Celedonio GarcĂa-Pozuelo Ramos
Index Introduction
9
For Parents
10
1. Fossils: Frozen in Time
12
2. Reptiles
22
3. Aquatic and Flying
30
4. Dinosaurs
38
5. Carnivorous Theropods
46
6. Herbivorous Theropods
56
7. Giants among Giants
64
nd A rmors 8. Helmets, Shields and Armors
7722
9. Ornithopods
8800
als 10. Prehistoric Mammals Alphabetical Index
88 88 98 98
Discover the wonderful secrets hidden behind fossils. How are they formed? Are all of them formed of stone? What kind of living beings can be fossilized? Here you will get to know the geological periods that our planet has experienced.
What Is a Fossil and
1
Fossils: Frozen It was unbelievable − the lowest layers that contain fossils of the oldest living creatures turned out to show surprisingly complex, diverse, and amazing beings. The theory of evolution states the progressive transformation of very simple beings
into other more evolved beings, but the reality has been the opposite. Deposits of fossils such as the Burgess Shale (Canada), the Sirius Passet (Greenland), and the Chengjiang (China), are preserved types of “Burgess Shale.” This aquatic is
Anomalocaris Opabinia
Kerygmachela
How Is It Forme d?
Any remains or traces of preh istoric life are a petrified living fossils. Althou being, that is no gh it is usual to t always the ca consider it as ffo osssi sililizzed resin, ca se. The amber, n hold living be which is a hard ings that have are usually we not turned int ll-preserved. In o stone but the case of sto wi with their own nes they can be minerals, the sa preserved me way they we an a imal was ali re formed when ve, or get mine ralized to a gr the th t e sediment in eater or lesser which they ha extent with ve been fossiliz more resistant ed. Teeth are ev to change and en can retain mo mineralization. st or all of their original
Waptia
Not all fossils N are made out of stone. In the Angeles (Unite A Rancho La Bre d States), the a, Lo trap formed by thousands of tho asphalt lakes en s animals that go gulfed t trapped and ssho horrt-faced be preserved the ar Arctodus sim re, such as this us whose bone color o of the fossils fro s have the typ m this deposit. ical bitumen
Although there are many fossils very specific circ , they require umstances for the Rapid burial is necessary to avo ir formation. id the damage caused by tem perature, rainfa decomposition ll, erosion, chan vengers who ma ges, or the action of y destroy the corpse ompletely. There fore, it is difficu lt o believe that a fossil has be en formed after be ing covered by sediment in a period of thousands of years. It must be a qu ick process, surely catastrophic.
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ir ciate the can appre s). They e (W s. u picture numero s in these plex and rely are really com ent representative rata but they su st in st m e ro ld p o st mo f the e fossils o are not th
An Immense Lost World The diversity of living creatures
13
that have been foss
ilized is huge and When the corps you will only find a representatio e is covered un n of them. It cannot be any othe der the necessar parts. This happ r y conditions, ch way since we are ens at the sam going into a whole lost world… e time that the emical change This is what ge s are produced sediment chan ologists call dia although not in the bones or ges, which genesis. . com ely. mayplet And oth be consolidate what has beeer rd from it is ama nhaleft d into a rock. zing. As incre dible as it may seem, they have found what appears to be fossilized embryos, metallic fossils, armored fish, and dinosaurs, coming out of a drea m, or a nightmare...
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The ammonites are common and wellknown fossils. What remains of them is the shell, generally coiled. Opabinia ia The onites were cephalop Pikaamm
od
the e sult of the re scale of tim mn is a lu o o c re has . als ic e g is th lo It s o . s n le ta f ale or ge positio of stra est, un The sc e deposits are the old e altered its trata h siv rs hav ic s s t s h ra ig succes lower laye sic Ju e that m e Trias n, the sinrce th earthquake s of positio and after th gic e s n lo g a u o n taceo becen are no cha the ge ory the Cre nderstand e the Ifi there ed before ept th sition of can u c c y rm a d o fo o b h po ry w e e was v d e s e o w y r th wh strata e slo That is However, fo equently th rmation of take . s fo e n n e o w m c th if lu d co ss, n), an e or lution erthele entatio of evo icles (sedim f years. Nev uence of on er o q id rt s e a s s n p n n o o il c o li o c il s o take m lumn as the re some wh rmation would co s fo re a it ic e g r th lo fo av o rs the ge bal disaste not needed known to h o b is re glo more of years we world that s shown in n e s million y place in th ologic colum ons. an ge zati is not er. The re, are ideali in ord strata of our pictu e the on
Meet the reptiles that have become extinct. Some of them were amazing!
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Sabretooth! Although it was a reptile, it had canines that seemed to be daggers. The gorgonopsid Inostrancevia must have been a mighty carnivore measuring up to three and a half meters long living in Siberia (Russia) with another really strange reptile, the Scutosaurus Scutosaurus,, which could have been one of its prey. Urgh! A modern crocodile could be frightening but in the past there were some nus really incredible ones. In the foldout found in the book s of the ge ad. Reptile
Reptiles from the Past 26
s of up to ally hard he It had a re d a cranial thicknes ch and hit ea ha s ge op ar ch ch os M they ve eters! Did ibly, and it must ha im nt ce n te ss ats do? Po these five other as go rformance seeing ch al pe against ea ng gi ar been a re ch animals meters long other.
saur s like a dino up rodon look ed The Dimet her reptile. It weigh and ot but it is an and fifty kilograms ator, red rrible pred to a hund te a en ve be y jaws. it could ha its teeth and might to e United according found in th have been ils ss fo Its States.
to t exposed imals if no an en ld h co w e They ar els weird eir skin fe ess and sunlight. Th ecause of its coldn b ok and it lo ch u at to th e es w it has scal se are flat. au ey ec th b en also plastic wh e skin and to r ila m in th feel si are formed The scales
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Flying reptiles! This will be new to you for sure! Do not miss this section!
