Spectrum Volume 4 (2) Fall 2013

SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University

Abstracts of the Third Annual Saint Francis University Research Day

Volume 4 (2) Fall 2013

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SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University Fall 2013 Volume 4 (2) THIRD ANNUAL SAINT FRANCIS UNIVERSITY RESEARCH DAY ABSTRACTS November 21. 2013 John F. Kennedy Student Center

Schedule 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm

Poster session A (Odd Abstract Numbers)

1:30 pm – 2:30 pm

Poster session B (Even Abstract Numbers)

2:30 pm – 4:30 pm

Lecture session

Cover photo by Eszter Hargittai

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LECTURE SESSION PRESENTATIONS 2:45 pm L1 Peer, Rebecca A.M.; Strosnider, William H.J.; Winfrey, Brandon K.; Nairn, Robert W. Passive Co-Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and Municipal Wastewater: Removal of Less Commonly Addressed Metals at Cerro Rico de Potosí, Bolivia The viability of a passive co-treatment system was tested using a constructed microcosm-scale, threestage batch reactor system. Zn-rich acid mine drainage (AMD) from an abandoned adit on Cerro Rico de Potosí and raw municipal waste water (MWW) from Potosí, Bolivia were mixed at a 5:1 ratio in the system. AMD with pH 3.58 and acidity 1080 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent containing 12, 68, 17, 550, 0.44, 0.13, 0.13 and 0.090 mg/L of dissolved Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb respectively was mixed with MWW, containing 5.6 and 38 mg/L nitrate and phosphate respectively. Dissolved concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were decreased by 99.7%, 99.9%, 4.5%, 33.9%, 78.5%, 18.3%, 25.5%, and 45.9% respectively. Throughout the system, pH increased to 7.06 and phosphate was decreased to below detection limits. The study further revealed the viability of passive co-treatment of non-synthetic AMD and raw MWW in relatively low ambient temperatures (8.2 to 10.3 °C). AMD and MWW co-occur throughout the developing and developed world. Locally and in other mining regions in the developing world, results could be applied to provide a feasible solution to chronic water quality problems. In the developing world, inexpensive, non-energy-intensive and lowmaintenance solutions are essential for remediation due to the lack of funding and resources. Passive cotreatment in the developed world could result in energy and cost savings. Elements of the approach (e.g., removal of phosphate with metal oxides) may also be utilized to improve the performance of conventional AMD or MWW treatment systems.

2:55 pm L2 Valcicak, Daniel S.; LoRusso, Stephen M. Will Women Surpass Men in the 100m Dash? A Look into the Trending Times and Physiology of Male and Female 100 Meter Sprinters The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and anatomical differences between men and women; specifically, how these changes would impact each gender in the 100 meter (m) dash.

Andrew Tatem, a statistician at Oxford University, predicted that women would surpass men in the 100m dash in the 2156 Olympics based off the trending times of the past 100 years (1900-2000) for each gender. This statistical analysis did not include any physiological evidence that this could happen.

This thesis looks to investigate not just to explore the physiological aspect of the 100m dash and the physiological differences between men and women, but also to offer opinions by coaches, athletes, and faculty on whether they consider women surpassing men possible. By researching these two areas, information can be collected to give a better explanation as to whether this phenomenon could actually occur, or whether Tatem’s statistical analysis is just wishful thinking.

4 3:05 pm L3 Hall, Andrea; Menis, Donna M. Student Press Rights The focus of this research project is student press rights. Where do high school student press rights begin and where do their rights end? The methods used in this project were analyzing old cases dealing with student press rights and how the precedent was set, researching the student press rights of states that have written laws about freedom of press for high school students, looking at old press rights cases for journalists and other members of the media and how they differ from students and determining which student press right laws are the best for the nation to follow. The results of this research include, but are not limited to: there are no set student press rights for the nation. Student press rights are determined per state and are framed after the Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier. The Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier set the precedent for future student First Amendment rights. School administrators and faculty have the right to censor or remove articles from school newspapers. School officials are entitled to regulate the paper’s content in any reasonable manner. First Amendment rights of students in the public schools are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings, and must be applied in light of the characteristics of the school environment. Educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in schoolsponsored expressive activities, as long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate academic concern. The conclusion made from this research is that high school students have fewer rights than journalists, but are not held to the same standard as those in a professional atmosphere.

3:15 pm L4 Mitarnowski, Stephen A.; J. Nathan Scott; Hargittai, Michele R.S. Characterization and Quantitation of the Binding Specificity of Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A to the Light Strand Promoter by Fluorescence Anisotropy Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is one of only two proteins involved in recruiting mitochondrial RNA polymerase to the DNA initiation site. Previously we have shown that TFAM not only binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, but also binds the mitochondrial DNA in a nonspecific manner. Our research is focused on understanding how TFAM recruits the transcription initiation complex to the transcription start site. The first step in transcription initiation complex formation is TFAM site-specific binding to DNA. The light strand promoter (wtLSP) found in the mitochondrial genome contains a series of 6 guanine repeats in the TFAM binding site. The goal of our recent research has been to understand the significance that these guanine repeats play in eliciting the high degree of binding specificity observed between TFAM and wtLSP. Using a single site receptor-ligand binding assay quantitated by fluorescence anisotropy, we show that the dissociation constant (Kd) of TFAM to wtLSP, under cellular equilibrium conditions, is lower than the Kd for both a random sequence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and a mutant sequence of dsDNA where the guanine repeats have been replaced by the purine analog adenine. Elimination of the G rich region exhibited decreased TFAM binding by a factor of 2 for both sequences. There is no significant difference in binding to either nonwtLSP sequence. This suggests the guanine rich region plays a role in strong sequence specific binding to dsDNA by TFAM.

5 3:25 pm L5 Youmbi, Frank N.; Clark, R.A. Probing of the surface structures of Self Assembled Monolayers The surface structure of Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) was probed using electrochemistry. To gain information about the surface topography of the SAMs electron transfer was monitored with potassium ferricyanide as the probing agent. The blocking nature of the film indicates organization of the alkanethiols. The concentration ratio of the SAMs (carboxylic acid to alcohol) was steadily changed and the effects of the concentration ratio were studied using the cyclic voltammograms obtained. A concentration ratio of 100% carboxylic acid to 0% alcohol produced organized SAMs with the best blocking films. The opposite produced SAM structures that are more disorganized and more permeable to the probe molecule. Three gold electrodes with varying surface roughness (evaporated gold, a flameannealed gold bead, and a polished gold electrode) were used for self-assembly of the SAMs in order to assess surface roughness influence on SAM formation. The evaporated gold formed SAM surfaces with the best blocking properties, the flame-annealed gold bead had SAMs with the weakest structures since the cyclic voltammograms were reversible. Contrary to expectations, the polished gold electrode produced SAMs with more blocking structures than the flame-annealed gold bead. To understand the reason for the odd behavior of the polished gold electrode, AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) was performed on all three gold electrodes.

