foreign artists living and dead, and to provide lectures on a wide variety of art-related subjects. The Academy of Fine Arts was dead the next year when popular sentiment favored a more practical academy, which later became the Ohio Mechanics Institute. German artists continued to be active in Cincinnati, but their work was primarily devoted to painting altarpieces. The influence of the German altar painters, who were as active as any artists save magazine illustrators during the Civil War, may have had much to do with the continued focus on Germany for the advanced training of Cincinnati’s native artists. World War I virtually ended the flow of Cincinnati art students to Germany. Cincinnati streets were renamed or translated to English equivalents and the city turned its back on its German heritage, a situation that remains to this day. However, even a cursory look at Cincinnati’s visual art, reflected in the prominent placement of the Tyler Davidson Fountain, offers testimony to an extraordinary influence of the city’s German heritage.The city still offers the basis for arts and known for its art institutions. Today,Numerous theaters operate in the city, including the Aronoff Center for the Arts -home of the Cincinnati Ballet and the Cincinnati Opera-the Emery Theater,
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the Taft Theater, the Showboat Majestic, the Playhouse in the Park, the University of Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music, and Music Hall. More than one hundred art galleries existed in the city and the surrounding area. The most prominent ones are the Cincinnati Art Museum, the Contemporary Arts Center, and the Taft Museum. The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden is known for its successful breeding programs.
Fig2.Cincinnati music hall1
Fig3.OTR breweries2
Lately, with the beginnings of revitalization of the Downtown Basin neighborhoods, there has been a renewed interest in this heritage and some of it can be seen to this day in faded German signs on densely built ornate Victorian buildings in OverThe-Rhine, a high per-capita number of bars, and the celebration of large German festivals such Bockfest, Mayfest, and Oktoberfest. These days During the city’s Oktoberfest-an homage not only to Cincinnati’s lost heritage as a brewing center but also to its sister city link with Munich-as crowds listen to bands and celebrate the end of the stifling Cincinnati humidity, a glimpse of the fountain reinforces the feeling that there are few places in North America that bring German life and culture so clearly to mind.2
1. Departement of community development and planning(DCDP),2001,West End Comprehensive plan 2.http://www.wcpo.com/entertainment/local-a-e/cincinnatis-rise-and-fall-as-a-brewery-town-part-1-from-porkopolis-to-beeropolis-how-it-all-began.
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Cincinnati’s 50 year population decline
Cincinnati, like all peer cities, recorded its peak population in the 1950 and has steadily lost residents since.Cincinnati’s municipal boundaries have not changed since it achieved its peak population in 1950, but thousands of prewar homes and apartments have since been replaced by non-residential structures. This means Cincinnati not only lost tens of thousands of residents for construction of expressways, light industry, and other purposes, but these properties are generally unavailable today for any effort to repopulate the city. Cincinnati’s loss of residents and residential land was not limited to expressway construction and urban renewal projects. In the neighborhoods collectively known as Uptown, physical growth of universities, hospitals and other institutions has resulted in the demolition of over 1,000 homes and apartments since 1950. A variety of unscrupulous local politicians and media figures cleverly play two sides of Cincinnati’s population loss narrative. According to them, Cincinnati has lost population due to high crime, high taxes, and corrupt city governance. But should the city start attracting new residents, the perceived “bad element” will be pushed outside city limits and into the areas of those trumpeting this false narrative.3
3.http://www.urbancincy.com/2012/07/whats-the-full-story-behind-cincinnatis-50-year-population-decline/
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Fig4. Map of the boundries of the West-End neighborhood
Wholtone,(2008) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West-End-Cincinnati-map.jpg
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Where is West End?
Once a dense and thriving neighborhood of multi- and single-family homes and businesses, much of the historic West End was essentially eviscerated beginning in 1956, when city officials used federal funds to raze the area in the name of “urban renewal.” Also in the mix at the time was the construction of Interstate 75, which paved the way for the inner city population to flee quickly to the joys of suburbia. There was a recurring theme at the time across the U.S. that predominantly African-American neighborhoods such as the West End were within the “urban renewal/federal interstate” bullseye. (See also Paradise Valley/Black Bottom in Detroit, which, like the West End, was an unfortunate victim of I-75.) In 1940, 64 percent of Cincinnati’s entire African-American population lived in the West End, comprising 74 percent of that neighborhood’s population. The longtime demarcation point for the West End was a street known until the 1850s as Western Row. It’s now Central Avenue, and at one point prior to the 1950s it was a thriving commercial district in its own right. The WPA Guide of 1943, in predictably colorful and non-PC prose, described a Central Avenue “lined with pawn shops, cheap restaurants and honky tonks. Free meals, featuring pickled herring and pretzels, came with every five cent beer. Children, ducking the spitball of loafers leaning on the rails, ran along the street with tin buckets for the families’ supper beer.” Those buckets, by the way, were also known as “growlers.” Indeed, at one time in 1890, the City Directory listed 100 saloons on Central Avenue, second only to Vine Street at 136; Walnut and Main clocked in at 55 each. However, the number of saloons on Central Avenue has been reduced by 98 percent to two. Nothing remains of such “liveliness” today, and traveling north on Freeman past Liberty to Dayton Street — while still in the technical boundaries of the West End — yields a far different landscape. Initially the area is a wasteland of light industry, freeways, overpasses and a smattering of fast food — nonexistent remains of the former West End sub-neighborhood of Kenyon-Barr(Coston.c,2016)
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Fig5.West End before construction of I75(Coston,2016)
Fig6.West End while constructing I75(Coston,2016)
The current iteration of our West End in no way resembles its historic cousin, physically at least. Part-industrial-tract-bleeding-into-Queensgate, part-projects, part-historic, part-new-development, the area has multiple distinct sub-neighborhoods (City West, Laurel Homes and Brighton) as well as the distinct historic enclaves of Betts-Longworth and Dayton Street. Dayton Street initially started building up in the 1860s, but it was in the 1880s that the “Millionaire’s Row” moniker took its shape. The facades of earlier homes were given enhanced ornamentation, while new homes were built in the elaborate style of the Italian Renaissance Revival. Many were populated by brewers and their progeny — the aforementioned Haucks at 812, 816 and 842, while the Windisch and Wetterer brewing families (also with nearby breweries) staked claims at 808, 835 and 847. From 1900 to 1920, however, the tides changed. The wealthy families left the West End and were replaced by middle and lower income families.(Coston,2016) However,nowadays because of the attractive opportunity that West End offers for commercial development because of the availability of land and under used buildings and its location near downtown Cincinnati. The close proximity of the West End community to the Cincinnati Central Business District (CBD), Northern Kentucky suburbs and the I-75 corridor gives regional accessibility to any retail ventures located in the neighborhood,West End is becomming the new investment spot for developers. Projects such as CitiRAMA, City West and the Theodore M. Berry Head Start Center, bring new hope to under used sites in the community. New families are relocating to the community bringing diversity in both income and race. The household income has increased 190% from 1980 to 2000 and family income has increased 155% during the same period. Families of all races are choosing the West End to build new homes, increasing the number of homeowners 60% from 1980 to 2000. The speed of change exemplifies the potential for additional West End redevelopment.(DCDP, 2016),However,most of these projects are done in south West End and northern part of it(from Liberty St to north)is still segregated.
