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DECLARATION The thesis titled Sports City: Kochi has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Programme in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, India under the supervision of Ar. Shirish Malpani & Ar. Manoj Mathur (Design Guides) and Ar. Jaya Kumar (Research Guide). I hereby submit two hard copies of the report for internal and external evaluation respectively. The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.
A/2432/2012 Mohammed Saifiz .P.A Fifth Year B.Arch. Section-B School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
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CERTIFICATE
27th May 2018
This thesis was carried out during the January – May 2018 semester in the Department of Architecture under our guidance. Thereafter, based on the declaration dated 27th May 2018 by the candidate, the work was placed in front of the Juries held on 22nd, 24th & 25th May 2018. On successful completion of the Jury process and completion of the Report in all respects including the last chapter by the Candidate we provisionally accept the Thesis Report and forward the same to the Studio Director.
Ar. Shiriesh Malpani Design Guide
Prof. Manoj Mathur Design Guide
Prof. Jaya Kumar Research Guide
On successful completion of the course by the candidate I hereby accept this complveted report on behalf of the Head of the Department to be placed in the Library of School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.
Date :24-07-2018
Prof. Jaya Kumar Studio Director
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acknowledgement This Thesis forms a really passionate part of my heart, & the process of doing the project has been extremely productive thanks to all the discussions, critiques, research as well as site visits. I would like to thank Ar. Shirish Malpani & Prof. Manoj Mathur (Design Guides) for their inputs and constant guidance through the semester. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Jaya Kumar (Research Guide and studio coordinator)for her guidance in articulating and formating the thesis report as well as for making the journey look simple through her semester planning and organisation. A round of applause to my Dad, Mom and Sister for constantly supporting me throughout these months, and a special thanks to my cousin Saber Mohammed, who helped me in the site visits during the initial stages of the semester. I would like to thank few of my friends Akaash Yogesh Karan, Divya Solanki and Muhammed Ashhar for taking time to help me visualise the project better, explore different possibilities and execute it. The journey felt tiring and unmanageable at times. I want to thank Suprima Joshi, without whom I would not have been able to complete what I set out to achieve. You inspired me during difficult times when I needed words of encouragement. You don’t even know how much your help meant to me. Thank you. You are awesome! I found inspiration in trusted friends and mentors, but also in unexpected sources. Thank you everyone, named and unnamed, for keeping me going. Saifiz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS chapter 5 PROGRAMME ANALYSIS built-area comparison........... 92 outdoor relation..................... 93 indoor relation....................... 94 Declaration............................. 10 Certificate............................... 11 Acknowledgement................. 12 Table of contents.................... 14 list of tables............................. 16 list of images........................... 17 list of illustrations.................. 18 list of abbrevations............... 21
chapter 1 THESIS INTRODUCTION sports in india............ 24 need identification..... 25 sporting culture......... 26 part education........... 27 proposition................. 28 the project.................. 28 way forward............... 29
chapter 4 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT project vision.......................... 78 programme derivation........... 79 derivation inference............... 80 final area programme............ 82 chapter 3 CASE STUDIES case studies.............................. 60 key parameters........................ 74 case study matrix.................... 75 chapter 2 BACKGROUND RESEARCH areas of research................... 32 sports tourism......................... 32 orientations............................. 34 sport specifications................. 35 research outcomes.................. 37
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chapter 11 FINAL DESIGN major components..... 150 site plan...................... 153 design approach......... 153 sports tower................ 154 hostel block................. 164 kbfc academy.............. 170
chapter 7 SITE ANALYSIS swot analysis............... 98 design determinants... 99
chapter 10 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT key parameters........................ 141 development stages................. 142
chapter 6 PROJECT SITE physical context......... 98 site data....................... 99 site conditions............. 100 site views..................... 104
chapter 9 TECHNOLOGY STUDY building structures..... 121 building services........ 126 user safety................... 128 sustainability............... 132
Jury comments.......................176 Bibliography...........................178
chapter 8 CONCEPT DESIGN concept evolution...... 114 design principles........ 116
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list of tables & graphs Page No.
Description Source
75 Case study matrix Author 80 Activity based provision spaces Author 82 Area programme Author 94 Indoor court comparison (graph) Author 124 Open web joists (graph) Architect’s studio companion
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list of images Page No.
Description Source
13 India’s worldcup glory 2010 The Hindu 26 Sports City news article(english) Onmanorama 27 Sports City news article(malayalam) Malayala Manorama 31 Kerala’s water sport culture Evartha 58 Yamuna sports complex so.city 58 Thyagraj stadium zeenews.india 58 SUTD housing complex archdaily 59 Leutshanbach school archdaily 59 Nike football center suweto archdaily 59 Vertical Gym Chacao Urban think tank 102 Site images Author 103 Neighbourhood images Author 138 Bridge across water Author 140 Design development 1 Author 141 Design development 2 Author 142 Design development 3 Author 143 Design development 4 Author 172 1:1000 site model Author 173 1:200 sectional model Author 175 External jury Author
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list of maps, drawings and illustrations Page No.
Description Source
25 India’s olympic performance graphic Author 32 Sports tourism graphic Author 34 Outdoor sports orientation diagram Sports dimension guide, WA. 35-56 Court illustrations Sports dimension guide, WA. 57 Court spacing standardisation Author 63 Yamuna sports complex movement drawing Author 65 Thyagraj stadium drawings Sports Authority of India 67 SUTD Housing drawings Archdaily 69 Leutshanbach school drawings Archdaily 71 Nike football center soweto drawings Archdaily 73 Vertical gym chacao isometric blown up Urban think tank 79 Sports city illustration graphic pix 92 Built area comparison Author 93 Outdoor relation Author 94 Indoor space relation Author 98 Map of India & Kerala kerala.gov
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Page No. Description Source 99 Site boundary and dimensions Google earth 100 Natural & man-made features Author 101 Connectivity and movement Author 102 Climatic data of kochi climate india 103 Site views Author 108 Site section Author 110 Design determinants Author 111 Design determinants Author 114 Concept visualisation Author 115 Forces of nature concept Author 116 Design principle triangle Author 117 Concept sketch Author 121 Building form configuration Tall building & sustainability 126 Building services Tall building & sustainability 129 Important aspects of passive fire protection Author 142 Design devlopment 1 Author 143 Design devlopment 2 Author 144 Design devlopment 3 Author 145 Design devlopment 4 Author
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Page No.
Description Source
148 Overview of final design Author 149 Major components of design Author 152 Site plan of the designed complex Author 153 Design approach leading to design Author 154 Form development of the sports tower Author 155 Sports tower render Author 156 Tower ground floor plan Author 157 Tower First floor plan Author 158 Tower second floor plan Author 159 Tower 3rd - 10th floor plan Author 160 Norht elevation and section A Author 161 Section B & section C Author 162 Structural Systems Author 163 MEP service layout Author 164 Hostel illustrations and drawings Author 170 KBFC academy illustrations and drawings Author
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list of abbreviations Page No.
Description
ISL KBFC CEP NFL FIBA AIBA FHI WKF ISSF FINA FAR CHP PV
Indian Super League Kerala Blasters Football Club Central Education Proceedings National Football League Federation of International Basketball Association All India Boxing Association International Hockey Federation World Karate Federation International Sports Shooting Federation Federation Internationale de Natation Floor Area Ratio Combined Heat Power Photo Voltaic
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CHAPTER 1
THESIS INTRODUCTION
Sachin Tendulkar : Cricket
This chapter is built around the Thesis Search comprising of the introduction, search question, the thesis preposition, the selected design project and how it will exemplify the search. 23
sports india In a country of over a billion people, we only have a handful of champions. Many neglected athletes quit sports. Many of them don’t get the recognition they deserve. The sporting culture in India is very weak and sports as a career is still an unfamiliar thought. When we think about “sports”, we interpret it as a past-time, a means of leisure and a key to fitness, but do we think of it as a career? It is estimated that out of ten people, only one aspires to take up sports as a career. When asked why, the apparent answers we get is that there is no scope. We can understand that sports is thought of as an activity limited to school or college level and nobody goes beyond that to think of it as a means of earning ones livelihood. Despite the huge population, India is almost always at the bottom in the Olympic medal tally. The dreams of sportspersons of winning medals for India at the Olympics remain unfulfilled as they are not provided with proper resources. India still lacks good coaches, proper infrastructure and other supportive government schemes, hence failure to win medals.
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According to the constitution of India, sports is a state subject. The state governments in India allocate funds for the development of sports and sports infrastructure as per their priority. There is no unique approach in developing sports infrastructure throughout the country. The non-availability of land for building sports infrastructure is another major issue. Moreover, not much initiative had been observed till now in promoting sports infrastructure by adopting PPP model to ensure sustainability of these facilities. India are yet to explore the commercial aspects of sports for generating revenue from these infrastructure.
According to Boria Majumdar (cited in Chandran,2016), “India does not have a sports culture.” Majumdar is among the leading Indian sports scholar who explains that Indian athletes who have achieved international success are exceptions rather than products of the counrty’s sports system. He concluded by stating,
“Unless there is a synergized sports culture you will never win a string of medals. A fundamental overhaul is needed and urgently so.”
need identification In spite of being the 2nd most populous country in the world, India is not able to produce quality players and our nation’s performance in Olympics is always poor. Winning medals definitely add to the value and improves the image of India at global level.
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“You’re never too old to set another
sporting culture Sports culture within the nation kept on being consigned to the back seat in post-independent India, and the country could not figure anyplace within the international sports events. Sports culture in our nation continues to be in earliest stages and no true efforts are being made to revive this segment. There are a number of variables responsible for the poor sports culture. People of Indian race are less genetically potential when compared to people in other parts of the globe like Europe, Australia etc. Genetically potential individuals by and large stay fit both physically and rationally which could be a pre-requisite condition for a sound sports culture. Sports spirit and professionalism are missing within the individuals of our nation which is so vital towards advancing a solid sports culture. In India, individuals are euphoric around winning but not approximately its genuine spirits. 26
One vital figure contributing to poor sports culture is that physical education instructor appointed in schools by and large don’t come from sports foundation in spite of the fact that these instructors have recognitions and degrees to their credit. Another imperative calculate which is missing is that the sports culture isn’t finding its due place in the school’s higher education. The result of this can be that seen in this field. Within this neglegences, a sports culture cannot be advanced.
Time has come for reexamining and taking a look at the full scenario. A holistic approach has got to be made which is able to encompass all the variables and basis must be done to address this issue of poor sports culture. Some kind of respectability has got to be reestablished to advance sports culture so that hail of the country may lift within the worldwide sports occasions. Sports partners moreover have to be reexamine and soak up a sports soul in them instead of basically be euphonic for a winning spree.