Aquaticc
Flying
and a
r e t a W e les in th
In the British lake, Loch Ness, some claim to have seen a giant creature, usually identified as a type of plesiosaur. However, if it really existed there could not be only one, right? There would be a group of them and they would be frequently seen when coming to the surface to breathe. Neither does it seem very logical for these creatures to live in water as cold as in the water in this lake. Being a reptile, requires the heat of the environment to remain active. It would be great to find one of them alive, but it seems that we will Thave be content with hese ato re the on ly pre formed bfossilized their many and well-preserved skeletons. historic y
Repti
e past. Som as of the e se ch e u th to d r d, neve inhabite s reptiles osaurs, it is believe fetuses in pr u o rm o n e at si ave seen, thyosaurs and ple water. The fact th ese aqua As you h in the men of th g s the ich o n a d u b a ch yo e su ir th e e cases, th in m d them to so ze gave birth sometimes fossili s. Also in in the wa g d g n e a y d la n t la ere id no ened pment w at they d this happ found of develo indicate th n in the fossil as if and were Bu to s s a m se e se se w o o o. th d sh d s e is e it reptiles n g b o n a modern f the you t also inh y of the st as the n delivery o e giant turtles tha ju a n M w s. a a to sp th ose se However, me ashore ore reptiles in th rs. m , had to co ste re d n e o ze w ili m ss g n fo amazi huge and
Pterodac
tyls
fl a legs, arm n extension of th ying reptiles of a ll time. T s, a eir heir wing was more nd an elongated skin between th sw e trunk o finger of like the d f the anim ere each han esign of than the a bat’s w d. The de al, the wings of ing sig bir walk? Th eir fossiliz ds. And when th , which are mam n of their wings mals, mo ey were ed footp pterodac on re so rin tyls were not the o ts seem to indica the land, how did gliding re te n ly reptile ptiles tha th e y w ere quad they s that fill t must h The theo ruped. T ed the sk ave look ry of evo he e ie d s. T lu si ti changing milar to big o neck and some rep here were some from one n states that the y its short at could reach b tiles of th re are co d have not into ano ze ri te r th untless in e ose ther. But been fou rs charac ean ce hunte si sanut. termedia pplere the truth nd clearly. P nt Europ een a fier te sp.eItcie is, these st have b n found in differe terodacty , and when it is u m s, ee intermed said that ls, for ex geologic iate s remains have b ample, a al scale, ppear th they exist, nthmeet s long. Itsteps without er happens y a e re ve e sa se not show arlier spe toay with turt cies in ev muep w n they are les and b J olution p now in th ats‌ rocess, a nd the sa e me
thy some ich Although wn o kn lel w have the Ma .26/4/16 them did most of ilari m si y ar in extraord m these are although op The Sten s. le ti p re n, reached illustratio ere icht w e er th t u b twenty m exceeded
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Facts
K This was the huge Quetzalcoatlus. It was called after an Aztec god and it was found in North America. Its wingspan could have reached eleven meters. They became extinct, but can you imagine what it would have been like to find them like this when taking off with a seaplane?
P Coelurosa u of the g ravus was one liding re ptile past and it only re s of the ached forty cen time Its fossils ters long. h found in ave been German y, and its a p and way pearance o f gliding must ha ve the mod been similar to ern Draco volans
range
sadan s d small he ads; of er y long necks.That ! s,e measuring abou t s neck. Scientists n aquatic or es,, eneck to fish under
e largest flying en impressive to an. And it is qu Thite e Draco volans e two shores of is an exc elle
nt glider th at lives in the South western Asia, inc luding th e Philippin es, and h as a length of eight inc just over hes.
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Another giant, the Anhanguera, found fossilized in Brazil, could have had a wingspan of about five meters.
g. n
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This one was really weird. The Pterodaustro had a wingspan of about a meter and a half. It had a kind of baleen in its
Dinosaurs lived in this world long time ago. Today there are evidences of their presence in various locations. In this book you will discover how they lived and why they are no longer with us.
Dinosaur s
! d r a z i L e l b i r r Te saur means: the word dino That is what this term The father of terrible lizard. nst ai ag as w who was a scientist by natural n io ut ol ev d the theory of in, but instea osed by Darw Richard as w e selection prop m na is eory st ideas. H In order to ders of the th had creationi , or a e of the foun , on 42 me a species as na 18 w e in H d . , its anatomy Owen e Anatomy, an tiv oup of them fined, ra gr pa e om C os th is generally de of gy e lo m io known as na ys anatomy of and ph be to ith that magic of fossils, the w ur d, for se sa up ca e e no th di m t in ca rs fi dinosaurs an but he e ith th w , is er it ev . So ow H gh as . ou w ds , en rs ar s is ei ru liz s th nnosau their bone fossilized iles received ey really ugh the tyra e tell re these rept r their size, th example, altho t how can w e” except fo named, befo m rences. Bu sa . ffe e di 27 th t t ea 18 os gr in s, have rus, seem “alm of reptiles? ps ou gr r the Megalosau he ot s from the not apart dinosaur Owen, paleontologists doed what the in of e iz e ag gn tim im co e re as th From titstthhey do be. r ar uils , bu ca e ,deota sa:urus could moon l thse Ilium m ac neth co In yr onissalc in St e ng agre hi th etf o m so d lly ia ve ea h ha ec e s p ile th es f pt t, o re s n e rs ne re es u fe o bo th lo if co that arethevery rdbo form ey by p,e, rns thed w in pe caenhise u th t up unded by ho a ho firsat one s yo e th rr Allo th su , ur is m fe e th ld ie ith w sh ly in f p o jo m d si that on the kin eir head. It is Prepubis g. of the hind le the back of th t their
located at known abou e is nothing shield must Ilion because ther ved that the ie el b is er It . n ion ord heap possitin coloratio , lyper at th dse lo okreclo co Lou ly d is vi r it vi au y os n h din a at is w have bee e leg of th ays,ofth aw ors at d aurus (the os re rb p Ta e is th th e e lik to scar of the ian “version” Ase sented lik ), and at the us ur usually repre sa no an es. le it is is possibtyr codile. There ful of its bon B han oneslof a cro this… but it od oUnplytoa tw thousandch 9. ad h ference. In ia s te dif st ec ap nt ti sp n sp rta ec ie y po ie in sc an srof dinos an im ons Hin tico ow ta ev d when re er ke rp s extend , o ac te leg lo did not have e n th t rd o en rs, d in en h o au g er w to some so dinos the Iguan , the rule of these spec see the diff their trunk, m em llyixfroth ca ies may end up urces rti colour. Again ve This is the way ted nowadays? You can m t o shape of n e to not bein Th . va n is ns ria se g lum re tions. as co Isquion reconstructin e insertion How is it rep ay d fe. mur and th e to th f o y it ow em to sh with the real into the hip se Not all dinosa case of other urs were gian with th so. But in the not a e meter loskng ar mparedts. The Les s leg e is th ll u fr omcohe reptiles, e th c ad rese at m lanev th fro lly te tail. mHbow ca o rti co N ve rr esponded ical to m extended o at to dinosaurs ey an th of th e , e ps ad Th ta te ou . gr il. ins t ; ile ti Th ea d e th repcou o gr body that of a turk ve their trunk of a croco There are tw them you ha hips and . ink that bo to recognize start from the nable toeyth o as esty and in order re lif hand, there e r it s. on ei ay e th ew On ak f s. sid m hip pects o shoulders as t to look at their ans an A rt no n o th p er im “little one” w ischi shared are the ornith as backwards
Fact
bis pointing A), with the pu hium, and rallel to the isc pa ing nn ru and e th hand, on the other pubis pointing , B) with the (reptile-hipped forward.
the Coelophy meters llong. Again, most of that length weigh much more than tw enty kilogram sharp teeth.