Coston,Casey(2016)http://www.soapboxmedia.com/features/012616-soapdish-casey-coston-dayton-street-westend.aspx Departement of community development and planning(DCDP),2016,West End Comprehensive plan
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Demographics
刀愀挀攀 䴀椀砀
䄀瘀攀爀愀最攀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 漀昀 䄀昀爀椀ⴀ 挀愀渀ⴀ䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 眀栀漀氀攀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀栀漀漀搀 椀猀 㜀㜀─ 愀渀搀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀 眀攀猀琀 䔀渀搀 椀猀 㠀㐀⸀㘀─
http://www.areavibes.com/cincinnati-oh/livability/
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Existing Land Use map
Departement of community development and planning(DCDP),2001,West End Comprehensive plan
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Proposed Redevelopment plan by Planning community
Departement of community development and planning(DCDP),2001,West End Comprehensive plan
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Downtown
OTR
West-End
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Framework and site reading
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Methodology to Read and Define the Site
The research and design approaches of Streetscape Territories are defined by five main concepts:Depth,Collective space,proximity,Spatial Delimitation and Openness and functional indetermination. Therefore,to study the multi layer character of the neighborhood and its Streetscape through these 5 elements and percieve the spatial qualities refer to safety issue of the neighborhood and city life ,the best way is to experience it by your own.The chosen method of finding suitable context was walking through the city and then through the neigborhood to find out the important nodes and highlighted issues in streets and the assets and missing points. This has been what Robert E.Park4 advised to his students when he invited them to chicago to walk through the city to feel for the dynamics of the city. Cincinnati,like most American cities is a big scattered city with a lot of suburban areas around urban core,However West End is not a suburban neighborhood it feels like subruban and racially and financially segregated while walking there. The negative transition of city dynamics while walking from downtown Central Business District(CBD)and OTR5 through the neighborhood is the first percieved issue.On the other hand,there is a disconnection between the south and north part of the neighborhood too. The south West End is more diverse in race and economic and urban infrustructure and as mentioned previously a large number of residential and commercial projects are under implimenation.
4.American urban sociologist who is considered to be one of the most influential figures in U.S socilogy 5.Over The Rhine,historic and new gentrified neighborhood located in east side of West End
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Today, northern part of West-End despite its historic assets and closeness to downtown and historic OTR neighborhood ,deals with the complexity of having multi layer infrustructure,remaining industries,high vacancy rate and remaining residents’need and segregation of the neighborhood with rest of the city. Streets are turning into unsafe barriers inside the city and avoiding strangers from coming inside of the neighborhood.In this situation is sustainable to let this high asset neighborhood lose it’s identity and undergo another urban decay? How can architectural intervention make the neighborhood alive again and give it back to the city? Is the neighborhood really unsafe or is it just the reflection of it? how do Streetscape and spatial qualities play role in this safety perception ?Could an architectural intervention be built upon existing industrial and artistic character of the neighborhood and reimburse it and make it a glory point again?
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Perception
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First Glimpse
䌀攀渀琀爀
The map indicates the first noticeable characteristics of the neighborhood. Various land uses,different building typologies,wide main streets and important transportation nodes,racial segregation,Poverty,unsafe alleys and historic character were among the first things that were highlighting in first walk around.
愀氀 倀欀
眀礀 䄀 瘀攀
䘀爀攀攀洀愀渀 匀 琀
䈀愀渀欀 匀
琀
䐀愀礀琀漀渀 匀琀 䐀愀礀琀漀渀 匀琀
瘀攀 礀 䄀
欀眀
愀氀 倀
渀琀爀
䌀攀
䰀椀最栀琀 椀渀搀甀ۻ爀礀
䈀愀礀洀椀氀氀攀爀 匀琀
夀漀爀欀 匀琀
䘀椀渀搀氀愀礀 匀琀
䨀漀栀渀 匀
䐀椀猀瀀攀爀猀攀 䠀漀甀猀椀渀最 倀漀漀爀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 䠀漀甀猀椀渀最
倀漀瀀氀愀爀 匀琀
䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀瘀攀
䘀椀渀搀氀愀礀 匀琀
䠀椀ۻ漀爀椀挀 刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀
琀
䈀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀攀猀
倀漀瀀氀愀爀 匀琀
䠀攀愀瘀礀 䤀渀搀甀ۻ爀礀
倀甀戀氀椀挀 栀漀甀猀椀渀最 䔀搀最攀 䤀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 一漀搀攀猀
䰀椀戀攀爀琀礀 匀琀
䰀椀渀渀 匀琀
䔀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䤀渀ۻ椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀
Figure 11.Central Ave-Finlday st junction (important transportation node in city) a main entrance to neighborhood
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Assets As mentioned in previous page,one of the most distinctive facts of the neighborhood is the various land uses inside it and the most obvious one is the productive character of it which together with the different businesses and artistic educational institutions defines the identity of the neighborhood and is an important asset of West End.Historic Dayton St in neighborhood is like a hidden gem that surprises visitors while walking with its Italianate multi-story brick and stone townhouses which are remaining from 1850’s wealthy businessmen.