3:35 pm L6 , Phương Minh N.; O’Brien, Martha E. Southern Spirits, an overview of mediumship and folk religions in South Viêt Nam This research is an e ploration of me iumship an the relate folk religions in outh i t am. fter attending several spirit possession rituals an talking to me iums, similarities an ifferences are e amine in or er to gain for un erstan ing on the practice that is passe own orally from one generation of to the ne t. Few stu ies ha e been one in orth i t am, but no e tensi e study has been carried out in the South. Often, researchers run into difficulties with understanding the spiritual mentality of Vietnamese due to the multiple religions and beliefs practiced. By examining the lives of the mediums who carry out the possession rituals, comparison is made between the field investigation and different books written on this subject. We also take a closer look at how the practice changes as it tra els from orth to outh. The belief in the spirits’ e istence goes beyon the spirit possession practice and the Mother Goddesses belief. It is deeply ingrained in everyday Vietnamese culture.

Similar to the anniversary of the dead in the family, each town and city has its own festival to invite back the town foun ers’ spirits. Finally, this study looked at the death anniversary of the founders of Cao Lãnh city to see how the belief in spirits penetrates people’s e ery ay life. By learning more about this particular practice, we gain more understanding about the religious culture that reflects the life of the people in this small, S-shaped country in Southeast Asia.

6 3:45 pm L7 Hodgson, Robert E.; Wharton, Richard; Squashic, Thomas; Shaw, Jonathan The Addition of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate to Catalyst Systems for Use with Polyester Resins Polyester resins have been a vital part of the mining industry for decades. The exothermic, crosslinking reaction of these resins, when reacted with catalysts, stabilizes the ground above mines helping to ensure the safety of miners. The intention of this research was to investigate the effect of the addition of Lyophil, a solution of sodium lauryl sulfate, into the catalyst system of mine bolt cartridges as a filler.

The effect of Lyophil on the viscosity and gel time of resin/catalyst system was analyzed with increasing weight percentages of Lyophil added to the catalyst system. While the behavior of the viscosity was positive showing a decreasing trend with increasing weight percentage of Lyophil, the gel times of the resin/catalyst system at very low percentages of Lyophil increased significantly. Due to the significant shift in gel times, the product no longer remained in safety specifications and thus Lyophil as a filler is no longer a viable option. Further research regarding the use of Lyophil as an inhibitor for use with the resin/catalyst system is now warranted.

3:55 pm L8 DeLyser, Michael R., Wetsell, Benjamin R.; LaBuz, Brendon L. A coarse invariant for all metric spaces Coarse geometry is the study of the large scale behavior of metric spaces. Two spaces are coarsely equivalent if they have the same large scale structure. In order to show that two spaces are not coarsely equivalent one needs to find a coarse invariant—a property that is invariant under coarse equivalences.

Such an invariant was efine in the papers “ n in ariant un er bornologous equi alences” by B. LaBuz, B. Miller, J. Moore, an L. tibich an “ coarse in ariant” by . Fo , B. LaBuz, an B. Laskowsky. In both papers the invariant was restricted to metric spaces that are sigma-stable. In this talk we discuss the extension of this invariant to all metric spaces and give an example of a space that is not sigma-stable.

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS P1

Ciraula, Stephanie M.; McConnell, Lauren E.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis of Chiral Cation Selective Crown Ethers Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that are capable of coordinating metal ions in non-polar solvents.

Many practical reagents in organic synthesis are ionic and soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. Crown ethers may play an important role in organic syntheses by allowing insoluble substances to dissolve in a wide range of reactions. Crown ethers, due to their structure, have both polar and nonpolar properties. This has important biological significance due to the fact that a cell membrane has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Crown ether selectivity for metal ions is dependent on the relative size of the cavity, the cation size and the number of donor atoms. In our research, a major goal is to synthesize a chiral crown ether through the introduction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) rings. The chiral centers can lead to selective separation of optical isomers, which can be useful for selective ion extractions, ion exchange chromatography and selective transport through membranes. Additionally, the introduction of the THF rings may cause stronger binding of the coordinated metal cation due to the increased basic character of the ring oxygens over ordinary crown oxygens. The proposed synthesis mechanism is through a multistep organic mechanism. Infrared Spectroscopy and iH NMR are used routinely in order to characterize the products synthesized after each step in the multistep synthesis.

P2

Peer, Rebecca A.M.; Strosnider, William H.J.; Winfrey, Brandon K.; Nairn, Robert W. Passive Co-Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and Municipal Wastewater: Removal of Less Commonly Addressed Metals at Cerro Rico de Potosí, Bolivia Please see abstract for Lecture Session Presentation L1.

P3

Ciraula, Stephanie M.; Dutrow, Morgan L.; Fry, Cathleen M.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis of Lactam Analogues of -conotoxins α-Conotoxins found in the venom of Conus snails are short, disulfide rich peptides that are 12-30 amino aci s in length. α-Conotoxins are highly selective and specific, making them ideal candidates in drug synthesis where the side-effects of drugs are a major problem. The research focuses on the synthesis of fi e α- conotoxins: SI, SIA, GI,GII and MI. It has been shown by several research groups that variations of the peptide can lead to significant changes in receptor binding ability. The previously synthesize α-conotoxin SI showed that when one of two disulfide (Cys-Cys) bridges was exchanged for a β-lactam ring, the resulting Glu-Lys analogue was 70 times more potent than the natural isomer.

Base on these fin ings, a itional α-conoto ins were synthesize with β-lactam rings replacing disulfide bridges in order to analyze the possible effects of this substitution.

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Connelly, Margaret K.; Robinson, Rachel M.; Teachout, Jocelin R.; Woloschuk, Mary K.; Loya, Lane J. Foraging Patterns of Winter Birds in Relation to Provided Food Sources The purpose of this project was to observe the foraging behavior of winter birds at three different sites varying in food sources. The variables within the experiment were hanging feeders with sunflower seeds, suet feeders, and a control with no feeder present. We set up each site with the food source or control at the center surrounded by 12 trees that had 48 mealworms placed inside drilled holes (4 mealworms per tree). All sites were located in a forested area at Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania. The experiment was conducted over a period of three weeks from mid-March to earlyApril, 2013. Observations after one week showed that the seed feeder site had significantly more mealworms consumed (90%) than the suet site (10%), with the control having no mealworms consumed. After three weeks of study, there was no significant difference in mealworm consumption between the seed feeder site (94%) and the control (79%). Mealworm consumption rates at both of these sites were significantly higher than the suet feeder site (33%). These preliminary results will be used as the basis for more extensive future research on the effectiveness of birds as pest regulators.