“We need to create a sporting culture, define our aspirations.” -Abhinav Bindra
“My ultimate aim in life is to have a sporting culture in India” -Virat Kohli
goal or to dream a new dream”
part education
sports
school/college
academic
At one end, you have got the education, which is the customary and secure course to seek after and on the other hand the love for the sport with a trust to create it huge there. So how do you choose? Parents are actually stressed about the ‘future’ of their child. The child is put through a rebuffing schedule of school, tuitions and at that point extra-curricular exercises to donate them that additional edge. Each school has sports in their educational programmes as they understand the significance of physical wellbeing and activity. In any case, the significance given to sports ends there in its consideration just for the purpose of formality. Many schools don’t appropriately encourage students to take an interest in sporting events and parents add to the physical obstacle by not accepting that this field can bring as much or indeed way better chances of victory than the scholarly field.
Abroad, there are programmes to help current and former players to complete their undergrad degree, seek after graduate studies and use other educational openings. The National Football Association Proceeding Instruction Programme (CEP) is one such programme that makes a difference in helping NFL players plan for life after football. Managed by the NFL Player Engagement staff, the CEP accomplices with colleges and colleges across the nation to design nitty gritty plans to assist players to reach their instructive objectives. Why can’t these programmes be replicated in India? Our government administration ought to attempt and make a few changes within the education framework which will empower children to play sport and seek after it in the event that they select along with their academics.
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thesis proposition The proposition of the thesis lies within creating an advanced facility for sports in the city of Kochi that would help spread the sporting culture in the city as well as serve as a stepping stone in raising the sporting standards of the country. This would be achieved through the Sports City Kochi project.
the project The Sports City project is expected to be a major tourist destination. Not only would the Sports City be the first of its kind in the country, but it would also provide its user with state of the art facilities from around the globe. The project aims to be the missing puzzle in India’s push towards sporting excellence.
The proposition of this project is to create an advanced training facility by exploring new sports complex typologies,to spread the sporting culture in the city and make way for sports tourism.
The project of this scale would serve as an urban initiative for an inclusive approach towards developing the quality of sports infrastructure and education in the city. Due to lack of land in the heart of the city, the sports city project has been proposed on the outskirts of the city. Nevertheless, the site remains well connected through road, rail and water. Introducing this form of built environment would not only be a massive upgrade to the infrastructure, but also instil a change in the way people perceive sports. 28
The Sports City Kochi project is one of the mega projects of India’s cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar as his contribution towards India’s sporting excellence. The project aims to provide facilities for all olympic aspirants, athletes, coaches and officials in the country as well as serve as a training facility for his ISL football club Kerala Blasters.
way forward The current trends and practices from around the world suggest that a holistic approach is necessary to address the concern of creating an urban sporting culture. An architectural intervention may be integrated with different possible solutions which may include everything from physical upgradation of sporting infrastructure, inclusivity of sporting facilities and maximum utilisation of area to provide an additional facility to non-spacial means such as mini events, coaching classes, skill training, heritage policies, cultural events, informative publications, summer and winter camps and place-branding. All of this will be made possible by increased funding and backing of public and private stakeholders.
It is important that we look at each sporting event with equal importance, widening the horizon of scope in the subject of sports as a possible career. In the light of all these solutions that compliment one another, an architectural intervention would be in creating a web of solutions where the ideas work as a single entity. We have to applaud the ‘Khelo India’ initiative of Indian government. It is the step in the right direction, and strong grass roots competitions will surely make us more competitive.
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CHAPTER 2
background research
Leander Paes : Tennis
This chapter built around the Thesis Search contains the introduction to the Search Question, the thesis preposition, the selected Design Project and how it will exemplify your search. 31
areas of research
sports tourism
The key areas of research arising from the theoretical proposition and site-specific nature of the project are as follows:
The relationship between two huge industries of tourism and sports has led to a new type of tourism that has been very much favored and used by the people of the world, in a way that some countries, considering their capacities, potentials and suitable climatic conditions, have managed to bloom as a major sports tourism destination in the world. Some necessary resources for sports industry are Natural resources: national parks, outdoor facilities, deserts, geographical aspects (mountains, cliffs, spas, seas), Sports organizations:sports clubs,social and voluntary groups, management, development of facilities, budget, sponsorship, information services, marketing, commerce.
SPORTS TOURISM
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Introduction. Benefits of sports tourism. Kerala as a sports tourist location. Existing scenario.
ORIENTATION OF OUTDOOR SPORTS
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Orientation of all the outdoor courts and facilities with respect to the sun angles and spectator preferences.
SPORT SPECIFICATIONS
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Court and field dimension for all the sports facilities involved in olympic events
What are general benefits of sport tourism? • Sports are an investment in the tourism industry. • Creates economic growth through filled hotels, restaurants and retail establishments. • Creates exposure and enhances a positive image for your community. • Creates new product, a new tourism destination. • Maximizes facility use in your community. • Builds community relationships and strengthens corporate support. • Creates youth opportunity/entertainment. • Attract high-yield visitors, especially repeaters. • Generate favorable image for the destination. • Develop new infrastructure. • Use the media to extend the normal communications reach. • Generate increased rate of tourism growth or a higher demand plateau. • Improve the organizational, marketing, and bidding capability of the community. • Secure a financial legacy for management of new sport facilities. • Increase community support for sport and sportevents.
Kerala is a hot and happening destination amongst nature lovers and adventure seekers. Kerala is gifted with nature at its beautiful best. As an adventure destination, Kerala offers its visitors umpteen opportunities to unleash their enthusiastic selves. The adventure seekers in Kerala can opt for backwater biking, bird tours,camping,jungle safaris, canoeing, hiking and biking, trekking,water sports,wildlife tours and much more.
Canoeing:
Kayaking:
Canoeing is a favorite sport among the tourists of Kerala and among the local inhabitants of the state. A canoe is a small 2-3 seater boat which is rowed by the sailors. Canoeing expeditions are undertaken in Kerala by groups of tourists and such sashays are often arranged by tourist operators on request.
Kayaking requires high levels of physical fitness. A Kayak is a small one or two man boat which the rowers actuate with twin paddled oars. Kayaking can be undertaken on rocky rapids (similar to white water rafting) or on calm sea waters. Kerala is indeed “God’s Own Country” because it has adventure and sports activities available along with the nature’s beautiful places to be explored.
Kerala is a paradise for the bird watcher with hundreds of species of birds. Kerala, being the land of rivers, lagoons and lakes in the interiors and the sea on the west, also makes it an ideal destination for those inclined to indulge in water sports for relaxation and adventure. For the wildlife enthusiasts, Kerala offers its diversity in the wildlife parks. Kerala has great potential for water sports activities in India. Kerala water sports are adventurous activities fostered by the diverse network of rivers, lakes, canals, lagoons and estuaries, not to mention the expanse of backwaters and the mighty Arabian Sea itself. Tourists from all over the globe make a beeline for this veritable adventure hub. Some of the most commonly indulged water sports of Kerala are:
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Orientation of outdoor Sports North/south orientation is generally desirable for outdoor courts to avoid background glare at dawn or dusk. Orientation should also take into consideration other structures and features on the site, neighbouring property, vehicle and pedestrian traffic, and prevailing winds. To avoid the dazzling effect of the sun when it is low, the longitudinal axis of arenas should lie along the north‑south axis, although it is possible to deviate to the north‑north‑east and north‑north‑west. This may result in the main straight being on the eastern side of the arena and will require consideration of the effects of a western setting sun on the spectators in the main stand. However, the most important aspect of design is to ensure that the best possible competition conditions are provided for the athletes. In shooting sports and archery, outdoor ranges should be constructed so that the sun is behind the shooter as much as possible. The orientation of an archery range in the southern hemisphere generally requires the shooting line to be on the north side of the range and the targets are on the north side”, with a tolerance allowance from the magnetic north of +/- 20 degrees. A north‑south court orientation is preferred in basketball and netball to minimise the effects of sun glare. 34
SPORT SPECIFICATIONS 1. Athletics Sports facilities for track and field athletics are generally used for daily training as well as for staging regional or local competitions. The staging of competitions at higher levels normally entails more extensive requirements for the sports facility, particularly in respect of the infrastructure. Generally athletics tracks are multi‑purpose with the interior of the 400m track used as a pitch for football, rugby, throw events etc. These tracks are also used for non‑sporting events such as concerts and public assemblies.
1. Football pitch 2. Standard track 3. Long and Triple jump 4. Water jump 5. Javelin 6. Hammer
7. Discuss 8. Pole vault 9. Shot put 10. 10 High jump 11. Finish line 12. High jump
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2. Badminton Dimensions: The badminton court is 13.4m long and 6.1m wide. For singles the court is marked 5.18m wide. The lines marking out the court are easily distinguishable and coloured white or yellow. The lines are 40mm wide. A court may be marked out for singles only. The back boundary lines also become the long service lines and the posts or the strips of material representing them are placed on the side lines. The diagonal full length of the full court is 14.366m. Posts: The posts are 1.55m high from the surface of the court and remain vertical when the net is strained. The posts are placed on the double side lines irrespective of whether singles or doubles is played. The posts or supports must not extend into the court beyond the side lines. Net: The net is 760mm in depth and a minimum of 6.1m wide. The top of the net from the surface of the court is 1.524m at the centre of the court and 1.55m over the side lines for doubles. There must be no gaps between the ends of the net and the posts. If necessary, the full depth of the net at the ends is tied to the posts. 36
3. Basketball Dimensions : The court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions, 28m long and 15m wide, measured from the inner edge of the boundary line. The backcourt is the team’s own basket, inbounds part of the backboard and the part of the playing court limited by their own endline, side lines and centre line. The front court consists of the opponents’ basket, inbounds part of the backboard and the part of the playing court limited by the endlines behind the opponents’ basket, side lines and inner edge of the centre line nearest to the opponents’ basket. Lines: All lines are white, 5cm wide and clearly visible. Spectators: All spectators must be seated at a distance of at least 5m from the outer edge of he boundary line of the playing court. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) is the international governing body for basketball. FIBA has introduced 3x3 as an official basketball discipline to increase grassroots participation in basketball.
4. Boxing Boxing is a sport in which two participants of similar weight fight each other with fists in gloves in a series of one to three minute intervals called rounds. The bout takes place in a roped area called a ring. Boxing India is governed by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) Technical and Competition rules. Ring and canvas size: For all AIBA Competitions, the ring is 6.10m square inside the line of the ropes. The size of the apron extends 85cm outside the line of the ropes on each side, including additional canvas necessary to tighten and secure it. The height of the ring is 100cm from the ground. Platform and corner pads: The platform is 7.80m squared, level and free from any obstructing projection. It is fitted with four corner posts with 4 corner pads to prevent injury to the boxers. Corner pads are arranged as follows: • In the near left side corner – red. • In the far left side corner – white. • In the far right side corner – blue. • In the near
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5. Diving Diving installations are located either indoor or outdoor in aquatic facilities and are generally separated from the swimming area. The minimum size for a diving pool is 25m wide and 20m long. The overall dimensions can be increased to suit other activities such as synchronised swimming and water polo. A competition pool is equipped with two 1m and two 3m springboards and a diving tower with take‑off platforms at 5m, 7.5m and 10m. Platforms also exist at 1m and 3m heights as training tools. The water temperature is a minimum of 26° celsius. The colour of the walls are white or pale blue. A bubbler is installed on the pool floor to provide a compressed air cushion of bubbles to protect divers from injury. In the diving pool the water depth is a minimum of 1.8m at any point. In outdoor pools, it is recommended that springboards and platforms are to face north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern hemisphere.
