CBSE UGC-NET Political Science
Solved Papers
CBSE UGC-NET Political Science Solved Papers Content : Amar Ujala Education Books Authors’ Panel Contribution Jyoti Pareek Š Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. Published by Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. and printed at C-21, Sector 59, Noida - 201301 (U.P.) Edition : 2016 Price : ` 175/Due care and diligence has been taken while publishing this book. However, the publisher does not hold any responsibility for any mistake that may have inadvertently crept in. The publisher does not accept responsibility for any loss arising out of the use of this book. All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent courts and forums in Noida only.
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Papers
Contents 1.
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2015 Paper - II
2.
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2015 Paper - III
3.
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2015 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2015 Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2014 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2014 Paper - III
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Science Solved Paper December 2013 Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2013 (Re-conducted on 8 September 2013) Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2013 (Re-conducted on 8 September 2013) Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2013 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2013 Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2012 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2012 Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2012 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2012 Paper - III
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(xxxiv-lxxx)
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2014 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper June 2014 Paper - III
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UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Paper December 2013 Paper - II
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UGC-NET/JRF Political
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Syllabus
UGC NET/JRF Political Science Paper II 1. Political Theory and Thought n Ancient Indian Political Thought: Kautilya and Shanti Parva. Greek Political Thought: Plato and Aristotle. n European Thought – I: Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau. n European Thought – II: Bentham, J. S. Mill, Hegel, Marx and Green. n Contemporary Political Thought – I: Lenin, Mao, Gramsci. n Contemporary Political Thought – II: Rawls, Nozic and Communitarians. n Modern Indian Thought: Gandhi, M. N. Roy, Aurobindo Ghosh, Joy Prakash Ambedkar, Savarkar. n Concepts and Issue – I: Medieval Political Thought: Church State Relationship and Theory of Two Swords. n Concepts and Issue – II: Behaviouralism and PostBehaviouralism, Decline and Resurgence of Political Theory. Democracy, Liberty and Equality. 2. Comparative Politics and Political Analysis Evolution of Comparative Politics as a discipline; nature and scope. n Approaches to the study of comparative politics: Traditional, Structural – Functional, Systems and Marxist. n Constitutionalism: Concepts, Problems and Limitations. n Forms of Government: Unitary – Federal, Parliamentary – Presidential.
n
n n n n n n n n
Organs of Government: Executive, Legislature, Judiciary – their interrelationship in comparative perspective. Party Systems and Pressure Groups; Electoral Systems. Bureaucracy – types and roles. Political Development and Political Modernization. Political Culture, Political Socialization and Political Communication. Political Elite; Elitist theory of Democracy. Power, Authority and Legitimacy. Revolution: Theories and Types. Dependency: Development and Under Development.
3. Indian Government and Politics n National Movement, Constitutional Developments and the Making of Indian Constitution. n Ideological Bases of the Indian Constitution, Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties and Directive Principles. n Constitution as Instrument of Socio – Economic Change, Constitutional Amendments and Review. Structure and Process – I: President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Working of the Parliamentary System. Structure and Process – II: Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, State Legislature. Panchayati Raj Institutions: Rural and Urban, their working. Federalism: Theory and Practice in India; Demands of Autonomy and Separatist Movements; Emerging trends 4
in Centre – State Relations. Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Courts, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism including Public Interest Litigation cases, Judicial Reforms. Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Public Opinion, Media; Subaltern and Peasant Movements. Elections, Electoral Behaviour, Election Commission and Electoral Reforms. 4. Public Administration Development of Public Administration as a discipline; Approaches to the study of Public Administration: Decision – making, Ecological and Systems; Development Administration. Theories of Organization Principles of Organization: Line and staff, unity of command, hierarchy, span of control, centralization and decentralization, Types of organization – formal and informal; Forms of organization; department, public corporation and board. Chief Executive: Types, functions and roles. Personnel Administration: Recruitment, Training, Promotion, Discipline, Morale; Employee – Employer Relations. Bureaucracy: Theories, Types and Roles; Max Weber and his critics. Civil servant – Minister relationship. Leadership, its role in decision – making; Communication. Financial Administration: Budget, Audit, Control over Finance with special reference to India and UK. Good Governance; Problems of Administrative Corruption; Transparency and Accountability; Right to Information.