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re of this minent featu Another pro claw. s impressive dinosaur is it
As in the case of other animals, some dinosaurs were carnivores, so their claws and teeth facilitated this type of nutrition.
king of th ex? Mo e re ecies ha ve ozen of plete. T he nes and has see n mals. It rs tall a nd h, large r ug up, he fact down liizzard,”
s d o p o r e h T s u o r o v i Carn 5
of the skeleton urself in front ms If you find yo rather short ar ith w , nosaur an (lizardhi isc of a bipedal di ur Sa a as h, it will be and sharp teet ose you know theropod. Th ) ur sa . no rth di fo hipped rr,, and so s, Velocirapto s, Tyrannosauru e distributed e dinosaurs ar e Fossils of thes The size of th . et an pl North A of the least we at t in most parts bu merica tly ea s gr an e they ha nt species varie es. The one w ve been d Asia. di Affe lthre were huge on o e er u d th g ul d at differe h co if th es fere know rent spe tedinintrosducing to you in the pictur cies, it is ntiaar are ever e re a
a q ll varian ts of a s uite possible t l hey in ingle an imal.
in aurus, egalos is, for M e h t s ere ed wa ich th describ among wh t was s a ie h t c e r ed osau a set of sp exhibit rst din some d The fi ctually, it is n a A iverse aurus had a 1824. very d n has os s were . The Cerat is illustratio d o p s ro h e d t a h t e in s h u ir rus rnivoro on the Dilophosau The ca minences ro p . s e e som of bon rests” hin “c t f o couple
A Great Variety of Species
we are able to de more species than The velociraptors inclu larger carnivorous it is the same for the show in this book and rve the obse es, you can pag two e thes On theropods. ivores. Some you r groups of these carn othe of es tativ esen repr amazing aspects be surprised with the will know, and you may of others.
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on nd more information Baryonyx (you will fi g to the The Spinosaurus, the illustration, all belon Suchomimus in the similar the a d and 4), share ter them Chap all of pod. It is possible that same family of thero tics seem to show just anatomic characteris in the Sahara r, Nige in aquatic life style. Their d foun Suchomimus were h and weight up to that. The fossils of the than ten meters in lengt Desert. It could be more four tons.
The Most Fearsome Teeth and Claws They are usually portrayed as the evil character; the truth is their aspect must have been really disturbing. J Among dinosaurs the size of the carnivorous of theropods, from the The Allosaurus is one us voro carni n know bestit did genus Velociraptor Velociraptor,, theropods. Although the not have the size of to bewas in general modest. grew it , urus urus, nosa Tyran length about nine meters in Despite this, their to a and could weigh up est teeth and claws sugg ins rema e Som must ton. ed reach that they may have n have turned them into larger sizes, up to eleve ugh altho h, lengt in meters dangerous animals. it is believed that it was s not really an Allosauru The forelimbs and the saur: dino ar simil another hind limbs had a Saurophaganax 48 second finger and toe, respectively, ending in a curved ungual phalanx excessively big... and obviously dangerous. Look out! The famous velociraptors of Jurassic Park were enlarged; their size corresponded more to that of the Deinonychus.. Deinonychus
K “Swift thief”, that is what the name velociraptor means. All of their fossils, which there are many, have been found in Mongolia and China.
The skul big holes other din This con making t lighter.
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There were herbivorous dinosaurs that had the shape of some animals that are not extinguished yet. Thanks to their fossilized footprints, today we know much about them.
Herbivorous Theropods
Imitators of Birds, Crests, and Claws Both the K Ornithomimidae and the Oviraptors must have had a similar structure to that of the large non-flying birds such as the ostrich, rhea, or the cassowary. One of the ornithomimids has taken its name precisely refering to one of these birds the ostrich (Struthio (Struthio camelus), camelus ), being denominated as the Struthiomimus Struthiomimus,, Some films have represented them ‘Ostrich Mimic.‘ The had and fleeing on grouped indins packs size of the bird andrints of all k otp ed by the formidable le fohad the run, pursued g d n o a p the dinosaur n ro a e d Th fingers antyrannosaur. g aItl is quite possible that to be e similar, same n ic lo st r rath racteri of the carnivorous theropod with the speed of. It is cha that scene s rs part e g ck n a fi b e re the herbivorous theropod had their run, around 80 see th chasing to se . e d e th rk in dinosaur km/h. This mahappened actually in the past with has been found the Pelecanimimus or Struthiomimus fossilized in Mexico as potential prey. These preys and and Canada.
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There have been identified two species of the Ornithomimus Ornithomimus,, found in the United States and Canada. They were similar to the Struthiomimus,, but had larger Struthiomimus claws in their heir forelimbs. forelim
Original footprint
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speed champions were tall and slender creatures, having large eyes in small heads. Perhaps, some of these dinosaurs were omnivorous, although it is believed that in general they were herbivores. Besides the imitators of birds, there were two other groups of herbivores theropods with outstanding anatomical features. In the oviraptors the crests protrude from their skulls, and in the case of the Therizinosaurus they stood out because of their enourmous claws. Claws in a herbivore theropod?
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s t n i r p t o The Fo ods p a r e h T f o
Sediment the covering k trac
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s ir bones a ve left the d some a h t s a p the en foun things of ve also be a h ains of The living re e th ts and rem the soft s, but n il s ri s tp fo o t c fo e dir ding feet left in ssils, inclu ces of the re called ichnites. a tr indirect fo e h T l activity. ped in it a biologica imals step n a e th n mud whe K
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Among all the dinosaurs, faster ones were herbivor were theropods, like the V or the Spinosaurus Spinosaurus,, althou were carnivorous. Their m consisted of fleeing at hig exception among these fa was the Therizinosaurus w huge claws, possibly to de But as what frequently ha fossil, interpretations shou taken with caution and no as acceptable fact withou sufficient evidence. At firs will be able to see later, th the Therizinosaurus’ huge something different. It is n case of misinterpretation this group of dinosaurs. O case was started by ovirap “egg thieves” because, fi not been demonstrated th such thieves. At least not what fossils show (you wi information in chapter 8).