figure12 .West Dayton St
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Problems The most obvious problem of the neighborhood is undefined and fenced open spaces, and vacant lots which leads to a huge contrast between massing and open spaces and makes street dead and a place for drug dealers and homeleses.main streets acting like edges ,and unpleasant housing which is the result of poverty are the other problems that were perceived in first glance in neighborhood.
倀漀漀爀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 猀椀渀最氀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 栀漀甀猀椀渀最 一愀爀爀漀眀ⴀ氀漀眀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 愀氀氀攀礀 唀渀搀攀ǻ渀攀搀 挀漀爀渀攀爀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 搀攀愀氀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 栀漀洀攀氀攀猀猀攀猀 猀瀀漀琀猀 唀渀搀攀ǻ渀攀搀 瘀愀挀愀渀琀 猀瀀漀琀猀 椀渀ⴀ戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 最椀瘀椀渀最 昀攀攀氀椀渀最 漀昀 甀渀猀愀昀攀琀礀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 渀漀琀 眀愀氀欀愀戀氀攀
Figure 13.Linn St-fenced undefined open space and vacant buildings together with wideness of the street lead to un-walkability and feeling of unsafeness
唀渀搀攀爀 猀甀戀氀攀愀猀攀 瘀愀挀愀渀琀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 䈀氀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 栀漀洀攀氀攀猀猀攀猀 猀瀀漀琀 渀漀眀 吀栀攀猀攀 眀椀搀攀 ۻ爀攀攀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 瀀漀漀爀 ۻ爀攀攀琀猀挀愀瀀攀猀 愀爀攀 氀椀欀攀 攀搀最攀猀 愀渀搀 愀爀攀 搀椀猀挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 爀攀 ۻ
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Figure 14.Poplar St. poor condition housing|Figure 15.York St. Productivity vs vacancy|Figure 16.Vacant Historic school in Dayton-Bank St corner-panned to be turn into Lofts by city development council
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Site Reading|Zoom out
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倀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 䈀䰀䐀猀 唀渀甀猀攀搀 䈀䰀䐀猀
䌀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀猀 Scale contrast
Walking through the West-End discovers a neighborhood of multiple contrasts. Contrasts in scale, productivity and massing. Big Kaiser factory being adjacent to a 2 floor residential building in the same alley and industrial productive sites beside vacant un-used lots and less amount of big mass building versus open spaces in between buildings are examples of contrasts which seem to define the main character of the neighborhood: working and living neighborhood .
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倀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 䈀䰀䐀猀 唀渀甀猀攀搀 䈀䰀䐀猀
唀渀挀漀洀瀀愀琀椀戀氀攀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀椀漀渀 稀漀渀攀 伀瀀攀渀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 嘀猀 䴀愀猀猀椀渀最
倀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 瘀猀 嘀愀挀愀渀挀礀 䌀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀猀
倀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 䈀䰀䐀猀 唀渀甀猀攀搀 䈀䰀䐀猀
Sc:1/8000 伀瀀攀渀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 嘀猀 䴀愀猀猀椀渀最
䌀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀猀
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Zoom in|StreetScapes Analysis
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Figure17.dayton St and it’s historic context|figure 18 .Findlay St-large fenced open spaces(increasing building depth and decreasing plinth activation)|Figure19.Linn St- Abandoned building,Homelesses and drug dealers spots(reactive plinth in main street)
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Figure20.Liberty and John st junction St-Vacant buildings-Unlegible fenced areas(deactive plinth in main street) Figure|21.Industrial zone-John St -Introvert industries,large parking lots
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Streetscape:zone 1
Sitereading reading Site
Bank St
Bank St
Bank BaStnk St
OTR
Linn st
VE al A
ntr
Ce
Linn St
Linn St
Zone 1 Residential zone
Findlay St
Industrial-residential zone
t
lay s
Find
Findlay St
As mentioned previously,the segregation of the neighborhood is obvious especially by changes happening in Streetscapes, either by passing through Central AVE from new gentrified OTR neighborhood or passing through Liberty street from downtown(CBD) to reach to westend.Colorful historic Italianate rowhouses and shops in OTR and CBD ends up with industrial-residential zone in WestEnd. After passing main connection streets(will be discussed further)in existing urban grid of the zone(1) each horizental street consists in general one active industrial block,including a productive building an office building and warehouses around and a loading area,beside that almost in every street there is a car repair shop in each street which consists an small building or a container and a big car|scrap yard which is generally fenced in a messy way and leads to inactivation of the street and gives the feeling of not a car repair shop but an abandoned junk yard. More than active industries the streets consist closed boxes which are small storages or big warehouses that some consist a fenced open space as loading area which beside the loading time is un-used.
Liberty St Liberty St
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Fig 22.Industrial Blocks
Fig 23.Individual Warehouses
Fig 24.Industrial Blocks
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Streetscape:zone 2
Site reading
Bank St
Bank
St
Dayton St
Linn st
VE al A
ntr
Ce
Zone 2
Residential zone
Linn St
York St
t
lay s
Findlay St
Industrial-residential zone
Poplar St
Find
Streetscape in neighborhood differentiates from zone to zone,crossing from Linn St the context transforms from industrial to a low dense residential zone.2-3 story detached single family housings with a small fenced garden in entrance.There Is a large number of vacancy in houses between Findlay St and Dayton St and also there are a lot of vacant lots which turned into waste plant yards which makes alleys hard to walk because there are no eyes on streets and the plants blocking views and therefore,they’ve become hot spots for drug dealers. Coming to the north side of the neighborhood Dayton and East York St Surprises the visitor by its historic context,mansion type 2-3 story town houses with small gardens in front of them,vacant churches from 1850s and Historic Heberle school gives a special atmosphere to the area which can be an attraction for tourists.In south part of the zone in corner of Poplar and Liberty St the typology of housing changes from detached single family housing to public-row houses and public and senior housing 15storey blocks which act like a barrier from liberty St toward the neighborhood.