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6. Fencing The field of play has an even surface. The portion of the field of play used for fencing is called the piste. The piste is from 1.5m to 2m wide and 14m long. Five lines are drawn very clearly on the piste at right angles to its length, as follows: • One centre line which is drawn as a broken line across the whole width of the piste. • Two on‑guard lines at 2m on each side of the centre line. These are drawn across the whole width of the piste. • Two lines at the rear limits of the piste, which are drawn across the whole width of the piste, at a distance of 7m from the centre line. • The last 2m of the piste before the rear limit lines are clearly distinguished by a different colour of the piste, to make it easy for the fencers to be ware of their position on the piste.
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7. Football Field surface: Matches may be played on natural or artificial surfaces, according to the rules of the competition. The colour of artificial surfaces is green. Field markings: The field of play is rectangular and marked with lines called boundary lines. The two longer boundary lines are touch lines and the two shorter lines are goal lines. It is divided into two halves by a halfway line, which joins the midpoints of the two touch lines. The centre mark is at the midpoint of the halfway line. A circle with a radius of 9.15m is marked around it. Marks are made off the field of play, 9.15m from the corner arc and at right angles to the goal lines and the touch lines, to ensure defending players retreat this distance when a corner kick is taken. The length of the touch line is greater than the length of the goal line. All lines are not more than 12cm wide. Length (touch line): Minimum 90m, maximum 120m. Width (goal line): Minimum 45m maximum 90m. For senior football the recommended field dimension is 105m long and 68m wide. 41
8. Gymnastics
Rhythmic includes five apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. However, only four of these are used in a two year competition cycle. The performance area is slightly larger than artistic gymnastics, a 13m x 13m square. The surface is horizontal, even and without gaps. The border is horizontal, even and at the same height as the performance area. It is 50cm in area. The safety zone is kept totally free as a surrounding zone around the performance area and the border. It is horizontal, even and without gaps. The safety zone is 200cm. 42
Aerobic Gymnastics requires the ability to perform continuous complex and high intensity movement patterns to music, which originates from traditional aerobic. Aerobic gymnasts can compete in following classes: • Individual Men’s, Individual Women’s, Mixed Pairs, Trio, Group (of 5 gymnasts), • Aerobic Step (8 gymnasts) • Aerobic Dance (8 gymnasts) The performance area for single events is 7m x 7m and the performance area for duo, trio and groups is 10m x 10m. The competition area is surrounded by a black delimitation strip.
9. Handball Playing court: The playing court is 40m long and 20m wide, with two goal areas and a playing area. The longer boundary lines are called side lines, and the shorter ones are called goal lines (between the goalposts) or outer goal lines (on either side of the goal). There is a safety zone surrounding the playing court, with a minimum width of one metre along the side lines and 2m behind the goal lines. Goals: A goal is placed in the centre of each outer goal line. The goals must be firmly attached to the floor or to the walls behind them. The goals are 2m high and 3m wide. The goalposts are joined by a horizontal crossbar. The rear side of the goalposts are in line with the rear edge of the goal line. The goalposts and the crossbar have an 8cm square cross section. On the three sides which are visible from the court they are painted in bands of two contrasting colours, which also contrast with the background. The goals have a net, attached in such a way that a ball thrown into the goal remains in the goal. Lines: All lines on the court are part of the area that they enclose. The goal lines are 8cm wide between the goalposts. All other lines are 5cm wide.
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10. Hockey All forms of hockey are governed by the rules of hockey as set down by the International Hockey Federation (FHI). Field of play: Pitch boundary: The pitch on which field hockey is layed is 91.4m long and 55m wide. This boundary is marked on the turf and the shorter lines are called backlines. Penalty spot: From the center of the baseline, this point is marked 6.475m towards the inside of the pitch with a width 0.2m. Goal area: Goal Post: Each goal post is 2.14m high and 0.05m wide. The goals posts are white. Goal: Each post is placed 1.83m away from the center of the backline, one on either side, with a depth of 1.2m. This makes the total goal width 3.66m. Run‑off The playing surface extends at least 2m at the backlines and one metre at the side lines with an additional unobstructed one metre. This equates to a total of 3m at each end and 2m at each of the sides of the field. These are minimum requirements with the recommended areas being 5m at each end and 3m at each side of the field. 44
11. Judo
12. Karate
The competition area is a minimum of 14m x 14m and is divided into two zones. The inner zone called the contest area is a minimum of 8m x 8m to a maximum of 10m x 10m. The outer zone is the safety area and is a minimum of 3m wide. The contest area is a different colour to the safety area. When using two or more adjoining competition areas, the common or shared safety area is 4m. A free zone, a minimum of 50cm, must be maintained around the entire competition area.
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata). Both competition areas are flat and devoid of hazards. Competitors may enter either as individuals or as part of a team. Kumite competition area: The competition area is an 8m square with an additional 2m on all sides as a safety area. A line half a metre long must be drawn 2m from the centre of the competition area for positioning the Referee. Two parallel lines each one metre long and at right angles to the Referee’s line, are drawn at a distance of 1.5m from the centre of the competition area for positioning the competitors. Each judge is seated at the corners on the mat in the safety area. The Match Supervisor is seated just outside the safety area, behind, and to the left or right of the Referee. The score supervisor is seated at the official score table, between the scorekeeper and the timekeeper. Kata: The competition area for Kumite is used for Kata. The Chief Judge sits in the centre position facing the contestants and the other four Judges are seated at the corners of the competition area.
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13. Rowing
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14. Shooting The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) is recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the sole controlling body of International Amateur Shooting Sports at international and worldwide levels of competition. The ISSF controls the technical regulations in all the target shooting disciplines including pistol, rifle, running target and shotgun. The Olympic programme of the shooting consists of 15 different events over three disciplines. These are rifles, pistols and shotguns. Range standards for 300m, 50m, 25m, 10m rifle and pistol ranges Outdoor ranges are constructed so that the sun is behind the shooter as much as possible during the day. There must be no shadows on the targets. Recommended features to be included in the design and construction of the range: • If possible, the range is surrounded by walls for safety reasons. • Transverse baffle systems to be provided between the firing line and line of targets to prevent accidental exit of unaimed shots. • 50m and 25m are outdoors where possible, but can be indoors if required by legal or climatic conditions. • 300m ranges are at a minimum 290m open to the sky. • 50m ranges are at a minimum 45m open to the sky. • 25m ranges are at a minimum 12.5m open to the sky. 47
15. Squash A squash court is a rectangular box with four vertical walls of varying height. These walls are known as the front wall, side walls and back wall. The front wall line, side wall line, back wall line and upper 50mm of the tin are shaped to deflect any ball that strikes them. The court has a level floor and a clear height above the court area. The length, width and diagonal of the court are measured at a height of 10cm above the floor. Squash courts are also used for racquetball
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16. Swimmimg The Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the world governing body for aquatic sports such as swimming, diving, waterpolo, synchronised and open water swimming. FINA rules are used to manage state, national and international events such as the World Championships and the Olympics. Dimensions: Standard pools are either 25m or 50m long. Depth: For pools with starting blocks, the minimum depth is 1.35m, extending to at least 6.0m. A minimum depth of 1.0 metre is required for pools without starting blocks. Lanes: According to FINA rules World Championships require 8 lanes and Olympic Games require 10 lanes. The lanes are a minimum of 2.5m wide, with two spaces of at least 2.5m wide outside of the first and last lanes. Starting platforms: Starting platforms are from 0.5m‑0.75m high above the water surface. The surface area is at least 1.5m square and covered with a non‑slip material. 49
17. Tabletennis The table: The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, is 2.74m long and 1.525m wide and is horizontal 76cm above the floor. The playing surface does not include the vertical sides of the tabletop. The playing surface yields a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm. The playing surface is a matte surface and dark coloured. There is a white side line, 2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each 1.525m edge. The playing surface is divided into two equal courts by a vertical net parallel to the end lines. For doubles, each court is divided into two equal half courts by a white centre line, 3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines. The centre line forms part of each right half court. The net assembly:
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The net assembly includes the net, its suspension and the supporting posts, including the clamps attaching them to the table. The net is suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 15.25cm high. The outside limits of the post are 15.25cm outside the side line. The top of the net is 15.25cm above the playing surface. The bottom of the net, along its whole length, is as close as possible to the playing surface. The ends of the net are attached to the supporting posts from top to bottom.
18. Tackwondo Competition area: The contest area is a flat, non‑slip mat. The contest area can be installed on a platform 0.6m‑1m high from the base. The colour scheme of the mat’s surface must avoid giving a harsh reflection, or tiring the contestant’s or spectator’s eyesight. The colour scheme is also appropriately matched to the contestant’s equipment, uniform and the surface of the contest area. There are two shapes used on competition. In both shapes the contest area and safety area are different colours. Square shape: This competition area includes the contest area and safety area. The contest area is a 8m x 8m square and a safety area of 2m to 4m. The total size of the competition area which includes the contest area and safety area is 10m x 10m to a maximum of 12m x 12m. The coaches are positioned at a point 1m or more from the centre point of the outer line of each contestant’s side. The inspection desk is near the entrance of the competition area for the inspection of the contestants’ protective equipment.
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19. Tennis The court is 23.77m long and for singles matches, 8.23m wide. For doubles matches the court is 10.97m wide. The court is divided into two equal areas by a net suspended by a cord or metal cable attached to two net posts. The net is 1.07m high and is fully extended to that it fills the space between the two nets posts. The net is 0.914m high at the centre, where is held down tightly by a white strap.
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A white band covers the cord or metal cable and the top of the net. For doubles matches the centre of the net posts are 0.914m outside the doubles court on each side. For singles matches the centres of the net posts are 0.914m outside the singles court on each side.
20. Volleyball The international governing body for volleyball is Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) who provide the rules for the sport. The playing area: Dimensions: The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and is surrounded by a free zone 3m wide on all sides. The space above the playing area is known as the free playing space and is a minimum of 7m high from the playing surface. For FIVB, world and official competitions, the free zone measures a minimum of 5m from the side lines and 8m from the ends lines. The free playing space is a minimum of 7m high from the playing surface. Playing surface: The playing surface is flat and a light colour. For FIVB, world and official competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed. White colours are required for the lines. Other different colours are required for the playing court and free zone. Zones and areas: The front zone on each court is limited by the axis of the centre line and the rear edge of the attack line. The front zone extends beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone. Line markings: All lines on the court are 5cm wide and are a light colour different from the colour of the floor. 53
21. Waterpolo Field of play: The dimensions of a water polo field depend on the size of the pool. Governing bodies such as FINA state that the distance between the goal lines is 20m‑30m for men and 15m‑25m for women. The width of the playing field varies from 10m‑20m, depending on the size of the pool. If no pool is available, water polo can be played in natural bodies of water, such as lakes and pond. Where necessary, lane lines are used to mark off the field dimensions. The minimum water depth is 1.8m but 2m is preferred. Markings: Water polo fields are marked with four specific distances: the goal line, the 2m line, the 5m line and the mid‑pool line. • The goal line is the spot where the front of the cage meets the beginning of the field. • The 2m line is the point 2m out from the goal line, marked on the side of the pool with a red cone. • The 5m line is the point 5m out from the goal line, marked on the side of the pool with a yellow cone. • The mid‑pool line marks the middle of the field of play, generally with a white cone. Platforms for the referees are provided on both side of the field of play. These platforms are 1m square and 70cm high above the water level.