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C Footprint mold
f Ichnites o al the origin k ac tr
GiantGsiaam ong nts ts Giant n Gias 7
Some dinosaurs were very big. In this section you will discover the enormous dimensions of hat streng like an ox. W ss ra g n o these extraordinary s feed are close-k u and which the sinews of its thighs yo h it w g n made alo e a cedar; hich I which ays likgrass “Look at Behemoth creatures that, which I made along oth, w withhemyou and Its tail swon like an ox. What streng !feeds lly e b s it ). f o “Look at Be s N saurop e muscle : 15-18, IV 0 th 4 in b r o e (J w ” among the o n t p o a what power ir at tail sways in the muscles of its belly!whIts f th o inhabited our planet. d s d like ve a cedar; the ro sinews of e elie thighs are is bits s the Dipl , its limbs lik such aclose-k ippo
among
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pods larger sauro must have lived in s, s, ru o em Brachiosau but the e Is a Behem ugh it is th o to h lt s us weight, A m o e ? rm se se o o n n p o e p ti ir p su e ri show e th sc de as som nd seem to tation, the rehippo n fou Is a Behemoth, the biblical powerful ne of the that hamong e rp o e te t b animal, al. u a in b J ve is believed d a r, e the te u sauropo rr p acce ere te stri dinosa s em, they w k legs are a re that of a o ic o se vi y m th re a ir p m ch e e u th th m as some suppose? Although it is thefitmostnewidely ny of Diplod athe their uropods: larger n d a sauropods sa n such th as a e r t, th te h a w s, ig re is g and he thought it largest o nimal the ir thickness ds and it is accepted interpretation, the descriptio uropohave ow what a urus, n due to theto sa k r Brachiosa ars seems must ve lived e pilln in w n e e will massiv e a cedar. W we do know that the lik il ta e th fit much more that of a dinosaur, but one ofwathe case of s, but their weight, but the egg is theenormous Behemoth cords. Such ustration. It re ll a us ur k a sa ga re b ill Amar r rs e u u in o largest ones,Thethe sa nt o sauropods in ge : their thick Ar din legs aress,,as e back seen here have been found seem to show tha spines in th hold had some could entinosauru rg A neck that its e of th in pillars ars h
of bron nimal, a of bronze, its limbs like rods of iron” (Job powerful a l a 40: 15-18, NIV). lic ib b e ost widely th, th
due to their thickness and height, and their tail like a cedar. We will never know what animal the Behemoth was, but we do know that the massive dinosaurs break all records. Such is the case of the Argentinosaurus, seen here in our illustration. It appe a sail, as it be but it may illustration, ply a line of sim is Th its neck. spines on about four as w od saurop some and weigh ns. meters long eight to
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may seem, they were terrestrial. The is greater than any of the previously sauropods and it is thought it was a
ophosaurus d of the Spin an appearance een the Diplodocus g in ris rp betw The su a mixture found in of od us op ds ur had in sa d rem an eters an s. This Afric s. fourteen m stegosauru tail. more than its be of to d en ew e Niger, gr erms at th ed osteod sharp spik
opods are ae of saur The vertebr ed as there are a llow mainly ho lightened nes. That few solid bo eping an excellent ke t, gh the wei resistance.
by a set of are formed ot e vertebrae rtebra cut on the sp These sam ve is th in seen as , ts ee e. sh lin the dotted marked by
s, urus, Argentinosa rtebra of an tic. ve e n o ly n O an body, is gig as its entire
mily a F e g u H A
size saurs? The f the dino o is t it es t u rg b la , the e unknown odocus ar What was to the size of the Dipl imals is still se an o d e cl ite e es Un The fossils er e th ones w limit of found in th l giants roup frequently e al the larger g to the g skeleton, lik nal elieved that osauruss.. They belon b io States. Its e pt th ce ex to is an these Argentin sauropods, and within teristic g design. domorph, engineerin that charac ad h es n of sauropo o shaped st s, la g e le l es fu Th their power ithstand the sauropods. f o re u at al fe to w quadruped d designed od neck columns an animal. The saurop Only one vertebra of an Argentinosaurus, as vertical e il was th f ta o s t it h d g edible wei ly small, an cr ve in ti la re d as its entire body, is gigantic. its hea was long, long.
found in have been hed arasaurus length reac 2. The Cam its d an t States weigh abou the United d ul co It eters. ost eighteen m and we have an alm ns eighteen to eleton. complete sk
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There were dinosaurs with a skin that was a real shield of protection from dangers. Furthermore, their horns were a lethal weapon against their enemies.
8
inosaur? ost in a d claws, m e th t nds ou to the erful What sta nses often refer their pow o sp e re w o ver, maces and H . Most e z si their , the teeth, or their “helmets” signs of ntifying e id antlers, o that ls a re a o r o in saurs their arm al animals. The d lements ge agic these m incredible fightin zoological e th se e h g th u e o e hav wn, alth re grouped hav o n k ll e are w they a ns h ra ic o h h p w o groups in ge names: Thyre the n if really stra ocephalia. Now psini or in to and Marg used were Tricera image an e ly w s in e a rt nam , then ce ear in our e a d ri u Stegosa iliar would app more fam is t a th s. mind
Marginocephalia
The pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians form this group whose singular nam e refers to the particular shape of their skulls (Marginoce phalia). The pachycephalos aurs were famous for having heavily ossified skulls load ed with bony prominences and spik es. On the other hand, the ceratopsians’ heads often had horns and bony plat es like gorget, which protruded on their backs from the nec k. It was common to all of them to have a mouth ending in a kind of peak similar to bird s, with two specific bones: the rostral and pre-dental. tal. K
Among dinosaurs, the Pachycephalosaurus did not stood out because of its size. This species found in North America could measure up to five meters in length and weig h about two tons. What made it singu lar was the thickness at the top of its skull, reaching up to twenty cent imeters, and because of its protubera nces and spikes distributed around it!
