A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.
Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 From Human Trafficking to Modern Slavery: The Development of Anti-trafficking Policy in the UK (March 2018) 1.2 From severe to routine labour exploitation: The case of migrant workers in the UK food industry (March 2018) 1.3 National Referral Mechanism Statistics – End of Year Summary 2017 (March 2018) 1.4 Guidelines for psychologists working with refugees and asylum seekers in the UK: Extended version (February 2018) 1.5 Predicting vulnerability to modern slavery across the UK: subnational model (January 2018) 1.6 Troubling recognitions in British responses to modern slavery (January 2018) 1.7 Modern Slavery Media Campaign – final report (January 2018) 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Parliamentary Questions 3. Campaigns and Initiatives 3.1 CPS International Summit on Modern Slavery (February) 3.2 Free For Good (January) 1.3 Invisible People Exhibition (January-March) 4. In the news 4.1 Record number of slavery victims referred in UK, says report 4.2 Pair accused of ‘car wash’ slavery 4.3 Corbyn calls on councils to sign charter against modern slavery 4.4 Police rescue 14 modern slavery victims in Grays 4.5 Liverpool slavery raid police supporting 41 ‘vulnerable’ people 4.6 Pregnant modern slaves face ‘shocking’ danger 4.7 Modern slavery victims ‘thrown into destitution’ as weekly allowance is cut 4.8 Theresa May to slam web giants for failing to stop ‘barbaric crime’ of gangmasters selling migrant slaves for sex 4.9 Human trafficking: Modern-day slaves ‘within plain sight’ 4.10 Gwent Police creates team to tackle human trafficking 4.11 Edward Colston: The slave trader dividing Bristol 4.12 We need to track the slavemasters across every continent, says top prosecutor 4.13 Airbnb promises to prevent ‘pop-up brothels’ at its rental properties 4.14 Slaves paid less than £2 an hour at Staffordshire factory
4.15 Cornwall migrant workers want police apology after raids 4.16 Fifteen arrests in Milton Keynes modern slavery raids 4.17 Pope Francis gives thanks for the Evening Standard’s slavery report 4.18 ‘You’re only ever five miles from somebody in slavery’ 4.19 I have just met an Albanian girl who was unknowingly trafficked across Europe 4.20 We’re not slaves, more than 100 migrant workers say as they launch protest at arrest of farm bosses 4.21 Modern slavery raid at Cornwall flower-picking farm 4.22 Police arrest 21 alleged people smugglers accused of bringing hundreds of migrants into UK in nationwide operation 4.23 Ely slavery probe sees two people arrested 4.24 The impossibility of shunning modern slavery (but how to try) 4.25 First case of domestic slavery discovered in Northern Ireland 4.26 Slaves on our Streets: The Independent launches modern slavery report at House of Parliament 4.27 UKIP AM stopped from giving slavery immigration speech 4.28 Portsmouth woman cleared of controlling prostitutes 4.29 US and UK pledge millions for largest-ever fund to fight modern day slavery 4.30 Seven UK police forces report zero charges under anti-slavery law 4.31 Co-op offers jobs to victims of modern slavery and human trafficking 4.32 How can you spot the signs of modern slavery in Britain? 4.33 Landmark court ruling could decriminalise street prostitution in UK 4.34 Modern slavery victims ‘hidden in plain sight’, councils warn 4.35 Hard Brexit could ‘derail’ Theresa May’s fight to wipe out modern slavery, warn campaigners 4.36 Modern day slavery arrest in Brigg traveller site police raid 4.37 Prosecutors too timid in slavery cases, police claim 4.38 Slavery victims in the UK are now more likely to come from Britain than any other nationality 4.39 Widespread use of cheap car washes and nail bars is fuelling modern slavery, warns National Crime Agency 4.40 May’s anti-slavery tsar faces inquiry over helpline row 4.41 Modern slavery remains in Britain and ordinary people encounter it far more often than they might guess
This bulletin covers material produced during the period 1 January to 31 March 2018 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.
1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 From Human Trafficking to Modern Slavery: The Development of Anti-trafficking Policy in the UK (March 2018) This paper was conducted by the University of Manchester and explains the development of UK modern slavery policy. The problem was examined in two phases. First, they focus on issues related to defining modern slavery. Second, unresolved problems with current legislation were questioned. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10610-0189375-4 1.2 From severe to routine labour exploitation: The case of migrant workers in the UK food industry (March 2018) This article by University of Manchester argues that a stronger emphasis is needed on routine labour exploitation, which risks being overlooked when contrasted with severe exploitation. Drawing on a qualitative study of migrant labour in the UK food industry, the article demonstrates that workers experience a range of mistreatment in the workplace, which is unlikely to fall within the scope of severe exploitation and remit of ‘criminal justice’ interventions. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/1748895818762264 1.3 National Referral Mechanism Statistics – End of Year Summary 2017 (March 2018) This report by the Anti-Slavery Commissioner presents a summary of the number of potential victims of modern slavery and human trafficking referred to the National Referral Mechanism in 2017. http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics/2017-nrmstatistics/884-nrm-annual-report-2017/file 1.4 Guidelines for psychologists working with refugees and asylum seekers in the UK: Extended version (February 2018) This guidance was prepared by the British Psychological Society and is relevant for all frontline staff working in the field, but also acts as an important resource for directors, managers and practitioners of organisations working with refugees and migrants and providing services to this population, at home and abroad. This guidance will help everyone who is working with these vulnerable populations to access evidence-based psychology, which can help them to improve the lives of individuals and communities that have been affected by the ongoing crisis. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/beta.bps.org.uk/files/ Policy - Files/Guidelines for Psychologists Working With Refugees and Asylum Seekers - Extended Version_0.pdf 1.5 Predicting vulnerability to modern slavery across the UK: subnational model (January 2018) This report identifies the people and locations most vulnerable to modern slavery across Britain. The model uses data from the UK National Crime Agency on trafficking victims with demographic data on education, ethnicity and country of birth. The analysis shows that the people most vulnerable to slavery are those lacking
qualifications or who were not born in the UK, and who live in the regions of the West Midlands, Metropolitan London, Bedfordshire, Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire. https://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/predictingvulnerability-to-modern-slavery-across-the-uksubnational-model/r/a110f00000RD1VaAAL 1.6 Troubling recognitions in British responses to modern slavery (January 2018) This article by University of Manchester interrogates the advent of modern slavery policy in Britain, explaining how the police and NGO sector have welcomed an organised crime model, politically conceived in ‘excessively positive’ terms. The article argues for the need to be mindful of Britain’s historical role in the advent of slavery and practices like it, and recognition of the extent to which immigration control practices exacerbate the vulnerabilities to exploitation modern slavery policy attempts to tackle. https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-articleabstract/doi/10.1093/bjc/azx082/4792960?redirectedF rom=fulltext 1.7 Modern Slavery Media Campaign – final report (January 2018) The Evening Standard and The Independent newspapers, in partnership with the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, publish a report detailing the findings of their special investigation into modern slavery. The report lays out 11 recommendations for business and governments to implement when combating modern slavery. http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1203/evening-standard-modern-slavery-report. pdf 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order. Oral answers 22 March Chris Green (Bolton West) (Con): What steps the CPS is taking domestically and internationally to increase the effectiveness of prosecutions in cases involving modern slavery. The Solicitor General (Robert Buckland): We are committed to stamping out modern-day slavery both domestically and internationally. Last month, the Director of Public Prosecutions hosted an international summit for 15 countries’ prosecutors from around the world; as a result, our international response will be strengthened. Chris Green: I thank the Solicitor General for that answer. Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service inspectorate has recently examined the way in which the Crown Prosecution Service deals with modern slavery. What is his assessment of that report?
