Shibam Eco-Tourist Desert Resort:

Cultural and Traditional Sustainable Architecture in Yemen

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Architecture Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at Savannah College of Art and Design

Saleh Salem Ahmed Almurshedi

Savannah, GA © May 2023

Prof. Huy Ngo, Thesis Chair

Emad Afifi, Arch. D, Thesis Committee

Dr. Ali Mohammed Bazarah, Thesis Committee

Acknowledgements

For my beloved parents,

Thank you for your unwavering support, love, and guidance. You have shaped me into the person I am today. Your belief in me and encouragement to pursue my passions mean the world to me. I am grateful for the incredible upbringing you provided. Your love and support will fuel my determination to make a positive impact on the world.

With heartfelt appreciation, For Sponsor -

I deeply appreciate your invaluable assistance. Your generosity has empowered me to pursue my academic goals, and I will forever cherish the impact of your contribution.

To Prof. Huy Ngo -

I’m sincerely grateful for your unwavering patience, consistent support, and inspiring words of encouragement. Your presence and guidance have been invaluable throughout this journey. Thank you.

To Emad Afifi, Arch. D. -

Thank you for your continuous support and attentive ear during my thesis journey. Your architectural perspectives have been truly inspiring, motivating me to push the boundaries to their fullest extent. I sincerely appreciate your unwavering support.

To D. Ali Bazarah -

Thank you for your unwavering support and valuable guidance during my thesis. Your insightful suggestions and encouragement played a pivotal role in this thesis.

I deeply appreciate your contribution.

For you -

Who believes our lives and historical sites hold boundless potential for improvement and transformation, embracing optimistic visions of countless idealistic possibilities.

To the Building Arts faculty -

You shaped the designer I’m today, every achievement belongs to you. Years of joy, thanks to all of you.

Yemen.” Embassy of Yemen RSS. accessed November 12, 2022.

13, 2020. https://misfitsarchitecture.com/2014/08/02/the-buildings-of-yemen/.

Mosleh. “A Study on the Global Economic Impact on the Tourism Industry in Yemen.” ResearchGate. October 11, 2018.

James Pasley, “Inside War-Torn Yemen’s Ancient Skyscraper City, Dubbed the ‘Manhattan of the Desert,’ That’s on the Brink of Ruin.” Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/photo s-show-shibam-yemen-as-ancient-city-crumbles-2019-10.

Figure 1.7: Location of Shibam in Yemen

CARR, KATE. “Going to the Hadhramaut, Imagine A World Dedicated To Love, A World Which Knows Only The Way Of Humanity.” April 15, 2016. https://travel196-.weebly.com/yemen.html.

Figure 1.8: Theis Project Site Proposal

Google Earth. “Shibam.” Imagery date July 7, 2022. https://earth.google.com/web search/- Shibam,+Yemen/.

Figure 1.9: Art work model of Shibam

CARR, KATE, “Going to the Hadhramaut, Imagine A World Dedicated To Love, A World Which Knows Only The Way Of Humanity,” April 15, 2016,https://travel196.weebly.com/yemen.html.

Figure. 2.1Cultural and Traditional (Design by Author)..............................................................................................................................

By Author

Figure 2.2: View of Shibam

Khan, Gulnaz. “This Ancient Mud Skyscraper City Is the ‘Manhattan of the Desert’.”Travel. National Geographic, May 4, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article-/shibam-mud-skyscraper-yemen.

Figure 2.3: Visitors of Shibam

James Pasley, “Inside War-Torn Yemen’s Ancient Skyscraper City, Dubbed the ‘Manhattan of the Desert,’ That’s on the Brink of Ruin,” Business Insider, accessed March 19, 2023, https://www.businessinsider.com /photos-show-shibam-yemen-as-ancient-city-crumbles-2019-10.

Fig. 2.4. Elevtion of Shibam ...................................................................................................................................................................................

Super User, “Shibam Hadramuot,” Yemen Tourism Promotion Board - Shibam Hadramuot, accessed March 9,2023,https://www.yementourism.com/explore-yemen/historical-tourism/40-shibam-hadramuot.com/ photos-show-shibam-yemen-as-ancient-city-crumbles-2019-10.

Fig. 2.5: wall of Shibam

UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Old Walled City of Shibam,” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/.

Fig. 2.6. Restoration of mud brick buildings

Laylin, Tafline. “Yemen’s Manhattan of the Desert Is 400 Towers Made from Clay.” Green Prophet, October 22, 2020. https://www.greenprophet.com/2011/12/yemen-clay-towers/.

Fig. 2.7 Drying of mud bricks

Chulov, Dmitry. “Mud Brick Factory, Shibam, Hadhramaut Valley, Yemen.” 123RF. https://www. 123rf.com/photo_34686272_mud-brick-factory-shibam-hadhramaut-valley-yemen.html.

Figure 3.1: Shibam from above ....................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 3.1: Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort &Spa. Top view of the resort. ..............................................................................................

Healy, Melinda. “Qasr Al Sarab.” The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, January 13, 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/- destinations/middle-east/united-arab- emirates /abu-dhabi/hotels/qasr- al-sarab-hotel/.

Figure 3.2: A Type of chalet .................................................................................................................................................................................

Resorts & Spas Anantara Hotels, “Where Is Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara Located?,” Qasr Al Sarab Abu Dhabi. https://www.anantara.com/en/qasr-alsarab-abu-dhabi.

22

Figure 3.3: Location of Qasr Al Sarab https://www.anantara.com/en/qasr-al-sarab-abu-dhabi/contact.

“Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara.” Anantara. Accessed November 15, 2022.

Figure 3.4: Resort Layout

Google Earth View of Qasr Al Sarab. Sunny. “1001 Tales from the Arabian Desert.” theinnersun, September 23, 2014. https://theinnersun.wordpress.com/2014/- 09/23/1001-tales- from-the- arabian-desert/.

Figure 3.5: Master Plan .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

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Eerie, Bucyrus. “Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort.” Bucyrus Mines Stuff, February 20, 2015. https:// bucyrusmines.wordpress.com/2015/02/20/qasr-al-sarab-desert-resort/

Fig. 3.6: 196 Luxuriously appointed rooms, suites & villas (Table)............................................................................................................ 29

24

“Escape to a 5-Star Hotel Oasis in the Deserts of Abu Dhabi.” Accommodation. Accessed November 15, 2022. https://www.anantara.com/en/qasr-al- sarab-abu-dhabi/rooms.

Figure 3.7: Camel Trekking

Writer, Staff. “12 Things to Know about Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort.” cntravellerme, April 23, 2019. https://www.cntravellerme.com/dest i nations/middle-east/uae/1859-10-things- to-knowabout-qasr-al-sarab-desert-resort

Figure 3.8: Archery ....................................................................................................................................................................................................