Liberty St
Liberty St
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Fig25.Detached Housing in Poplar st |Fig .public housing tower
Fig26.Vacancy In Charlotte St
Fig27.Dayton St historic texture|Fig.Historic Heberle school
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Streetsscape:Zone 3(Linn St) Site reading
Bank St
Bank St
Bank
St
Dayton St
Linn st
VE al A
ntr
Ce
Zone 3
Linn St
Residential zone
Industrial-residential zone
吀爀愀渀猀瀀愀爀攀渀挀礀 䰀攀最椀戀椀氀椀琀礀
Findlay St
t
lay s
Find
䘀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⠀瀀氀椀渀琀栀猀⤀ 倀甀戀氀椀挀ⴀ瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀 Liberty St
Linn st
Steven Gould draws our attention to an important distinction in natural ecologies between two kinds of edges: boundaries and borders. The boundary is an edge where things end; the border is an edge where difference groups interact(Snenett.R,1998) The neighborhood is surrounded by 3 main arteries of the city:Linn St,Central Ave and Liberty St,which in this project Linn and Liberty are in focus because of their direct connection with inner part of neighborhood. Linn Street going from north to south of west End connecting uptown to downtown is a transition street for north west End that separates industrial zone from residential zone and needs to be compatible to both sides and create a connection to inner part of the neighborhood.However It is a main artery and it can be an asset and a inviting seam to the neighborhood,it is acting like a boundry as Gould mentions with its poor Streetscape. Unlegible,solid(ambiguous) corners together with vacant buildings and large parking occupation are leading to inactive plinths(as it is shown in the elevation below) and make streets claimed to be private for dealers and homeless es instead of being a stop point for passengers. plinths: A plinth is the ground floor of a building. It is a building’s most crucial part for the city at eye level. Plinths are crucial for the experience and attractiveness of the urban space, both in residential and commercial areas. Research shows that if the destination is safe, clean, relaxed and easily understood, and if visitors can wander around with their expectations met or exceeded(Karssenberg.H, Laven.J,2016) This is what neighborhood lacks in main streets.
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Streetsscape:Zone 4(Liberty St) Site reading
Bank St Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St
Residential zone
Industrial-residential zone
Findlay St
t
lay s
Find
As mentioned previously Liberty St the most important artery in the city which connects west to east side of Cincinnati which is located the southern edge of the north west-End and is a boundry to the neighborhood actually. Meanwhile of having functions that are representative of inner neighborhood the buildings are not showing the function and there is neither visual nor functional connection to inner part of the neighborhood. The buildings are introvert and the mass occupation is low that makes plinths inactive.
Zone 4 Liberty St
Liberty St Elevation-indicates inactive plinths and introversion of functions
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Urgency
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Safety Perception As discussed previously the first thing that is obvious in neighborhood is the unwalkablity at the result of safety issues. However, In general Cincinnati is not a safe city compare to other cities in Ohio,West End compare to the other neighborhoods does not have an enormous high crime rate but while walking through neighborhood the perception of the neighborhood is quite unsafe to walk.
Safety Map
In a neighborhood People look for order,security and a sense of completeness in their immediate spatial experiences;on the other hand,they look for mystery,challenge and stimulation. The promise of mystery or surprise and the desire for predictability and conformity are desired components of spatial experiences. These seemingly contradictory factors are apparently a part of human nature. People want space to be legible for them.�Safety in the context of space�overlays this desire for legibility(Goldsteen.J,Elliott.C,1994)
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Sadaf Khalilzare
Safety Analysis-Linn St
As it is obvious in perception sequences of Linn St from Dayton St toward Liberty,Linn street lacks order(Order is expressed in regularities and repetitions3)and familiarity and there are a lot of spots that are uncertain. On the other hand, it lacks Rhythm .These elements together lead to unlegibility in most spots in street,which these unlegibility results in decreasing safety perception. However,as mentioned in Streetscape analysis of Linn St another issue of Linn St is inactive Plinths which makes streets dead and unsafe.
3. Goldsteen. J,Elliott.C,(1994) Designing America:creating urban identity,18th edition, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Linn St sequences from Dayton St toward Liberty St
Linn St Plinth Analysis 䰀椀渀渀 猀琀爀攀攀琀 倀氀椀渀琀栀 䄀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀
吀爀愀渀猀瀀愀爀攀渀挀礀 䰀攀最椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 䘀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⠀瀀氀椀渀琀栀猀⤀
*
倀甀戀氀椀挀ⴀ瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀
* In some spots especially in corners,the space is not defined to be public or private,so it is claimed by a group as collective for them. 46
Sadaf Khalilzare
Space Privacy Analysis
Space privacy analysis
Neighborhood lacks public and collective spaces,therefore,corners and building fronts turned to be collecive spaces of especial groups,like the senior housing block entrance is a collective space for all elderly people in neighborhood to have a conversation during the day.The only 2 collective spaces that are existing are inner residential block spaces. In terms of spaces for kids,there are playgrounds which are fenced,and rarely include green space inside.
Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St
Findlay St
Liberty St
collective/private space
Sc:1/6000
claimed collective space
Public space
Community garden
Potential park space|green
playground
Baseball court
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Fig28.Poplar St playground Sadaf Khalilzare
Neighborhood and Outer Edge Spatial Analysis
Neighborhood and outer edge spatial Analysis The city is not only a functional environment, but also an environment of experience. Function has been fairly dominant in the past few decades, due to the combination of a large post-war building production and the industrialization of the construction process (Karssenberg.H, Laven.J,2016).This functionalism also exists in West End,Large open spaces that are dedicated to parkings,open air storages or loading areas are there only for their functions and nothing to do with city life;they are just used in certain hours and days during the week and the rest are just fenced open areas,which are making streets dead and without control.Beside that these open areas increase the depth to the building and the function it self which leads to disconnection of the pedestrian and the buildings and results in decreasing safety.On the other hand these large open spaces make a high amount of street plinths deactive and also increases leves of uncertainty.However, Degrees of uncertainty is an important issue in safety perception and this uncertainty relates to feeling of having no control that is represented by openness or prospect(Goldsteen.J,Elliott.C,1994).
Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St Findlay St
Section 1.public housing-senior house
Seam
Section 3.Fire station
Section 4.Art gallery
Liberty St
Section 5.single family housing
Seam
Section 3.residential|car repair|office Section 4.Industry|Brewery
Engine CO .29
Ladder Co.29
METRO 0.00
Auto Repair
The neighborhood edge in Liberty St is a boundry more than a border(barrier/seam),It consists of different functions of
+5.40
inner neighborhood(sections) but most of the functions are introvert and don't
reflect the neighborhood's identity.There are transparencies but without visual
connection to the actual inner part of neighborhood which decreases permeability
toward it(view is toward vacant lots).Vacant residential buildings decrease the
Liberty St
Open air storage
Sc:1/5000
un-legible open spaces
Fenced areas
loading|unloading
attractiveness of the neighborhood.The edge should become softer and seams
car parking
should be included and be more compatible with the neighborhood to enhancethe
connection of the neighborhood with rest of the city.
Community garden
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Auto Related Functions
Auto repair related functions As discussed in page 32 the neighborhood consists car related businesses like car repair shops,scrap yards auto dealers and Tire collectors. Which generally consists an small building or a container and a big car|scrap yard which is generally fenced in a messy way and leads to inactivation of the street and gives the feeling of not a car repair shop but an abandoned junk yard and also leads to illegibility in some point.
Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St
Findlay St
Liberty St
Sc:1/5000
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Active Manufacture and Art Institutions
Active Manufacture and Art Institutions
Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St
Findlay St
Liberty St
Manufacture
Sc:1/5000
Art institutions
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Introvert Buildings IntrovertActive Active buildings
Bank
Neighborhood is known for its productive basis,however it is not visible that much in Streetscapes,most of the buildings look abandoned with their closed off windows and facades and fenced yards.The Same issue is with art institutions,if you don’t see the Logo or name on the building you’ll never understand that it is a gallery or a workshop. This problem lays in introvert design of the buildings which doesn’t let the building to be explicit and have connection with Streetscape.
St
Bank
St
Linn St
Findlay St
Liberty St
Sc:1/5000
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Introversion
Fig29.Art Gallery in Liberty St-Closed off facades and introvert desig
Fig.30Central Fabricators-with closed off windows,building looks like an abandoned building
Fig31.Ferguson Plumbing-Storage in the street side and closed off facade
Fig32.Carl Solway Gallery
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Open Air Storage Analysis
Under-use parts of open air storages Meanwhile that open air storages occupy a large space in street elevation only small percentage of the are really under-usage and the rest is just a left over.The map indicates the under-used parts of neighborhoods storages. Bank St
Bank
St
Linn St
Findlay St
Liberty St
Sc:1/5000
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Position
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INTROVERSION VS EXTROVERSION
Based on demographics and what discussed in previous analysis. Population decline,Segregation,Introversion,massing and open space contrasts and inactive plinths are the main reasons in neighborhood that decreasing social control and social interaction on streets are leading to effect the safety perception in neighborhood.
The notion of Introversion in human personality is someone who enjoys being alone and doesn’t want to communicate a lot .On the other hand Extroverted person is someone who enjoys being around and have communication with people around. The Notions definition is he same in ,Introvert building is a building which doesn’t have communication with people outside through its facade or openings ,it’s implicit and everything happens inside. Extrovert building is a building which communicates with passengers outside of the building through different ways by engaging them in building function,being explicit , transparent,etc it has the connection with street.
SEGREGATION The notion of segregation is used when one group separated from the mainstream of society but they usually serve as a smaller group with poorer facilities. Enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area,by barriers to social intercourse,by separate educational facilities or is a deliberate separation with physical facilities or social structures intended for te use of one group but not the other(Motallebi.M,2016)
prospect
INTERGRATION Social integration can be seen as a dynamic and structured process in which all members participate in dialouge to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations.Social integration does not mean forced assimilation. Social integration is focused the need to move toward a safe,stable and just by mending conditions of social disintegration,exclusion and polarization;and by expanding and strenghtening conditions of social integration-towards peaceful social realtions of coexistence,collaboraton and cohesion. (Motallebi.M,2016)
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Introversion
Extroversion
Segregation
Integration
Inactive plinths
Active plinths
Sadaf Khalilzare
Strategies
Reimbursing the productive and artistic basis of the neighborhood
Going from Introversion to Extroversion
Plinth Activation by re-arranging existing functions and introducing new design Densification and consolidation the existing grid
Creating connection to rest of the city
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Linn St
Findlay St
Densification and consolidation the existing grid
唀爀戀愀渀 匀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 唀爀戀愀渀 匀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 Existing grid because of the vacancies and open spaces is too dispersal,therefore,to create cohesiveness in neighborhood existing functions are used to consolidate the grid.