P5

Wu, Naiyi; Li, Ying Mathematical Modeling on Open Limestone Channel Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines. When exposed to air and water, metal sulfides from the deposits of the mines are oxidized and produce acid, metal ions and sulfate, which lower the pH value of the water. The water is then unfit for consumption, agricultural or industrial use. AMD has become one of the largest problems for the mining industry. An open limestone channel (OLC) is a passive and low cost way to treat AMD. Coarse limestone boulders are placed into downstream water. The dissolution of calcium into the water will increase the pH value of the solution. In this project, we set up a mathematical model that describes the variation of concentration of each species in the solution. Data are collected from engineering students who were doing the research last summer. By using the chemical reaction and the mechanism of an open limestone channel, we set up a differential equation which calculates the concentration of Calcium. The diffusion of Calcium due to iron precipitates is modeled by a linear equation. The results give the variation of pH value and the concentration of Calcium. Numerical results show that the final concentration is close to 4*10^-4 and the final value of pH is close to 8, with only linear diffusion in consideration. Hence in theory the open limestone channel would neutralize the acid water quite efficiently.

P6

Costanzo; Nicholas S.; Latterner, Leanne R.; Pearce, Elise J.; Strittmatter, Amanda J.; Hanlon, William J., Jr. Applying Yoga & Pilates for Low Back Pain A review of literature was performed to determine if Yoga or Pilates were effective interventions for LBP. Proquest, Google Scholar, First Search, Medline were searched and 14 studies were reviewed/analyzed. Evidence supports both Yoga & Pilates can help in LBP treatment. Yoga improved balance, flexibility, decreased disability and improved function. Pilates reduced disability and strengthened core musculature. Outcome measures included Oswestry scale, VAS and other scales.

Throughouot all studies, no patients reported adverse effects, supporting the safety of these measures.

9 The limited evidence suggests that Yoga and Pilates are beneficial treatments for individuals with LBP. Future research is warranted to determine effectiveness in patients not physically active.

P7

Whited, Morgan C.; Strosnider, William H.J. Alkalinity Testing to Determine Possible Passive Treatment Systems for an Acid Mine Drainage Discharge In order to determine the amount of alkalinity that could be gained, an alkalinity cubitainer test was completed in Lambertsville, Pennsylvania on an acid mine drainage (AMD) discharge from an artesian well. The AMD discharge is severely impacting a nearby stream known as Lamberts Run, which has been the focus of recent remediation efforts. The test was completed over a 96 hour time period, in which the alkalinity was taken over five temporal intervals. The initial field alkalinity at the discharge was found to be 56 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent. After the test was completed, alkalinity averaged 140 Âą 20 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent. The results indicated that relatively little alkalinity could be gained from using an anoxic limestone drain (ALD), which is a common sustainable tool from the passive treatment of AMD. Therefore, other treatment approaches are being explored, including the concept of mixing clean stream water with the AMD discharge in a novel treatment system.

P8

Bobb, Morgan F., Gnagey, Jill N., Schmidt, Katie M., Schwisow, Katie I., Torchia, Tiffany A., Wilt, Brittany M., Mulligan, Ivan J. A pilot study examining on-field predictors of reaction time and balance deficits typically associated with post-concussion symptoms A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury often accompanied by dizziness, nausea, and headache.

Currently, two tests are currently used to assess a concussion. The purpose of this study was to determine if a clinical reaction time and balance test gave similar results to the commonly accepted tests. Forty subjects (16 males, 24 females; age range 19-24 years) participated in the study. Subjects had no recent extremity injuries and no post-concussion symptoms. The NeuroCom was paired with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for balance testing and the ImPACT was paired with the Clinical Reaction Time Test (CRTT) for reaction time. The participants performed all four assessments and were randomized to prevent bias. A paired t-test was conducted to compare the difference in reaction time between the CRTT and the ImPACT. The results suggests the reaction times are significantly different (p= 0.000). A Pearson correlation indicated a moderate relationship (r=0.397). A paired t-test examined differences between the NeuroCom to the SEBT and results indicated no significant difference (p=0.186). A Pearson correlation performed and demonstrated a very weak relationship (r=0.134).

Neither the CRTT nor the SEBT can replace the ImPACT and NeuroCom. When compared to a preconcussion baseline measurement, the SEBT may indicate dynamic balance deficiency and the CRTT could measure deficits with reaction time with a baseline measurement. At this time, the CRTT cannot replace the ImPACT, nor can the SEBT replace the NeuroCom; however, this pilot study provides research to enhance the current concussion body of knowledge.

P9

Kebede, Bemnet A.; Mosier, Dallas R.; Zovinka, Edward P. Powder Analysis of Acid Mine Drainage Precipitate Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze soil samples collected from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) sites

10 in Pennsylvania, USA and Potosi, Bolivia. PXRD was used to determine the phase of the soil samples, while EDS was used to study element distribution. From the EDS analysis, all soil samples contained iron. Potosi soil samples contained large amounts of nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, aluminum, and sulfur. The minerals found in the Potosi soil sample from the Rietveld analysis are quartz, pyrite, potassium iron oxide, jarosite, elbaite manganiferous, muscovite, ceria, cesium copper rhodium fluoride, arsenic sodium sulfide, sodium nitride, potassium chloride. The Lilly, PA soil sample mainly contained silicon, aluminum, calcium, potassium, and sulfur. The Swank mine site in Dean PA contained magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, and potassium. For the PXRD, Rietveld methods were used to analyze the soil samples. Flame Atomic Absorption data showed that water sample from Lilly, PA had a concentration of 3.28 and 0.65 ppm at the discharge and 0.033 and 0.45 ppm by the end of the system for Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) respectively. The Swank water sample from Dean, PA had a concentration of 0.29 ppm at the discharge and 0.14 ppm by the end of the system for Iron (Fe).

Although the concentration is above the acceptable level according to the EPA, the concentration of these metals decreases as they go through the treatment system, indicating that they are still working well after a decade of constant service.