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“Sunset Walk - Picture of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara, Hamim.” Tripadvisor. Accessed November 16, 2022.https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhoto Dir ectLink-g1597051- d1479615i374957244Qasr_Al_Sarab_Desert_Resort_b y_Anantara-

27

Figure 3.9: Outdoor Sitting. The rooftop Suhail is Qsar Al Sarab’s fine grill restaurant

28

Oseid, John. “Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara: An Oasis Inn Blooms in Abu Dhabi.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, June 26, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnoseid/2017/04/12/qasr-alsarab-desert-resort- by-anantara- an-oasis- inn-blooms-in-abu-dhabi/?sh=13f76321469d.

Figure 3.10: Wadi Rum Resort ...........................................................................................................................................................................

28

Luxigon. “Luxury Wadi Rum Desert Resort by Oppenheim Architecture.” 88DesignBox, May 16, 2015. http://88designbox.com/architecture/luxury-wadi- rum-desert-resort-by- oppenheim- archtiecture-421.html.

Figure 3.11: Location of the Rum resort on Google Maps ......................................................................................................................... 32 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wadi+Rum+Village,+Jordan- /@29.5733571,35.4174796,16z/data=!3m1! 4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x150092cf983251f9:0x13e9c812 0714754!8m2!3d29.5742989!4d35.4210371.

“The Resort Is Located in 70 Kilometers South of Jordan, in Wadi Rum.” Google maps. Google.Accessed May 10, 2022.

Figure 3.12: Main zoning of the resort

Luxigon. “Luxury Wadi Rum Desert Resort by Oppenheim Architecture.” 88DesignBox, May 16, 2022. http:// 88designbox.com/architecture/luxury-wadi-rum- desert-resort-by- oppenheimarchtiecture-421.html.

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Figure 3. 13: Lodge Floor Plan

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2022. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum- eco-resort-by-oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3. 14: Welcome Floor Plan

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com,May 17, 2022. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort-by-oppenheim- architecture/.

Figure 3.15: Entrance Area .....................................................................................................................................................................................

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012.https://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2012/11/06/wadi-rum-desert-resort/.

Figure 3.16: Main Entrance ................................................................................................................................................................................

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012.https://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2012/11/06 wadi-rum-desert-resort/.

Figure 3.17: Spa Floor Plan. “Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort

34 Oppenheim_Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2021. https://www.arch2o.com-/mountain-carved wadi-rum-eco-resort-by- oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3.18: Pools Floor Plans

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2021. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort-by- oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3. 19: Tent View

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012. https://www.toxel.com /inspiration /2012/11/06/wadirum-desert-resort/.

Figure 3. 20: Tent Section

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2021. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort-by oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3. 21: Suites Section ................................................................................................................................................................................. 35

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2021. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort-by- oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3. 22: Interior View of Suites

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012.https://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2012/11/06/wadirum-desert-resort/.

Figure 3. 23: Glazed Suites

McManus, David. “Wadi Rum Lodges Jordan Luxury Resort - e-Architect.” e-architect, February 19, 2020. https://www.e-architect.com/jordan/wadi-rum-lodges.

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012. https://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2012/11/06/wadi-rum-desert-resort/. Figure 3. 25: Night View

David. “Wadi Rum Lodges Jordan Luxury Resort - e-Architect.” e-architect, February 19, 2020. https://www.e-architect.com/jordan/wadi-rum-lodges.

“Mountain Carved Wadi Rum Eco-Resort: Oppenheim Architecture.” Arch2O.com, May 17, 2021. https://www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort- by-oppenheim-architecture/.

Figure 3. 27: Outdoor Pool

“Wadi Rum Desert Resort.” Toxel, November 2012. https://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2012/11/06/wadi-rum-desert-resort/. Figure 3. 28: Built Area Percentage

“10 Most Expensive Luxury Hotels in the US.” Luxury Travel Magazine, July 18, 2019. https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/10-most- expensive-luxury-hotels-in-the-us.

Figure 3. 30: View from Swimming Pool

“Amangiri.” Ker & Downey - A World of Difference, July 30, 2020. https://kerdowney.com/- destinations/ united-states/national-parks/amangiri/.

Figure 3. 31: Desert Lounge ............................................................................................................................................................................... 39

Staff, Geartide, and Geartide Staff GEARTIDE covers cars. “Amangiri Is a Bucket List Worthy Resort in the American Southwest.” Geartide, April 16, 2017. https://www.geartide.com- /amangiri- resort-american-southwest/.

Figure 3. 32: Suite View .....................................................................................................................................................................................

Staff, Geartide, and Geartide Staff GEARTIDE covers cars. “Amangiri Is a Bucket List Worthy Resort in the American Southwest.” Geartide, April 16, 2017.https://www.geartide.com/ namangiri- resort-american-southwest/.

Figure 3. 33: Living Area ........................................................................................................................................................................................

“Amangiri Resort.” Contract Design, July 20, 2017.https://www.contractdesign.com/galle ries /projectshospitality/amangiri-resort/#5.

Figure 3. 34: Dining Area ......................................................................................................................................................................................

“Amangiri: Hotels in the US.” Audley Travel, May 12, 2020. https://www.audleytravel.com/ca/usa/acco mmodation/amangiri.

Figure 3. 35: Spa Sauna ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40

“The Amangiri Spa & Resort Brings Modern Luxury to Southern Utah That Blends in.” If It’s Hip, It’s Here (Archives). Accessed November 16, 2022. https://ifitshipitshere.blogspot-

Figure 3. 36: Treatment Room ............................................................................................................................................................................

Dubin, Alesandra. “Pamper Yourself at These 10 Hotel Spas in the US, from Arizona’s Hot Springs to New York’s Finger Lakes.” Insider. Insider, May 10, 2022. https://www-.insider.com/guides/travel/best-hotels-with-spas-us.

Figure 3. 37: A single row of lights glow

Samanthabrown. “4 Amazing Adventures in Canyon Point, Utah.” Samantha Brown’s Places to Love, December 5, 2017. https://samantha- brown.com/destinations/desert-dreaming- canyon-point-utah-amangiri/. Figure 3. 38: Built

(n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https:// geology.com/world/yemen-satellite- image.shtml

Figure 4. 2: Report: Yemen’s Agriculture in Distress

CEOBS. (2022, January 4). Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https://ceobs.org/yemens- agriculture-in-distress/

Figure

Lucarelli, Fosco, and For Reliable urban Planning Services Choose HPC Urban Design Planning says. “The Walled City of Shibam, a ‘Manhattan of the Desert’.” SOCKS, February 24, 2019. https://socks-studio.com/2012/08/12/the-walledcity -of-shibam-a-manhattan-of-the-desert/.

Figure 4. 9: sun path and direction buildings in Shibam Hadramout city ......................................................................................... 48

Alabsi, Akram Ahmed Noman. “The Applications Of Traditional Building Technologies In Contemporary Architecture In Yemen.” researchgate, May 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/By-used-Ecotect-program-sunpath-and-direction-buildings-inShibam-Hadramout-city_fig25_336124405.

