In the Light of Day by Sakiko Koyama

In the Light of Day STUDY OF TIGER’S ADAPTATION TO SURVIVE IN WILD LIFE

Copyright ÂŠ 2015 All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-12345-67890-5 National Geographic Society 1145 17th Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-4688 www.nationalgeographic.com

DEDICATION This book is lovingly dedicated to my family, without whom I would not be studying design. Finally, this book also goes out to Areil Grey, who has made this project possible.

The Hunter

>> What makes them successful hunter?

Language of Tigers

>> Communication of the loners

>> Dressing For Wildlife

Camouflage

>> Where and Why Tiger set habitat

Habitat

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

INTRODUCTION

> For animals, adaptation is the idea that animals have developed features that help them to survive and thrive where they live. Some adaptations are purely physical. Fish have fins to help them swim and gills that let them breathe underwater. Without those two special traits, they would have a very hard time surviving in their watery environment. Animals also adapt through certain behaviors. When threatened, a porcupine extends its quills, making it very hard for a fox to eat them.

> However, we humans kind of cheat â&#x20AC;&#x201D;we use technology to adapt

to change. We can fit in almost any environment on the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; from icy cold Antarctica to the bottom of the ocean. We design and build better air conditioners, warmer parkas, better diving suits, and lights to see in the dark. Technology lets us adapt quickly to changes in our environment. However, for other animals, adaptation is a slow, steady process which may take hundreds of thousands of years to accomplish. Some of the changes we humans make can lead to the death of entire species of animals. We can change things so fast that we make it hard for other animals to "fit in." They do not have the time needed to develop sufficient means of adapting to the changed environment. > The tiger is the largest member of the cat family. The orange and black stripe pattern in the jungle strongly reminds us who they are. However, they are not like that without reasons. In the light of the day, the nocturnal killer of jungle become clam. It is for comfortable rest in the wildlife where always in kill-or be-killed situation. Prepaing for night which is the time of tiger, they need to survive in the daytime under the strong sunshine. In the first chapter, we focus on tiger's habitat. It is about how they choose a habitat for what reasons, and also their bathing behavior in their habitat in hot region. In the second chapter, we describe tiger's camouflage. It talks about how important tiger's stripe pattern is in the wildlife especially under the sun.

WHERE AND WHY TIGERS SET HABITAT

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

Grass covered habitat is perfect for comfortable resting. > Habitat selection is the process or behavior that an animal uses

> Tigers can live in a wide range of habitats. The ideal habitat

to select or choose a habitat in which to live; correspondingly, plants and fungi engage in habitat selection, even though their

needs to fulfil three main requirements for the animal. There needs to be shelter, food and water. Tigers require shelter to

inherent mobility is different from animals. To live in a habitat an animal must first have access to the habitat. Once the animal has access to the habitat it must be able to tolerate the conditions of the habitat and find the resources that it needs to survive in that habitat. Animals must be able to tolerate at least two kinds of factors in the habitat. These factors are abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are non-biological factors such as temperature, humidity, salinity and pH to name a few. Biotic

remain concealed from potential prey as they stalk their victim and threats which are, usually, from human sources, as well as for protection when the female has cubs. Food comes in the form of prey, for which the tiger spends much of its life hunting. When there is interference with the population numbers of the prey, the tigersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lives are in serious danger. In terms of water, there needs to be enough to sustain the tigers themselves as well as their prey. They are also susceptible to high temperatures

factors are biological factors such as competition, predation, and disease. If both abiotic and biotic factors can be tolerated the animal must also be able to find the resources that it needs to survive. These resources include food, shelter from abiotic and

and enjoy cooling down in refreshing water. They are excellent swimmers and can pursue their prey into relatively deep water. These requirements are fulfilled in various areas around the world. However, Asia is certainly the most abundant home of

biotic factors, and a mate. If an animal can not tolerate abiotic and biotic factors in a habitat or if it does not find food, shelter or a mate in that habitat, it is likely that the habitat will not be selected and the animal will leave the habitat. Habitats that are suitable for animals will often times have many animals of the same species there. This can lead to intraspecific competition.

these endangered creatures. The most prolific areas in which to find the various subspecies of tigers are the whole of India, the lower parts of the Himalayan mountain range, the mangrove swamps of West Bengal and the dense vegetation of the various forests of the Far East. In more general terms, tigers are most commonly found in China, Korea, Russia and Southeast Asia.

All of these things have an impact on the ecology of the animal.