Liberty St
嘀愀挀愀渀琀 嘀愀挀愀渀琀
䄀甀琀漀 爀攀瀀愀椀爀 䄀甀琀漀 爀攀瀀愀椀爀
䤀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀猀 䤀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀猀
䄀洀攀渀椀琀椀攀猀 䄀洀攀渀椀琀椀攀猀 䘀椀爀攀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 䘀椀爀攀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀
刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀 刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀
倀甀戀氀椀挀 猀瀀愀挀攀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 猀瀀愀挀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀
䄀爀琀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 䄀爀琀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀
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toward union al museum
station|nation
Art Institutions
- 500M
ile
0.3 m ing
alk
in w
|7m ce
tan
dis
0.6
in
5m
e |1
mil
ce
an
ist
gd
lkin
wa
0.9
e|
mil
21 min
wa lkin g
dis tan ce
1. 5
m
ile
|3 3
m
in
wa
lki
ng
|7 m
in
by
ca r
As discussed before, German immigrants built up art and industry basis in Cincinnati. There are 2 big Galleries in North west end and a lot of art institutions in 30 minutes walking distance of the neighborhood,therefore the neighborhood is rape for strengthen its art basis especially with the new planning department proposal of creating Art Avenue in south Central Park Ave next to Cincinnati Ballet and moving Taft Art school to the neighborhood. Bringing Artists in neighborhood will reimburse integration and creates connection to the rest of the city with a positive gentrification.
Reimbursing the productive and artistic basis of the neighborhood
Creating connection to rest of the city
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Cincinnati Ballet
Proposed Redevelopment plan by Planning community
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Integration of new comers with locals is possible only when they interact with each other,live and work together. To create this atmosphere the best option is to use the existing opportunities in neighborhood and take advantage of them,Artonomy is one of the galleries in neighborhood which is introvert and gives the feeling of an industrial building instead of giving the feeling of an art institution with its closed off facade and large open-air storage next to it. A lot of artists daily come together there and work and discuss together but nothing to communicate with neighborhood. knowing about all these and also the previous studies bring up some questions: Why not showing these gatherings and activities to locals and engage them in process? Why not being extrovert instead of that much introversion? What About new art graduates? Isn’t here a great place for them to be involved with all art events and art students(proximity to art institutions and art Ave)?
Going from Introversion to Extroversion
Yes art should be explicit,should be engaging should trigger creativity of others,should engage everyone who likes in. West End,an be a starting space for new art graduates with its affordable land price and art and productivity basis,They can live and work in neighborhood,and turn dead streets into working spaces. A program that could make living and working at the same time with engaging Streetscape in design will be the answer for the combination of mentioned strategies.
Working-Living Streets
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Existing
Plinth Activation by re-arranging existing functions and introducing new design
Proposal
㜀 ─
㘀 ─
㌀ ─
㠀 ─
氀漀眀
㜀 ─ ㌀ ─
䴀攀搀椀甀洀ⴀ䠀椀最栀
How can we create a user-friendly ground-level that is flexible for years to come, adaptive for multiple uses, pleasing to the eye, and all with little financial resources? 嘀愀爀椀愀戀氀攀 As it is shown in the picture the arrangement of the open spaces makes 㜀 ⴀ ─ streets dead,to activate the plinths we can take advantage of these open spaces which according to the map of p.51small part of them are under-us䠀椀最栀 age. In open air storages the function can be kept and just by re-arranging the space in more sustainable way with the suitable program they can be utilized in more active way. “As residential functions, co-working, shopping and leisure are more and more footloose, experience is becoming more and more important. New trends can improve the quality of plinths, such as small-scale shopping, the need for new co-working cafes, temporary creative functions, and pop-up stores. In any case, a good plinth strategy will have to embrace a wide range of functions, including social functions and houses on the ground floor.” (Karssenberg.H, Laven.J,2016) As Karssenberg and Laven mention experience is becoming more important,therefore a program to answer the plinth activation strategy the combination of other strategies can be a co-working living program which is a start up place for artists to live and work and share their product and arts with locals through Streetscape.
㘀 ─ 㠀 ─
Auto repairs
氀漀眀
䠀椀最栀
Auto repairs are another issue in making plinths inactivate by their big junk yards and messy fences. The fences are like barriers in Streetscape, However through strategy they can turn into interaction corners.
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Programs Suggested Program consists different phases .
㠀
㠀
㐀
㔀
⨀
㘀
Numbers 1 and 2 and 4 are the first phase of the project(thesis focus) which is a working living corridor for artists and student housing for Taft school of arts as mentioned previously to bring life(Plinth activation) in neighborhood answer integration and extroversion strategies and reimburse the character of the neighborhood. The corridor will be built in open air storage of Artonomy Gallery by keeping its existing character and re-organizing it in more sustainable way to communicate with Streetscapes and decreasing depth to the functions.
㜀
⨀ 㐀
㌀
⨀ ⨀
㐀
㈀
Artonomy
Cincinnati Ballet
sc:1/4000
1.Startup corridor|Living Working space 2.Student Housing 3.Residential infill 4.Amenities 5.Commercial building related to Auto businesses 渀最 猀瀀愀挀攀 6.Auto parts recycle plant 7.Space organization for Auto repairs 8.Residential infill *Intervention on borders
Proposed Art Ave
*
Number 7 and 3 are the second phase to help consolidation of grid by densification and re-organizing Auto repairs to answer the plinth activation strategy. Number 5,6 and 8 are the last phase of the project which will complete the whole strategies.