Figure 4.10: Comparison of ambient temperature with inside temperature of mud house......................................................... 48

Alabsi, Akram Ahmed Noman. “The Applications Of Traditional Building Technologies In Contemporary Architecture In Yemen.” researchgate, May 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/By-used-Ecotect-program-sunpath-and-direction-buildings-inShibam-Hadramout-city_fig25_336124405.

Dmitry. “Mud Brick Factory, Shibam, Hadhramaut Valley, Yemen.” 123RF. https://www. 123rf.com/photo_34686272_mud-brick-factory-shibam-hadhramaut-valley-yemen.html.

Gray-Grant, “He Has a Hay Bale of Hair on His Head...: The Publication Coach,” Publication Coach, March 1, 2022, https://www.publicationcoach.com/johanna-schneller/.

Rainey, “Man Making Bricks by Hand,” 123RF, accessed June 1, 2023, https://www.123rf.com/photo_ 6940140_man-making-bricks-by-hand.html.

Centre, “Old Walled City of Shibam,” Gallery - UNESCO World Heritage Centre, accessed June 1, 2023, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/gallery/&index=13&maxrows=12.

Resort - Hotel Reviews (Ḩayd Al Jazīl, Yemen),” Tripadvisor, https://www.tripadvisor.com-/Hotel_Review-g15522224-d7306837-Re views-Hayd_Al_Jazeel_Resort-Ayd_al_Jazil_Hadhramout.html.

Abstract

Shibam Eco-Tourist Desert Resort: Cultural and Traditional Sustainable Architecture in Yemen

This thesis examines the architectural and cultural significance of Shibam, a 16th-century walled city in Yemen designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It focuses on the exceptional traditional Hadrami Yemeni architecture displayed in Shibam’s multi-storeyed mud brick houses. The city’s well-preserved layout, skyline, and integration with the surrounding landscape showcase its outstanding universal cultural and historical value. To address the need for sustainable tourism development, the thesis proposes an eco-tourist resort outside the city’s walls, aiming to accommodate increasing tourism demands, generate income for local residents, and preserve Shibam’s architectural character. Furthermore, the study explores the role of architecture in preserving cultural artifacts and enhancing human experiences in heritage sites. By advocating for culturally relevant designs, the thesis aims to promote sustainable development and responsible tourism practices while preserving Shibam’s historical identity. The research and design presented contribute to the understanding and appreciation of Shibam’s unique urban and architectural heritage in the context of tradition and modernity.

Keywords-

Yemen; Hadhramout; Shibam;Traditional Architectural; Cultural heritage; UNESCO World Heritage Site; Mud brick Houses; Eco-resort; Eco-tourism; Sustainable Architecture; Architectural identity.

1.1

Introduction - Shibam – A UNESCO World Heritage Site

Yemen, a country in the Arabian Peninsula, includes many distinctive historical cities listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO. One of the most impressive listings is the 16th- century walled city of Shibam in the Hadhramout region of Yemen. Listed by UNESCO in 1982 on the UNESCO World Heritage List, it was described as the ‘Manhattan’ of the desert by English traveler Freya Stark in the 1930s.1 Shibam played an important role in the 3rd century when it became the capital of the Hadhramout during the age of the incense trade.2 Shibam City, the name Shibam is named after Shibam bin Al-Harith bin Hadhramout bin Saba Al- Asghar, the king of Shibam.3 Shibam has been used since ancient times as a residential space tmade of mud brick materials from the same environment. Shibam was a prosperous city forcenturies because it was a stopover place for those traveling along the spice and incense routes during the spice trading era. Moreover, on its northern, western, and eastern borders, the city is surrounded by palm trees and fields reserved for cultivation. Hence, we find that the horizontal expansion of the city consisted merely of the construction of a few buildings outside its southern walls.4

Shibam city lies in the Wadi Hadhramout Region. This city exemplifies exceptional urban planning and development dating back to ancient times, characterized by its multistoreyed constructions. It stands as a remarkable testament to traditional Hadrami urban architecture, evident in its well-organized grid street system, inviting squares, and the striking visual presence of its tower-like mud brick houses. Situated amidst a floodplain, the city’s elevated form beautifully emerges, showcasing the mastery of construction techniques employed throughout history.

The city is surrounded by a palm grove on three sides, and is perched upon a rocky spur and surrounded by a giant flood wadi. Its elevated position shields it from flooding while maintaining proximity to its primary source of water and agriculture. Also, flood protection is provided by a wall around the tightly clustered tall buildings on a hill. Unlike other historical cities in the world, Shibam has a unique architectural heritage because it is predominately constructed out of mud brick structures integrated into vertical construction. Thus, it was referred to as a “high-rise” city in ancient times. Shibam’s traditional architecture has a unique artistic legacy that reflects the culture of peoples and the continuing history of successive civilizations.5 buildings, and the relationship between the city and its

1 Gulnaz Khan, “This Ancient Mud Skyscraper City Is the Manhattan of the Desert,” National Geographic Travel, April 3, 2017, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/shibam-mud- skyscraper-yemen.

2 Naji Thawaba, “Shibam (Yemen): General Information,” Organization of World Heritage Cities, September 27, 2018, https:// www.ovpm.org/city/shibam-yemen-2/.

3 Ronald Lewcock, “Wadi Hadramawt and the Walled City of Shibam,” Unesdoc.unesco.org, July 15, 1986, https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000071939.

4 Anwar Baeissa, “Mud-Brick High-Rise Buildings Architectural Linkages for Thermal Comfort in Hadhramout Valley, Yemen,” Fdocuments.net, October 5, 2013, https://fdocuments.net/document/mud- brick-high-rise-buildings-architecturallinkages-for-thermal-comfort-in-hadhramout-valley- yemen.html?page=1.

Shibam has remained unchanged for centuries. The attributes that carry Outstanding Universal Value include the city layout, the city skyline, the city wall, the traditional

In addition, the site preserves its intangible cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation. Residents of Shibam have lived for decades in strong social relationships, and their religious and cultural heritage contributed to Shibam society and to the city as a whole. Shibam, as a city, consists of many architectures that were designed and constructed to closely reflect the people, the culture, and its place identity.

5 “Shibam – the Oldest Skyscraper City.” Ritebook, April 21, 2014. https://www.ritebook.in/2014/04/the-oldest-skyscrapercity-shibam-yemen.html.

6 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Old Walled City of Shibam,” Accessed May 8, 2022. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/.

Shibam has a unique urban and architectural heritage that’s located on the threshold between past and present, tradition and modernity. This walled city of vertical mudbrick high-rises, with its labyrinthine streets and lanes, unfolds its own iterative narrative in a stunning, almost meters tall, with only one gate.