Sumatra is the only island inhabited by tigers today. The wide variety of different habitats that tigers occupy is testimony to their adaptability to various conditions.

HABITAT

1400

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

BUTAN 75 MYANMAR

CHINA

THAILAND 200

NEPAL

MALAYSIA

550

BANGRADESH

INDIA

440

CAMBODIA

1,440

INDONESIA 400

>> As recently as 100 years ago, there were as many as 100,000 wild tigers living in Asia. Today, fewer than 3,200 remain.Wild tigers are still found in 11 countries in Asia: India, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia, Russia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, China and Lao PDR. Eight of these countries are home to known breeding wild tiger populations, including India, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia, Russia, Bangladesh and Indonesia. However, tigers are now extinct in 11 countries and no longer live in 93% of their historic range.

map of tiger habitat around the world

HABITAT

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

BATHING

In the wild, tiger species are dotted around the Eastern Hemisphere, largely concentrated in Southeast Asia in tropical evergreen forests. If we were to rate the heat of that area's climate on a pepper scale, it would probably reach the Thai chili level, just below the scalding habanero. For instance, summer temperatures in south India regularly top 100 degrees Fahrenheit. When the mercury rises outside, where do humans flock? The pool. Same thing goes for tigers in steamy climates. The primary reason tigers swim is to cool off. Since tigers hunt at night, they may spend a majority

of their day lounging in the water. As the largest species in the big cat family, tigers have more surface area that heats up, which is probably why they swim for pleasure. Likewise, smaller cats such as the domesticated ones living in our homes might refrain from getting their fur wet since it would make them uncomfortably cold. > Swimming tigers will usually submerge their bodies but not go completely underwater. The big cats generally dislike getting water in their eyes, so they often wade up to their necks. Like those human swimmers who take precious care not to ruin their 'do in the pool, tigers may shield their eyes by entering a body of water backwards. Strong bodies and webbed paws also make tigers quite capable swimmers. They have been recorded to cross rivers as wide as 18 miles and go for 9-mile stretches in open water. Aside from swimming as a mode of transportation, tigers swim as a hunting advantage. They may chase prey into the water in order to trap it. > But tigers aren't the only big cats that regularly swim. Other warm climate species, including jaguars and lions, will relax in water and swim when necessary. African lions in Botswana's Okavango Delta swim to dry land when seasonal flooding wipes out their regular range. Panthers in the Florida Everglades practice similar floodrelated migration as well.

HABITAT

Even when fast asleep, the tigers sense are monitoring every sound and movement in the forest arround.

In hot of jungle daytime, they seek relief by spending a large part of the day half-immersed in a water-hole.

Even when fast asleep, the tigers sense are monitoring every sound and movement in the forest arround.

Tigers vary a great deal in thier choice of resting place. Some choose deep cover while other lies out in the minimal cover of a rock or bush, or even out in the open.

DRESSING FOR WILDLIFE

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

CAMOUFLAGE

Some colors and patterns help animals help it blend into areas with light and shadow. The tiger's stripes help it blend into tall grass. > Camouflage is not just about chameleons changing their colors in an instant but it’s also about polar bears being white and not brown like the grizzlies. In fact, a zebra with its striped covering is a camouflage animal. In order to understand these animals’ mastery of the art of deception, we should first have an idea why they have this cunning ability. The main objective of a camouflage animal when it assumes a “blending in” effect is to avoid being victimized by its predator or to increase its chances of victimizing its prey. Basically, camouflage is an important tool animals use for survival. This can be influenced by the animal’s environment, its physiology, its characteristics as a prey, or its behavior as a predator. Scientists believe that the reason why all animals do not have this ability is because not all animals need to camouflage themselves in order to survive.

> The most important element for camouflage is the animal’s environment wherein it uses its surrounding to develop

the techniques that can easily conceal them, even in the open. The animal’s physiology is another factor why some animals can assume different forms or colors in order to conceal themselves. Animal behavior can also influence its camouflage ability since it may manifest a stronger tendency to physically hide, flee or swing away from tree to tree as soon as they can sense danger.

black tiger

tiger stripe

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

STRIPE

Tigers are identified by their characteristic stripes, which adorn their dense, beautiful fur. In fact, children are first taught to differentiate between the wild cats by noting the patterns that they display. Leopards have rosettes, cheetahs have spots and tigers have gorgeous bold stripes running across the width of their bodies. Although different species vary slightly, the base coat is generally a golden hue, the stripes ranging from dark brown or grey to black, and the underside of the tiger white.Interestingly, the skin of the tiger is also striped beneath the patterned fur. The darkness of the pigmentation of the skin seems to be directly related to the darkness of the fur.