Altho Alth Alt h ugh it is usually depicted in battle head against head , nevertheless, the truth is that it is not clear as to whether they had thi th this i kind of behavior. In their skele ton there were that make us think elements think they hit with their head s though. At the base of the the joints of skull, of the ve vverte e brae allow it to remain perpendicular to the spine iitt was p pron ronee to impa impact, ct, th when tthis his way way the hit was better abso rbed by the anatomical syste tth the he sa same me time, the dorsal verteb m. At brae had an additional joint between them that strengthe thei th their eirr co conn nnec ecti ectio tion on n. St Stil Still, illl sscien cien ci enti ned tist tists stss believe that rather than hitting their head against anot head, they struck in different her’s places, such as the sides of the other animal.
The develo pm Pachyceph ent of the alosaurus s that show any differe nce among ent specie s. This ha themse
lves are of s happ s of Pachyc ten attribu ephalosaur ened with the remai ted to a ns th s such as th e Dracorex e . However, Pachycepha at have resulted in se th lo veral e . They can saurus, the also be caus differences may not St ygimoloch only be th ed by chan e species’ e ones of di developmen ges that oc fferent curred durin t. You have annosaurus g the cour already seen (see more se of deta this when that the sit we talked uation is sim ils in chapter 5), but about it is not th ed that the ilar with th e only case e pachycep three spec , and ies mentio halosaurs. dult (S (Sttyyg ned earlier giim In fact, no moloch) h ) an w ar d e it just a child an adult (P ecies: the (Paacch Pachycepha ( (D Dr hyycceep raacco orreexx), a ph haallo ossaau losaurus. It urru f dinosaur uss) all belo is possible s are actual ng ing to the that a huge ly the prod e variabilit number of uct of scie y that they ntists havin th had ent or the g little know e species itsel in life. This variabilit ledge y may be du f, which is pter 9. For e to change sometimes now, the fa very high as s in mous Drac representa you will orex tions made from the dr , whose appearance es on its sk resembles agons of le ull, seems to be just ge nd, filled w an “infant” ith that is not completely
K
The skeleton of the anky losauruses did not have a connection with the oste oderms, as it occurs with these bony prominences in othe r dinosaurs.
K
The fou we din th Imagine that a huge mac e hitting the leg of a threa tening Tyrannosaurus is equi its leg. This could be a real valent to the strength of scene th with our protagonist, the the blow that could fract Tyrannosaurus. The Anky Ankylosaurus, rus, willing to defend itself ure losaurus lived in North Ame from a formidable predator, rica, it and its tail ended in a huge grew to the pr could become a dangerou be six meters long and, though mace that slow , its body was armored s weapon. O ot. birds such as the macaw and parr cosaurus reminds us vividly of ll in sma e Mongolia. They wer been found in Russia, China, and rter sho e wer legs t fron ir o ers in length. The urs that did not reach two met r. latte the on t ked wal they and it is possible f
There was a large variety of dinosaurs. Here you will discover the characteristics of hadrosaurs and iguanodontids.
9
Duck Beak The duck beak dinosaurs, the hadrosaurs, urs, are abundant in the North America, but they Cretaceous strata of have also been found in South America, Europe, Asia even in Antarctica! Many , and of them have prominent crests that developed from muzzle. As fossils are ofte the n found together groupin g many individuals, it is beli that many species lived tog eved ether forming herds; som e could even have had tho of individuals. usands
en meters in length, ed in the United States. und a mixture of bones also some eggs. This in herds that included
aurolophus ghty h reached ers. Its fossils ils America.
d o p o h t i n r O
K
K
As you can see the appearance of this European Iguanodon, when alive, was not that of a giant iguana, although they were indeed giants measuring about ten meters in length.
84 4
K
The Corythosaurus reached four meters in length and weig h the same as a big elephant does today. As is common amo ng the hadrosaurs, behind the duckbill (toothless) they had a battery of
asu ods me rnithop o gth d n n le u in fo meters strat fifteen arious lu v il to f r o u o s ie n of nt spec n was a Olorotita eing able to re in differe Hypsilophodo than ,b re e o n elo e o m h T o ig b gth. It b sizes. ring n rs in len e measu th and seventy te n e o m ll a m s ng ters in le two me
(whose
The crests of a hadrosaur
The strange and singular crest of the hadrosaurs has sometimes confused paleontologists. They con sidered these fossils from different species, however, later it was fou nd out that they were just different due to their sexes (sexual dimorphism ) or due to different age s, suc h is the case Another important group Lam beosaurus lambei in the of the ornithopods are the illustration. This will not igua nodonti characterized by having a ds. be They to you arehav bec aus widened snout in the new e we e already considered the front part, corresponding It is believed that this enla cases of to the nose. oth er dinosaurs in previou rgement enhanced the olfactory s cha pte Incidentally, when they disco capacity of these dino rs (see more details on pages saurs. vered the first huge44 and Thenod teet h of78) num the.Igua thought they were from ber on it wasof species of dinosaur is not a giant iguana becausefor the same of the all scie similarity of both reptiles (there are ntis ts betw and een the the y can teethfluctuate betwee more details on page 43). n 1,000 and 2,000 species Sometimes it is not easy . to decide if a fossil belongs to a new species or if it is simply a variant of the same dinosaur due to sex or age. In fact, this confusion makes som e dinosaur experts sugges t that the number of species could be a thir d less than what is genera lly thought. Not all scientists believe in evoluti on that seeks, for examp le, transformations of a fish into a reptile, but the K y agree that living things diversify into similar shapes, but different. An example we all understand is found in the case of dogs. There are so many different forms of them that some scientists have considered their variability is equivalent, no longer different species, but for the one there is among different types. Still, they The Th e Oura Ou are dogs. The same could ranos nosa aurus urus was another fascinat happen am ong a ating t din osa urs, which diversified from dinosaur. It was found in Niger and it m some original forms that must exis tedexcee I in adedmu not no t have chmete sma eight num rs ller in lengt ber. Thus, the ovariability leng th, and could possiined bly have found would be determ a “hum p” onere the by ba back the . diff nce a The extensions of its verte s brae suggest tthat of sex, age of individuals, and the thathey t woshou variation s uldld cau se not resultpop ulation in a “sail” ssuch su u s,assubspecies or Lspecies from an original in the animal tha case of tthe heyDime t cert tr trod trodo odo ainl on or dive rsify t into similar animals. Spin Sp Spino inosa osau sauru urus rus, s,, becaus use at
Giant Iguanas
their end these ext ex exten t sions did di d not lose thickness. Furthermore, the ones belon ging to diff dif differ f ent vertebrae were joined by tendons, and tthe prom pr omin inenc enceess with greater heigh t were p placed in the vertebrae that are abov e the foreleg gs. The same happens in camels.