1.2 Shibam – A Popular Tourist Destination

Tourism has become increasingly important in Yemen as a whole and Shibam specifically because of the changing in the economy. With the disappearance of the old trade

Yemen is ranked 137 in the world in terms of tourism. “In 2015, according to data published by the Ministry of Tourism – Yemen, it recorded a total of 398,000 to the Shibam City.”7

One contributing factor of such low ranking is due to the lack of appropriate accommodation infrastructure at the site for visitors and tourists to stay while visiting the city. The lack of accommodation infrastructure is due to several factors, the most important of which is the city itself and its geographical location. It is located in the middle of a valley and is surrounded by a wall to preserve it from geographic and climatic conditions. As a result, it can expand outward with new construction and development. Furthermore, as a UNESCO designation, its cultural, architectural, and archaeological heritage must be preserved, and it is prohibited from having any new construction within the city walls. Nevertheless, as tourism becomes more popular in the city and since economic resources will help to sustain the indigenous population of the city, Shibam will need to create resort accommodations to support tourism for those visiting the site.

*Note: in the Graph above, the researcher relied on tourism statistics for 2010 due to the suspension of tourism statistics reports issued by the ministry of tourism in Yemen for 2010 due to the decade of civil war in Yemen.

7 “Yemen Tourism Statistics,” CEIC, accessed September 20, 2022,https://www.- ceicdata.- com/en/yemen/tourism-statistics.

1.3 Location: https://earth.google.com/web/search/ Shibam,+Yemen/.

The proposed site is in the Country of Yemen, the Mid Region of the Hadhramaut Governorate Area, and in the City of Shibam.

Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-shibamyemen-as-ancient-city-crumbles-2019-10.

14 Users:

The Visitors (The tourists) and Resort Staff.

The architecture project will consist of an Eco-hotel Resort covering approximately 35,000 sq. ft.The resort capacity is 100 visitors spread among three types of chalets to accommodatethem, one can accommodate 6 people and with an area of 650 ft² and the second one can accommodate 2 people and with an area of 360 ft². There are 32 employees divided into different categories.

There is a need for a resort to assist with the growing demand for tourism to the city. In a similar style to the historical city, this project will design an eco-tourist resort overlooking the city. There will be a variety of cultural and historical art shows at the resort, as well as desertrelated activities such as camping, camel riding, rest, relaxation, and meditation, allowing local and foreign visitors to enjoy activities reflective of the local traditions.

1.6 Architecture Project

This thesis aims to improve Shibam’s architecture to accommodate more tourism. In addition, increasing tourism can provide income to local residents who live in Shibam and support families to compensate for decreased revenues. This thesis aims to design innovative and sustainable projects for traditional architecture in Yemen, with a focus on creating designs that are both culturally relevant and responsive to contemporary needs and challenges.The resort site will be outside the city’s wall borders not only to improve tourism, social, economic, and cultural conditions but also to preserve the identity and architectural character of Shibam city. Further, this study will enhance the historical identity of Shibam’s traditional architecture. Studying Yemeni traditional architecture is also an inspiration. Meanwhile, this study will enhance the role of tourism by creating an eco-resort in line with sustainable development goals and sufficient tourist accommodations for visitors. Finally, this thesis will establish guidelines that need to be followed according to the conditions of the specific location and the important goals of reducing destructive tourism in protected areas that have a unique historical value.

1.7 Contribution to the Discipline

Preserving designated architectural heritage is essential to society because it provides the documentation of the physical environment which mankind has constructed and reflects the socially and culturally significant expression of human society. This thesis will contribute to the body of knowledge of architecture by expressing how society as a whole sees itself and views the built environment that as it reflects human cultural development. By exploring how the demand for contemporary architecture fulfills a human need, architecture can also play an active role in supporting the pre-existing historic cultural artifacts in its proximity. This thesis project will focus on fostering the human experience and understanding at both the individual and community levels by providing an invaluable resource for public architecture usage heritage sites. The research and design conducted for this thesis will advocate that fostering human social experience design will make a positive contribution to the cultural and heritage understanding of a place at a designated architectural heritage site.

2.1 Background:

At the intersection of tradition and modernity, Shibam’s urban and architectural heritage can be described as unique. “Shibam has a unique urban and architectural heritage which is located on the threshold between past and present, tradition and modernity, this walled city of vertical mudbrick high- rises, with its labyrinthine streets and lanes, unfolds its own iterative narrative in a stunning, almost oneiric topography.”8 Due to Shibam’s important location as a stopover on the spice, incense, and frankincense route, it has experienced centuries of prosperity. After a period of deterioration in the economic situation of the city as a result of the disappearance of thatancient trade of spices, incense, and frankincense, a new era of prosperity begins as successive pre-war governments worked to support farmers to compensate for the lost trade revenues. On the other hand, there is an interest in cultural and architectural heritage to highlight and preserve it. In terms of initiatives and early endeavors to preserve the city of Shibam. The Government of Democratic Yemen, in collaboration with UNESCO, has developed a global initiative to protect and preserve them. This campaign, inaugurated in Shibam on December 22, 1984, by the Director-General of UNESCO, has a twofold objective: to safeguard the visual beauty of these monuments and to foster positive attitudes and support, both at home and abroad, for the challenging endeavor of restoration.9 source of foreign income in many countries in cultural and historical reserves. In contrast, the trend of global tourism has evolved from traditional tourism or general tourism to a specific type or sector, such as eco-tourism. The purpose of eco-tourism is to achieve high profitability with social and environmental benefits. Therefore, eco-tourism must be understood and implemented successfully in eco-resorts, in order to achieve sustainability and meet customer expectations.

Since the economy has been transformed and the old trade routes have almost completely disappeared from Yemen in general and Shibam in particular, the tourism sector has become increasingly important. Tourism is one of the most important contributors to human stability in the city of Shibam, after the absence of the spice and incense trade, a major source of income for some families, and the easing of displacement and migration. UNESCO also has an important role in revitalizing tourism and shedding light on the city of Shibam to achieve a balance that aims to preserve its cultural, architectural, and archaeological heritage. In addition to foreign exchange earnings, tourism has contributed to community development.

2.2 Eco-tourism

The overall definition of “eco-tourism” and its relationship to cultural aspects is a topic that has been discussed in many research papers. The definition of Eco-tourism refers to “Tourism that involves traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as in any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas.”10

In addition, ecotourism will establish some of the guidelines that have to be followed according to the conditions of the specific location and the important goals to reduce destructive tourism in protected areas, that have a unique nature or historical value. Furthermore, the Shibam ecotourist resort will preserve the environmental and cultural heritage of Shibam city, and eco-tourism will encourage tourists to become involved in conservation as the general purpose of this thesis.