> Every tiger, as an individual animal, has a unique pattern of stripes. Therefore, scientists that are studying a particular animal may use these to identify their subjects. This colouring and striped design is ideal for the camouflage needs of the animal. The earthy tones of the undercoat blend in with the natural reeds, trees and grasses around them, while the black stripes break the appearance of a solid form and help the animal to be hidden in the shades of the trees. When stalking its prey, the tiger is likely to crouch amongst the long grasses, where they are well hidden, before leaping out on unsuspecting victims. The fur density is dependent on the area and climate in which the animal lives. So, in cooler, wetter climates, the tigers develop a thicker, longer coat. In cooler areas, the coat of the tiger is considerably thinner and shorter. Underneath this fur is a soft layer of warm, fluffy fur.

tiger stripe Tigerstripe is the name of a group of camouflage patterns developed for close-range use in

> Tigers have a white spot of fur on the back of each of their

dense jungle during jungle warfare by the South

ears, which are called ocelli. These act as pseudo-eyes to threaten other animals, giving the impression that the tiger is aware of its surroundings at all times, even when it is looking in the opposite direction. They are also used in communication amongst tigers, as they swivel their ears around and display these eye spots, even to animals that are right in front of them. > Although they are not species or sub-subspecies in their own rights, there are colour variations of the tiger. These are known as White Tigers and Black Tigers. White Tigers have very pale grey or brown stripes on otherwise snowy-coloured fur. Black Tigers are very dark grey, even charcoal, with pitch black stripes. Both of these variations are exquisite, and a real treat when spotted as they are so rare. They are both variations of the Bengal species of tiger.

name from its resemblance to a tiger's stripes. It

Vietnamese Armed Forces/US Forces. It derives its features narrow stripes that look like brush-strokes of green and brown, and broader brush-strokes of black printed over a lighter shade of olive or khaki.

white tiger

orange tiger

CAMOUFLAGE

tiger background coloration Many tigers possess the light yellow-orange to deep reddish-orange background coloration. Black or melanistic colored tigers have been reported but further research is required before assessing whether these sightings were of true melanistic tigers or darker versions of the orange tiger. Tigers with white background coloration are not considered albinos. An albino would be pure white in color and would have pink or red eyes. White tigers are leucocystic meaning that they have a recessive gene that causes them to lack dark colors. Therefore they usually have a white color with light to medium brown striping and blue eyes. For unknown reasons, white tigers seem to grow bigger and at a faster rate than their orange counterparts.

IN THE LIGHT OF THE DAY

SPOTS

clouded leopard

leopard

cheetah

STRIPE

tiger

CAMOUFLAGE

muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a moment's notice.When kitty moves from light into deep sleep patterns. However, cats are fully relaxed and hard to awaken during deep sleep (referred to as "rapid sleep" because of thequick brain wave move akes up. Interestingly, kittens fall directly into deep rapid sleep without this alternating pattern until they're about a month old. Cat dreams are b he's chasing dream mice!The cat's senses continue to record sounds and scents during up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickl egs, then back, and finally rear legs each in turn are flexed. Most cats also groom themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sle old and very young kittens sleep more than robust adults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and e, sleeping on the owner's schedule. That way, they sleep when you are gone and spend more awake time when you are home. The sleep activity electroencephalograph (EEG) that records waves or pulses of activity on a graph.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irr ozes a cat generally lies with his head raised and paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his muscles stif r cat-calls spill from the sleeping kitty, perhaps he's chasing dream mice!The cat's senses continue to record sounds and scents during up to 70 of blinking, yawning and stretching. First the forelegs, then back, and finally rear legs each in turn are flexed. Most cats also groom themselves b oughout the day. Habits vary between cats but very old and very young kittens sleep more than robust adults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy calls. But they typically adapt to the humans they love, sleeping on the owner's schedule. That way, they sleep when you are gone and spend m This activity has been measured experimentally with an electroencephalograph (EEG) that records waves or pulses of activity on a graph.When aw hich usually lasts fifteen to thirty minutes total. As he dozes a cat generally lies with his head raised and paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he ves from light into deep sleep, his body relaxes; he stretches out, and rolls to one side. His brain patterns change and become smaller and closer of the The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity ha sts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain produces long, irregular waves called slow-wave sleep which usually p, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a moment's notice.When kitty moves from li ilar to his waking patterns. 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However, cats are fully relaxed and hard to awaken during to slow-wave sleep-and thereafter alternates between the two until he finally wakes up. Interestingly, kittens fall directly into deep rapid sleep wi matter. When those paws twitch or cat-calls spill from the sleeping kitty, perhaps he's chasing dream mice!The cat's senses continue to record so rized by a predictable pattern of blinking, yawning and stretching. First the forelegs, then back, and finally rear legs each in turn are flexed. nly consists of short and long naps throughout the day. Habits vary between cats but very old and very young kittens sleep more than robust adu nd can pester tired owners with wake-up calls. But they typically adapt to the humans they love, sleeping on the owner's schedule. That way, they rized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experimentally with an electroencephalograph (EEG) that records waves or egular waves called slow-wave sleep which usually lasts fifteen to thirty minutes total. As he dozes a cat generally lies with his head raised and p on at a moment's notice.am, but we can only guess the subject matter. When those paws twitch or cat-calls spill from the sleeping kitty, perhaps of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup times are characterized by a predictable pattern of blinking, yawning and stretching. First the forele n eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep more commonly consists of short and long naps throughout the day. Habits vary between cats but v n. That's why kitties seem to love playing at these times and can pester tired owners with wake-up calls. But they typically adapt to the humans th e that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experimentally w r peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain produces long, irregular waves called slow-wave sleep which usually lasts fifteen to thirty minutes total. o hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a moment's notice. When kitty moves from light into deep sleep, his body relaxes r, cats are fully relaxed and hard to awaken during deep sleep (referred to as "rapid sleep" because of the The sleep activity of cats, like tha