漀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀
攀愀氀攀爀
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Interventions
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Startup Corridor Living-working space
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poplar St
01
02
03
04
05
A Gibraltar
EVANS
Gibraltar Gibraltar
DN UP
UP UP
B
UP
C
UP
Gibraltar
EVANS
Gibraltar
John St
Linn St
Gibraltar
D
U
R
S O U
A S
A
R
O
S
V
A
S
V
5
UP
A
E
6
UP
UP
F
8.51
G
5.96
UP
UP
H
I
UP
5.82
UP
J
oliver St
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
109
14
15
16
DN
DN
DN
K
DN
UP
DN
3.7
DN
DN
DN
UP V
UP
A S S
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R
OU A
UP
L
UP DN
UP
DN
M
UP
UP UP
UP
N
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UP
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P
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O U R
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S
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DN UP V A S S O U R A
93 R UP
UP
DN
S
DN
UP
DN
Ground Floor Liberty St
SC:1/1000 SC:1:350
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䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 䰀攀瘀攀氀猀 䘀爀漀洀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 琀漀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀
Startup corridor is build upon the open air storage of existing Artonomy art gallery and beside keeping the original function of being a storage is a middle scale complex and at the same time an urban corridor that connects 2 urban blocks ,which in ground floor consists affordable working-living units for new Junior artists and art students and provides them Public and semi public gallery spaces in corridors . The Design is based on a simple Grid to allow flexibility in further interventions eases the building process. The corridor includes 3 levels of collectivity from private too public which by Order translates into small garden in between units ,shared garden of new intervention blocks and existing housing and corridor it self. One of the purposes of design is to have day and night activities in plinths that creates eyes on street therefore automatically social control will be created to boost safety perception in the area ,therefore ground level in each block consists spaces that are active during different hours of day .
䄀搀樀甀猀琀愀戀氀攀 倀氀愀渀猀
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Ground Floor
oliver St
06
07
3.7
DN
UP
DN
UP
oor Liberty St SC:1/350
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UP
H
I
UP
5.82
UP
J
08
09
10
11
12
13
109
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DN DN
DN
K
DN
UP
DN
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UP V
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A S S
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L
UP DN
M
UP
DN
UP
UP UP
UP
5
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UP
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O U R
UP
A
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S
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UP V A S S O U R A
93 R
UP
DN
S
DN
UP
DN
T
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Ground Floor
poplar St
01
R
S O U
A S
V
A
U A
R
O
S
A
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UP
5.96
UP
oliver St
SC:1/350
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DN
3.7
70
07
02
03
04
05
A Gibraltar
EVANS
Gibraltar Gibraltar
DN UP
UP UP
B
UP
C
UP
Gibraltar
EVANS
Gibraltar
John St
Gibraltar
5
D
E
6
UP
F
8.51
G
UP
UP
H
I
UP
5.82
UP
J
08
09
10
11
12
13
109
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DN DN
DN
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02
03
04
05
1
01
90 DN DN
DN
DN
79 1.5
4.9
DN
DN
C
78
3
Linn St
UP
5
D
DN
E
6
DN
UP DN
F
G
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UP
73
H J
I UP
DN
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J
poplar St
113
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A
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109
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First Floor SC:1:350 SC:1/1000
DN
O S U A R
DN
93
DN
UP
DN
U R A
S S O
V A
S O U
R A A
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A
A
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S
V O
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V A S
DN
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T 4.31
Liberty St
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䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 䰀攀瘀攀氀猀 䘀爀漀洀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 琀漀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀
First floor mainly consists bedrooms of living areas and co-working spaces and individual studios and offices and corridors as galleries,the connection bridge between two buildings has a flexible function beside a connection that has an ability to be used as a showroom or as a working space. In the northern part of the building the purpose is to create connection to the nature and make it as an inspiration place for users of the spaces. Co-working areas with fold-able walls are creating flexibility inside the building for different uses.
䄀搀樀甀猀琀愀戀氀攀 倀氀愀渀猀
䌀漀ⴀ眀漀爀欀椀渀最 匀瀀愀挀攀猀
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First Floor
poplar St
06
07
DN
DN
1.54
DN
DN
A S
O
S
V
A
R U
DN
DN
SC:1/350
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S S O
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Liberty St Sadaf Khalilzare
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U
S S
A
R
A
R
S O U
R A
V O U
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V
A
V A S
DN
A
73
H J
I UP
DN
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J
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DN DN DN
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U R A
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93
UP
DN
S
T 4.31
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First Floor
1
01
4.9
DN
DN
3
DN
DN
SC:1/350
poplar St
06
76
07
Sadaf Khalilzare DN
02
03
04
05
90 DN
DN
DN
79 1.5
DN
C
78
UP
DN
5
D
6
E
UP DN
F
G
DN
UP
73
H J
I UP
DN
DN
J
113
08
09
10
11
12
13
109
14
15
16
U O S
V A
S
U R A
S
S
V A
O
A
R
K
0.16
DN
DN
UP
DN
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77
DN
L
Amenities
The public space is center of connection of the surrounding edges(Linn St & Liberty St) to inner urban blocks(Poplar & Oliver St) Its flexible design in different sections allows people from different range of ages to come together and interact . As a connection to the corridor building, spaces are designed in a way that allow to be utilized for different events like fashion shows,Galleries,pop-up events,open air cinema,etc. As creating amenities for the neighborhood and the new added building and increase the interaction of locals and new comers a restaurant and a public laundry is designed in the connection to the public space.
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Collective Garden
In order to keep connection with the locals and integrate them in design different collectivity levels has utilized which mentioned before. To increase connection with houses around and utilize greenery,the border between existing yards which was a fence and bushes behind has removed and an interactive border has designed to keep visual and physical connection with both sides and the space in between is designed like a collective garden than increases the connection of locals with new comers and involve them in design and create different options to spend their time.
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Collective Garden|Interactive Border
䤀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀氀氀
The border is designed in a way that keeps both physical and visual connection,following the building design the border is a grid that in some parts it is filled with cubes to be used as a gallery space or a shared library for residents .The border includes sitting area and shadings that allows more interaction of residents.
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Fold-able walls
䘀漀氀搀愀戀氀攀 眀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 猀琀愀椀爀猀
䤀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀氀氀
As mentioned before integration and extroversion are main concepts of design,to approach the goal and integrate and involve locals in design some tools are utilized. -Fold-able glass doors with temporary staircases in front of them in working studios provides the working-cafe atmosphere in street that while working ins studio passengers can pass by look inside or involve in working process,these tools will help to integrate locals in design and give the feeling of taking them into account while designing will enhance the sense of belonging of the locals to new intervention.