P10

Davidovich, Alexander M.; Miklos, Bernard J.; Petrosky, Stephen; Smith, Matthew D.; Welteroth, Molly L.; LoRusso, Stephen M. Changes in Peak Torque and 1-RM Strength in Both Limbs Following 4 -Weeks of Unilateral Strength Training This study examines the effects of unilateral knee extensor training after a period of bilateral knee extensor training through strength measures of one repetition maximum and peak torque in order to determine the presence of a cross-education effect. Five, previously sedentary subjects completed the eight weeks of training and data collection. Knee extensor training and 1-RM assessment was performed on the Cybex knee extension machine, while peak torque assessment was performed on the Biodex at the DiSepio Institute. Following four weeks of bilateral knee extensor training, subjects commenced four weeks of unilateral right knee extensor training. 1-RM and peak torque assessment occurred prior to bilateral training knee extensor training, following bilateral knee extensor training, and following unilateral knee extensor training. As expected, 1-RM assessment revealed that the strength of the contralateral, untrained knee extensors experienced strength gains due to the cross-education effect.

However, Biodex assessment was less conclusive due to inconsistencies and possible errors made during data collection. The 1-RM assessment shows that typically observed detraining effects can be attenuated through unilateral training. Cross-education may allow patients to gain the effects of strength training without compromising the safety of the affected limb.

P11

Adams, Vincent; Brown, Joshua M.; Kavel, Julie M.; Kline, Brittany R.; Merva, Cory; Kindel, Curtis C. A comparison of current MMT procedures for the ankle plantarflexors including manual testing and standing heel rise test and peak torque results The purpose of our study is to compare the current manual muscle testing (MMT) procedures including the Kendall Method and the single leg heel rise test with the peak torque values found with a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. For our hypothesis, we feel that there will be variability between current manual muscle testing methods and isokinetic dynamometry and there will be greater variability between the open chain Kendall method of MMT and isokinetic dynamometry. Forty subjects (15 male, 25 female) were studied for their plantarflexor strength and their peak torque. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three stations: Biodex isokinetic dynamometer, single leg heel rise test, and Kendall Method of MMT. Subjects completed testing at each of the three stations and were then

11 dismissed. Results: For the gastrocnemius, the correlation between MMT and the Biodex is 0.254 at 60 deg/sec and 0.131 at 120 deg/sec. The heel rise and Biodex demonstrated a correlation of .453 with a P value of 0.004 at 60deg/sec and a correlation of .402 and a P-value of 0.012 at 120 deg/sec. The lack of a correlation between the MMT and the Biodex supports the hypothesis that the MMT was not a valid test for assessing the strength of the gastrocnemius/soleus complex. Although the Heel Rise test did not have a strong correlation to the Biodex, it correlated better than the MMT, supporting the hypothesis that the heel rise test was a better assessment of strength of the plantarflexors than the MMT. The authors recommend that an isokinetic dynamometer should be used to assess the strength of the plantarflexor muscles. However, when this type of equipment is not available, the standing heel rise test is the preferred method over the Kendall MMT method.

P12

Gray, Seth J., Drozdowsky, Daniel S., Schoenenberger, Marie A., Wisniewski, Kristofer S., Fitzgerald, Patricia I. The relationship between aerobic fitness, BMI, and measures of perception while at very high altitudes Persons li ing at low altitu es are referre to as ‘low-lan ers’ in the e ercise literature. ltitu e irectly challenges work performance. Low-lander environmental engineering students and faculty traveled to Bolivia to study acid mine drainage and were accompanied by exercise physiology students and faculty.

The team landed in La Paz, Bolivia which has the highest international airport in the world: 4,061 meters above sea level. The research team spent 15 days at very high altitudes (3,658 m – 5,487 m). The purpose of the trip was to provide exercise physiology students and faculty an opportunity to complete a pilot study that described how participants rated affective responses using the Feeling Scale (FS) at rest (FSrest) and after a one minute sit-to-stand functional exercise test (FSfex), and to determine if any relationship existed between BMI, and aerobic fitness measured prior to travel and FSrest and FSfex measured at altitude. University IRB approval was obtained prior to data collection. 13 volunteer participants inclu e 9 stu ents (3 female, 6 male) age 19.77 ±1.39 yrs., BMI 25.05 ± 4.67 kg•m-2 and 4 professors (2 female, and 2 male), aged 46.50 ±11.47 yrs., BMI 28.25 ± 5.91 kg•m-2. Each completed a VO2max test (Bruce treadmill protocol) with electrocardiogram (ECG) the week prior to altitude exposure. Resting and exercise affective valance was assessed using the FS. In Bolivia, FSrest and FSfex were collected at regular intervals. A statistically significant moderate correlation was found between FSfex and age, (r=-0.673, p=0.012). A moderate correlation approaching significance was found between FSfex and BMI,(r=-0.538, p=0.058). A high, significant correlation existed between VO2max and sit to stand scores(r=0.825, p=0.001). These data show a decline in affective valence during muscular exercise at altitude which may be related to age.

P13

Bolton, Adam R.; Whisler, Timothy R. An Idea Divided: One Town, Two Leaders, Beulah Pennsylvania 1797 In the late eighteenth century, the fire of the Enlightenment raged in Wales; in 1797, an ember from that fire would land in the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania only to be virtually burned out by 1813.

The intent of its settlers was not only to flee an oppressive homeland, but to establish a New Wales in a young United States of America where freedom of religion and expression could ring in a new frontier.

Beulah was its name, from the biblical Freedom Land. However ambitious the plan may have been for Beulah, the harsh realities of what was to become Cambria County shaped a settlement much different than what was intended by its charismatic yet zealous founder Morgan John Rhys. A pragmatic leader would emerge from the Welsh settlers in Rees Lloyd, founder of Ebensburg; turning the history of Cambria County into not only a tale of two towns, but a tale of two leaders. The history of Ebensburg is essentially the history of Beulah. They are intertwined; however the historiography is seemingly

12 bifurcated along the leaders of the two towns. Prior to 1980, the seminal work on the short lived Beulah project resi e in John T. Griffith’s biography Morgan John Rhys, written in 1910; showcasing the foun er’s Baptist an millenarian moti ations by following chronologically Rhys’s e ploits from Wales and throughout the young United States, and finally the settlement of Beulah; it never mentions Rees Lloyd. It would be seventy years until Gwyn A. Williams would write his The Search for Beulah Lan : the Welsh an the tlantic Re olution, which heral ’s Morgan John Rhys as an eighteenth century Welsh Moses in an impressive scholarly fashion. The histories of Cambria County written aroun an between Griffith’s biography an Williams’ work; that is 1910 to 1980, are scant on Beulah an Morgan John Rhys if not e oi altogether. Henry Wilson torey’s multi-volume History of Cambria County Pennsylvania written in 1907 dedicates less than one page to Beulah, mentioning its foun er only once; while correlating Rees Lloy ’s in ol ement only to Ebensburg an not to Beulah even though Lloyd was the torch party leader for the failed settlement. An 1896 Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Cambria County PA by the Union Publishing Company which comprised almost five hundred sketches of the prominent and representative citizens of the county, makes no mention to Beulah or Rhys. John E. Gable’s two olume History of Cambria County in 1926 follows the same suit with no acknowledgement of Morgan John Rhys at all; e en the County’s well to o James M. wank’s Cambria County Pioneers speaks nothing of Beulah. The separation and omissions of Beulah and Ebensburg, an their foun ers in Cambria County’s historiography ha e create a clou y lens through which to understand the incentives of the Welsh settlers. This essay will compare and contrast the incentives of both Morgan John Rhys and Rees Lloyd from their situations in Wales through their migration to the United States at the end of the eighteenth century leading to the founding of Beulah and Ebensburg. This parallel of leaders will highlight a multi-causal end to Beulah, and the rise of Ebensburg through a fusion of each their histories as opposed to a bifurcated story of one or the other.