Meanwhile, eco-tourism marketing and infrastructure creation are sensitive and crucial. since tourism is a major

10 Héctor Ceballos-Lascurain, “[Pdf] Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas: The State of Nature ...,” Semantic Scholar, September 1, 1996, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/-Tourism%2C-Ecotourism%2C-and-Protected-Areas%3A-The-State-Ceballos-Lascura%CC%81in/fad55ef5b43171fbb0ce90e364b041fcd8204f13.

Generally, eco-tourism promotes sustainable tourism, while sustainability aims to protect and preserve natural resources. Sustainability in architecture goes beyond just the construction phase of a building. The overall definition of sustainability; Attia refers to the comprehensive concept of sustainability, such as what was done by the United Nations global committees on environment and development, as an art whose mandate is to provide services for current generations while preserving natural resources for future generations and meeting their needs.11 This indicates the importance of preserving natural resources and not https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-shibam-ye overly using them, especially in architecture, because to build one house, many different materials taken from nature’s resources are used. Preserving natural resources is extremely important in mudbrick architecture because it uses natural materials from the same environment. Resources must be conserved sufficiently for the needs of future generations.Furthermore, sustainable architecture has become part of the worldwide sustainability system. Sustainability is an architectural approach that involves the use of greener and more efficient means to achieve a longer service life and not damage the environment.

2.3 Applications of Traditional Sustainable Yemen Architecture:

Traditional Yemeni architecture has a long history of being sustainable thanks to its meticulous construction, using natural materials that blend harmoniously with the region’s geographical and climatic conditions. On the other hand, sustainability and environmental preservation have a strong connection with traditional architecture in Yemen. This section offers a brief overview of traditional architecture types, and a traditional house analysis provides an example of sustainable architecture in Yemen. Attia refers to the types of houses in traditional Yemeni architecture, classifying traditional Yemeni houses into four types.12 As a result of the difference in geography, weather, and building materials available in the regions of Yemen, there are different styles of traditional Yemeni architecture. In general, Attia classifies traditional Yemeni houses into four types: The first type is a small one-floor house made of cane and mud. The second type is more sophisticated, consisting of two floors and built of stone and cement bricks. It has an external stair to the second floor. The third type is the multistory house which is mostly three floors or more. The fourth type is the skyscraper and these are considered the first skyscraper in the world constructed of mud bricks with seven to nine floors in Shibam city in Hadhramout, Yemen.13 In addition, Attiya analyzes the spaces and materials of one type of traditional Yemeni house as an example of sustainable architecture in Yemen.14

Analysis of this example of the third type of traditional house, which has more than two floors located in the city of Sana’a, proves the sustainability of the traditional Yemeni architecture. First, the multistory house is built from the same natural material environment. Next, the multistory house spaces are distributed according to function, needs of the owner, and climatic orientation to introduce natural lighting and ventilation. At last, the multistory house has an outdoor patio with a well of water for the plants and a drinking water source. accessed March 19,2023,https://www.yementourism.com/explore-yemen/ historical-tourism/40-shibam-hadramuot.com/photosshow-shibam-yemen-as-ancient-city-crumbles-2019-10.

12 Ahmed Attia, “Traditional Yemeni Architecture and Its Impact on Energy Efficiency,” ResearchGate, August 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356595813_Traditional_Yemeni_Architecture_and_Its_Impact_on_Ener gy_Efficiency.

13 Ibid., 381.

14 Ibid., 386.

2 4 Shibam

Mudbrick Shibam houses have a unique architectural style with a special interior distribution. The mudbrick house looks the same color as mud and has a rectangular facade with square windows. Jerome, Chiari, and Borelli represent that design of houses in traditional mudbrick architecture was not done by an architect but by builders.15 Homeowners design their houses or delegate them to skilled builders at buildings that are mudbrick. Homeowners rely on skilled builders with expertise in constructing mudbrick structures. These builders possess in-depth knowledge of local building techniques, materials, and climate, resulting in functional and beautiful homes. The mudbrick house is directed according to a study of the direction of sunlight and wind. “Ideally, the best rooms are often placed along the south facade, with the bathrooms along the north.”16 The sea is in the south, so the wind which comes from the south is loaded with moisture. On the northern side is a desert, so the wind is loaded with dry and hot air. The overall layout plan of the house is square, and the roofs are used for sleeping outdoors during summer because air conditioners are rarely used, but some homes used evaporative desert air coolers.

The Shibam house emphasizes privacy and functionality in its interior design, particularly in dividing spaces between the guest and family sections. The ground and first floors are dedicated to storage and animal housing, while open rooms on each level cater to dining, sleeping, and business activities. The upper floor features a spacious hall called the Diwan, exclusively reserved for guests, entertainment, and special events. This thoughtfully designed layout ensures distinct areas for various activities, fostering privacy and efficiency within the house. Furthermore, the mudbrick houses still continue to have the same traditional design and appearance because mudbrick is made in the same traditional way these days. In this specific regard, a comprehensive explanation of the mudbrick-making technique used in the traditional mudbrick houses as a fundamental material in the Hadhramout region in Yemen is required. Jerome, Chiari, and Borelli mention mudbricks are one of the best building materials as they are resistant to the elements of the dry climate, and are manufactured in the same method from the past.17 The mudbricks are used from the same dry environment, so their components and particles manufacturing technology today because modern technology has not directly interfered with the technique of repairing mudbricks yet. The method adapt to hot and cold climate change. For example, the city of Shibam, the oldest skyscraper in the world, which is used for living these days is built of mud bricks from the same environment since ancient times. In addition, mudbricks still use the same of selecting the clay used in the manufacture of mudbrick is very important and is done by experienced builders. The chopped straw is also mixed with the clay and the mudbricks are left exposed to the sun for a few days until it becomes solid. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269825587_The_Architecture_of_ Mud_Construction_and_Repair_Technology_in_the_Hadhramaut_Region_of_Yemen. 16 Ibid.

In Shibam, the traditional mud brick architecture has survived for centuries, but all its parts must be continuously renewed; some of them need renewal every year, such as whitewashing, while mud plaster renewal takes place every ten years, and plastered parts need to be renewed approximately every thirty years. Fresh coats of mud are applied to stop cracking and to maintain the walls’ strength. The mixture is made from soil, hay, and water, and is left to harden in the sun over a number of days.

Chiari, and Caterina Borelli, “The Architecture of MUD: Construction and Repair Technology in The ...,” ResearchGate, January 1999, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269825587_The_Architecture_of_ Mud_Construction_and_Repair_Technology_in_the_Hadhramaut_Region_of_Yemen.