n
Grievance Redressal Institutions: Ombudsman, Lokpal and Lokayukta. 5. International Relations Contending Theories and Approaches to the study of International Relations; Idealist, Realist, Systems, Game, Communication and Decision – making. Power, Interest and Ideology in International Relations; Elements of Power: Acquisition, use and limitations of power, Perception, Formulation and Promotion of National Interest, Meaning, Role and Relevance of Ideology in International Relations. Arms and Wars: Nature, causes and types of wars / conflicts including ethnic disputes; conventional, Nuclear / bio – chemical wars; deterrence, Arms Race, Arms Control and Disarmament. n Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Conflict Resolution, Diplomacy, World – order and Peace studies. n Cold War, Alliances, Non – Alignment, End of Cold war, Globalisation. n Rights and Duties of states in international law, intervention, Treaty law, prevention and abolition of war. n Political Economy of International Relations; New International Economic Order, North – South Dialogue, South – South Cooperation, WTO, Neo – colonialism and Dependency. n Regional and sub – regional organisations especially SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, OAS. United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure and Evaluation of the working of UN; Peace and Development perspectives; Charter Revision; Power – struggle and Diplomacy within UN, Financing and Peace – keeping operations. India’s Role in International affairs: India’s relations with its neighbours, Wars, Security Concerns and Pacts, Mediatory Role, distinguishing features of Indian Foreign Policy and Diplomacy.
Unit - VI n Dynamics of State Politics. n Local Governments: Rural and
Paper III Unit - I n Political Theory n Nature of Political n n n n
Theory, its main concerns; decline and resurgence since 1970s. Liberalism and Marxism Individual and Social Justice Role of Ideology Theories of change: Lenin, Mao, Gandhi.
n n n
Unit - VII n Growth
Unit - II n Political Thought. n Plato and Aristotle. n n Machiavelli n Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and n J. S. Mill. n n Karl Marx n Gandhi, M. N. Roy, Aurobindo n Ghosh.
Unit - III n Comparative n n n n
Politics and Political Analysis. Approaches to the study of comparative Politics Constitutionalism in theory and practice. Executive, Legislature and Judiciary with special reference to India, USA, UK and Switzerland. Party system and role of opposition. Electoral Process Separation of Powers, Rule of Law and Judicial Review.
Unit - IV n Political Development. n Political Modernization. n Political Socialisation n n
Unit - V n Making n n n n
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n n n n
Planning and Administration in India. Bureaucracy and Challenges of Development. Administrative Culture; Administrative Corruption, and Administrative Reforms. Panchayati Raj. Impact of Liberalization on Public Administration.
Unit - IX n Theories n n n
of the Indian Constitution. Fundamental Rights and Duties, and Directive Principles. Union Executive, Parliament. Supreme Court, Judicial Activism. Indian Federalism: Theory, Practice and Problems.
of Public Administration as a discipline; and New Public Administration. Theories of Organisation (Classical, Scientific, Human Relations). Principles of Organisation. Chief Executive. Control over Administration Judicial and Legislative Bureaucracy.
Unit - VIII n Development
and
Political Culture. Power and Authority. Political Elite.
Urban. Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Public Opinion. Elections, Electoral Reforms. Class, Caste, Gender, Dalit and Regional Issues, Problems of Nation – Building and Integration.
of International Relations. Ideology, Power and Interest. Conflicts and Conflict – Resolution. Changing concept of National Security and Challenges to the Nation – State System Arms and Arms – Control.
Unit - X n End of Cold War, Globalisation n n n n
and Political Economy of International Relations in the Contemporary World. Determinants and Compulsions of India’s Foreign Policy; India’s Nuclear Policy. India’s Relations with Neighbours and USA. India’s Role in the UN. India and Regional Organizations (SAARC, ASEAN), Indian Ocean.