The pragmatic success of Ebensburg would not be if were not for the ambitious idea of a Free Land on a foreign continent.

P14

Albright, Christopher A.; Mountain, Gregory A; Dameron, Charles T. GC-MS Analysis of Derivatized GABA Samples An assay of glutamate decarboxylase being developed will be used to facilitate the production of GABA, which will in turn be analyzed by GC-MS. The original glutamate decarboxylase assay was too problematic for the purposes of this experiment, therefore a new assay is under development. To facilitate GABA detection by GC-MS it is being derivatized with MTBSTFA. Derivatization and separation protocols were evaluated through the analysis of a commercial amino acid standard mixture

by GC-MS. Subsequently, the GC-MS was used to quantify derivatized GABA produced in time and temperature studies to determine the optimum time and temperature for modification. A standard amino acid chromatogram was successfully reproduced indicating the GC-MS methodology was sufficient for the scope of this experiment. According to the results obtained by the time and temperature study, 70°C and 1 hour are suitable for GABA modification.

P15

Onink, Tess M.; Thomas, Brennan M. Farewell, Lima World War II was a global conflict that affected nearly every part of the world from 1939-1945. Its history is filled with tragedy, destruction, hope and resilience. Upon reading several books on World War II, both fiction and non-fiction, I discovered that each contained a component of World War II that was unknown to me despite an extensive understanding of the war. These four aspects were the firsthan e periences of an merican POW’s in multiple Japanese POW camps an life after the war, the Lebensborn projects, the role of women in the French resistance and actions by the Soviet Union army

13 as they liberated concentration camps. Consequent research through Internet and library searches demonstrated an overall lack of published information in these areas. The focus of my research was therefore to address this gap in the historical literature of World War II. This was done using the four original books as foundations for information and then using scholarly sources to piece together a more comprehensive understanding of not only the main subject, but the surrounding events and other influences upon each aspect. Each subject was then related to the internment of Japanese Latin Americans which is similar to the previous four aspects in obscurity, but differs in that there are no or few published works on the event. In conclusion, while recognizing that it is impossible to ever know the complete history of any event or subject, we can still appreciate the history of World War II in this context while seeking to discover what we can, realizing that this information from the past helps to educate about the present and to make us more conscientious citizens in the world.

P16

Townsend, Gabrielle; Menis, Donna M. Comparing News Photos of 9/11 This study is to determine how strict should standards be in regards to how graphic photos can be that are released by photojournalists. More specifically, how standards were met or not met in regards to photos published in newspapers and magazines on the day of September 11, 2001 and the days following. Through an examination of the 9/11 photos published in major newspapers and magazines, the researcher discovered that while standards seemed to be strictly followed in the days and weeks following 9/11 but were lacking while 9/11 was a breaking story. Because of the urgency and mass hysteria of the tragic e ent, the “graphic” characteristic of photos was not as much consi ere . The researcher will discuss the reasons why the standards were followed differently during this time. The poster display will be composed of primarily photos that provide examples of 9/11 photos in sequential fashion in a time laps to show the difference in standards. These photos will be discussed and compared to show the ifference in time an the ifferent “graphic” characteristics.

P17

Mosier, Dallas R.; Kebede, Bemnet A.; Löfgren, Elise; Skipper, Justin M.; Lassak, Nicholas L.; Strosnider, William H.J.; Zovinka, Edward P. Examination of Swank 13, an Open Limestone Channel The objective of this research project was to determine if the open limestone channel at Swank 13 in Dean Township is efficiently raising the pH levels of the water and eliminating undesirable ions from the stream. The concentrations of iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) in the water samples were determined with a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The concentrations of chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO4-3), and sulfate (SO4-2) were analyzed with an Ion Chromatograph. The concentration of iron decreased from 0.29 ppm at the mine opening to 0.14 ppm below the bottom weir. Also, the calcium concentration increased from 25 ppm at the mine opening to 31 ppm below the bottom weir.

The concentration of the sulfate anion decreased as the water flowed downstream. At the mine opening, the concentration of sulfate was 271 ppm, and at the bottom weir, the concentration of sulfate decreased to 220 ppm. Overall, data indicates that the open limestone channel is raising the pH of the water and ridding the stream of unwanted contaminants.

14 P18

Schaffner, Elizabeth A.; Frank Kathryn E.; Turner, Morgen L.; Chose, Lauri A. Bat Extinction and the Environment Our project is about Bat Boxes and helping the Indiana Bats, which are native to Pennsylvania but are dying out. Our poster will have general information about the Indiana Bats and what is causing the bats to become extinct (a fungal Infection) and why this is bad for the environment. Bats are very important to the environment in Pennsylvania, especially in terms of agriculture and pest control. We will then talk about our project, how we are conducting it, and how others can put up their own bat boxes. We are in the process of erecting bat boxes that were donated. They will be put up around the Lake Saint Francis.

P19

Mitarnowski, Stephen A.; Scott, J. Nathan; Hargittai, Michele R.S. Characterization and Quantitation of the Binding Specificity of Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A to the Light Strand Promoter by Fluorescence Anisotropy Please see abstract for Lecture Session presentation L4.

P20

Godleski, Alexanna K., Rowles, Lorie L. The Effectiveness of Sensory Rooms with Various Client Populations This study examined the effectiveness of sensory rooms with various client populations such as mental health, dementia and the pediatric population. The study also examined the most effective modes of sensory stimulation such as lighting, textures and other sensory equipment. A self-designed survey was posted on the POTA website and mailed to various facilities that have sensory rooms, regarding the benefits of sensory rooms. The survey contained mainly quantitative and a few qualitative questions that focused on population, modes of stimulation and how often a client utilizes the sensory room and what behaviors were noted before and after the intervention. Sensory rooms were found to be most effective with the pediatric population. Autism is the most common pediatric diagnosis to utilize a sensory room.