The Solicitor General: While the report showed that there are areas for improvement, it also showed that the CPS’s decision making in complex cases is good, and that successful prosecutions are built from early engagement between the CPS and specialist police teams. I am pleased to say that mandatory face-to-face training for prosecutors on modern slavery is taking place at this very moment. 14 March Anne Marie Morris (Newton Abbot) (Con): First, may I congratulate the Prime Minister on her pioneering work in fighting modern-day slavery? However, has she been advised that a central plank of her law enforcement policy is not working, with 65 prosecutions of traffickers abandoned last year because victims feared for their safety and no reparations orders made against convicted traffickers to compensate victims for their ordeals? The Prime Minister: I thank my hon. Friend for raising this important issue. At the meeting of the modern slavery taskforce that I chaired recently – two weeks ago, I think it was – in which I have brought together people not only from across government, but from law enforcement, criminal justice more generally and other areas to look at how we are working on this issue, we were addressing exactly how we can ensure that more prosecutions go ahead in future and perpetrators are brought to justice. Vernon Coaker (Gedling) (Lab): Shockingly, in 2017 in this country, 2,120 children were identified as potential victims of child slavery. I know of the Prime Minister’s personal commitment to tackling this issue, but surely we ought to have more data. We have no idea how many of those children go missing. We have no idea how many are deported. We have no idea how many are re-trafficked. In 2018, in this country, a modern democracy, that is simply not good enough. Will the Prime Minister tell us what she is going to do about it? The Prime Minister: The hon. Gentleman has raised a very important issue. It has been a concern for a long time that we sometimes see children who have been identified as the victims of slavery and of human trafficking in a position, sadly, of being taken out by traffickers and resubmitted to the horrible circumstances that that brings to them. On the point he is making about asylum and deportation, we do not return unaccompanied children who do not qualify for asylum or humanitarian protection unless we can confirm that safe and adequate reception programmes and arrangements are in place in their home country. If we cannot confirm such arrangements, we grant temporary leave until the child is 17 and a half. Last October, we confirmed our commitment to rolling out independent child trafficking advocates across the country. This is a system we piloted previously, which will give support to those child victims to ensure that they are given the support they need and that they do not fall back into the hands of traffickers. Mr Peter Bone (Wellingborough) (Con): I agree entirely with the question from the hon. Member for Gedling (Vernon Coaker). The Prime Minister has done more than anyone in the House to end the terrible issue of modern-day slavery, but we have a problem with the
treatment of child victims. They are put in the care of local authorities and, as the hon. Gentleman said, they are then re-trafficked. Can we look at having a system, as we do for adults, in which safe homes are provided centrally, not by local government, so re-trafficking cannot occur? The Prime Minister: My hon. Friend follows up the question of the hon. Member for Gedling (Vernon Coaker) with an important point about the child victims of trafficking. I will certainly look at this issue. Having independent child advocates, to whom I referred in my response to the hon. Member for Gedling, is one way in which we can give greater support to child victims in order to ensure that they are not lost to the local authorities and re-trafficked. My hon. Friend is absolutely right that it is a scandal when a victim goes into the care of a local authority, and somebody is then able to come along, remove them from that care and take them back into slavery. 8 February A series of questions were posed to the Attorney General, Jeremy Wright, on Drug Trafficking Gangs: Prosecution Rates, which can be viewed here: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-02-08/ debates/E24BACD4-C12E-4BB0-A334-F8240D33A092/ DrugTraffickingGangsProsecutionRates A series of questions were posed to the Attorney General, on Prosecuting Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery: Global Co-operation, which can be viewed here https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-02-08/ debates/BAEB9953-99A4-44CA-A7EC-E66CA23F2155/Pr osecutingHumanTraffickingAndModernSlaveryGlobalCoOperation 7 February Helen Goodman (Bishop Auckland) (Lab): The Prime Minister has done much to tackle modern slavery. My constituent was trafficked here as a child, sold at least once on the long journey, and then forced to work in the dark in a cannabis factory for years. Now the Home Office is proposing to send him back to Vietnam. Will the Prime Minister intervene not just in this case but in this complex and confused area of the law? The Prime Minister: I recognise that, as the hon. Lady says, there are cases that are complex in terms of the legal application. My right hon. Friend the Home Secretary has heard the case that the hon. Lady has set out and will, I am sure, look at that particular issue – both the individual case and the wider point that she is making. As we know, the best possible solution to this, which we all want to ensure, is for people like her constituent not to be trafficked into the UK the first place to work in these cannabis factories. 5 February A discussion took place in the House of Lords regarding Modern Slavery: Indian Supply Chains, which can be viewed here: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2018-02-05/ debates/85F0205A-B501-4EE5-AA7C-F5765B0A17AC/ ModernSlaveryIndianSupplyChains
17 January Alex Norris (Nottingham North) (Lab/Co-op): The Prime Minister pledged to consign slavery to the history books. However, the National Audit Office says that the Home Office has not set out how a reduction would be measured; it does not set clear anti-slavery activity; it does not know what activity is going on across Government; and it does not monitor business compliance with the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Is the Prime Minister satisfied with that analysis of her flagship policy, and what action will the Government take? The Prime Minister: It is this Government, and I in my former role of Home Secretary, who introduced the Modern Slavery Act. It is this Government who improved the response to victims and the response of the police in catching perpetrators. More cases have been brought to prosecution, and more victims are willing and able to come forward, and have the confidence to do so. Have we dealt with the problem? Of course there are still problems out there, but we want to ensure, as my right hon. Friend the International Development Secretary said in International Development questions, not just that we take action in the United Kingdom but that we work with countries where women are trafficked into this country and with other countries to eliminate modern slavery across the world, and that is exactly what we are doing.