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22. Weightliting For the sport of weightlifting the field of play relates to the area of competition which contains: • Competition platform and stage • Technical Officials’ and Competition Management tables • Warm‑up area. Platform: Two types of platforms are authorised for use by the IWF— Competition and training/ warmup platforms. Both types of platforms must meet the authorised specifications. Competition platform: The platform is a 4m square and made of wood, plastic or any solid material and covered with a non‑slip material. The height of the platform is between 50mm and 150mm. If the floor surrounding the platform is the same or similar colour, the top edge of the platform must have a different coloured 150mm line. A clear one metre area surrounding the platform is compulsory. This area must be flat and free from any obstacles. If the platform is above ground level, a restraining bar at least the width of the platform must be fixed to the stage, at least one metre in front of the platform. Warm‑up platform: The warm‑up platform is 3m wide and 2.5‑3m long. 55
23. Wrestling A new FILA approved mat has a 9m diameter and a 1.5m border and is mandatory in Olympic Games, Championships and Cups. For all other international competitions mats must be approved/sanctioned but not necessarily new. For Olympic Games and World Championships, warm up and training mats must also be new and approved by FILA. A red band, one metre wide, forms an integral part of the wrestling area. It is drawn along the circumference on the inside of the 9m circle. This is known as the red zone. The central circle in the middle of the mat is one metre in diameter. The inside part of the mat inside the red circle is the central wrestling area. It is 7m in diameter. The protection area is 1.5m wide. Surrounding the central circle is a band 10cm wide. For Greco Roman wrestling an 8cm wide line splits the circle into two parts. Two perpendicular lines, 40cm from each other, are called inside hand line and inside line. The colour of the lines are red. The covering and free space around the mat is 2m. The colour of the protection area is different than the mat. For all Olympic Games, World and Continental Championships, the mat is installed on a platform not higher than 1.1m or lower than 0.50m. 56
research outcomes The research on different indoor court specifications and their requirement categorizes the courts into 6 modules. This simplifies the structural system of having multiple large span structures by considering them as rigid and braced blocks.
The arrangement of each court within its module has been illustrated below. All the indoor courts and spaces can be planned within 5 modules for efficient and flawless planning.
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CHAPTER 3
case studies
This chapter includes the Case studies and case examples which help understand the prject , scale and the typology better. Abhinav Bindra : Shooting
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CASE STUDIES Case Studies have been chosen based on the varied approaches towards establishment of relationship between built and the sports facility.
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yamuna sports complex, new delhi Methodology: Primary Case Study Character: Sports complex
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tyagraj stadium, new delhi Methodology: Primary Case Study Character: Indoor stadium relation
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sutd housing, singapore Methodology: Secondary Case Study Character: Sports integrated housing component
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LEUTSHANBACH SCHOOL, ZURICH Methodology: Secondary Case Study Character: Structure sytem
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NIKE FOOTBALL CENTER, SOWETO Methodology: Secondary Case Study Character: Design function
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vertical gym, chacao Methodology: Secondary Case Study Character: Multi storeyed nature
Yamuna Sports complex Location / Address: Surajmal Vihar, Delhi - 110 092 Area: 27.5 ha. Date of Commencement: Foundation stone of this complex was laid by Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi, Honourable Ex-Prime Minister of India on 13th Jun, 1989. Partially opened on “pay & play” basis since 1994. Inaugurated on 20th July 1999. Facilities available: Tennis, Synthetic Tennis Courts(2), Clay-5, Cement-3, Tennis Practice Wall, Table Tennis, Badminton, Fitness Centre, Ladies Gym. Carrom, Chess, Billiards / Snooker / Pool, Basket Ball, Volley Ball, Gymnastics Hall, Skating, Aerobics, Taekwondo, Jogging Track, Artifical Climbing Wall, Cricket, Cricket Practice Pitches, Football, Hockey, Squash, including one glass back wall court, Olympic size Swimming Pool, Toddlers Pool, Sports Shop & Snack Bar.
Introduction: The Yamuna Sports Complex is a sports complex located in New Delhi, India.The table tennis venue has a capacity of 4,297. It has two show court tables, eight match tables and 10 warm-up tables. The total area of the plot is 26,000 square metres. Basement area is 26,000 square metres and the total plinth area is 43,765 square metres. The archery venue has a capacity of 1,500. Yamuna sports complex has state of the art Gymnasium facilities, clay & synthetic tennis courts and cricket ground. It also has astroturf hockey ground facility. A large stone sculpture b “Aiming For Excellence” by noted sculptor, Amarnath Sehgal, was installed at the complex in January 2002. It was the venue for Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as well as Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Reason of choice: 1] A large number of sports facilities integrated into one single comples, making it one of the most utilised sporting facilities in New Delhi. 2] Ideal for learning about the sports field and built relation, as well as sport to sport relation.
Inferences: The sports complex of this scale and infrastruce facilities should be efficiently used and utilised throughout the year. This can be ensured by introducing pay and play system as it is in the case of Yamuna sports complex. The multiple sports units take up a big part of the ground cover. This can be reduced if the are connected to form a single entity. The complex should be well contected with the neighbourhood as they form they main catchment area for talent. Entries on multiple phases of the complex can help enhance the connectivity.
Tyagraj stadium Architects: PTM of Australia and Kapoor & Associates of Delhi Location: New Delhi, India Owned by: Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Area: 16.5 acres (6.7 ha) Project Year: 2010 The Thyagaraj Stadium was a venue for netball during the 2010 Commonwealth Games, which were contested from 4–14 October 2010. Now, the stadium houses the education department of the Government of Delhi.[4] The 4th annual comic-con India took place here between 7–9 February 2014. The stadium is the home ground of Dabang Delhi in the Pro Kabaddi League, and will also host the India Open table tennis tournament from 2017. The venue was built as a venue for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and was named after the South Indian music composer Tyagaraja. 64
Introduction: Constructed over an area of 16.5 acres (6.7 ha) with a seating capacity of 5,883 persons, the Thyagaraj Stadium was built with green technologies such as the use of fly ash bricks in construction. It is India’s first-ever model Green Venue built with the latest green building technologies. The stadium has an R.C.C. structure with steel roofing and the flooring work has been done by using granite, recycled PVC, carpets, epoxy and Kota stone. The stadium has maple wood flooring in the central arena. In terms of energy efficiency, the Thyagaraj Stadium will be setting a benchmark. Lighting will be provided using solar energy. In addition, building-integrated photovoltaic cells will allow the stadium to feed electricity to the grid.
Reason of choice: 1] Presence of Athletics track and spectator seating as part of a building (large indoor sports hall) 2] One of the most recent sports facilities in the Delhi , which has been constructed keeping in mind about the sustainability aspect of the project.
Inferences: The design of the spectator seating as part of the building can act as a raised plinth to the building as well create a connection with the athletics track in terms of function. Radial corridoors on the inside(air conditioned) and outside, separated by glazing can provide a 360 degree view around the building of the sports complexes outside. Alothough this creates a physical barrier, the spaces remain connected visually.
SUTD Housing Consultants: LOOK Architects, Surbana International Consultants Location: Singapore Managing Director: Look Boon Gee Director Ng Sor Hiang Associate: Lee Liting Team Members: Chow Khoon Toong, Widyanto Hartono Thenearto, Anton Siura, Doan Quang Vinh, Jeff Lau Jeh Farn, Karno Widjaja Area: 46865.0 sqm Project Year: 2014
Introduction: Designed by LOOK Architects in collaboration with Surbana International Consultants, campus housing (3 hostel blocks and 2 staff apartment blocks) and sports facilities for SUTD (Singapore University of Technology and Design) have been brought to fruition, realizing the university’s vision for a walkable, 24/7 campus that has academic, housing and recreational facilities within close proximity of one another. Capturing in built form SUTD’s educational pedagogy of collaborative learning, the residential-recreational precinct is liberally interspersed with pockets of interaction spaces, setting up the platform for an open, creative environment.
Reason of choice: 1] Integration of the housing component with the sports facilities and complexes. 2] A similar scale intervention to help undestand the functions of a housing element within a sports precinct.
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Inferences: The close connection of the hostel and sports complex can help develop a positive relation since the hostels will be occupied by the athletes and sports persons. Creation of interesting open spaces at different points of the corridor can help open up the design towards a better sociallt interactive space, as well as allowing light and ventilation for the longer corridors. Pedestrian connections between different buildings at an upper level can help in clearing up the ground space for vehicular movements.
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Leutschenbach School Architects: Christian Kerez Location: Leutschenbach, Saatlenfussweg 3, 8050 ZĂźrich, Switzerland Architect in Charge: Christian Kerez Team: Christian Scheidegger (project manager), Lukas Camponovo, Andrea Casiraghi Structural Engineer: Dr. Schwartz Consulting, Zug, Joseph Schwartz with dsp, Zurich, Walter Kaufmann, Mario Monotti
Introduction: In order to preserve the spaciousness of the site, all the rooms inside the building were reduced to the lowest common denominator and stacked atop one another, with public functions accommodated in mezzanines. The classrooms are housed in a three-story steel-framed structure; the gymnasium, of approximately the same height, is surrounded by a continuous frame structure resembling that of the classroom block. The result is not merely a gymnasium on top of a school building, but a structure that consists of repeating references on multiple levels. On the ground floor, the building is contracted into a minimal core area.
Reason of choice:
Construction Management: BGS, Rapperswil
1] Similar intent in terms of design ideology.
Area: 11500.0 sqm
2] Complexity of Steel structural sytems is solving the spanning concerns.
Project Year: 2009
3] Vertical Typology for Longer span. 4] Building material usage - Glass and Steel.
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Inferences: The result is not merely a gymnasium on top of a school building, but a structure that consists of repeating references on multiple levels. On the ground floor, the building is contracted into a minimal core area. The rooms, can be stacked above one another, vary in size and height. They constitute variations on the same overall spatial and architectural concept.