p, his body relaxes; he stretches out, and rolls to one side. His brain patterns change and become smaller and closer together, and are very similar ement). This phase usually lasts only about five minutes, and the cat then returns to slow-wave sleep-and thereafter alternates between the two u born during rapid sleep. Yes, cats DO dream, but we can only guess the subject matter. When those paws twitch or cat-calls spill from the sleepin ly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup times are characterized by a predictable pattern of blinking, yawning and stretching eep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep more commonly consists of short and long naps throughout the day. Habits vary betwee d sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing at these times and can pester tired owners with wake-up calls. But they typically adapt to the h of cats, like that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experim regular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain produces long, irregular waves called slow-wave sleep which usually lasts fifteen to thirty minute ffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a moment's notice.am, but we can only guess the subject matter. When thos 0 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup times are characterized by a pred briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep more commonly consists of short an y or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing at these times and can pester tired owner more awake time when you are home.The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns o wake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irregular peaks. 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Yes, cats DO dream, but we can only guess the subject matter. When those paws twitch or cat-calls spil can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup times are characterized by a predictable pattern of blinking, yawni e humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep more commonly consists of short and long naps throughout the day. ctive at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing at these times and can pester tired owners with wake-up calls. But they ty home. The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity ha sts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain produces long, irregular waves called slow-wave sleep which usuall up, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a moment's notice.am, but we can only gue ounds and scents during up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup tim Most cats also groom themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep ults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing a y sleep when you are gone and spend more awake time when you are home.The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mamm r pulses of activity on a graph.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain pr paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to s change and become smaller and closer together, and are very similar to his waking patterns. However, cats are fully relaxed and hard to awaken terns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experimentally with an electroencephalograph (EEG) that records waves or pulses of activi ed slow-wave sleep which usually lasts fifteen to thirty minutes total. As he dozes a cat generally lies with his head raised and paws tucked beneat s notice.When kitty moves from light into deep sleep, his body relaxes; he stretches out, and rolls to one side. His brain patterns change and b to as "rapid sleep" because of thequick brain wave movement). This phase usually lasts only about five minutes, and the cat then returns to slow g pattern until they're about a month old. Cat dreams are born during rapid sleep. Yes, cats DO dream, but we can only guess the subject matter. ring up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup times are characterize m themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep more commonly cons s on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing at these times and can peste nd spend more awake time when you are home. The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two pa h.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain produces long, irregular waves ometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to spring into action at a mo he cat's senses continue to record sounds and scents during up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse o legs each in turn are flexed. Most cats also groom themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or l ep more than robust adults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties s hedule. That way, they sleep when you are gone and spend more awake time when you are home.The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and that records waves or pulses of activity on a graph.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozin his head raised and paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. Th ide. His brain patterns change and become smaller and closer together, and are very similar to his waking patterns. However, cats are fully relax haracterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experimentally with an electroencephalograph (EEG) that records w ong, irregular waves called slow-wave sleep which usually lasts fifteen to thirty minutes total. As he dozes a cat generally lies with his head rais nto action at a moment's notice.When kitty moves from light into deep sleep, his body relaxes; he stretches out, and rolls to one side. His brain pa deep sleep (referred to as "rapid sleep" because of thequick brain wave movement). This phase usually lasts only about five minutes, and the ca ithout this alternating pattern until they're about a month old. Cat dreams are born during rapid sleep. Yes, cats DO dream, but we can only gue ounds and scents during up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly at the squeak of a mouse or smell of a rat. Slower wakeup tim Most cats also groom themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may sleep in marathon eight-hour (or longer) sessions, cat sleep ults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybreak and sundown. That's why kitties seem to love playing a y sleep when you are gone and spend more awake time when you are home. The sleep activity of cats, like that of people and many other mamm r pulses of activity on a graph.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-together irregular peaks. But when dozing, the cat's brain pr paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his muscles stiffen to hold him upright. This way he's ready to he's chasing dream mice!The cat's senses continue to record sounds and scents during up to 70 percent of sleep, so the kitty can awaken quickly egs, then back, and finally rear legs each in turn are flexed. Most cats also groom themselves briefly upon first awakening.While humans may s very old and very young kittens sleep more than robust adults. Sleep time increases on cold, rainy or cloudy days.Cats are most active at daybre hey love, sleeping on the owner's schedule. That way, they sleep when you are gone and spend more awake time when you are home.The sleep act ith an electroencephalograph (EEG) that records waves or pulses of activity on a graph.When awake the cat's brain broadcasts little bunched-to . As he dozes a cat generally lies with his head raised and paws tucked beneath him. Sometimes he actually sleeps sitting up, in which case his m s; he stretches out, and rolls to one side. His brain patterns change and become smaller and closer together, and are very similar to his waking pa at of people and many other mammals, is characterized by two patterns of brain activity. This activity has been measured experimentally w