17 Pamela Jerome,

03 Case Studies

3.1 Preserving Shibam Surroundings: In the Face of Rapid Change

Yemen’s economy is growing at a marked rate but in an unplanned architectural and industrial direction. Most Yemeni cities are experiencing urban development as a result of the growing population. In Shibam city, the planning and architectural features of city settlements provide residents with a sense of identity so they continue preserving their historical identity. As opposed to Shibam, some of the surrounding cities had an overlap between historical and emerging architecture that undermined their historical and traditional character. The emerging trend of modernization and the urgent need for infrastructure and housing projects have caused an ongoing hasty shift from traditional to modern. The traditional Yemeni buildings aren’t well adjusted to the hardships of the different climatic regions of the country, together with the inefficient use of non-local resources. On the other hand, modern and modern/traditional buildings are over-designed and inefficiently implement imported construction technologies and materials, focusing on cost reductions that are achieved by lowering the quality, consequently creating a less attractive built environment and unsustainable buildings. This hasty transition has made it important to preserve the architectural character and identity of the city of Shibam due to its historical and cultural value andpart of the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Introduction In this chapter I will analyze different case studies that will help to overview relevant projects to understand the requirement of the project. This chapter will provide us with data about the program of the function and its zoning. Also, will analyze zones, space programs, site criteria, and design solutions for relevant projects’ which will help to prepare for the next stages of the project’s thesis. These studies are based on main zones, space programs, and choosing a site. Moreover, this chapter will focus on several case studies that show the unique design concept, structural materials, sustainability, culture ... Etc

3.1.1 Rational

In accordance with the Antiquities Law of 1997 and the Building Law of 2002 in Yemen, the Old City of Shibam is protected. Furthermore, being a UNESCO designation; its cultural, architectural, and archaeological heritage must be preserved, and it is prohibited from including any new construction within the city walls. Nevertheless, Shibam will need to create sustainable resort accommodations outside the city walls to support tourism for those visiting the site.

3.2 Case Study One: Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort & Spa that can be interconnected for families. This resort has all the facilities that make for a perfect holiday including a spa with hamman, tennis courts, a kids club and three dining options. Moreover, there is a desert excursions centre that can organize trips into the desert including camel treks, 4x4 desert safaris, and hikes to give guests a real feel for the location.

Qasr Al Sarab is located just eight kilometers away from the coast of Jebal Dhanna, on a private island named Sir Bani Yas. It is located 2 hours (190km) from Abu Dhabi city.

3.2.2 Project General Information:18

Project name: Qaser Al Sarab Resort in Desert.

Project Type: Relaxation and Recreation Location:

Abu Dhabi. Architect: Dubarch

Interior Designer: Hirsch / Bedner Associates Built-up area: 53,000 square meters

Client: Tourist Development Investment Company Hotel

Operator: Anantara

Construction period: 2006 -25th October 2009 sarab-abu-dhabi. ler/22926203196/in/photostream/.

3.2.3 Project Description

Qasr Al Sarab features stylish suites with attractive Arabian style decoration all of which has stunning views over the dunes. Also, it includes different types and sizes of rooms https://www.anantara. com/en/qasr-al-sarab-abu-dhabi/contact.

18 Anantara Hotels, Resorts &Spas, “Where Is Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara Located?” Qasr Al Sarab Abu Dhabi. accessed Dec,2022. https://www.anantara.com/en/qasr-al-sarab-abu-dhabi.

3.2.5 Project Program -Accommodation Size

 Outdoor activies

1. Archery.

2. The Workout Room.

3. Camel Trekking.

4. Biking.

5. Dune Bashing.

6. Desert Walks. Spa Facilities

Fig. 3.7 “Escape to a 5-Star Hotel Oasis in the Deserts of Abu Dhabi.” Accommodation. Accessed November 15, 2022. https://www.anantara.com/en/qasr-al- sarab-abu-dhabi/ rooms.

3.2.6 Spaces and

Leisure Activities

To fulfill the requirements of the different users the resort will house the following: Public Areas

1. Administration.

2. Swimming pool.

3. Three Restaurants.

4. Desert lounges

5. Library and business center.

6. Spa and yoga.

7. Fitness Centre& Kids Club.

8. 3 flood light tennis courts.

1- Four Luxurious Couple Treatment Suites

2- Traditional Moroccan Hammam

3- Ice Room and Jacuzzi

4- Hammam with heated marble.

November 16, 2022. https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhoto Dir ectLink-g1597051-d1479615- i374957244Qasr_Al_Sarab_Desert_Resort_b y_Anantara-

3.2.7 Conclusion

The resort is located in the middle of the desert in Abu Dhabi. It reflects the culture, heritage and natural beauty of the UAE. This is a main point I would like to address in my project, the importance of integrating the cultural heritage of Shibam into the design. Furthermore, the designs reflect the functional aim for the project. The resort features different activities such as camel trekking.

cntravellerme.com/dest i nations/middle-east/uae/185910-things- to-know-about-qasr-al-sarab-desert-resort

Fig. 3.10 Oseid, John. “Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara: An Oasis Inn Blooms in Abu Dhabi,” Forbes June 26, 2019,https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnoseid/- 2017/04/12/qasr-al- sarab-desert-resort- by-anantara-an-oasis- innblooms-in-abu-dhabi/?sh=13f76321469d.

3.3.1 Case Study Two : Wadi Rum Resort

Client: Aqaba Regional Authority

Construction Cost: 10,330,000 $

3.3.1- Project General Information 19

Project name: Wadi Rum Resort.

Project Type: Desert Resort.

Architect: Oppenheim Architecture.

Location: Wadi Rum, Jordan.

Total Site Area: 4,000,000 m²

Built up area: 80,000 square feet of area. = 7.432 square meters.

Completion date: 2014.

3.3.2 Project Description

In a global competition for a new luxury destination in Wadi Rum, Jordan, Oppenheim Architecture + Design‘s submitted the winning proposal, Wadi Resort. The Wadi Rum project seeks to establish a new standard for design, quality and sustainability in the natural environment. The project is comprised of 47 desert lodges setting forth a future primitive experience and providing an ecologically sensitive design solution.

This project included the study and development of the existing village and creation of a new village, as well as the design of a visitor’s centre, an entrance gateway, in addition to a design of a new road and infrastructure, and the conservation of the environment through the implantation of plants and trees that are compatible with the characteristic nature of Wadi Rum.

3.3.3 Project Concept and Philosophy

The project explores the attractive natural beauty of the desert to establish accommodations that are uniquely elemental and luxurious. The fundamental purpose of constructing suitable architecture in desert regions, incorporating elements such as shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass, is to significantly contribute to maintaining a comfortable microclimate for guests while also offering an authentic desert experience. Also, great care has been given to utilizing local materials as well as various water conservation measures for both human and site irrigation. The architecture is inserted in the landscape with nominal impact and original style, synchronizing that suitable wis with the topography. The project is a clear and suitable type with surrounding nature by taking full advantage of the mystical valley where desert sand meets the desert stone. The suites will be carved directly into the sandstone cliff face and the building elements will be made from rammed earth and cement mixed with local red sand.