of whom are trained to identify the indicators of modern slavery and human trafficking. Immigration Enforcement are putting in place modern slavery champions across frontline enforcement who will receive enhanced training in this area. CFI officers receive a number of Modern Slavery training products including e-learning through the National Centre for Applied Learning Technologies (NCALT) (from the College of Policing) and HO products through Discover. They receive a half day first response face to face delivery in their induction programme and a further face to face delivery around the National Referral Mechanism and indicators within Professionalising Investigation Programme (PIP1) classroom. They study further for the national investigators examination (NIE) and are questioned on Modern Slavery Act offences in the exam. On PIP2 they undertake a full week covering the College Public Protection Learning Programme covering the 13 strands of Public Protection but IE also focus heavily on Modern Slavery. Further to this the Hydra exercise in week 4 is based on a Modern Slavery scenario. All modern slavery operations conducted by CFI are debriefed fully. Any issues identified are dealt with and fed into the assurance and training teams. CFI has a business assurance framework which provides a formal structure to assurance activity to ensure we adopt a consistent approach across all areas of operations.
Written answers
20 March
28 March
Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-operative, Leeds North West): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many applications for asylum submitted by victims of trafficking are awaiting a decision to date.
Baroness Doocey, Chair, Finance Committee (Lords): To ask Her Majesty’s Government what are the inspection process and sanctions if a public authority fails to comply with section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Baroness Williams of Trafford, The Minister of State, Home Department: There is no formal inspection process relating to section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA). The Home Office works closely with a range of partners to increase awareness of public authorities’ responsibilities under the MSA, and as part of the National Referral Mechanism reforms announced by Home Office Ministers in October 2017 we will be reviewing the role of first responders. 27 March Lloyd Russell-Moyle (Labour/Co-operative, Brighton, Kemptown): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment her Department has made of the adequacy of the number of Immigration Enforcement Officers on preventing human trafficking. Caroline Nokes, The Minister for Immigration: Immigration Enforcement work in partnership with law enforcement agencies and NGOs in responding to modern slavery and human trafficking offences. There are 1,240 frontline officers within the crime and financial investigations teams (CFI) and immigration, compliance and enforcement teams of Immigration Enforcement, all
Victoria Atkins, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, Minister for Women: The number of asylum claims submitted by potential victims and victims of trafficking, is not held in a format which is reportable and would require a manual check of each record. Data on the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is published regularly by the National Crime Agency and in the UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery. These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery 16 March Anne Marie Morris, (Conservative, Newton Abbot): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many victims of modern slavery will potentially be affected by the proposed reduction in weekly subsistence payments. Victoria Atkins: In October 2017, Government announced that it would change the level of financial support paid to all potential victims of modern slavery, using the methodology that determines the subsistence rates
paid to asylum seekers to ensure that individuals with comparable living needs receive the same level of support, regardless of their immigration status. All individuals who access support provided by the Victim Care Contract are entitled to receive subsistence payments. The subsistence rates for victims of modern slavery are provided to cover the essential living needs of potential victims of modern slavery, including food, toiletries, clothing and other essential needs. When considering the level of these rates, the essential needs of potential victims were assessed to be comparable to the needs of asylum seekers, as both cohorts of individuals also receive accommodation and utilities on top of their subsistence payments. This is why the tested and established methodology that has been developed to measure the level of subsistence for asylum seekers will be adopted to measure the level of subsistence for potential victims of modern slavery. Within this policy, dependent children will receive a higher level of subsistence than they currently receive, and pregnant victims will receive an additional payment of ÂŁ300. The most vulnerable individuals in NRM support will therefore receive a higher level of financial support following these changes. The policy for subsistence rates also includes the ability for individuals or their support providers to apply for further funding if there is a clear need for victims to receive more financial support to meet their essential living needs. All victims will continue to receive dedicated support tailored to their unique needs as victims of modern slavery. There will be no reduction in the total amount of money spent supporting victims as funding will be reinvested in supporting victims for longer following their conclusive decision. Government has announced that it is trebling the period of move on support for confirmed victims, increasing this period from 14 days to 45 days, to ensure that victims are able to transition into their longer term communities. We are working with The Salvation Army and the Independent Anti Slavery Commissioner to ensure that the implementation of this change is as smooth as possible. 15 March Vernon Coaker, (Labour, Gedling): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when she plans to update guidance on renewable residence permits for victims of trafficking, whose residence is necessary for the UK to meet its objective under the Trafficking Convention to make clear that there is no additional requirement to show compelling circumstances. Caroline Nokes: The Court of Appeal issued a judgment in the case of (PK(Ghana) v SSHD) on 13 February 2018. We are considering the implications of the judgment. Whilst we consider next steps interim guidance has been issued to caseworkers to put on hold any refusals of discretionary leave to remain decisions for confirmed