T
Adult male Lambeosaurus lambei
L
Juvenile Corythosurus f
f t
T e
Juvenile
Prehistori c
This section will inform about the mammals that inhabited Life of th ep dinosaurs ast and present this land long time ago.chaThe is are the s tars of p fascinating. Alth pter you aleontolo oug w il l saber-toothed cats arebwreaarms -blooded vebrteeabbrale to see that mgayminmthis h, tes, cove als, thos tfed duri e red in fu ng chil Thus, th r and th among them. e saber-to dhood, are no le a t ss ex oth ed cats in
not awa ken reptiles fo our imaginatio n any les u s than th genus Sm nd in Mesozoic e strata. T ilodon. T hey belo large hey lived fossils ha ng to th ve been in Ameri e recovere c strata. T d from th a, and their he large s e t P one reac centime ters hed one leistocene meter tw felines, th up to the shou enty ld o e out scen se prehistoric lio rs. As current m ale ns quite es like th po ese ones strugglin ssibly lived g for
cit our illustr ing. ation do
What had a saber-tooth, and a marsupial pouch like a Kangaroo? The South American Thylacosmilus shows that this happened. Its size was similar to the curre enius nt jaguar, but they had ig im pr s hu relatively short legs and were was The Mammut ationigrad rative illustrplant gestupporting the in the compa e lare—s th of t an ph who le sole of their feet on ele like an African d tond.the re pa m the co grou all ill, it is sm
um Paraceratheri
size. St ium. The Paracerather and besides a quirky head ith w t a gian s hu rc sa Andrew onstrates them all, the rbivores, dem he ith w ed classifi e. siz relative its enormous
N
90 Brontotherium Mammuthus
us
Andrewsarch
primigenius
Thee Amphic hicyonidae were a strange group of carnivores of the hee p pas past. a They are known as beardogs, because their eir anatom omy resembles animals from both families of carnivores. The Amphicyon could reach an enormous size, with a shoulder height close to that of the Smilodon, don, and weight around six hundred kilograms. They lived in Nort h America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
N-Q Q
Q ros
A carnivore is an But there is an or Carnivora (carnivo anatomical charac still are, carnivores zoological order. The fact is that am of the carnivore or fascinating belong (Machairodontinae possessed twentyof the Smilodon. n. E
Paracera therium
Among mammals, they were mostly carnivores those belonging to the order of Carnivora, and possibly members of the creodonts order too. Among these, the Hyaenodon which was a genus that had species that weighted only a few kilograms and others reaching a rhinoceros’ size. The have Their fossils been Mamm uthus pri found ininNorth the coAmerica, Pg-N mparativ migeniu e illu li k e aand Africa, Asia, n AfrEurope. ican elep stratio size. Still , it is sm hant of th all comp Paracera ared the a giant w rium. The Bron toth ith a quir them all ky head , the An and drew classified with herb sarchus a its enorm ivores, d Horses, a emo ous rela Virtually n examp tive size any boo . k textbooks tth hat le of at eexpla
and other Carnivores saber-toothed. Other family of carnivores, the Nimravidae also possessed them and even outside carnivores (Carnivora), among marsupials like kangaroo orMkoala, ammuththere was a tooth-sable us primig enNimravidae. ius strikingly similar to cats and
d have ratherium coul ormous Parace e to its du s ur sa no di shoulders with ouped gr be d ul co N-Q ts it atomy sugges es not do it t bu rhinos, ther with the three as e h the sam ns. It could weig fifteen tons, and an th ts today, more in length a half meters bout five and are very ils ss fo gh the houlder. Althou been found ve ha als im an ins of these aces of Asia. in different pl Pg
evolutio n?
ins evolu that dea famous image o l with it, use am tion, including f the ong similar to may chan the schem evolution of ho its arguments th g it, there rs e changes e, but there is n is a prog e reproduced in es and is often ot lead the ression fr the table culminat species to convincing evid o cl es into cu m a hors below. In assificati ence that cross the o e rr appear, the family. So n groups relate with thei ent horses. Usu of small size an fields of d to d ally r size zo it is with also be su different horses. If gender or, what ological pplemen s and appearan drawings of hors dog bre w legs, and is ted with ces, but es e m fo o re, und buri ed selected they can the chan sk ed sk by human s, in the order in g correspo ulls. Obviously, which th eletons of say they s, an evo nding fo the differ e of teeth, bones ey were have evo lutionist ssils and b , passing ent layers conta , lv sc ein sc ed ie ientist w in their from on ould only , as with the ho ntist perhaps w g The foss e to ano the wolf ould rses. But il record talk abo th er ( (C sh a C u , oB an t o cr it f ro w va ea is lupus) spec is reco nietos.th s that th riation fr tionist s).. In fact Theeri gnized ere has om one fiu rstm , all bre reco been div spec variability as Canis lupus, ersificati of the O gnizable horse s, althou eds of dogs are ies, is equival o Paleogen n as lig g al o su h ce so scie ch other m ent to th n e. From am at betwee ntists believe th this, a lin e strata, belong is the A ing to th In short, mals. e can be is n differen e ndrewsa th traced p reaching t e species o hus horse would assing th and nrc the curr f Pliohipp ot of ev b ro e ent Equu u an have no g u h o s ex lutio and am s genus. really m t included odest ch n. Evolutionism ple of variation In our sc finally genders , anges, ac consider heme w transform supp accordin s that th e cum at were no g to the osedly forerunn ese an exam ion into other o ulated, would re t horses ers of th theory o ple of su and the rganism sult in th e f evoluti s, ch connecti e o b f d o ut the h an anato rastic ch n. There on is no o evolutio an rs m e ical struct ges. Furt t clear, as poor arg nis hermore is not ure such it is u Equus. m most of m considered a en , th as s t to sh . This lin e loss the an anato p the crea e that tionist sc roof of evolutio mical elem ow the appeara fingers, results in n ientists b nce of a is really importan ent or a physio ecause th , is accepted by new org a In orderr lo an, t ey g d th tto ical funct isappeara o only con e ion, whic sider evvidence recognizze a true nce of w emergence of a h h of transf sto st n at alread ovelty an oryllilin ne, e, creaati orm an y exists. rmation nother d not th er.. In onists aassk fr e k ffo o alll horses the case of hors om one living th r thin ing intto es it . Fu urtherr ev it is reco o c evvolu o g id n luti en iz tio e ed ce would on of a d they reptile in ey are undoub that th such h traan to a mam tedly ssh nsf sfo ammal. how the iss probab ormations is no But the t in aan ev ly for th ly idence ffo ny case is reason se unqu one of th or estionab Q that th e most st prese le. It amp sen It nted. No e exam body do le of the horses ubts th that at the sp iiss ecies
93
long
seemed to be
sh its boneT e w llallmy a, the (MDe amspmiteuth mam ehistoricoo pr of u d s kin p a ri to m ig niu ings)to do moth in Nra a had noeth nim ato bounded uchheA Mac ort , e els m a, ca ilycof mri fro Caw m naithdath, eafa M ed exico to s w ll ng Aw ass.inIt Eliv sia theeyllama beelo hi.chTh u ero th to h ica er a veAm been fou r pe and South retaininfro gmthSt largend froz as w It e . ir es at h en; d air, tissut theUn ir ite la t m d it mus es, and ev rseeaan en than asho l t(ytru or ounkc.an find more have had a sh deta ils on pa ge 17).