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Section A-A
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昀䄀匀䠀䤀伀一 圀䔀䔀䬀
圀䔀匀吀 䔀一䐀
Section B-B
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From introversion to extroversion The change in the elevation of liberty street from an introvert design by closed of windows of art gallery in plinth toward new extrovert shows how plinths design can make street alive again.
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Materials
Wooden Facade cladding Blond Eco Advantage:Eco friendly and affordable supplier:StoneWood Architectural panels(USA)
Expose concrete slab Timber beam
Laminated glass
Timber column
Curtain wall Light blue Laminated glass Advantage:Heat and pressure resistant supplier:Syracuseglass
Ground floor exterior Door-window Fiberglass Fold-able glass doors Advantage:Easy to install,costum sizing,abrasion resistance Supplier: Jeldwen doors and windows
Fold-able door
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Prefabricated wood finishing walls
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Construction detail 1
Blond Eco cladding
2
Fixing Battens 20mm
3
Timber studs with thermal insulation XPS 50mm
4
Crosslam timber panel 90mm
5
Thermal insulation XPS 50MM +
6
Double 15mm Gypsum
7
Concrete slab 100mm
8
Thermal insulation XPS10mm
9
Concrete slab 100mm Timber beam, 400 x 300 mm
10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Breathing membrane
11
joint profile
12
timber joist 300mm*100mm
14
Concrete slab
15
Leveling layer,ducts
10
Timber beam, 400 x 300 mm
16 17
PE foil TThermal insularion 2*60mm
18
PE Foil
19 Reinforced screed, pipes floor heating,100 mm 20
Rigid insulation 19 18 17 16 15 14
Living space
Living space
20
Working space
7
8
9
10
11
12
CLT prefab wall connection to concrete slab detail SC:1/15
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Conclusion and Reflection
Cincinnati, was a great experience for me,although i was always thinking that the city is too miserable,thanks to this master thesis that helped me to look at Cincinnati not from eye of a tourist but from the window of Streetscape Territories to analyze and understand the reason of this misery. The concept of Streetscape Territories was something new to me that absolutely broadened my view toward the city and its inner spaces, specially during this project it helped me to understand unsafeness is not only about crimes that is happening in a neighborhood but also it is about the reflection of the space and how Streetscapes play role in this reflection by different levels of collectivity and plinth designs. The notion of collectivity and active plinths and extroversion are 3 major notions that I got to understand the meaning by heart during this thesis and tried to implement the idea in the design. The General design purpose is to introduce how extroversion and introversion and plinth design effect safety perception and how we can utilize the open spaces that already have a function but puts generally negative effect in Plinths in a way with new organization to make streets alive again.During the design street liveliness happened by keeping the existing function and bringing day-night activities,cuttting large urban blocks and create a seam from edge of a neighborhood to inner blocks. To answer the scope of design,I developed a working-living corridor in an open air storage of an existing introvert art gallery to show the transformation from introversion to extroversion.The corridor is building of flexibility and not solid decisions that allows consumer to adjust it to his/ her needs.A simple grid that can change easily to different types of living and working areas. In a larger scale the building connects 2 urban blocks through a corridor(building) that lots of activities happening around. Different levels of collectivity is used to integrate the locals in design like re-arranging Garden walls to create shared gardens with new design,in a middle scale,and integrated public space in a larger scale. The design introduces that an space can be extrovert and can have connection with Streetscape and at the same time respect privacy of users.
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Bibliography
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Bibliography Books
Articles
Scheerlinck.K, (2014) Coney Island New York Streetscape Territories Notebook. Streetscape Territories Notebooks 5.Brussel:LUCA School of Arts
Scheerlinck,K.(2012) Depth Configurations and Privacy.
Morales.S,(2004)Ciudades, Esquinas, Cities, Corners,Barcelona, Forum Barcelona
Departement of community development and planning(DCDP),2001,West End Comprehensive plan
Goldsteen.J,Elliott.C,(1994) Designing America:creating urban identity,18th edition, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gerus.M,(2014)Evaluation of urban space in the context of environmental psychology and safety,Lithuania, The 9th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”
Karssenberg.H, Laven.J, Glaser.M,Van’tHoff.M,(2016)The city at eye level,2nd edition,Delft,Eburon Academic Publishers. Senett.R, (2006) The Open city .[ebook] available at: https://www.richardsennett.com/site/senn/UploadedResources/The%20 Open%20City.pdf
Proximity,Permeability and Territorial Boundries in Urban Projects.Doctoral Thesis
Greene.M,Greene.R ( 2003)Urban safety in residential areas,Global spatial impact and local self-organising processe,London,4th International Space Syntax Symposium P. Santana, R. Santos, C. Costa, N. Roque, A. Loureiro, (2007)Crime and Urban Environment:Impacts on Human Health. Institute for Geographical Studies University of Coimbra, 3004-530 Coimbra,Portugal, Institute for Geographical Studies University of Coimbra, 3004-530 Coimbra Zhang.Y (2009)Constraint and uncertainty:a Risk perspective of public design and maintanance,Delft, The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) Cupers.K,Miessen.M,(2002)Spaces of uncertainty,Berlin Motallebi.M,(2016) Sociability,Identity,Inclusion in Weimar-Nord,Belgium,KU Leuven,Master Thesis
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Bibliography Online Sources: http://wikitravel.org/en/Cincinnati http://www.urbancincy.com/2012/07/whats-the-full-story-behind-cincinnatis-50-year-population-decline/ http://www.areavibes.com/cincinnati-oh/livability/Coston,Casey(2016) http://www.soapboxmedia.com/features/012616-soapdish-casey-costondayton-street-west-end.aspx http://www.cincinnativiews.net/facts.htm http://www.wcpo.com/entertainment/local-a-e/cincinnatis-rise-and-fall-asa-brewery-town-part-1-from-porkopolis-to-beeropolis-how-it-all-began.
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