victims of modern slavery. Grants of discretionary leave are continuing. This guidance is available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/interimoperation-guidance-discretionary-leave-for-victims-ofmodern-slavery In line with standard practice, support providers under the Victim Care Contract can seek an extension of support for confirmed victims who are awaiting a discretionary leave decision. Paul Blomfield, Shadow Minister (Exiting the European Union): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information on (a) labour rights and (b) access to advice and remedy is routinely provided to workers during modern slavery operations conducted by Immigration Enforcement. Caroline Nokes: Immigration Enforcement Compliance (ICE) teams do not routinely carry out MS operations. ICE teams do not provide information on labour rights, access to advice and remedy to workers encountered during operations. When Immigration Enforcement Crime teams (CFI) conduct modern slavery operations or when ICE teams conduct enforcement visits to sectors where modern slavery may be encountered, all staff will be fully trained to identify the indicators of modern slavery and potential victims will be taken to a place of safety and informed of the following rights: l Independent emotional and practical support l Protection l Assistance to allow their rights and interests to be presented and considered at appropriate stages of criminal proceedings against offenders Staff will arrange emergency medical treatment, refer potential victims to the NRM and arrange accommodation. 14 March Frank Field, Chair, Work and Pensions Committee: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 6 March 2018 to Question 129972, on Slavery, what the timetable is for her Department’s consideration of the judgment of PK (Ghana) [2018] WLR(D) 94, [2018] EWCA Civ 98; and what the timetable is for her Department to issue amended guidance on discretionary leave to victims of modern slavery as a result of that judgment. Caroline Nokes: The Court of Appeal issued a judgment in the case of (PK(Ghana) v SSHD) on 13 February 2018. We are considering the implications of the judgment. Whilst we consider next steps interim guidance has been issued to caseworkers to put on hold any refusals of discretionary leave to remain decisions for confirmed victims of modern slavery. Grants of discretionary leave are continuing. This guidance is available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/interimoperation-guidance-discretionary-leave-for-victims-ofmodern-slavery.
In line with standard practice, support providers under the Victim Care Contract can seek an extension of support for confirmed victims who are awaiting a discretionary leave decision. 7 March Barry Sheerman, (Labour/Co-operative, Huddersfield): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many businesses have failed to comply with the requirement under the Modern Slavery Act 2015 that every organisation carrying on a business in the UK with a total annual turnover of £36m produce a slavery and human trafficking statement. Victoria Atkins: As a result of the world-leading provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015, we have seen thousands of transparency statements published and businesses are now more focused on this issue than ever before. The legislation was designed to harness pressure from civil society and we are pleased that NGOs are using company statements to hold businesses to account, including contacting businesses that have not yet published statements. The Government does not monitor compliance with section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Two independent repository websites have been set up to collate these statements. The Government is not involved in running or funding either website. Both websites make different estimates of the total number of statements published so far. The latest estimates can be accessed online at http://www.modernslaveryregistry.org/ and https:// tiscreport.org/ The Government has strengthened guidance for businesses and recently wrote to over 10,000 businesses that may be required to publish statements reminding them of their obligations and providing useful resources. We expect this activity will further increase the number of statements published. In October the Government also launched a new ‘Business Against Slavery Forum’. This aims to establish a new partnership between Government and business to accelerate progress in tackling modern slavery. It will focus on sharing best practice and building new initiatives to tackle modern slavery, including improving business engagement with the Modern Slavery Act. Richard Burgon, Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Secretary of State for Justice: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Office, how many cases were referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme in each year since 2010; and which organisation made each such referral. Victoria Atkins: The National Crime Agency publishes data on the number of referrals made to the National Referral Mechanism, the system for identifying and support victims of modern slavery. http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics
The UK annual report on modern slavery contains figures on the number of victims that were supported through the Government funded Adult Victim Care and Coordination Contract. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/652366/2017_uk_ annual_report_on_modern_slavery.pdf 27 February Afzal Khan, Shadow Minister (Home Office) (Immigration): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 1 February 2018 to Question 125290, what assessment her Department has made of the potential merit of recording the country of origin of illegally trafficked people who have been granted asylum. Caroline Nokes: The Home Office records and publishes data, broken down by nationality, of all those who make an asylum claim or are referred to the National Referral mechanism (NRM) as a potential victim of trafficking or modern slavery. Information concerning a claimant’s route of travel to the United Kingdom is not recorded centrally in a readily accessible format, and could only be provided at disproportionate costs by examination of individual interview transcripts and case files. 23 February Stuart McDonald, Shadow SNP Spokesperson (Immigration, Asylum and Border Control): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Answer of 30 March 2017 to Question 68451 on Immigration, how many people who passed through the National Referral Mechanism as victims of (a) modern slavery and (b) human trafficking with positive conclusive grounds status were granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK in 2017. Caroline Nokes: The National Crime Agency publishes statistics on referrals into the National Referral Mechanism on a quarterly basis. These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017uk-annual-report-on-modern-slavery The specific information you have requested is not currently published. Statistics on the total number of people granted discretionary leave for all reasons can be found online at the following address: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ immigration-statistics-april-to-june-2017-data-tables Stuart McDonald: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many people who passed through the National Referral Mechanism as victims of (a) modern slavery and (b) human trafficking with positive conclusive grounds status were refused (i) international protection and (ii) limited leave to remain in each year since 2014.