The most common reason to refer a pediatric client to a sensory room is for calming. The most common reason a therapist utilizes a sensory room for dementia clients is for stimulation. The most common reason for a therapist to refer a mental health client to a sensory room is both for stimulation as well as a calming effect. The most effective visual equipment was found to be dim and fiber-optic lights and least effective is bright lights. The most effective type of swing was found to be a bolster swing. Lastly, the most effective scents were found to be vanilla and lavender. It can be concluded that the type of sensory equipment that is in a sensory room plays a role in treatment outcome. Sensory rooms are beneficial for clients across the lifespan and for a variety of diagnostic populations.

P21

James, Dustin A.; Klaiber, Rose M.; Bintrim, Timothy W. Remote Area Medical: Barriers to Health Care In Pennsylvania Law For many of merica’s po erty stricken areas, health care is har to obtain. In 1985, tan Brock saw how much health care was needed and founded Remote Area Medical (RAM).Before Stan was providing medical care, he was a cowboy in the mazon an a star in nimal Planet’s Mutual of Omaha’s Wil King om. Locate in Kno ille, Tennessee, R M has hel o er 700 clinics, or “e pe itions” as tan refers to them, pro i ing ental, ision, me ical, an in some cases eterinarian services, all of which are 100% free. October 4th-6th, RAM held its annual clinic in Grundy, Virginia.

15 Locate in irginia’s coal country, many ha e been unemploye ue to mine closing an o not ha e heath care. This three day clinic gave free dental, vision, and medical care to 810 patients with a value of o er $500,000. Two stu ents an a faculty member olunteere in R M’s mobile optical lab. The process starts when patient picks a pair of frames they like. The frames are then brought to the trailer and the lens making process begins. First, the lenses are pulled from the stock of over 10,000 lenses on board. Next the prescription of the lenses are checked and marked. The frames are then traced and lenses are blocked for the cutting and edging machine. Finally, the lenses are cut and fitted into the frames. The completed glasses are taken back to patient and fitted. The patent leaves the clinic with a 100% free pair of prescription glasses. The intent of the trip was to learn more about Remote Area Medical and ways to bring a future expedition into Pennsylvania. Currently Pennsylvania laws do not allow for traveling doctors to volunteer in PA. Our hope is to aid in changing the law to allow RAM in PA.

P22

Norris, Conor S.; Brantner, Caleb P.; Keith, Timothy A.; Timmons, Edward J. Keeping up with the Joneses?: An Economic Perspective on Personal Debt ccor ing to the Fe eral Reser e Bank of Y’s Quarterly Report on Househol Debt an Cre it, U consumer debt peaked at $12.6 trillion in the Summer of 2008 and has moderately declined since then, but the level remains elevated compared to historical norms. What is responsible for the growth of personal debt in the U.S.? Splitting personal debt into various components, we investigate the effects of stagnant real wages, income inequality, US tax policy, and changes in the social safety net. Our preliminary conclusion suggests that some combination of all of these factors was responsible for the significant run-up in personal debt since the 1990s.

P23

Williams, Matthew E.; Schofield, Travis S.; Wolf, Irene M. Acid Mine Drainage: An Analysis of HSP70 Expression in Cattails and Elodea Densa Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major concern for many freshwater ecosystems. Due to high levels of iron deposits and other factors, many species of these ecosystems are adversely affected. In order to combat the adverse effects of AMD, a process of remediation is commonly used. This may include active remediation in which abiotic factors are introduced to reduce contamination or passive remediation in which the surrounding environment naturally filters out contamination. In this research project, HSP70 expression in cattails at a remediation site in Lilly, Pennsylvania, was examined.

HSP70 is a molecular chaperone that is produced to maintain the structural integrity of other proteins and is produced when an organism is exposed to stress. We hypothesized that the expression of HSP70 in cattails will decrease as the level of contamination decreases at the various remediation ponds.

Previous research performed by Thomas McWilliams on the cattails has shown the HSP70 levels actually increase as the toxicity of the environments decreases. Hence, this continuing experiment seeks to determine if the results for cattails would persist for another growth cycle. Protein samples are extracted and analyzed using a western blot. Furthermore, Elodea densa, an aquatic plant, was suspended in the remediation ponds to determine if the water flowing from the abandoned mines is directly influencing the expression of HSP70. Elodea HSP70 levels did not correlate with the decreasing contamination in any way. This suggests the loss of HSP70 expression in cattails of highly toxic ponds could be due to the iron and other metalloids found in the soil.

16 P24

Carter, Scott A.; Damico, Denise H. Eighteenth century grist mills in Western Pennsylvania: Why McConnells Mill was preserved and the impact of grist mills to the local economy.

Historic grist mills have helped the economy of many rural areas to become profitable, but many of these grist mills have not been preserved. One example of an historic grist mill that has been preserved is the 1864 grist mill at McConnells Mill State Park. Why then would this mill be preserved in a state park? Only one other mill in a state park in Pennsylvania has been persevered. What then is the importance of this mill and other rural mills to the local economy. Specifically, why has McConnells Mill been preserved? Many visitors coming to the park only see the beauty of the mill not the importance of the mill to the local area. Visitors only see the mill as an old building and not the technology that has been preser e . Finally isitors on’t look at the how an why the mill was preserved they only come for the aesthetic pleasure of seeing the mill and the park. Park management has not explored the idea of why this mill has been preserved in significant detail. Many people, especially isitors to the park belie e that the mill has been sa e because it’s an ol buil ing in a state park. But this cannot be the only reason why the mill has been preserved. The issue must be explored in a chronological way by analyzing management plans of McConnells Mill State Park and analyzing them. We must explore secondary journal articles and books regarding economic impact of grist mills to local economies and how they helped the economy thrive. In summary we must explore the two issues and combine them into one idea to find why the mill was preserved and how rural mills could have helped the local economy surrounding these rural mills.

P25

Hollen, Michael; Smith, Allison; Swope, Amanda M.; Moist, Marnie L. Deviant Behavior: A Study of Reactions to Deviance in a Public Setting In our study we conducted a field observation of an experimenter publicly displaying deviant behavior, in this case, eating a strange substance. We hypothesized that there would be more non-verbal reactions than verbal reactions to the deviant behavior. We used two different experimenters and two different locations to measure reactions. We found that we got more non-verbal reactions than verbal reactions.

We also found that more people addressed their peers about their observation of the behavior as opposed to addressing the experimenter performing the deviant behavior.