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nike football center Architects: RUFproject Location Soweto, South Africa Lead Architect & Designer: Sean Pearson Local Project Manager: SIP Project Managers Ltd. Client: Nike South Africa Area: 54800.0 m2 Photographs: Allan James
Introduction: Situated in the heart of Soweto, the Football Training Centre is the centre of football in South Africa, where 1200 teams and 20,000 footballers play each year. In less than 6 months, the facility was transformed into a state of the art football training centre - the first of it’s kind in Africa, and the rest of the world. Designed by the Canadian firm, RUFproject in conjunction with the Nike Global Football Brand Design, the facility encompasses 2 new full sized artificial pitches, 2 junior turf pitches, new lighting, a clubhouse & player lounge, an education facility for the Grass Roots Soccer & Life Skillz programme, a Training Gym, Physio & First Aid facility, a Product Trial, Catering , Administrative Offices, Viewing Deck and new Change Rooms. The Clubhouse & Player’s Lounge house regular and in-depth tips and insights from Nike Athletes & Coaches and a place for coaches and players to focus on the tactical and strategic aspects of the game.
Reason of choice: 1] Academy of similar scale, and function. 2] Public interactive academy. 70
Inferences: The changing rooms can be placed in the lower level and seperated vertically. The players lounge can also be open to public along with the trophy cabinet by adjust the timings of the main players. Viewing gallery can add much more value to the lounge with the view of the football ground.
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vertical gym Date: 2001-2004 Location: Chacao, Caracas, Venezuela Client: Municipality of Chacao, Leopoldo Lopez Project Team: Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner, Mateo Pinto, Matias Pinto, Jose Nuñez, Marielly Casanova, Eduardo Kairuz, Francisco Martin, Ricardo Toro, Eduardo Kairuz Sustainability Engineering: Guy Battle, Battle McCarthy Electrical services: Freddy Ferro
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Introduction: Most of the buildable land in slums is claimed by housing, leaving minimal space for community facilities. To address this, U-TT focused on the latent potential of small, rundown sports pitches within the dense urban fabric of Caracas’ barrios. The first Vertical Gym was built in 2004 for the municipality of Chacao, creating a low-cost, multilevel recreation complex. It was designed as a prefabricated kit of parts that can be assembled in three months and customized to fit different topological, climactic, and programmatic needs. More than a building, the Vertical Gym is a piece of social infrastructure that has reduced crime rates, promoted healthy lifestyles, and strengthened social capital. Four gyms have been completed to date, with others in development around the world.
Reason of choice:
Graphic design: Intégral / Ruedi Baur
1] One of the very few examples of a multi storeye sports facility around the globe.
Sport coordinator: Jose Miguel Perez
2] Use of steel for construction of the modules.
Construction Management: Luis Torres
3] The flexible modular nature of the design can be adapted to the needs and means of diverse clients, whether by building specific parts, or in phases over time.
Inferences: The flexible modular design can be adapted to the needs and means of diverse clients, whether by building specific parts, or in phases over time. The modular nature of the design creates a flexible nature to the usable space allowing various type of sports to indulge and interact. The steel structures can add to the transparency of the structure as well as efficiency in the layout of services.
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case study matrix
key parameters The following are the key parameters based on which the case study matrix have been formed. This help s in comparing and visualising the scale and similarites anong the projects better.
OPENNESS & FLUIDITY The openness and fluidity refers to the easeness of entry and accessibility to utilise the sports facilities. The more public friendly the complex, the more open. LARGE EVENTS The sports facilities host a wide range of events at various competetive and non-competetive levels. The scale of the events determine the quality of the facility in terms of spectator capacity as will as event flexibility. NATURE OF USE Sports facilities can be training facility, casual playing, official events host, or a combination of these. CONNECTIVITY Connectivity through public transportation. Closeness to the nearest transit node.
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CHAPTER 4
programme development
This chapter includes the process involved in developing a progam for the project and finding relation between the built and unbuilt areas. Mary Kom : Boxing
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PROJECT VISION The Sports City Kochi project is one of the mega projects funded by a group of private investors led by India’s cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar as a contribution towards India’s sporting excellence. Once the sports city becomes operational, popular sports academies and trainers from across the world are expected to arrive here to use the modern facilities to good advantage. Housing facilities for c oaches, supporting staff and trainees will be provided. Parents of the trainees can stay at the resi dential complexes when they come to visit their wards. The investors are also mooting the idea to promote and market the centre as a tourist spot. If the Kochi Sports City yielded the desired results, the group is planning to launch similar projects in other southern States.
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“I would like to see India as a multi – sport games, exercise games country. We should also care at developing ‘Sport Cities’ and ‘Sports Stadium’. There is a need for more and more sports academies, center to nurture young athletes along with creating new infrastructure to catapult India from a sports watching nation to a sports playing nation,” - Sachin Tendulkar
PROGRAMME DERIVATION One of the key understandings from research was that a startegically developed program is required in order to create a holistic model for sports tourism. The process adopted for the programme development therefore focusses on catering to the needs of the host community while also creating an enjoyable & informative environment for the visitors. Step 1: Analysing opinions of residents, tourists & local experts in the field of sports, conservation, heritage management and spatial design with respect to the community & site. Step 2: Understanding the culture under focus through as many lenses as possible in order to allow for authentic representation of the heritage and the sports culture to the visitor. Step 3: Understanding the needs, aspirations and expectations of all the users & stakeholders of this space.
The ‘programme’ will be derived out of an understanding of what the people need and what the site demands.
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DERIVATION INFERENCES Activity based provision spaces
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Provideing for all user groups RESIDENTIAL ATHLETES
Indoor complex facilities
VISITING ATHLETES
Kerala Blasters academy
CASUAL PLAYERS SUMMER CAMP GRASS ROOTS SCHOOL FESTS KERALA BLASTERS LONG TERM TOURISTS DAILY TOURISTS TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS NEIGHBOURHOOD COMMUNITY
Athletics Track & Field Rowing Hostel facilities + dormitories Food Court Gym Hockey Apartments Visitor center Sports store 81
area programme
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CHAPTER 5
programme ANALYSIS
This chapter includes analysis of the derived program, relation between built and indoor-outdoor relation. P.T Usha : Athletics
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built area comparison The area programme provides adequate information required for a thorough analysis of different spaces. The relation between the spaces can be divided into two; outdoor relation and indoor relation. The parameters for the analysis include relation between the major components and functional zones of the area programme;,the heirarchy of the spaces and type of connection between them. The Entire Programme can been divided into the following major components: 1] Indoor sports complex 2] Hostel block 3] Residetial 4] KBFC academy The Indoor sports cover them maximum part of the total built up required as it includes almost all the olympic indoor facilities. The residential apartments cover the majoritty of the remaining area. The buildable ground area is greatly diminished due to the open grounds, setbacks and the water body.
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outdoor relation
Proximity diagram 93
indoor relation
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Space relation: Indoor court
Indoor court Comparison
• Heirarchy of space • Inter-relation between functional zones • Type of connection between them
• Area of various indoor sport courts
Space relation: Athletics
Space relation: KBFC Academy
Space relation: Hostel
• Heirarchy of space • Inter-relation between functional zones • Type of connection between them
• Heirarchy of space • Inter-relation between functional zones • Type of connection between them
• Heirarchy of space • Inter-relation between functional zones • Type of connection between them
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CHAPTER 6
PROJECT SITE
This chapter elaborates the details about the site, its context, and site conditions. Saina Nehwal : Badminton
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physical context
Ernakulam District
Map of Kerala Country: India State: Kerala District: Ernakulam City: Kochi Wards: Kakkanad 98
Map of India
Map of Kochi
The precinct is located within the city of Kochi, a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering the Arabian Sea. It is part of district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. The city has a corporation limit population of 612,343, and metropolitan population of 2.1 million, making it the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. Kochi is also famous for its sports following, especially with the introduction of its own football team Kerala Blasters.
Site data Site
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Site conditions Natural and Manmade Features
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Connectivity and Movement
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Climatic Data Under the Köppen climate classification, Kochi From June to September, the south-west monfeatures a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Kochi’s soon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the proximity to the equator along with its coastal lo- windward side of the Western Ghats. cation results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 °C (73 and 88 °F) with the record high being 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), and record low 16.3 °C (61.3 °F).
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From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 2,978.0 mm (117.24 in), with an annual average of 125 rainy days
Site Micro Climate The site’s adjacency to the Mala Lake and the Altinho hill will also have an effect on the local climatic conditions.
Prevailing winds
Downslope winds flow from the Altinho hill down the leeward slope to this area at the foot of the hills. This accelerated flow of the mas of air generally has a cooling effect. The impact in this case might be marginal because of the low slope.
Humidity
Due to the presence of the lake, rate of evaporation & thus the absolute humidity (AH) increases because of water being available to be evaporated.
Precipitation
Monsoon laden clouds approach Panjim from due west. The site thus receives most from its precipitation from across the Altinho hill. Being on the leeward side, the angle of the driving rain will be less than on the windward side.
Air movement
The primary air movement is from the the sea to land and vice-versa. However, the Altinho hill reduces velocity, so land breeze will have greater velocity. Thus, stronger winds will be from east to west at night time. 103
Site views
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The backwater
The bridge
The road
The backwaters form one of the main feature of the neighbourhood, with the ferry being the main mode of transportation and tourist attraction.
These minor bridges are positioned at various locations to facilitate pedestrian and two-wheeler movement across the water channels.
The roads in the neighbourhood are narrow and hence resticts bus movement. 105
CHAPTER 7
SITE ANALYSIS
This chapter consists of the analysis derived from the collected data of the site. Sandeep Singh : Hockey
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SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH
WEAKNESS
1] Site is well connected by roadways, railway and waterways as per the development plans.
1] Most of the site falls under the wetlands. Therefore the construction process is relatively complicated due to lower load bearing capacity of the soil.
2] Site exhibits Kerala’s scenic beauty through its greenery and water body. 3] Waterbody in the site creates a connecting link with the backwaters. 4] This sports city site next to the backwaters is an important tissue in the urban fabric which will be utilised to promote the sports tourism .
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2] A big portion of the site is covered by water and thus results in shortage of buildable area.
s w
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OPPORTUNITY
THREAT
1] Kerala has a very stong sports following and commitmented supporters. This can boost the success of the sports city with a large scale participation.
1] The site lies in the wetlands around the backwaters. During the monsoons, the water level rises and causes flooding around the region.
2] Future transit node around the site provides scope for a transit oriented development.
2] Project of this scale and infrasstructure is a very new concept to the state of kerala and would fail if it does not gainthe confidence of the community around it.
3] Colleges and schools already exists around the area which can be attracted as casual users of the facilities. 4] Proper planning and management of the project could lead to revitalisation of the whole precinct and could lead to an urban sprawl.