The teeth o were sim f the woolly ma mmoth ilar to th ose of e possesse lephants d linear . They ridges th trituratio at n of wo ody plan allowed the ts. A very s trange g iant with dwelt in a head fu prehisto ric ll of bum Uintathe ps rium had North America. The a surpris fangs lik ing skull e knives measuri came ou ng thirty from which t. cen between They could be u seful for timeters long m competi its size w ales and, althou tion g as slightl y greate h it was not very s hippopo r than th tamus. at of a m laarge, odern N-Q
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ro.indb
9
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The woo antiquita lly rh tis) was no bigge inoceros (Coelo howeve donta r tha r it had r, a huge h n a rhino of tod snout; a orn at th ay, nother p e en ecu it. In cen tral Euro liarity was the fu d of the pe, in th found in r coverin eC 19 g by the o 29 a full anima arpathians, it w l, perfec as il and bri tl ne in wh y it is not ich it wa preserved the only s buried one. It h . But as bee recover several o n possible to ther ske letons. Pliohipp us Equus
26/4/16 15: 6
lly large, als, or especia aggressive anim ton of ele sk a , 89 Sloths are not 17 huge claws. In ve m of ha eu ey us th M t e bu at th m r sloth arrived in). It came fro a very peculia pa (S rid ad M s in the first as w Natural Science It ! ge hu it was Argentina and to Europe for fossil coming Megatherium was mounted as s exposed it study. It remain ved would be Pgd as it was beliethis position at the time an y, da to t life. Bu its posture in serve in the cted as we ob has been corre ing less than th no grew to be lped it illustration. It and its claws he as a six meters long and ... th ou m its to to bring food ns of defense. formidable mea
This book comes with a fantastic triceratops to assemble. Do not forget to follow the instructions.
Triceratops to build 16 2
14
3
3
15
3
3
8
2
123 1
3
11
5
9
2
4
Tric
9
7
3
2
13 14
13
3
13
8 10 5
3
6
3
3
3
8
1
2
12
3 2
11
3
5
12
9
2
2 14
3
2
2 4
14
13
Data Sheet Triceratops
13
Styracosaurus, a dinosaur found in North America, Although the Styracosaurus, was not the greatest of the triceratops, it was one of the most (Ceratotherium amazing. Its size is similar to the white 3rhino (Ceratotherium 1 he tons. TThe weighs three and length meters four reaches which ) simum) 12 3 3 butt meters, half length of the Styracosaurus could reach five and a 3 its tail was longer than that of the rhinoceros. However, the most da 3 its head, which displayed was part about this dinosaur outstanding 8 3 2 11 nd huge amount of horns, many of them included in the gorget around its neck. Its figure must have launched a clear message of danger. 5
3
2
2 10
13
3
13 12
1
15
2
2
3
4
16
7 7
6
2
2
14
7
6
Tricerato p
12
9
10
15
3
2
10
s to
the pieces parate all ral se to d e d rteb men It is recom assemble by the ve 14 to and begin arting with column. to larger, st r lle a sm ) from Put ribs (2 . ck e n e to larger, th m smaller o fr ) (1 e ra 5 Put verteb the end of the tail. ith starting w 10
At the end of this book you will find a practical index that will facilitate your search.
– ornithpods, 85 – pterodactyl, 34 – sauropod, 70 – theropod, 61 – thyreophorans, 73 Fruitafossor, 97 Fuxianhuia, 15 Gastroliths, 44 Geologic column, 13 Giganotosaurus, 50, 51 Gigantospinosaurus, 74 Ginkgo, 28 Glyptodon, 92 Gobiconodon, 96 Gorgonops, 27 Hadrosaurs, 44, 81, 82 – ridges, 83 Haldanodon, 97 Hallucigenia, 12 Herrerasaurus, 41 Heterodontosaurus, 81 Homotherium, 90 Horses, evolution, 94 Horseshoe crab, 29 Hyaenodon, 91 Hypsilophodon, 80 Ichthyosaur, 32, 33 Iguanodon, 42, 43, 84 Iguanodontids, 81, 84 Incisivosaurus, 59 Inostrancevia, 27 Jurassic, 13, 29, 44, 48, 69, 75, 81, 87 Kelenken, 89 Kentrosaurus, 74 Kerygmachela, 12 Kimberella, 15 K / T boundary, 86 Lambeosaurus, 83 Leedsichthys, 71 Lesothosaurus, 39 Leviathan, 27 Life, origin, 21
Liopleurodon, 32, 71 Macrauchenia, 95 Magyarosaurus, 65 Maiasaura, 82, 85 Mamenchisaurus, 67 Mamut, 93 – frozen, 17 Marginocephalia, 72 Marrella, 12 Mastodon, 55 Megalosaurus, 40, 46 Megatherium, 95 Metabolism – dinosaurs, 69 – reptiles, 23, 69 Merychippus, 94 Mesohippus, 94 Mesotherm, 69 Mesozoic, 13 Microraptor, 49 Miller, experiment, 21 Miragaia, 73 Molt Arthropod exoskeleton, 14 Monolophosaurus, 54 Mononykus, 5 Morrison, formation, 69 Mosasaurs, 33 Moschops, 26 Myllokunmingia, 15 Nanotyrannus, 51 Nail phalanx, 48, 49 Nautilus, 18 Nigersaurus, 69 Nimravidae, 91 Oculina, 20 Olorotitan, 82 Opabinia, 12 Origin of life, 21 Ornithischian, 40, 80 Ornithocherius, 30 Ornithomimosaurs, 56 Ornithomimus, 58 Ornithopods, 80, 85 Osteoderms, 66, 68, 74, 75 Ostrich, 58