Solved Paper UGC-NET/JRF POLITICAL SCIENCE z December 2015
1.
z PAPER-II
Which of the following is not an organ of Kautilya’s state? (1) Swami (2) Amatya (3) Varna system (4) Danda Answers: (3) [Kautilya enumerated seven prakritis or essential organs of the state. They are as follow 1. Swami (The Ruler): He should be a native of the soil and born in a noble family. He should be brave and well learned. He makes all the important appointments and supervises the government. He has to be virtuous and should treat his subjects like his own children. Kautilya has given extensive powers to the monarch but those powers are meant for
the welfare of them subjects. In the welfare and happiness of his subjects, lies his own happiness. 2. Amatya (The Minister): It refers to the council of ministers as well as the supporting officials and subordinate staffs. They are meant for assisting the monarch in day to day affairs of the state. Amatya gives suggestions to king, collects taxes, develops new villages and cities, ensures defense of the state and all other tasks as assigned by the king. 3. Janpada (The Population): It refers to territory and people of the state. The territory of the state should be fertile and should have abundance of forest, rivers, mountains, minerals, wild life etc. It should have have good climate. People should be loyal to their (i)
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king, hard working, disciplined, religious, ready to fight for their motherland, should pay taxes regularly and happily. 4. Durga (The Fortified Capital): It refers to forts. The state should have sufficient number of forts across its territory at strategic locations for ensuring defense against foreign invasions. Forts should be built near hills/mountains, deserts, dense forests and big water bodies. They garrison soldiers, store food grains for emergency and also serve as a hideout for the king when his life in danger. 5. Kosha (The Treasury): Money is needed for paying salaries, building new infrastructure, etc. The treasury should be full of money and valuable metals and gems. It can be increased through taxation and plundering enemy states in war. 6. Danda (The Army): The state should have a regular, large, disciplined and well trained military. It is crucial for the security of the state. The soldiers should be recruited from those families which are traditionally associated with military. The soldiers should paid well and their families should be taken care of in most suitable way. Proper training and equipment should be made available. Well fed and well trained soldiers can win any battle. The king should take care of the soldiers and the soldiers will be ready to sacrifice even their life for him. 7. Mitra (Ally and Friend): The monarch should maintain friendly relationship with traditional friends of his forefathers. He
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should also make new friendships. He should send gifts and other pleasantries for his friends. They should be helped in times of emergency. They should be loyal. Friends add to the power of the state. They are also important from foreign trade view point.] Plato’s communism of family and property was largely derived from the experience of: (a) Stagira (b) Sparta (c) Athens (d) Venice Choose the correct answer: (1) (a) and (b) (2) (a) and (c) (3) (c) only (4) (b) only Answers: (4) [Plato’s theory of communism was certainly a corollary of his conception of justice. He believed that without communism there would be clash of ideas and interests between reason and appetite. Plato’s communism is based on the premise that property, family instincts and private interests would distract man’s attention from his obligations to the community. He strongly opined that family and property are always impediments not only to philosopher king, but also to a commoner in his discharge of duties. As property and family relationships seemed to be the main source of dissension in the society, Plato stated that neither of them must be given any recognition in an ideal state. Therefore, a sort of communism of family and property was essential to offset the consequences of Plato’s design of ideal state.
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Plato strongly believed that an economic division between the citizens of a state is the most dangerous political condition. This belief was mainly due to the widespread and frank opinions expressed by the Greeks that economic motives are very influential in determining political action and political affiliations. Long before The Republic was written, Euripides had divided citizens into three classes, viz., the useless rich—who are always greedy for more, the poor—who have nothing and are devoured by envy, and finally the middle class—a strong body of men who saves the state. An oligarchical state to a Greek meant a state governed by, and in the interest of the well-born whose pos-session of property was hereditary, while a democratic state was governed by and for the many who had neither hereditary birth nor property. These economic differences were the key to the political institutions and it was no new idea, which the Greeks were following since ages. The cause for unrest that Plato was experiencing in Athens was mainly due to the troubles present since the days of Solon a statesman reforms in Athens. This situation convinced Plato that wealth has a very pernicious effect on the government, but was dismayed at the fact that there was no way to abolish the evil except by abolishing the wealth itself To cure greed among the rulers, there is only one way and that was to deny them any right to call anything their own.