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design determinants
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Functional Diagram
Volumetric Disposition
Open Space Heirarchy
• Heirarchy of space • Inter-relation between functional zones • Type of connection between them
• Grain of the settlement and main road • View to the lake
• Nature of existing morphology • Natural form of the site • Relevant pause points
Pedestrian Movement
Vehicular Movement
Zoning
• Nature of existing street patterns • Connection between important nodes, both open and built
• Convenient transition from main road into site • Servicing requirements
• Urban conditions • Adjacencies • Noise disturbances
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CHAPTER 8
CONCEPT DESIGN
This chapter includes ideas and driving concepts for the design of Sports City Kochi. Dipa Karmakar : Gymnastics
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concept evolution
Keeping the vision of the project in mind, the space acts as an interlock, a connector between people, the visitors and the host community. The site acts as an interface between the natural heritage of the precinct and the rest of the surroundings. The specialists from various sporting backgrounds come together to spread their knowledge to build up a legacy of a sports culture that has been a dream of every sportsperson in the country. Conceptualising the design involves looking at the potential of the site and the program from different perspectives, breaking the norms and visualising a solution for the future. A new typology perhaps. A project of such a large scale and unique expertise must achieve a certain standards of aesthetic sensitivity, a landmark in nature.
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Forces of Nature Kerala is also called as the “Gods own country�. It is a paradise mixture of the cloudy sky, lush green and the peaceful backwaters. The site exhibits all the natural features that can help encourage the natural heritage of the location.
Sky
Realising the essence of the site and merging it with elements of sports facilities, we try to achieve a harmony between both.
Indoor facilities stacked together towards the sky
For the success of such a large scale project, it is important that everyone and everything contributes in providing service to the user. In Sports City Kochi, the natural heritage and the sports culture go hand-in-hand. This is what sports tourism in keralla should be all about.
Earth
Sports City Kochi will be an example of how the forces of nature play a vital role in helping user interact with the sports facilities.
Water
Athletics, football ground and hockeys interacting with ground
Rowing facilities in the existing natural water body
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design principles Transit Orientation
Urban Principles
Even though the site is located on the outskirts of the city of Kochi, the site remains well connected through different transport modes.
1] Develop inviting and accssible transit areas in and around the site boundaries 2] Ensure connections between different functions and spaces. 3] Produce great and green streets. 4] Generate public open spaces for recreation and informal gallery space.. 5] Reinforce walkability, bikeability and well being of the residents and the visitors. 6] Bridge the past and the future with the present advancements in technology. 7] Nurture neighbourhood character and responding to the context. 8] Stimulate sustainability and innovation in architecture, Planning and Technology. 9] Improve equity and opportunity 10] Emphasize early integration, simple integration and maintainable longteerm solutions.
The design involves creating vibrant, walkable, mixed-use communities surrounded by transit stations. The many benefits for the sports city being a transit oriented development include a higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play sports; greater mobility with ease of moving around; reduced household spending on transportation, healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress; higher, more stable property values; increased foot traffic and customers for area businesses; greatly reduced dependence on foreign oil; greatly reduced pollution and environmental destruction; reduced incentive to sprawl, less expensive than building roads and sprawl; and enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness.
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CHAPTER 9
TECHNOLOGY STUDY
This chapter includes the technological study intend to be applied in the project. Karnam Malleswary : Weightlifting
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key parameters The following are the key parameters based on which the technology study was conducted. The sub-parameters involved in the study have been discussed when each of the parameters are explained.
BUILDING STRUCTURES
BUILDING SERVICES
USER SAFETY
SUSTAINABILITY
building STRUCTURES Building Form The exterior shape and texture of large buildings make up the views that people see of the City, and form many of the impressions they take away from it. It is universally agreed that the one essential ingredient for new tall buildings is good design. There will inevitably be planning problems in the development of any high-rise structure, so high quality enhancement of the cityscape must come from new projects. The social impact of a single tower on a predominantly low-to-medium rise city is great, and only the best architects should be entrusted with such responsibility. Rather than dwell on the subjective nature of architecture, this section of the report focuses upon the material makeup of the buildings. Their internal form and the materials used to construct them add significantly to their environmental impact. The form of the buildings have a major impact on the complexity required in the structural systems to achieve stability.
Tall Building Structures Flexible types of structure are a requirement from building developers in an increasingly fluid property market, and new buildings need to be designed to be adaptable to changes throughout their lifetime.
Floor Plate Impact: The change in demand and the requirement for flexibility has led to an increase in span of the floor beams of offices. Whereas column grids were previously laid out with 5-8m spacings, new buildings are constructed with clear floor spans of 10-15m. To improve the efficient use of materials to accommodate increasing spans, construction methods have been adapted and new techniques developed in the last decade. There has been a general move from the concrete framed structures of the 1960s towards longer span steel beam floor systems. Advantages of the composite action between a concrete floor slab and its supporting steel beams has reduced the depth of beams and hence the weight of steel by up to 30 per cent. For multi-storey buildings, the resulting reduction in material used and the associated energy and emissions savings on the manufacture and transportation of the steel becomes significant.
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One consequence of increased spans is a greater potential susceptibility to vibrations which must be limited at the design stage. The use of metal decking fixed to steel beams acting as permanent formwork for concrete floor slabs has increased the efficiency and speed of construction and is used in most new tall buildings. The dominance of this system is the result of constructability and economy.
Structural Stability and Efficiency: The design of structural frames to resist lateral and vertical loads on buildings is a complex process which takes into account a multitude of requirements. As a result, there are a number of structural systems which make a tall building stand up. Steel is not so readily available and construction practice favours concrete. Rigid concrete frame systems can be economical up to 20 storeys; concrete walls forming the central core can be economical up to 40 storeys; and concrete-framed tubes can be economical up to 60 storeys, with tube-in-tube structures and modular tubes used for very tall buildings. A combination of concrete and steel structures is often the most efficient form, utilising the best characteristics of each material. Research into the performance of concrete-filled steel tubs has enabled their use at main supporting columns in some mega-structures. In the India, the most common form of structure in buildings up to 50 storeys is a reinforced concrete shear core used to stabilise the building against wind, with composite concrete floor slabs on a steel frame used to carry the building’s gravity loads to the foundations. There are many ways to construct tall buildings and in practice it is the desired use of a buildings which predominantly determines its design. The exterior shape and the materials of the façade have the greatest impact on the outside public, whilst the arrangement of spaces inside determines the efficiency of a building’s use by its occupants. The choice of materials for the structural frame is determined primarily to satisfy those requirements, with comparisons made of the most economical form that will do the job. In the commercial sector, this general principle applies equally to low-to-medium rise buildings as to tall buildings. In low-rise structures alternative options are available for building materials. Brick, stone and even timber are applicable for use in the primary structure of buildings, but these are mainly confined to the residential sector. While the embodied energy of these materials is lower than concrete, steel or glass, these three are mainly used in tall office buildings for their versatility and constructability. 123
Flooring system: The open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points. The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the load imposed on the deck to the structural frame i.e. beam and column. In order to accurately design an OWSJ, engineers consider the joist span between bearing points, joist spacing, slope, live loads, dead loads, collateral loads, seismic loads, wind uplift, deflection criteria and maximum joist depth allowed. Many steel joist manufacturers supply economical load tables in order to allow designers to select the most efficient joist sizes for their projects. While OWSJs can be adapted to suit a wide variety of architectural applications, the greatest economy will be realized when utilizing standard details, which may vary from one joist manufacturer to another. Open web joists can be used as the flooring system consisting of joist girders which carry the major spanning load across the spaces.
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The lightweight nature of the joists make them an economical alternative to conventional steel members to splan greater than 12m. Girders used with the open-web joists may be joist girders(a heavier version of the open web joist).
Foundation: For tall buildings, large diameter conventional bored piles are required for deeper foundations. The construction of basements in the City often has a determining effect on the severity of foundation impacts. The size and depth of basements clearly depend on the requirements of the client. In general terms, a broad shallow basement may have a greater overall impact than a deep basement with a smaller footprint typical of a tall building. Comparison of Impacts on Tall and Low-rise Building Foundations Piled Foundations
Raft Foundations
1] Smaller volume of excavated material
1] Larger volumes of concrete/m2 floor space 2] Additional consumption for temporary works
2] Efficient deep end-bearing piles 3] Additional fuel for piling rigs 4] Higher noise and vibration levels 5] Adverse effects of piling below existing foundations 6] Services must be re-routed
3] Less separation from site boundary
7] Smaller area of archaeological impact
6] Prolonged archaeological digs
4] Additional loading on nearby existing foundations 5] Services may be covered over
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building SERVICES
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Services and Design Issues
The Use of Air Conditioning
Sufficient capacity in the public utilities services of power (electricity, oil and gas), water and sewerage is a pre-requisite for sustainable development of tall buildings, where resource input and waste output are extremely high and concentrated. Building services have to provide a comfortable working environment in the building for several thousand people. Certain aspects of the design of services in tall buildings impact upon sustainability different to low-rise buildings. There is an additional burden on consumption from the need for lifts in towers; delivery of water at height has implications on pumping provision; and systems must handle the removal of large concentrations of waste. On the other hand, tall office buildings can have advantages over lower developments in areas such as lighting, the need for heating or cooling, and the efficiencies that can be garnered from servicing a tall, thin space.
The issue of cooling in buildings depends on how the building is used and the desirability of control over the internal environment as much as the climatic conditions of the location. The avoidance of energy-intensive air conditioning is a growing concern for environmentally-conscious designers. In situations where natural ventilation is not feasible and where energy input is required to maintain the required ambient conditions, energyefficient systems should be installed. As the cost of fuel rises over the life of a new building and the pressures for greater energy efficiency take effect, cost-effective energy saving methods will be widely adopted. An integrated approach to the provision of building services includes features such as high performance cladding systems, free cooling, night pre-cooling of the structure, use of natural heat rejection to river water or borehole cooling, variable volume chilled water systems including direct drive variable pumping, variable volume air systems using direct drive variable speed motors. Combined heat and power (CHP) offers energy advantages from which waste heat can drive refrigeration machines.
Heating Loads
Electric Lighting and Daylight
In general, heating is often not needed in tall buildings, where there is a computer on every desk with high levels of electric lighting. By careful design, heating can be omitted with apart from a minimal background provision for cold start-up (pre-heating). The use of passive heating methods and the use of CHP systems can contribute to space heating, domestic hot water and cooling requirements as well as electricity supply.
In buildings, lighting can account for 10-25 per cent of the overall electrical load depending upon the small power requirements and the amount of heat load going from lighting back into cooling load. The inclusion of energy-efficient lighting is crucial particularly in tall buildings where optimised solutions can make a substantial saving on impacts. Lights in tall buildings have a relatively low embedded energy cost and therefore any energy savings are real.
For high-rise developments, the need to reduce energy should drive the use of high performance building envelopes and hence reduce perimeter heating to a level that can be offset by passive solar heating and internal gains. The system should ensure improved air tightness to walls and facades and eliminate losses through thermal bridging. Capital expenditure on insulated cladding is often cost-effective over the life of a building, with added benefits of lower energy consumption and emissions.