P26

Mundy, Paige C.; Wolf, Irene M. Expression and Methylation of the HSP70 gene in response to the Components of Acid Mine Drainage Acid mine drainage (AMD) occurs when an outflow of water from an abandoned mine site is contaminated from underground deposits, resulting in acidified water which often contains elevated levels of metalloids. This contaminated water has observable negative effects on the proximate flora and fauna. Previous studies in our lab have investigated the effects of the individual components of acid mine drainage on the plant model elodea. Currently we are investigating effects of acid and arsenic on HSP70 expression in elodea. HSP70 is a highly conserved heat shock protein which can act as a profolding chaperone in response to stressful conditions. To investigate the effects of the separate components of acid mine drainage on HSP70 expression in elodea, expression and methylation (the addition of methyl groups to the cytosine of DNA) of the gene will be quantified. Expression will be measured using Western blotting techniques and methylation will be measured using methylationsensitive restriction enzymes. It is known that plants (as opposed to other eukaryotes) are more prone to

17 methylation under stressful conditions in order to regulate gene expression. Generally, the more methylation occurring on the DNA which codes for the gene, the more repression of gene transcription occurs. We hypothesize that the HSP70 gene is being methylated in response to increasing acidity, which in turn should supposedly decrease the expression of the protein. This trend of decreased expression of HSP70 in cattails growing in AMD has been previously observed in our lab. An increase in methylation of the gene in response to AMD stress may offer an explanation as to why the expression is inhibited in cattails growing in AMD.

P27

Smith, Alexandra M.; Menis, Donna, M. Libel in Social Media: Is it a Problem, and who's at Fault The objective of this project was to determine if social media outlets should be held to the same standards as news outlets, in terms of libel. After researching law relative to the social media, the goal was to determine if those who use social media could be subjected to a libel judgment and if social media outlets are not held to libel standards, why or why not. Researcher conducted a content analysis sur ey of her peers, in or er to gather knowle ge on the public’s awareness an opinions on the topic.

The researcher also reviewed and analyzed previous court decisions to draw the researcher’s own conclusions. (Hypothesis) The results found were that social media are not held to strict libel laws, but that there is some regulation. The sur ey of the researcher’s peers showe that they think that the things people can and cannot post on the websites should be regulated in some way. They should not be held to the same standards as other publications, such as online newspapers and radio; they should have their own type of regulation.

P28

Herman, Brandon E.; Seymore, Jonathon M.; Clark, Rose A. Development of Pyrite Electrodes to Study the Electrochemical Dissolution of Pyrite The primary focus of the research is to better understand the rate of dissolution of pyrite through electrochemical methods so that it can eventually be used for real world applications. The initial start of the project was to develop working pyrite electrodes to study the electrochemical dissolution of pyrite.

A variety of working pyrite electrodes were created including ground pyrite/mineral oil electrode, Alfa Aesar pyrite electrodes, and a Xump chunk pyrite electrode. Cyclic voltammetry in a 20 mM H2SO4 and 33 mM Na2SO4 solution at pH 1.6 was used to analyze the pyrite electrodes. By comparing the results of the cyclic voltammetry to those of Dzombak et. al.1, it was determined that the electrodes were working sufficiently. Results of the cyclic voltammetry produced cyclic voltammograms with peaks that are representative of the various stages of pyrite dissolution. Tafel plots were then created and a corrosion rate calculation performed using CH instrument Electrochemical Analysis Software. These corrosion rate calculations provided a variety of rates and other potentially useful information. The tafel plot data and calculated corrosion rates are still under investigation. [1 Ran Liu, Amy L. Wolfe, David A. Dzombak, Colin P. Horwitz, Brian W. Stewart, Rosemary C. Capo. Applied Geochemistry, 2008. 23.

2724-2734.]

P29

, Phương Minh N.; O’Brien, Martha E. Southern Spirits, an overview of mediumship and folk religions in South Viêt Nam Please see abstract for Lecture Session presentation L6.

18 P30

Skipper, Justin M.; Lassak, Nicholas L.; Mosier, Dallas R.; Kebede, Bemnet A.; Zovinka, Edward P.; Morra, D. Sue; Bandstra, Joel Z.; Strosnider, William H.J. Open Limestone Channel Treatment Effectiveness Open Limestone Channels (OLC) are very important tools for the treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) stream. An OLC was monitored to collect data for analysis and determine whether or not it should be extended or maintained to improve treatment performance. Water samples were collected and analyzed, along with field pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen data. Results indicated that the OLC increases pH and removes some trace metals, which decreases the impact of the AMD on the receiving stream, which flows into Clearfield Creek. However, there is room for improvements in treatment performance.

P31

Conrad, Amanda; Rose, Arthur; Strosnider, William H.J. Open Limestone Channel Treatment Performance: Influences of Dynamic Operational Conditions An open limestone channel was constructed by The Clearfield Creek Watershed Association to neutralize acid mine drainage (AMD) and to reduce the transport of dissolved metals and acidity into Clearfield Creek, a major tributary to the Susquehanna River. To evaluate the treatment dynamics of this treatment system, water-quality data was collected at the top and bottom of the treatment system bimonthly for a year from October 2012 to October 2013. A relatively strong correlation (R2 =0.68) was found between flow rate and pH increase. There was no apparent relationship between initial pH and change in pH, and dissolved metals and change in pH. These and other relationships that were found will help guide the design of future open limestone channels.

P32

Youmbi, Frank N.; Clark, R.A. Cytochrome c: Characterizing the Surface Topography of Carboxylic Acid / Alcohol SelfAssembled Monolayers on Gold Electrodes Please see abstract for Lecture Session presentation L5.

P33

Deskevich, Danielle M.; Bintrim, Timothy W.; Cadwallader, Robin L. Developing a Themed Summer Literary Retreat: Murder on Loretto Road This research project is focused on what goes into planning a literary retreat. It takes a team of dedicated faculty as well as students who have a true interest in preparing for such an event. I began my project because of my Western Pennsylvania Women Writers English Fellowship. Author Victoria Thompson came to the two-day retreat at Saint Francis University in June 2012. In preparation for the retreat, I read all of ictoria Thompson’s books, wrote summaries, an also character summaries about each one.

These summaries were then added to the Western Pennsylvania Women Writers Center website so those interested in the retreat could know more about the books in advance. In February 2012, I helped to create an e it the retreat brochure an also wrote my Young ult Literature paper on Thompson’s series to further my understanding of them before the retreat. On the first day of the retreat I helped set up the scavenger hunt with objects related to the series and once the murder mystery dinner began, I had to play my part in the mystery to help solve it. I had Dr. Bintrim and Dr. Cadwallader assist me with the

19 projects I had to complete as well as my own time management to accomplish all the tasks necessary to have the retreat. With careful preparation and the right people, it is possible to have a successful literary retreat that will be valuable for the department involved and also the university.