Caroline Nokes: The National Crime Agency publishes statistics on referrals into the National Referral Mechanism on a quarterly basis. These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery
risk of trafficking. A number of the projects focus on supporting child victims of trafficking in discreet local and regional areas including Croydon, Bristol, West Yorkshire, Manchester and London. The projects cover a range of proposals including tailored support for child victims of trafficking from various cultures, developing skills and expertise in local areas, and a specialist accommodation pilot.
The specific information you have requested is not currently published. Statistics on the total number of people granted discretionary leave for all reasons can be found online at the following address: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ immigration-statistics-april-to-june-2017-data-tables. Updated information will be available shortly.
We also fund The Salvation Army to deliver support services for victims of modern slavery throughout England and Wales via a range of local subcontracting partners. This specialist support includes accommodation, subsistence, counselling, access to mental, physical and dental health services, and signposting to legal support.
22 February Alex Sobel: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether she plans to encourage increased support for victims of modern slavery at the Commonwealth Summit in London in April 2018. Victoria Atkins: The Home Office is the department responsible for supporting victims of modern slavery in England and Wales. Tackling the crime of modern slavery and human trafficking is a priority for the Government, both domestically and internationally. The support and protection of victims is a key part of this agenda. The Prime Minister has championed the issue of tackling modern slavery at the G7, G20 and the United Nations General Assembly, where in 2017 she launched the Call to Action to End Forced Labour, Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking that 43 countries have now endorsed. Tackling human trafficking and child exploitation will be discussed during the week of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. The summit will provide a forum for continued dialogue and the sharing of best practice across Commonwealth states to tackle this global crime. Rachael Maskell, Shadow Minister (Transport): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what funding her Department provides to support local and regional anti-modern slavery groups. Victoria Atkins: The Government funds a range of organisations at a local, regional and national level to undertake activity against modern slavery.
20 February Stephen Timms (Labour, East Ham): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what plans she has to set up (a) care standards and (b) an inspection regime to improve standards of care for victims of modern slavery. Victoria Atkins: As part of the recently announced package of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), Government committed to adopting the Trafficking Survivor Care Standards drafted by the Human Trafficking Foundation with contributions from a range of non-governmental organisations, including a number of subcontractors of the Victim Care Contract. We are currently working with stakeholders, including subcontractors of the Victim Care Contract, to update the standards and design a compliance regime. The standards will then be incorporated into future care contracts for adult victims of modern slavery. In the meantime, we will work with subcontractors to ensure they are meeting the minimum standards. Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the extent of variations across the regions and constituent parts of the UK in approaches to tackling modern slavery; and if she will make a statement. Victoria Atkins: The 2017 Annual Report on Modern Slavery contains a range of analyses on how modern slavery is tackled across the country and how law enforcement agencies respond to the issue across jurisdictions in England and Wales. The report is available at: http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery
Building on the success of the 2014 ‘Slavery Happens Here’ campaign, the Home Office has carried out tailored communications activity through a number of civil society groups to raise awareness of modern slavery in high-risk communities in the UK and overseas, most recently in Nigeria.
The 2017 HMICFRS report on the policing response to modern slavery includes further information and assessment of current law enforcement response variations. The report is available at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wpcontent/uploads/stolen-freedom-the-policing-responseto-modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking.pdf
On 16 January 2017, the Home Secretary announced that £2.2m from the Child Trafficking Protection Fund had been awarded to seven organisations to protect vulnerable children in the UK and overseas who are at
The Home Office remains committed to working closely with the police and other external stakeholders to ensure a more consistent and unified response to modern slavery across the UK.
Tulip Siddiq, (Labour, Hampstead and Kilburn): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what the cost to the public purse is for using the US nongovernmental organisation Polaris to set up a helpline for victims on modern slavery; and how many times the helpline has been used since its establishment. Victoria Atkins: The Home Office does not fund any aspect of the Modern Slavery Helpline which is run by the charity, Unseen and is completely independent of Government. Information about the number and types of calls received by the Modern Slavery Helpline can be found on the Unseen website http://www.modernslaveryhelpline.org/information/ stats Tulip Siddiq: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information her Department holds on how many people who have contacted the Modern Slavery Helpline and Resource Centre have been referred to (a) Government and (b) non-government support organisations since 2016. Victoria Atkins: The Modern Slavery Helpline is run by the charity, Unseen and is completely independent of Government. Information about the number and types of calls received by the Modern Slavery Helpline can be found on the Unseen website http://www.modernslaveryhelpline.org/information/ stats or by contacting Unseen directly on https:// www.unseenuk.org/contact-us Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what discussions she has had with the Anti-Slavery Commissioner on the greatest challenges to his effective work; and if she will make a statement. Victoria Atkins: Part 4 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 established the role of Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner. The Commissioner has a UK-wide remit to encourage good practice in the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of modern slavery offences and the identification of victims. In support of this, Ministers meet regularly with the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner to understand the challenges he is identifying and to ensure a collaborative approach to addressing them. 15 February Tulip Siddiq: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what recent steps the Government has taken to raise public awareness of modern slavery and human trafficking. Victoria Atkins: The Government continues to use communications as an essential means of raising public awareness ofmodern slavery. Building on the success of the 2014 ‘Slavery Happens Here’ campaign, the Home Office has carried out tailored communications activity to raise awareness of modern slavery in high-risk communities in the UK and overseas, most recently in Nigeria.