Energy-efficient lamp technologies and lighting control systems can be integrated with daylight to provide reductions in overall consumption. The best advantage can be gained from automatic control of electric lighting as a function of ambient daylight levels. Daylight level sampling equipment can be placed at roof level, while internal space sensors can allow control of electric lighting. Issues for luminaires in tall buildings: • Integration with daylight • Building identification on flight paths • External lighting and the building’s visual appearance • Minimising external Light Spill and Light Pollution 127
user Safety Fire Safety Fire safety engineering is a relatively new discipline which has developed in recent years essentially to meet fire control solutions for buildings that fall outside of the current codes such as large and complex buildings. Currently, there are no differences in requirements for buildings above 30m high, though buildings below that height have less stringent regulations. The suitability of current regulations for very tall buildings is under review by leading construction industry institutions as a result of the World Trade Centre collapse, and findings should be available shortly. In practice, individual tall buildings are analysed in relation to their own design to develop a rationale for fire engineering. This is discussed with the Fire Authorities, District Surveyors and approving bodies. The onus is on the fire engineer to demonstrate that the proposed fire solutions meet or better the requirements of the intent of the regulations. routines such as registration or licensing procedures.
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The areas of prime consideration are as follows. • The adequacy of means to prevent fire • Early fire warning by an automatic detection and warning system • The standard of means of escape • Provision of smoke control • Control of the rate of growth of a fire • The adequacy of the structure to resist the effects of a fire • The degree of fire containment • Fire separation between buildings or parts of buildings • The standard of active measures for fire extinguishment or control • Facilities to assist the fire service • Availability of powers to require staff training in fire safety and fire
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The various ways of managing these issues in preparing the fire strategies of a new building are briefly described below. • Phased Evacuation Protected escape routes from tall buildings must be managed effectively. To avoid excessively wide escape stairs needed to evacuate several thousand people at the same time, phased evacuation is common. • Fire Fighting Shafts and Lifts For tall buildings, protected access within the building for fire fighting can be provided by the design of fire fighting shafts. Fire fighting lifts are currently used for heights greater than 18m.
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• Smoke Control Staircase pressurisation and smoke control systems are provided in firerated air shafts. Smoke dampers activated by the Fire Alarm System are used in air conditioning and ventilation ducts. • Sprinkler Protection and Gas Flooding Systems Sprinkler protection is provided throughout the building as an automatic means of fire fighting and controlling a fire during its initial growth. Gas flooding systems may be considered in specialist areas such as computer data rooms where sprinkler systems are undesirable.
For tall buildings to be sustainable, occupants must feel confident that the fire fighting equipment and procedures are absolutely reliable. Whilst there are cost and environmental implications, these are secondary to the need to protect the lives of occupants. Without a proven ability to deal with fire and manage evacuations safely, any building is unmarketable.
Exit Time Analysis
Gates and Turnistiles
This is a step-by-step computation of the time it takes spectators to move from their nearest vomitory (the journey from seat to vomitory being ignored for the purposes of this calculation) to a place of permanent safety.
Calculate widths of all passages and doorways or gateways along these routes in units of 600mm (i.e. a passage that is 600mm wide is ‘one unit exit width’, one that is 1200mm wide is ‘two exit unit widths’).
Assume that spectators move along the level floors and ramps at 150m per minute, and down stairways at 30m per minute. Further assume that 40 people per minute can pass through one ‘exit width’ (600mm for corridors and also for doorways, gates, etc.). Add up the walking times for the ‘worst case’ spectator selected above, all the way from his vomitory to Zone 4. Subtract this time from the ‘escape period’ required by regulation, or in case of doubt from eight minutes.
Now check that the total number of spectators seated or standing in a particular section can actually exit in the time calculated above, and if they cannot then widths must be increased.
Gates are cheap, and an open gate of a metre’s width can permit the passage of approximately 4000 spectators per hour; but they are a relatively unsophisticated form of control apparatus. Turnstiles are expensive and will allow only 500 to 750 spectators per hour to pass.
Repeat the above ‘distance’ and ‘width’ calculations for each subdivision of the stadium, so that no spectator seating or standing area has been missed out, and revise the stadium layout if necessary until the entire stadium complies with safety requirements.
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sustainability Increasingly, architects and engineers are designing buildings that respond to and take advantage of ambient conditions in a given location. Natural elements being harnessed to improve the sustainability of new buildings • Free heating • Free cooling • Day-lighting • Borehole cooling • Rainwater collection • Solar power • Wind power
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As well as generating a return on capital expenditure, the need for new buildings to enhance their environment, to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye, and to be effective and comfortable to occupants are the primary concerns of designers. But these main aims need not be compromised in seeking to develop and construct in a sustainable way. A successful balance between economic, social and environmental effects can be achieved by an overall approach to building design. Beginning with a commitment to sustainable development, client, architect services and structural engineers create the conceptual design, which is implemented in construction, and followed through in the operation and maintenance of a building. The end-users of offices, including a day-time working population of 330,000 people in the City, regularly complain about the neglect of their needs and desires being incorporated into buildings at the design stage. In practice, economic tend to outweigh social and environmental factors in commercial developments. However, pressure to redress the balance is increasing and future developments will be more sustainable.
Orientation on Plan:
Daylight and Passive Solar Gain Tall buildings are less constrained than low-rise buildings by the shape of land plots or the layout of streets. More of the street level area can be given to public amenities and recreational space. Maximum advantage can be taken of daylight by shaping the plan arrangement of a building to suit the activities within. The materials of the façade also determine the thermal insulation U-values of the exterior walls. The orientation of the building in relation to the seasonal paths of the sun across the sky has a significant impact on the thermal and visual performance as previously discussed.
Building Shape and Wind:
Floor width & Ceiling Height:
Floor Thickness & Thermal Mass:
The shape and profile of a tall building determines its performance in wind. Shape not only affects the loading on the structure, but also has an impact on conditions in the surrounding streets and buildings. Good aerodynamic design has a beneficial impact on the structural frame of a tower in terms of materials, and on the comfort of pedestrians at ground level.
The width of a building, usually referred to as floor plate depth, has a critical impact on its economic, social and the environmental performance. In financial terms, larger floor plates are more cost effective. The ratio of net internal area to gross internal area (NIA:GIA) can be increased with a deep floor plan. This ratio decreases with height as a greater area is given to cores in tall buildings. In terms of running costs, however, energy for lighting, which accounts for a large portion of the fuel bill for an office building, can be greatly reduced by the use of daylight. Useful daylight penetrates 3-6m inside a building from the windows, and shallower floor plates maximise the use of daylight. Lighting levels on a desk, the width of the building and the height of the ceiling all affect workers’ feelings of comfort and their productivity. There has been a tendency to squeeze as much usable floor area into a building as possible. A tall building can have fewer constraints on floor height and a narrower floor plate than a low-rise block which can lead to an increased rentable value.
Daylight entering a building arrives with a degree of passive solar heat gain. The structure of a building can be arranged to absorb and dissipate that heat energy by its thermal mass characteristics. In principle, this involves direct absorption of heat into the floor slabs when there is sunlight for release at cooler periods. While passive solar gains can be harnessed to avoid the need for heating buildings in winter, gains in summer can create the need for cooling.
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Façade Engineering: Another area where the fabric of a building can be used to control the internal conditions is the façade. The glazed façades favoured for high-rise office buildings have both positive and negative effects on energy consumption. There has been recent success in reducing the negative effects. Double glazing with argon-filled cavities, triple-glazing and glass coatings can increase Uvalues. The penalty suffered in increased embodied energy to improve the thermal insulating properties of façades is often paid back in reduced energy consumption over the life of the building. Air tightness of the façade is a major issue for tall buildings where pressure differentials from higher winds at the top of a building can cause problems with controlling internal temperatures and draughts.
Core Design: Double skin facades offer several advantages. They can act as buffer zones between internal and external conditions, reducing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. In combination with ventilation of the space between the two facades, the passive thermal effects can be used to best advantage. Natural ventilation can be drawn from the buffer zone into the building by opening windows in the inner façade. The stack effect of thermal air currents in tall buildings offers advantages over lower buildings. This eliminates potential security and safety problems caused by having opening windows at the top of tall buildings as well as wind pressure differentials around the building.
Cores provide a path for building services, vertical transportation and a means of escape, as well as contributing to the structural stability of a building. For tall buildings with repetitive floor plates, the efficiency of service cores is crucial to their viability. Attention in the design process is given to the service core by parties with separate aims: lift engineers, building services engineers, structural engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, the District Surveyor, the fire engineer, the Fire Brigade. Design teams may review many options of core configuration to meet the different requirements of each discipline. Developers view cores as a loss of lettable space and apply pressure to minimise the core footprint. In general, the more time spent on the core design, the more sustainably efficient it is.
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Photo Voltaic for buildings: Photovoltaics (PV) is an advanced and practical solution for the sustainable supply of energy in buildings. PV cells convert light into electrical energy. It is not a new concept but has recently been developed as a viable “building integratedâ€? PV system. The technology is proven and available. Commercial cell performance can range from 50-50 W/ m² of the PV area depending upon the type of cell and PV cell density to allow the transmission of daylight.
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Architecture design with PV: Solar PVs can provide an excellent opportunity for aesthetic and environmental innovation. Panels can replace roofs, and wall cladding systems can cover existing unsightly concrete buildings, provide rain coverings and act as roof lights. Depending on the PV density, panels can admit or reduce daylight to the space. This can combine as a total engineered solution to reduce heat gain to the space but allowing daylight for occupants. Different densities of light admittance can be achieved in a single panel of glass with, for example, the upper and lower part of the glass more dense allowing mid vision sections at eye level.
Water conservation: In respect of embodied energy, PV panels are expensive to produce, equivalent in cost to that of high performance building cladding systems. However, the same is true of laminated and toughened solar control glass which is seen as an essential part of cladding. PV glass panels may be a direct alternative to reduce energy consumption. These panels are applicable as double skin cladding whereby air passes behind the PV panel and absorbs heat both to improve the PV performance and to reduce energy consumption. This can be used to pre-heat fresh air in winter and as a ventilated cavity to remove heat in summer.
There are some simple water conservation techniques that can be implemented in a high rise building design. These include: - Rainwater Collection - Low Flow Wash Hand Basins - Dual Flow WC’s - Dry Urinals - Grey water recycling
Rain water harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses. The rainwater is collected from various hard surfaces such as rooftops and/or other manmade aboveground hard surfaces. Collection Area and Characteristics Water harvesting potential(m3) = Area (m2) X Rainfall (m) X Collection Efficiency • Measure Area • Runoff Characteristics • Roof top 0.75 – 0.95 • Paved area 0.50 – 0.85 • Bare ground 0.10 – 0.20 • “Green area 0.05 – 0.10 • Collection Area • Rainfall • Demand • Primary Use (Direct Use, Artificial Recharge (AR) or Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)) • Storage capacity • Level of Security - risk of the storage tank running dry
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CHAPTER 10
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
This chapter reveals the design journey and the stages the design underwent. Sunil Chhetri : Football
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key parameters The following are the key parameters based on which the design development takes place - from a basic massing to a finished product. The sub-parameters involved in the development of the design have been discussed when each of the development stages are explained.