Devotion to their civic duties admits no private rival. The example of Sparta, wherein the citizens were denied the use of money and the privilege of engaging in trade, undoubtedly influenced Plato in reach-ing this conclusion. The main reason for Plato to emphasize on communism of property was to bring about greater degree of unity in the state. Plato was equally vehement about the institution of marriage and opined that family affections directed towards a particular persons, as another potent rival to the state in competing for the loyalty of rulers. He stated that anxiety for one’s children is a form of self-seeking more dangerous than the desire for property, and the training of children at homes as a poor preparation for the whole and sole devotion, which the state has the right to demand. Plato was, in fact, appalled by the casualness of human mating which according to him would not be tolerated in the breeding of any domestic animal. The improvement of the race demands a more controlled and a more selective type of union. Finally, the abolition of marriage was probably an implied criticism of the position of women in Athens, where her activities were summed up in keeping the house and rearing children. To this, Plato denied that the state serve half of its potential guardians. Moreover, he was unable to see that there is anything in the natural capacity of women that corresponds to the Athenian practice, (iii)
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since many women were as well qualified as men to take part in political or even military duties. The women of the guardian class will consequently share the work of the men, which makes it necessary that both shall receive the same education and strictly be free from domestic duties. Plato’s argument about breeding of domestic animals refers to the sexual relations between men and women.
tured the society in this manner, he never made any attempt to work out his plan that ensured such a system to function. The following is a brief description of each form of communism: 1. Communism of Property: Plato’s communism of property is in no way related to the modern communism or socialism because there was no mention of socialization of the means of production. Plato’s approach was mainly concerned with one factor of produc-tion, that is, property that has to be socialized. The land and its products were in the hands of the farmers. So, only the guardians were deprived of property. Plato deprived them of all valuables such as gold and silver, and were told that the diviner metal is within them, and therefore there is no need for any ornaments as it might pollute the divine thoughts. The guardians were paid salaries just right enough for their maintenance. They were expected to dine at common tables and live in common barracks, which were always open. Thus, Plato’s communism was ascetic in character. Plato’s communism existed only for the governing class. Therefore, it was political communism and not economic communism. 2. Communism of Wives: Plato’s scheme of communism deprived the guardian class not only of property, but also a private life or a family because family introduced an element of thine and mine. He believed that family would destroy a sense of coopera-
It is not that he regarded sex casually, but he demanded an amount of self-control that has never been realized among any large populations. According to him, if the unity of the state has to be secured, property and family stand in the way, therefore, they both must be abolished. Forms of Communism: Plato’s communism is of two forms, viz., the abolition of private property, which included house, land, money, etc., and the second, the abolition of family, through the abolition of these two, Plato attempted to create a new social order wherein the ruling class surrendered both family and private property and embraced a system of communism. This practice of communism is only meant for the ruling class and the guardian class. However, Plato did not bind this principle on the third class, namely, the artisans. In other words, they were allowed to maintain property and family, but were under strict supervision so that they do not become either too rich or too poor. Though Plato struc(iv)
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tion that forms the basis for a state. To destroy family, it is important to destroy selfishness. Plato wanted the rulers of an ideal state not to get distracted from their work and get tempted towards self-interests. Plato opined that family was the great stronghold of selfishness, and for this reason it has to be banned for the governing class. This situation brings about a question of ‘Did Plato deny his guardians class a normal sex life?’ For this, Plato stated that mating was encouraged between those who can in the best possible manner produce children of the desired quality. Another question that was raised was related to those children who were born out of this union. According to Plato, they would be the property of the state. Immediately after their birth, they would be taken to a nursery and nursed and nurtured there. This method would make sure that no parent would have any affection upon one child, and thus love all the children as their own. Further, the guardians, instead of caring for the welfare of their progeny, would thrive for the welfare of all. Thus, guardians of the state would constitute one great family wherein all children would be treated equal and common. Bound by common joys and sorrow, there is personal or exclusive relation to one family and in the process the entire state. Plato further stipulated the age for both men and women for begetting children. He stated that the proper age for begetting children
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women should be between the age of 20 and 40 and men between 25 and 55 because at this time, the physical and intellectual vigor is more. If anybody flouted the rules, they were treated as unholy and unrighteous beings. Thus, Plato’s communism of wives provided social, political and psychological bases for the ideal state. Plato believed that such a communism of family would remove the conflict between the personal interests and the objectives of the state.] Scholasticism of middle ages sought to establish: (a) Supremacy of political domain over the spiritual. (b) The autonomy of intellectual freedom over the political regimes. (c) The ascendency of theology over the philosophy. (d) The subordination of rational element to the theological element of the church. Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (1) (c) and (d) (2) (a) and (d) (3) (a) and (c) (4) (b) and (d) Answers: (1) [Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of, and a departure from, Christian monas-