In September 2017, Crimestoppers and the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority launched a joint campaign to encourage the public to spot the signs of modern slavery and to report any suspicions to Crimestoppers. The Home Office also posts regularly about how to identify and report modern slavery on our Twitter, Facebook and Instagram social media channels. In October 2017, the Government published awareness raising and victim identification guidance for public sector staff as well as signposting public sector organisations to training resources on modern slavery. In August 2017, the National Crime Agency held a media briefing to raise awareness of modern slavery and the response. As a result, the Modern Slavery Helpline received an unprecedented number of calls that month. In January 2018 the National Crime Agency launched the Invisible People exhibition which uses striking images by an award-winning photographer to portray the signs of slavery and inform the public how to report it. The display of modern slavery material in public areas is also a Government priority. Border Force, in collaboration with the Modern Slavery Helpline, has led a digital and print modern slavery campaign across UK ports and airports nationwide. The campaign provides advice and guidance about modern slavery for passengers and encourages greater disclosure to officers by vulnerable potential victims or passengers who may have seen something suspicious. 6 February Alex Norris: To ask the Minister for the Home Department, pursuant the oral contribution of 17 January 2008, what plans she has to coordinate with other countries to eliminate modern slavery. Victoria Atkins: The UK Government is committed to driving action to eradicate modern slavery internationally, as well as in the UK. The Government is developing strong partnerships with countries that have many victims trafficked into the UK, as well as working with countries that have a high prevalence of slavery to support their efforts to tackle it. The Government is also advocating for better multilateral engagement and international coordination to drive action on modern slavery globally. In September 2017 the Prime Minister launched a Call to Action at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) to encourage countries to drive action to tackle modern slavery – 41 countries have now endorsed the Call to Action. The Prime Minister also announced at UNGA that the UK would double its aid budget for tackling modern slavery to £150m. This includes the £33.5m Modern Slavery Fund managed by the Home Office for targeted projects in countries from which the UK receives high numbers of victims. More information on the Government’s international work can be found at chapter 2 of the 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery.
Alex Norris: To ask the Minister for the Home Department, pursuant to oral contribution of 17 January 2018, what the evidential basis is for the increase in the number of cases being brought to prosecution under modern sex slavery. Victoria Atkins: Details of the increase in the total number of slavery and trafficking cases brought to prosecution is provided in the 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery available on gov.uk via the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/652366/2017_uk_ annual_report_on_modern_slavery.pdf Table 22 of the report provides CPS data which shows the total number of individuals prosecuted who were ‘flagged’ as being involved in modern slavery offending, regardless of whether their eventual prosecution or conviction was for a slavery or trafficking offence, or another offence. These data include defendants involved in modern slavery offending who may have been prosecuted for other offences, so the figures provide the widest picture of the involvement of modern slavery offenders in the criminal justice system.
the Department for International Development‘s £10.5 million Work in Freedom programme aims to help women facing slavery and exploitation across South East Asia. The programme provides training to women in their communities and works with businesses and recruiters to tackle trafficking. To date over 380,000 women have benefited. The Secretary of State for International Development recently announced new funding of £13 million for the second phase of the programme. The Home Office Modern Slavery Fund and Innovation Fund are supporting projects in countries from where the UK receives high numbers of victims and new innovative approaches to tackling slavery. All of these projects take a gender sensitive approach: for example in Nigeria we are finalising a support package for victims, many of whom are women and girls. Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effectiveness of the support for victims of modern slavery provided by local authorities in London.
Alex Norris: To ask the Minister for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of 17 January 2018, what the evidential basis is for the statement that more victims are willing and able to come forward, and have the confidence to do so.
Victoria Atkins: All local agencies, including local authorities, have statutory duties to safeguard children as part of their local responsibilities, regardless of their backgrounds or experiences. The revised ‘Care of unaccompanied migrant children and child victims of modern slavery’ statutory guidance for local authorities (2017) sets out the steps that local authorities should take to plan for the provision of support where the child is an unaccompanied asylum seeking child and/or may have been a victim of trafficking or modern slavery.
Victoria Atkins: The evidential basis is provided the 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery, available on gov.uk via the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/652366/2017_uk_ annual_report_on_modern_slavery.pdf
Support for adult victims of modern slavery is provided by a central Government-funded contract, delivered by The Salvation Army. Victims receive tailored specialist support, including: accommodation, subsistence, counselling, access to mental, physical and dental health services, and signposting to legal support.
The number of referrals to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) – the UK’s modern slavery victim identification and support service – has increased every year since the NRM was introduced in 2009. 3,804 potential victims were referred into the NRM process in 2016. This figure represents a 16% increase over the number of referrals in 2015.
As part of reform to the National Referral Mechanism, we are working with local authorities to test pathways for transitioning confirmed victims of modern slavery out of central Government-funded support into local communities, and will evaluate the effectiveness of these pathways.
Alex Norris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Prime Minister’s oral contribution of 17 January 2018, Official Report, column 882, what specific plans the Government has to work with those countries from which a majority of women are being trafficked to eliminate modern slavery.
Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what plans she has to improve the National Referral Mechanism for victims of modern slavery.
Victoria Atkins: The UK Government is committed to driving action to eradicate modern slavery internationally, as outlined in the response to PQ 125743.
Victoria Atkins: On 26 October 2017, this Government announced a package of reforms to the National Referral Mechanism, the system for identifying and support victims of modern slavery. Details can be found a https://www.gov.uk/government/news/modernslavery-victims-to-receive-longer-period-of-support
With regards to our specific plans relating to women, the Government has made a commitment to double aid spending to £150m to tackle modern slavery. The allocation of this funding will ensure the needs of women and girls are taken into account. For example,
Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many and what proportion of people referred through the National Referral Mechanism for victims of modern slavery have made claims for asylum in the UK.