COLOPHON

TYPEFACE The text is set in Scala and Scala Sans designed by Martin Majoor and issued in digital form by FontFont in 1993. The Heading is set in Trade Gothic designed by Jackson Burke and issued in digital form by Linotype in 1948.

DESIGNER

SOFTWARE Adobe CC 2014 InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator

ABOUT THE PROJECT This is a student project only. No part of this book or any other part of the project was produced for commercial use.

EQUIPMENT Macbook Pro 15-inch Epson Stylus Photo R2880

PAPER Moab Entrada Bright 300#

PRINTING & BINDING Printing: Sakiko Koyama Binding: Chum's Design & Print, San Francisco, CA

Sakiko Koyama, Academy of Art University

PUBLISHER National Geographic, Washington, D.C.

BOOK

Anton, Mauricio. The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Colombia University Press, 1997. Barnes, Simon. Tiger!. New York: Martin’s Press, 1994.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mills, Stephen. Tiger. New York: Firefly Books, 2004. Thapar, Valmik. Tiger — Portrait of A Predator. New York: Facts On File Publications, 1986. Wolfe, Art. Wild cats of the world. New York: Crown Publishers, 1995. Zwaenepoel, Jean-Pierre. Tigers. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1992.

ONLINE

Annabelle, Maxine. “Water Play.” Loadstar Lair. Web. 11 May. 2015. Broad, Michael. “Cat Paws.” Picture of Cats.org. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Cats - Behavior” JRank. Web. 11 May 2015 “Cat’s whiskers.” New Zealand Veterinary Association. Web. 11 May. 2015. Conger, Cristen. “Why do tigers swim?” HowStuffWorks. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Facts about Tigers.” Tigers-World. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Habitat and Adaptation” World Wide Fund For Nature. Web. 11 May. 2015 “How the tiger got its stripes: Proving Turing's tiger stripe theory” Science Daily. Web. 11 May. 2015. "Tiger." The Animal Files. Web. 11 May . 2015 “Tigers Communication” Tigers—The Most Majestic Cats In the World. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Tigers, Physical Characteristics.” SeaWorld Parks & Entertainmen. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Tiger Population Table.” Tiger Homes.org. Web. 11 May. 2015. “Tigers” Panthera, Inc. Web. 11 May. 2015 “Tiger Territories” Wildlife of India. Web. 11 May. 2015 "What Is The Difference Between Zebra And Tiger Stripes?" Animal Pawnation. Web. 11 May. 2015 “What Does A Tiger Do At Night?” Pontoon. Web. 11 May. 2015.