3.3.4

Site Location

19 ArchEyes Team, “Wadi Rum Desert Resort / Oppenheim Architecture,” ArchEyes, April 10, 2016. https://archeyes.com/ wadi-rum-desert-resort-oppenheim/.

tp://88designbox.com/architecture/luxury-wadi- rum-desert- resort-by- oppenheim-archtiecture-421.html.

www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum- eco-resortby-oppenheim- architecture/.

di-rum-desert-resort/.

https://www.e-architect.com/jordan/wadi-rum-lodges.

www.arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resortby- oppenheim- architecture/.

arch2o.com/mountain-carved-wadi-rum-eco-resort-by-

3.3.5 Structure

The structure of the suites will be carved into the sandstone cliffs, utilizing the existing geological geometries of the rock to devise the form. Other structures are comprised of rammed earth and cement mixed with the local red sand. The minimal yet powerful gestures of the architecture both built and carved serves to create harmony, and balance while framing and amplifying the surroundings. The interior and exterior are deliberately blurred establishing maximum impact with minimum effort.

Inspired by the primordial, Oppenheim used his expertise in sustainable design to create passive means of cross ventilation, taking full advantage of the natural cooling effect of the rocks, and proper positioning allowing the project to minimize energy consumption and maximize Fig. 3. 23 “Wadi comfortable healthy living. Oppenheim said: “We tapped the inherent power of the desert through primal and instinctual design moves, informed by the forces, rhythms and patterns of nature—past, present and future,”

2012.https://www.toxel.com/inspiration-/2012/11/06/wadi-rum-desert-resort/.

Oppenheim devised a passive means of cross ventilation for the project, taking full advantage of the natural cooling effect of the rocks and allowing the project to minimize energy use while keeping guests comfortable. The resort merges silently with its amazing setting, exploiting and enhancing the natural beauty of the desert to establish accommodations that are uniquely elemental and luxurious.

This case study has a strong concept that aims to provide a direct connection between man and nature. Thus it left many elements of the design raw and honest to its surrounding. Its form is composed of intriguing geometric cut-out spaces emerging from the landscape like an uncovered stone.

To further emphasize the concept, the architecture is inserted into the natural topography of the land, resulting in simple and elemental forms that aim to enhance and embrace the site.

Another amazing point can attract people to come to this resort is the availability of natural freshwater from the wadi rum.

3.4.1 Case Studies Three: Amangiri Resort &

Spa

3.4.2

Project Description

3.4.3 Project Concept and Philosophy

Location: In the Lake Powell region of the U.S. state of Utah.

3.4.1 Project General Information

Project name: Amangiri Resort & Spa.

Project Type: Relaxation.

Architect: Marwan Al-Sayed, Wendell Burnette & Rick Joy.

Location: Southern Utah, The USA.

Site Area: 7.246 square meters Completion date: October 2009.

The Amangiri Resort &Spa was opened in October 2009. The resort is sensitively located beside a low entrada sandstone rock formation like an olden settlement, allowing each guest to experience the simplicity and pure natural beauty of the surrounding mesas and mesmerizing light shows. Poetically emphasizing the pure essence of this nice landscape: water, rock, and sky. This resort includes several functions such as a luxury hotel; the setting is a living room lounge, a spectacular swimming pool, spa, fitness center, and a central pavilion that contains a library, an art gallery, and private-public dining areas.

In this area there is Escalante National Monument, who built around a central pool. The main swimming pool is a large space, 46 m (150 ft.) high, sandstone rock, forming a striking background to the pool and its surrounding terrace with impressive views.

Exterior courtyards on the different steppes introduce the guests in a more intimate way to the topography, and connected with the interior so that the outdoor experience is maybe more important than the indoor.

Each of the guest rooms includes a living room area, bathroom, and a floor-to- ceiling glass door that opens onto a private terrace comprising a fireplace and pool blogspot.com/2010/07/amangiri-spa-resort-brings-modern.html

Most Expensive Luxury Hotels in the US.” Luxury Travel Magazine, July 18, 2019. https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/10-most- expensive-luxury- hotels-in-the-us.

The architect’s focus of the hotel setting is the main pavilions dining, reception, living areas, library, guest rooms and spa. Also, the architects focusing on the interiors, lighting, furnishings, all the design with the blend in with the architecture and the surrounding landscape.

In addition to the hotel, the architects also designed the Spa, located on the south wing. The designed spa inspired by the rock formations formed by wind and water and streams of light, offering a number of unique treatment venues. The spa walls, floors and ceiling are clad in darkcolored walnut wood.

The spa complex includes features a steam room, a dry sauna. Also, double treatment rooms in addition to two outdoor treatment terraces with amazing views of the mesas.

This case study showed how to successfully integrate the building with the site. The masses complemented the mountainous topography to create a dramatic appearance for the users. There is a good ratio between outdoor and indoor spaces, allowing users to enjoy both the desert environment as well as indoor activities. Moreover, design solutions and materials used to fit the site of the project which is Southern Utah, in America.

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss the different phases that are taken in order to select the site for this project. Selecting a suitable site is vital to the success of a project and to adding value to the location it inhabits. The site for this thesis project is Shibam, Hadhramout Central Region of Yemen. This project specifically its location will be outside the city’s wall borders not only to improve tourism, social, economic, and cultural conditions but also to preserve the identity and architectural character of Shibam city. As a result, after selecting the site of the best fit, a thorough site analysis will be conducted on the selected site and any problematic factors that arise will be addressed and discussed.

noise.

Physiographic elements: The topography is the most powerful aspect of the site, the orientation, and the climatic aspects are considered

Expansion capability: Whether the site has the capability for future expansion or not.

Parking capacity: The site’s capacity to hold parking spaces.

Utilities: Infrastructure: The functions around the site and how this project can utilize them like electrical, and water.

4.3 The Location

4.2 Site Selection Criteria Site Comparison Evaluation

Accessibility: It is critical to select a site that can be easily accessible by visitors and within walking distance of some potential users.

Visibility: A panoramic view similar to the historical city overlooking it.

Views: In order for the project to be accepted by visitors, there should be enjoyable views. Therefore, it should be studied how to manipulate the wanted views and avoid unwanted views. The site should be placed in an area with a strong positive identity and image. The project will have a main and major view of the old city. This will assist in creating recreational areas and interesting outdoor spaces for incomers.

Privacy: The site should not be surrounded by any buildings.

Noise levels: It is important to not place the project in residential areas or in the middle of the city because of the

Yemen is located in the Middle East. Yemen is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea to the south, Saudi Arabia to the north, and Oman to the east. Shibam is a town in Yemen located in the Hadhramaut Governorate, which is in the southeastern part of the country. Shibam is known for its historic old town and attracts visitors from around the world who come to see its unique architecture and learn about its cultural heritage.

Shibam city lies in the Wadi Hadhramout Region. Wadi Hadhramout is a striking 100km long valley sunk 300m into the Jol Plateau, which sits at around 1km above sea level. Many tributary wadis feed into the main valley, and again agriculture relies on spate water.