Caroline Nokes: Data on the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) are published regularly by the National Crime Agency and in the UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery. These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery 5 February David Drew, Shadow Minister (Environment, Food and Rural Affairs): To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, what plans she has to enhance support for (a) victims of modern slavery and (b) people who have been trafficked. Kit Malthouse, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions: Working closely with the Home Office and The Salvation Army we have recently introduced a supported handover to ease the transition from Home Office funded support to DWP support for victims of modern slavery and trafficking. We have also enhanced training and guidance for frontline staff so they are able to identify victims and refer them to the most appropriate support. David Hanson, (Labour, Delyn): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when her Department plans to implement framework options for monitoring performance and progress in reducing modern slavery, as recommended by the National Audit Office. Victoria Atkins: Modern slavery is a barbaric crime that destroys the lives of victims across the globe. The UK Government has had an ambitious Modern Slavery Strategy in place since 2014 and the world-leading Modern Slavery Act was introduced in 2015. Significant progress has been made in implementing the Strategy which have been monitored through performance indicators relating to individual parts of the Strategy. The Home Office will continue to develop its performance framework as necessary, in cooperation with other government departments and agencies. We have noted the recommendations from the National Audit Office – including in this area – and have already responded publicly to a number of them. The report will be further considered by the Prime Minister’s Modern Slavery Taskforce. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if her Department will undertake a review of the funding allocated across Government to tackle modern slavery and how effective that expenditure is. Victoria Atkins: Modern slavery is a barbaric crime that destroys the lives of victims across the globe. The Home Office works collaboratively with other government departments and agencies to tackle modern slavery and we monitor the Department’s direct spend on tackling modern slavery. This includes measures such as £8.5 million grant funding from the Police Transformation
Fund to transform the police response to modern slavery, and the Modern Slavery Fund of £33.5 million official development assistance managed by the Home Office, to tackle modern slavery across the globe. We have noted the recommendations from the National Audit Office – including in this area – and have already responded publicly to a number of them. The report will be further considered by the Prime Minister’s Modern Slavery Taskforce. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, on what date her Department will introduce an all-encompassing cross-Government governance structure for tackling modern slavery. Victoria Atkins: Modern slavery is a barbaric crime that destroys the lives of victims across the globe. The Government has a co-ordinated policy and operational response, with a Modern Slavery Taskforce chaired by the Prime Minister. We have noted the recommendations from the National Audit Office – including in this area – and have already responded publicly to a number of them. The report will be further considered by the Prime Minister’s Modern Slavery Taskforce. Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the proportion of victims of modern slavery who go on to be re-trafficked after they leave the National Referral Mechanism. Victoria Atkins: The ability to monitor long term outcomes for victims that leave the National Referral Mechanism and do not wish to maintain contact is extremely difficult. As part of reform to the National Referral Mechanism, we are introducing access to a 6 month drop-in service for confirmed victims leaving Government funded support. In addition we will be implementing a digital system that will improve our ability to identify individuals who have previously been referred to the National Referral Mechanism. 2 February Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what powers her Department has when notified by the submission of an MS1 form of a potential victim of modern slavery in the event that the alleged victim has not consented to being referred. Victoria Atkins: Section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act places a duty on specified public authorities to notify the Secretary of State, or if so provided by the Secretary of State in regulations, another public authority, where there are reasonable grounds to believe that a person may be a victim of slavery or human trafficking. Section 52, Subsection (3) provides that identifying information about an adult potential victim of slavery or trafficking should only be included in a notification where the individual concerned has given their consent.
In the event that a potential victim does not consent to be referred into the NRM process, Home Office powers extend as far as is enabled by existing legislation. The Modern Slavery Unit will ensure that any MS1 forms received are referred to the relevant police force, if not already done so by the first responder making the referral. In addition, the Home Office collects MS1 data to share with operational partners including the police and National Crime Agency to improve the understanding of the nature and scale of modern slavery. Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how she plans to evaluate the outcome of the modern slavery strategy; and if she will make a statement. Victoria Atkins: The UK Government has had an ambitious Modern Slavery Strategy in place since 2014. Significant progress has been made in implementing the Strategy which has been monitored through performance indicators relating to individual parts of the Strategy. The 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery details the steps the UK has taken to combat modern slavery including through implementation of the Modern Slavery Strategy. The report is available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017uk-annual-report-on-modern-slavery Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what plans she has for monitoring compliance by businesses with the requirements placed on them by the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Victoria Atkins: As a result of the world-leading provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015, we have seen thousands of transparency statements published and businesses are now more focused on this issue than ever before. The legislation was designed to harness pressure from civil society and we are pleased that NGOs are using company statements to hold businesses to account, including contacting businesses that have not yet published statements. No injunctions have yet been issued at this early stage of implementation and the Government is taking other action to improve implementation. The Government has strengthened guidance for businesses and recently wrote to over 10,000 businesses that may be required to publish statements reminding them of their obligations and providing useful resources. We expect this activity will further increase the number of statements published. In October the Government also launched a new ‘Business Against Slavery Forum’. This aims to establish a new partnership between Government and business to accelerate progress in tackling modern slavery. It will focus on sharing best practice and building new initiatives to tackle modern slavery, including improving business engagement with the Modern Slavery Act 2015.
31 January David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many National Referral Mechanism forms were (a) not completed properly by first responders and (b) missing information in each year since the implementation of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Victoria Atkins: The recently announced reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), includes measures aimed at improving the identification of potential victims and decision-making timescales. The digitisation of the NRM and a review of the role of First Responders will address the quality of the initial referrals received by the Competent Authority and better support their decisionmaking. Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what account her Department is taking of provisions relating to the alignment of basic living costs for victims of modern slavery and asylum seekers under the EU Directive and Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in developing its reforms of the National Referral Mechanism. Victoria Atkins: The subsistence rates for victims of modern slavery are provided to cover the essential living needs of potential victims of modern slavery. When considering the level of these rates, the essential needs of potential victims were assessed to be comparable to the needs of asylum seekers. This is why the tested and established methodology that has been developed to measure the level of subsistence for asylum seekers will be adopted to measure the level of subsistence for potential victims of modern slavery. Where it has been identified that victims of slavery have needs above those of asylum seekers or have additional entitlements under the Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings, these needs are met within the existing Adult Victims of Modern Slavery Care Contract. Victims will continue to receive dedicated and expert support, which is tailored to their unique needs as victims of modern slavery. This includes access to legal aid, counselling, NHS medical and dental services. This will ensure there is a fair and consistent approach for all individuals receiving similar government support. Furthermore, more money is being made available to treble the period of ‘move on’ support, which will help people leaving victim support with their transition to other arrangements. It is essential that we target support to confirmed victims, at the point they need it most. We are working closely with The Salvation Army and the Independent Anti Slavery Commissioner to ensure that the implementation of this change is as smooth as possible. Sarah Champion (Labour, Rotherham): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to her Department’s notice, entitled Expression of interest in providing legal services to victims of trafficking and modern slavery, published on 14 December 2017, what steps her Department plans to take to ensure that those who respond to the expression of interest have expertise on trafficking and modern slavery.