Alphabetical Index aurus, 40, 52, 53, 71
Allos Alwalkeria, 41 Amargasaurus, 68 Amber, 19 Ammonites, 18 Ampelosaurus, 66 Amphicyon, 90 Amphicyonidae, 90 Amphisbaena, 25 Anapsid, 22 s, 91, 93 Andrewsarchus, 35 ra, ue Anhang Ankylosaurus (see Ankylosaurus) , 75 Ankylosaurus, 42, 74 20 ia, lar Annu Ouranosaurus, , 84 caris, 12, 14 alo Anomrus Oviraptor, 57, 58, yx,, 49 chaeopter79 Owen,ArRichard, 40 pto Archaeora r, 45 n, s, PachycAr eloaru chalos eph s32 , 76 91 – develop medu nt s simus, 16, Arcto , 65, 64 , and spe rus ciesnti , 76 nosau Arge Pachyrhinosaurus, s , 77 66,67
Cenozoic, 13, 62 Centrosaurus, 77 Ceratopsian, 76 Ceratopsid, 77 Ceratosaurus, 46, 54 Chalicotherium, 92 Charnia, 15 gii, 24 Chlamydosaurus kin Citipati, 60 Clarke, Harold, 63 Coelacanth, 28, 29 Coelosauravus, 34 Coelurosaur, 41 Cohauilaceratops, 77 Comodo Dragon, 25 Concavenator, 53 Coprolite, 17, 44 Coral – Oculina, 20 – Placosmilia, 20 Corythosaurus, 82 Creationism, 69 Creator, 21 Creodonto, 91 37, 50, Cretaceous, 13, 28, 86 , 82 , 63, 69, 81 Crocodile, 23, 25 – sex, 23 54 a, ,15 Cryolop ginrus rigsau Spho
Paleozoic, 13, 62 Panspermia, 21nix, 42, 52 Baryo Paraceratherium, m, th, 93, 64 95 hemo Be Parasaurolophus, 82 18 es, nit lem Be Parvancorina, ina, 15 37, 79, 86 le, 27, Bibus, Pelecanimim us, 56, 58, 64 59 elta, 42 Bib ops, Petaurus, urrse Save us, 97 le ngophaganax, 52 Baur Petrified For Bigest, 19 Sa , 14 n life riaor 66 mbom 64, ,15 Caod Phorusrhacos, the phs, osof ,Sa 89 urop Placosmilia, eods, 64, 66-70 ak iliaBli sn , 20 nd Saurop isbaena) Platecarpus, s, 33 Amph (seeeli saurus,, 75 Sc 68do Plateosaurus, 65, 67 us , 41, rus, 6427 chiosauau Bra s, 92, 93 rum, utos Plesiosaur, 30- Sc 32 riu the nto Prehistoric DNBro ark A,Sh55 rgess Shale, 20 Bumm Prehistoric ma tus, als,lca Fa – , 13 , 12 ldlife88 Predental, 76, wi 78 acanthus, 20 th Ste – Prosauropods, 68 , 66 bear rused auac ras ma ort-f Sh78, ProtoceratopCa s, 73, s, 79 s simus) 41 r, du sau cto Ar rno Protofeathers,Ca 49 (see Protostega, 32 , 12 Casso yia60 nery, Sidwa , 97 da au Psitacosaurus, roc s, 22 rus,Ca tile 78sto rep ull Sk Pterodactyls, 34 es ph tro Catas e ak Sn Pterodaustro, tro, 35 zation, 33, 36, 37 – fos boa, 24 on – sili Pterosaur (see (see Pte uti nus, 24 rod distrib dacty – an ilols)tham – Phsils Python, 24 , 62, 63, 77
of fos thon, 24
– py
Quetzalcoatlus, –35and dinosaurs , 26 – Titanoboa
extinction, 69, 86
Ecologica Edaphosa Ediacaran Edmonto Eggs – crocod – dinosa Eoraptor Equistet Ernieta, Eudimo Eustrep Evolutio 94
Falcatu Stegosaurus, 72-74 urus,pt75 ntr ce Da Ste Fauna no erygius, 32 Dakota, 44 – Burg 20 Stethacanthus, Darwinius, 45(see Geologic column) – Edia Strata Deinogaleryx, 91 mus, 58 Ferns, mi, 49 hio utus , 48 nych DeinoStr Flood, 76 gmoloch, Sty49 – claw, Fossils s,, 43 69, 77 au,ru 32 rac , 25 lysos Styhe Dermoc – froz imus, 52 a, 97 chom Suter Dermop – con 22 , 68 id,, 89 15ps Syna Design, of y Diagenesis, 16 dist – opheus, 30, 71 , 38 22str Tany Diapsid, for – 15rus, 40, 51 os, au nia sorb DickinTa qu – , 58 , 46 rusos aurus, 56, 57, erizin Dilopho Thsau livi – 84 , 47 on, 26, 27, Dimetrod 60 Foss 3546 n,d, dopo Dimorp ero Thho – fo 40 , r hip Dinosau – hu Thylacosmilus, 90 rs, 38 horans, 72 Dinosau di op Thyre , 30 – aquatican m 26 – , oa ob Tit – carnivores, 46 78
88, 90 Radiometric dating,Sm ilo,do 55an 23n, Caym Rangea, 15 29 n, do Spheno Reptiles rus, 68 au os Spinoph – aquatic, 10 32 0 42, 47, 52, 57, , us ur sa Spino – current, 22-25 84 – diapsid, 22, 38 – past, 26-29 Repenomamus, s, 96 Rhinoceros, 77, 95 – shaggy, 95 Rostral, 76, 78 Sarcosuchus, us, 27 Saurischian, 40, 46
– extintions – giant, 64 – herbivore – ornithopo – feathers w – first, 41 – footprint – reptiles, 2 Dinosaur e Diplodocu Draco Vola Dracorex, Dunkleost Dysalotoh
Torosaurus, 73, Tortoise , 69 – leatherback, 25, 32 – terrapin, 25
Who has not dreamed of a trip back in time? Fossils, remains of prehistoric living things, carry a message from the past. In INCREDIBLE DINOSAURS you will find amazing reports brought by these petrified witnesses from the depths of a distant past. As we will not find any other beings besides dinosaurs capable of blowing a person’s imagination of any age, they have become the protagonists of this book. Life designs are shown to us again, surprising and full of lessons, whatever their age, as if time has not passed by. Enjoy the trip‌ to the past!