BUILT AND OPEN CONTEXT
URBAN CONDITIONS
CONTOURS AND LEVELS
RELATIONSHIP OF BUILT & OPEN WITHIN SITE
VISITOR EXPERIENCE
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development stages Stage 1 Visualizing the mass This was the first attempt at visualising how the building mass would respond to the urban characters in terms of massing. The masses are placed on both sides of the athletics track. STRENGTHS 1] The building becomes centre to al sports activities around it. 2] Volume gave directions for possible functional uses of the mass.
DRAWBACKS
3] separation of the masses based on the function has been established, yet they still remain connected through the sport facilities.
1] Without functions involved, this is a very basic level of sketch design and no further analysis is possible. 2] larger area of the existing natural water body is coved up.
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Stage 2 Finalising the zoning This was a detailed attempt at zoning the functions with response to the edge conditions as well as their relation between the individual functions. The residential unit is divided into two, keeping the hostels closer to the sports facilities and the apartments a bit further away but closer to and entry point. A sports axis has been created. STRENGTHS 1] Sports axis ensures north-south alignmwnt for all the outdoor sports facilities. 2] Connection between sports facilities and built components has been established. 3] Residents get the view of the green and the backwaters around the site.
DRAWBACKS 1] The buildings doesn’t follow a unified architectural language with respect to form and order. 2] The residential components remain restricted in terms of pedestrian and vehicular circulation around it. 143
Stage 3 Exploration of the Form This was the first attempt to explore various building forms to create a unified architectural language among the different built components. The form follows the concept of creating a concave where the exterior region belongs to sports facilities and the interior portion for the entry zones. Parking infront of the academy is moved to the .other side. STRENGTHS 1] Order and fuction of spaces are well defined with the zig-zag form. 2] Rowing facilities possible due to the linear nature of the water body and the river front. 3] The form of the complex creates interesting viewing angle.
DRAWBACKS 1] The outer road along the water body connecting the apartments to the hockey field is redundant. 2] Access and public drop off to the Athletic stadium undefined. 3] Parking provisions not provided.
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Stage 4 Detailing the components This was at attempt at detailing the building components further. The circulation and parking have been resolved. The design not starts to have a hold on the context as it attempts to create a positive impact not just in terms of providing sporting facility but also as an urban initiative. The outer roads connect the two adjoining neighbours of the site. A retail component is designed on the outer road which also acts as a public entry point to the athletic stadium through the bridge connection. The road also caters to the boat jetty. The facade of the buildings start to take shape. STRENGTHS 1] The design now displays the characters of the urban intervention.
DRAWBACKS 1] Landscaping and public gathering spots havent been provided.
2] Parking and circulation problems have been resolved.
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CHAPTER 11
FINAL DESIGN
This chapter consists of the final design, design outcomes and analysis of the same. Kerala Blasters FC : Indian Super League [Football]
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OVERVIEW
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major components The programme’s built is divided into four major components: TOTAL SITE AREA WATER AREA
=1,25,614 SQ.M = 17,768 SQ.M
SET BACK AREA Land side= 6m Canal side = 9m Back water side= 25 m highway side= 15 m total area used in setback = 24,518 SQ. GROUND AREA FOR OUTDOOR SPORTS = 32,437 SQ.M TOTAL GROUND COVER = 9746 SQ.M FAR ACHIEVED = 1.94 Volumetric diagram:
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RETAIL BLOCK Food chains, Sports stores RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS 2bhk, 3bhk apartments
KBFC ACADEMY Kerala Blasters Football Club Training Academy SPORTS TOWER Indoor sports facility
GIRLS HOSTEL
BOYS HOSTEL + ATHLETIC STADIUM SUPPORT
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site plan
design approach
The site plan reveals relation of the site with the built form, entry point to the site as well as the buildings. The components of the site plan are as follows:
THE BACKWATERS OF KERALA: Maintain the natural heritage of the site by sustaining the existing water body and using it as a connecting space as well as for rowing activities. Backwaters have been one of the major tourist destinations of kerala.
1. SPORTS CITY TOWER 2. KERALA BLASTERS ACADEMY BLOCK 3. KERALA BLASTERS TRAINING GROUND 4. ATHLETICS TRACK AND FIELD STADIUM 5. STADIUM SUPPORT 6. GIRLS HOSTEL 7. BOYS HOSTEL 8. RETAIL BLOCK 9. RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS 10. BOATING YARD + CITY WATER BUS STOP 11. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 12. PUBLIC PARKING AREA 13. HOSTEL PARKING 14. TOWER PARKING 15. SERVICE YARD 16. SERVICE BLOCK 17. MAIN ENTRY GATE 1 18. ENTRY GATE 3 19. ENTRY GATE 4 20. ENTRY GATE 2 21. ROWING AREA
GREEN GREEN EVERYWHERE: Responding to the fuana around and within the site by creating landscape inspired by the existing context topography. Taking inspiration from the vernacular landscape concepts to connect the built to the nature. SPORTS AXIS: All the sports facilities alligned in a single axis for better circulation and connectivity. This makes sure the north-south allignment of all sports facilities. It also segregate the sports facilities with the residential support. FUTURE CONNECTIVITY: The lack of connectivity of the site is resolved with the upcoming highway and rail network. The design proposes and exterior road to connect the near by neighbourhood. The site gets connected through the waterways with the introduction of the boat jetty. NATURE OF CIRCULATION: Using Circulations to create viewing angles for the user to experience the view of the surrounding. Giving a tourist experience for people who pass by the sports city. 153
sports tower The sports tower forms the main focus of the sports city project as the design explores a new building typology for a sports facility. As an attempt to make this one of the best facility, the inclusion of all olympic indoor sports creates a scope to build vertical due to lack of ground cover.
TOTAL SPORTS FACILITIES= 19,048 SQ.M TYPICAL FLOOR PLATES= 72,600 SQ.M TOTAL = 91,670 SQ.M ALLOWED GROUND COVERAGE = 40% pERMISSIABLE FAR = 2 ACHIEVED FAR = 1.77 ACHIEVED GROUND COVERAGE = 7.24%
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Major drawback of Sports in India is lack of equality in providing importance and assistance to each sports. The efforts of the so called minority sports are often overlooked, and the rich keeps getting richer. The design creates an experience of the collective, where the sports facilities interact and compliment eachother sharing a common open space. The corridor provides a view of the outdoor sport facilities along with the essence of the nature, framed by the group of indoor sports arenas, forming what is called a sports cloud. The design focuses on creating interactive spaces where the user is able to relate, acknowledge and connect with multiple sport facilities at a moment not just form within the precint, but also from a larger radius.
The concept starts from the very initial zoning stage by avoiding the positioning of sports facilities in the enclosed spaces. This relating every sport facility on sport facilities as a collective unit rather than treating each as a seperate entity.
View of the Sports tower.
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North Elevation 160
Section A
Section B
Section C 161
STRUCTURE SYSTEMS
building services
The Tower’s structural system is a combination of Moment frame, shearwall and Braced frame system.
The MEP service layout and details showing both internal and external services. The service diagram shows the Electrical, HVAC and plumbing layout of a particular floor of the sports tower.
The system varies with respect to the fuction. The sports facilities are therefore supported by a braced frame system. While the central core is made of shear wall, the remaining support functions are within the moment frame.
Braced frame
Plumbing layout of the basement floor HVAC layout of a indoor court floor Electric layout of a typical floor
Moment frame
Shear wall core
Pile foundation
Solar Energy The Arena with 100 X 60 m2 covered large span roof will have solar panel installed. This will allow the site to be net zero or yet better net positive ( generating more energy than required). Hence, using the stadiums energy to fulfill the communities need . Avg. power generation per sq. foot for modern solar panels = 8-10 watts Area = 6500 m 2 = 69965 sq ft 69965 X 8 watt = 559720 watts
Open web joists have been used as the flooring system with joist girders carrying the major spanning load across the sports facilities.
= 0.56 MW 0.56 X 2920 (sunlight hours)/year The whole structure
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=1635.2 MWhr/year
Feasibility Analysis Roof area = 6500 sq meters Average Annual Rainfall = 2978 mm Collection Coefficient = 0.90 Potential = 6500 sq meters * 2.98m * 0.90 = 17,430 cu meters/ year Demand = 50,000 cu meter/ month Supply= 2.9% of demand For exit 5000 viewer s need 7 minutes or 420 second to leave via 9.5 m wide steps. Therefore, 1 spectator --------- 1 m staircase width in 9.5 X 420 = 0.8 seconds 5000 Or in 1 sec, a 1 m wide staircase accommodates 5000 = 1.25 people 9.5 X 4.20
MEP Service layouts 163
HOSTEL BLOCK The Hostel block consists of Boys hostel, Girls hostel, Rowing Area and the stadium support: Its has been designed in a way that it interacts and responds to the activities surrounding it. TOTAL BUILT UP = 11,116 SQ.M ALLOWED GROUND COVERAGE = 65% pERMISSIABLE FAR = 2.5 RECEIVED FAR = 0.22 RECEIVED GROUND COVERAGE = 5.34%
View of the Athletics track and the football field with the hostel block in the background.
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View of the Rowing area with the hostel block and the sports tower visible Wvin the background. 169
kerala blasters academy
TOTAL BUILT UP = 7,153 SQ.M ALLOWED GROUND COVERAGE = 35% PERMISSIABLE FAR = 2.5 RECEIVED FAR = 0.14 RECEIVED GROUND COVERAGE = 3.69%
The Kerala Blasters Academy consists of Offices, Match Area, Fan zone, Fitness center, Recreation area and Lecture facilities.
View from the Kerala blasters academy ground. 170
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FITNESS CENTER
Second Floor plan
FAN ZONE
First Floor plan
West Elevation 172
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LECTURE FACILITY
PLAYERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; LOUNGE
Third Floor plan
Section
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jury comments Jury members : Pradeep Sachdeva, Savita Punde
“The design has a strong positive impact on the neighbourhood settlement and is a great urban intervention. A good concept for the complex and use of the existing natural elements in the region. I really like the way the water body has been utilised, especially the rowing feature.” - Savita Punde
“It is an interesting take on the programme and a bold design decision. The investment on the tower would be huge and would make lot of sense in a dense urban environment where there is scarcity of land and sports facility. This new typology that you have explored coud be a reality in a city like Mumbai. Overall, its a fun project.” - Pradeep Sachdeva
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bibliography https://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/other-sports/sachin-kochi-sports-city-poised-to-takeoff-aroor-edappally.html http://www.sportskeeda.com/general-sports/lack-of-sporting-culture-affecting-india-at-the-olympics https://www.archdaily.com/96408/football-training-centre-soweto-rufproject https://www.archdaily.com/382485/leutschenbach-school-christian-kerez https://gimnasiovertical.wordpress.com/vertical-gym-projects/vertical-gym-chacao/ http://u-tt.com/project/vertical-gym/ https://www.archdaily.com/772266/sutd-housing-and-sports-look-architects-plus-surbana-international-consultants
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Thesis references Rahul Arora - NAVI MUMBAI SPORTS VILLAGE - thesis 2017. Nishita Mohta - OLD QUARTER HERITAGE NEXUS - thesis 2016.
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sports city kochi : thesis x saifiz 180