P34

Tercek, Emily R.; McClellan, Kristi C.; Bintrim, Timothy W. The Dental Aspect of Remote Area Medical Remote Area Medical is dedicated to changing the lives of people in rural Appalachia and other financially depressed populations in the United States and around the world. Personally experiencing two Remote Area Medical expeditions within the last two years, we would like to present our poster on the work that RAM does, focusing on the free dental clinic. RAM uses volunteers from around the country in order to put on these clinics. Dentists, dental assistants, hygienists, x-ray technicians, dental students, as well as general volunteers are all needed to perform the task of holding a RAM dental clinic. The dental chairs, suctions, tools, and other equipment are set up and taken down all within three days. There are several long tables to hold the triaged patients and there are over forty dental chairs set up for cleaning, restoration, extractions, and oral surgery. RAM volunteers work vigorously for two long days. Some volunteers help direct patients where to sit in a particular line or where to go for x-rays.

Other volunteers would help the dentists with cleanings, restorations, and extractions. Additional volunteers were sterilizing equipment as this was a necessity to keep the patients moving smoothly through the lines. Many of the volunteers were the dentists and oral surgeons and they were giving free treatment to the patients. At RAM expedition 705, Grundy, Virginia, over 500 dental cases were achieved. This poster will be used to explain the dental clinic and show how general volunteers, like us, can be transformed into dental assistants in as little as thirty minutes. RAM continuously strives to make a ifference in people’s li es an we want to share how great the R M e perience can be.

P35

Clark, Jill A.; Chose, Lauri A. Careful Research Yields Successful Native Planting The project’s focus was to provide non-migratory animals that reside in the SFU Watershed Trail an increased food supply and shelter options in order to sustain their populations during the brutal winter months. An assessment of what plant species inhabit the Watershed Trail and what plant species were lacking came first. Once initial observations were complete, research had to be done on which plants native animal species utilize as food and cover. Research sources that were used included Penn State Uni ersity’s Department of Horticulture website, a book detailing wildlife food habits, and the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. After careful research was finished, the necessary plants were placed within the SFU Watershed Trail. Results of research: The native plants that are good sources of food and/or shelter for area species are American holly bushes, American beech trees, hickory trees, purple coneflowers, and black-eyed Susans. The black-eyed Susans and coneflowers have seeds that are utilized by birds as feed whereas the holly bushes and trees provide cover for little animals and nesting for birds. The deer also eat the bark off the trees during the winter months due to food scarcity. Conclusions reached were that native planting does not have to cost hundreds of dollars; an alternative solution for native planting is to ask around to see if anyone is willing to lend some native plants for a transplant project. This requires the plant lender to research to see what they have and if it is native to their area or not. A plant species may be native to a state or country, but depending on the size of that region, the species may not be well-suited to the local climate and environmental conditions.

20

AUTHOR INDEX (Undergraduate presenters in bold) Adams, V. Albright, C.A. Bandstra, J.Z. Bintrim, T.W. Bobb, M.F. Bolton, A.R. Brantner, C.P. Brown, J.M. Cadwallader, R.L. Carter, S.A. Chose, L.A. Ciraula, S.M. Clark, J.A. Clark, R.A. Connelly, M.K. Conrad, A. Costanzo, N.S. Dameron, C.T. Damico, D.H. Davidovich, A.M. DeLyser, M.R. Deskevich, D.M. , P.M.N. Drozdowsky, D.S. Dutrow, M.L. Fitzgerald, P.I. Frank, K.E. Fry, C.M. Gnagey, J.N. Godleski, A.K. Gray, S.J. Hall, A. Hanlon, W.J. Hargittai, B. Hargittai, M.R.S. Herman, B.E. Hodgson, R.E. Hollen, M. James, D.A. Kavel, J.M. Kebede, B.A. Keith, T.A. Kindel, C.C. Klaiber, R.M. Kline, B.R. LaBuz, B.L. Lassak, N.L. Latterner, L.R. Li, Y. LoRusso, S.M. Loya, L.J. LĂśfgren, E. McClellan, K.C. McConnell, L.E. Menis, D.M. Merva, C.

P11 P14 P30 P21, P33, P34 P8 P13 P22 P11 P33 P24 P18, P35 P1, P3 P35 L5, P28, P32 P4 P31 P6 P14 P24 P10 L8 P33 L6, P29 P12 P3 P12 P18 P3 P8 P20 P12 L3 P6 P1, P3 L4, P19 P28 L7 P25 P21 P11 P9, P17, P30 P22 P11 P21 P11 L8 P17, P30 P6 P5 L2, P10 P4 P17 P34 P1 L3, P16, P27 P11

Miklos, B.J. Mitarnowski, S.A. Moist, M.L. Morra, D.S. Mosier, D.R. Mountain, G.A. Mulligan, I.J. Mundy, P.C. Nairn, R.W. Norris, C.S. O’Brien, M.E. Onink, T.M. Pearce, E.J. Peer, R.A.M. Petrosky, S. Robinson, R.M. Rose, A. Rowles, L.L. Schaffner, E.A. Schmidt, K.M. Schoenenberger, M.A. Schofield, T.S. Schwisow, K.I. Scott, J.N. Seymore, J.M. Shaw, J. Skipper, J.M. Smith, A. Smith, A.M. Smith, M.D. Squashic, T. Strittmatter, A.J. Strosnider, W.H.J. Swope, A.M. Teachout, J.R. Tercek, E.R. Thomas, B.M. Timmons, E.J. Torchia, T.A. Townsend, G. Turner, M.L. Valcicak, D.S. Welteroth, M.L. Wetsell, B.R. Wharton, R. Whisler, T.R. Whited, M.C. Williams, M.E. Wilt, B.M. Winfrey, B.K. Wisniewski, K.S. Wolf, I.M. Woloschuk, M.K. Wu, N. Youmbi, F.N. Zovinka, E.P.

P10 L4, P19 P25 P30 P9, P17, P30 P14 P8 P26 L1, P2 P22 L6, P29 P15 P6 L1, P2 P10 P4 P31 P20 P18 P8 P12 P23 P8 L4, P19 P28 L7 P17, P30 P25 P27 P10 L7 P6 L1, P2, P7, P17, P30, P31 P25 P4 P34 P15 P22 P8 P16 P18 L2 P10 L8 L7 P13 P7 P23 P8 L1, P2 P12 P23, P26 P4 P5 L5, P32 P9, P17, P30