Shibam has historically been known as a center of commerce and culture in the region. Camel caravans have traditionally been used to transport spices and other goods along the ancient trade routes that pass through Shibam, connecting it to other important cities in Yemen and beyond.

Site Boundary

In centuries past, Shibam served as an important stop on caravan routes connecting the Arabian Peninsula to the Mediterranean. Camel caravans transported spices, incense, and other valuable goods through the town, which was strategically located at the crossroads of several major trade routes.

Site Boundary

The Mean Road

Visitors Vehicular Road

Pedestrian Access and Camels Road

Torrent Valley

Parking of the Visitors Vehicular

Animal Shelter

Site Analysis

-A shelter should be provided in each pen where camels are kept over 35 °C. The shaded area projected by the shelter should also be large enough to provide shade for all the camels in the pen and for placing drinking and feeding points.

-Main parking is very far from the eco-resort range to keep the site quiet and not damage the wildlife to enjoy and the natural life

4.5 The Sewage Disposal System

a- Organization of a blind alley line yellow on the urban plan to discharge the solid and liquid waste dropping from the houses.

The urban plan of Shibam. Each house has a waste disposal system provided with external outlets (marked in black). The latter overlooks narrow back streets, blind alleys, or perimeter paths (drawn in brown).

b- The two-outlet toilet which allows the separation of liquid and solid excrement.

b- The facade of a building equipped with sewage shafts and excrement collection baskets.

https://socks-studio.com/2012/08/12/the-walledcity-of-shibam-a-manhattan-of-the-desert/.

Shibam enjoys a hot desert climate in accordance with the Köppen-Geiger classification.

The yearly average maximum temperature in Shibam is 86°F (ranging from 77°F in January to 97°F in June). Annual rainfall is 4.9in, with a minimum of 0.1in in December and a maximum of 1.3in in November.

Between the months of January and April, the climate is very good. On average, in the morning it is 72°F and, in April, 0 days of rain are expected.

In the month of May, the climate is favorable. The record temperature this month is 103°F.

Between June and August, the climate is not good, but still OK. At lunchtime, it’s 94°F on average and you can expect to have 0.6in of rainfall/per month during this period.

In the month of September, the climate is favorable. By early evening, the temperature averages 88°F and it rains in September about 0.4in.

From October to December, the climate is perfect. The temperature rises to 81°F and you can expect to have 0.1in of rainfall/month during this period.18

Charts: temperature and rainfall in Shibam

In the charts below, you can see the following seasonal norms for the city of Shibam: the minimum and maximum outdoor temperature, the risk and amount of monthly rainfall, daily average sunshine, and relative humidity for each month of the year.

The weather is good all year round in Shibam. On average, the warmest months are May, June, July, August and September.

Shibam has dry periods in January, February, March, April, May, September, October, and December

- Outside temperature city_fig25_336124405.

18 Weather2Travel.com, “Shibam Weather Averages: Best Time to Go: Yemen,” Weather2Travel.com, accessed Feb 3, 2023, https://www.weather2-travel.com/yemen/shibam/.

Fig. 4. 11 Weather2Travel.com, “Shibam Weather Averages: Best Time to Go: Yemen,” Weather2Travel.com, accessed Feb 3, 2023, https://www.weather2-travel.com/yemen/shibam/.

- Precipitation (rainfall)

Fig. 4. 12 Weather2Travel.com, “Shibam Weather Averages: Best Time to Go: Yemen,” Weather2Travel.com, accessed Feb 3, 2023, https://www.weather2-travel.com/yemen/shibam/.

- Daily sunshine hours

Fig. 4. 13 Weather2Travel.com, “Shibam Weather Averages: Best Time to Go: Yemen,” Weather2Travel.com, accessed Feb 3, 2023, https://www.weather2-travel.com/yemen/shibam/.

- Humidity

Fig. 4. 14 Weather2Travel.com, “Shibam Weather Averages: Best Time to Go: Yemen,” Weather2Travel.com, accessed Feb 3, 2023, https://www.weather2-travel.com/yemen/shibam/.

4.7

to have 0.6in of rainfall/per month during this period.

- Between the months of January and April, the climate is very good. On average, in the morning it is 72°F and, in April, 0 days of rain are expected.

- In the month of may the climate is favorable. The record temperature this month is 103°F.

- Between June and august the climate is not good, but still OK. At lunchtime, it’s 94°F on average and you can expect

-In the month of September, the climate is favorable. By early evening, the temperature averages 88°F and it rains in September about 0.4in.

- From October to December the climate is perfect. The temperature rises to 81°F and you can expect to have 0.1in of rainfall/month during this period.

5.1 Introduction

Chapter Five will discuss the program of the project in detail such as (activities, area distributions, and functions). Each function related to the project will be calculated based on standard studies of the project functions as well as the analysis of the case studies from the third chapter. The chapter will be supported by standard studies, functional analysis, space calculation, and site analysis, to assure a successful building design.

5.2 Project users

The resort Chalets’ capacity is 100 visitors having Three types of chalets to accommodate them, one can accommodate 6 people and its area is 650 ft² and the second one can accommodate 2 people and its area is 360 ft². Employees are 32 people divided into different categories as will be shown below.

Once the four chapters were complete, the project became more evident. After analyzing earlier case studies and the site analysis, I developed the basic zoning of the site for this study, and I ultimately chose the site based on the most crucial factors.

In the end, the earlier chapters have helped me to build a clear vision of how I want my project to operate and seem. Possessing this thesis will be helpful to me when I get to the spaces program and the design phase in the next step.

5.4 Accommodations: (10000 ft²) Number of users: 120 Persons.

-There are 20 chalets different in design so we have three types of chalets (class “A” – Class “B”- Class “C”), each of which is characterized by a direct main view of the old city.

-The resort chalets provide dramatic valley views from guestrooms and suites.

Restaurant: The restaurant should be accessed from the reception area and should include a foyer and private restrooms.

The restaurant should include private dining for 60 People. The restaurant should be characterized by a direct main view of the old city.

-The Eco-Restaurant concept aims to optimize a restaurant’s performance in all environmental aspects. This includes waste prevention, reducing energy and water consumption, and reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

- restaurant interior design in terms of creating spatial experiences through color, display aesthetic, lighting, material, seating arrangement, and spatial composition.

5.8 Fitness (2730 ft²)

5.9 Staff Building: Area:1770 ft², Capacity 30 Employees

5.10 Support Facilities:

5.10.1 Prayer Hall (560 ft²) Number of users: 150 Persons

5.10.2 Event Hall (1045 ft²) Number of users = 1000 persons

06 Goals and Objectives

6.1 Goals and Objectives

When conservation goes beyond preserving the external appearance of historic structures and meets the local needs of the population, it becomes environmentally, economically, and culturally sustainable. Sustainability