To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to her Department’s notice, entitled Expression of interest in providing legal services to victims of trafficking and modern slavery, published on 14 December 2017, what funding will be made available for (a) legal advice and (b) other associated expenses such as interpreters and expert reports. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to her Department’s notice, entitled Expression of interest in providing legal services to victims of trafficking and modern slavery, published on 14 December 2017, whether there will be any cost to victims of trafficking who access the services resulting from that expression of interest. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to her Department’s notice, entitled Expression of interest in providing legal services to victims of trafficking and modern slavery, published on 14 December 2017, whether the providers of legal services in response to that expression of interest will be required to continue to advise their client up to a (a) National Referral Mechanism Conclusive Grounds decision and (b) any decision regarding a grant, discretionary leave to remain or appeal. Victoria Atkins: The expression of interest in providing legal services to victims of modern slavery on immigration matters will be used to increase awareness amongst support providers under the Adult Victim Care Contract of qualified immigration advisers, accredited by the Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner. Under the Government funded Adult Victim Care Contract, The Salvation Army provides tailored support and assistance to victims in the NRM including assistance to obtain quality legal advice and accessing translation services, and can include support in travelling to appointments if necessary. Responses to the Expression of Interest will be made available to support providers under the Adult Victim Care Contract to ensure they are aware of qualified immigration advisers that those they are supporting may want to obtain advice from. The arrangements between victims and advisers will be dependent on the individual’s circumstances and reflect their specific needs.
The evaluation was published in October 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/anevaluation-of-the-national-referral-mechanism-pilot The findings of this evaluation were used to inform the reform of the National Referral Mechanism. Details of the reform measures can be found at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/modern-slaveryvictims-to-receive-longer-period-of-support Alex Sobel: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether her Department plans to give all confirmed victims of slavery in the UK at least one year’s leave to remain with recourse to benefits and services. Caroline Nokes: Confirmed victims of modern slavery who do not qualify for leave to remain in another immigration route can be considered for a grant of Discretionary Leave to remain in the UK based on the particular circumstances of the individual case. This can include needing to stay in the UK in order to pursue a claim for compensation against their traffickers, the need to assist with police enquiries or due to personal circumstances. Those granted Discretionary Leave have recourse to public funds and permission to work. Not all victims of modern slavery will wish to remain in the UK and so the Government is also committed to supporting those who wish to return home. The Home Office’s Voluntary Returns Service can assist victims of modern slavery to return home. 30 January David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps her Department is taking to ensure that businesses who are required to provide statements on their supply chains (a) provide such a statement and (b) complete their statements to a sufficient standard; and what steps her Department is taking to monitor the performance of businesses in providing those statements.
There is no central funding available for those who express an interest in providing this advice to victims. However, legal aid is available to victims of trafficking and modern slavery in accordance with the provisions of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO).
Victoria Atkins: As a result of the world-leading provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015, we have seen thousands of transparency statements published and businesses are now more focused on this issue than ever before. The legislation was designed to harness pressure from civil society, consumers and investors rather than set up a burdensome system of Government monitoring. We are pleased that civil society organisations are using company statements to hold businesses to account, including contacting businesses that have not yet published statements.
Tulip Siddiq: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Answer of 7 January 2016 to Question 21042, what steps her Department has taken following the conclusion of the pilots in West Yorkshire and the South West of the recommendations of the National Referral Mechanism review.
The Government has strengthened guidance for businesses and recently wrote to over 10,000 businesses that may be required to publish statements reminding them of their obligations and providing useful resources. We expect this activity will further increase the number and quality of statements published.
Victoria Atkins: The national referral mechanism pilots ran in West Yorkshire and the South West from August 2015 until March 2017. They were fully evaluated.
In October the Government also launched a new ‘Business Against Slavery Forum’ which will establish a new partnership between Government and business to
accelerate progress in tackling modern slavery. It will focus on sharing best practice and building new initiatives to tackle modern slavery, including improving business engagement with the Modern Slavery Act 2015.
classes. Through the Victim Care Contract, victims of modern slavery receive accommodation, subsistence, access to mental, physical and dental health services, and signposting to legal support.
David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether her Department will set a target for the time taken for cases of modern slavery to be processed under the National Referral Mechanism.
Recently announced reforms to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) will mean that confirmed victims have access to this support for a minimum of 90 days, and when victims leave central-government funded support they will have access to drop-in services for a further 6 months.
Victoria Atkins: The time taken to process National Referral Mechanism (NRM) cases varies by complexity. As part of the ongoing reform of the NRM, changes will be made to ensure a quicker, more certain decision making process, that victims have confidence in. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many referrals have been made under the National Referral Mechanism by police forces in England and Wales by police force in each month since the implementation of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Victoria Atkins: This information is not held centrally by the Home Office. However, the October 2017 report from the police inspectorate (HMICRFS) on the police response to modern slavery includes data on NRM referrals made by police forces by year. This report can be accessed at the following link: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wpcontent/uploads/stolen-freedom-the-policing-responseto-modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking.pdf The National Crime Agency also regularly publishes statistics relating to the number of potential victims of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism, broken down by police force area. These can be found here: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps her Department is taking to put in place data sharing arrangements between all parties involved in tackling modern slavery. Victoria Atkins: The Home Office has a number of agreements with partner agencies to enable data to be shared for the purposes of tackling modern slavery. We are considering the impact of the proposed Data Protection Bill in relation to these agreements. We are exploring options to put in place improved data sharing arrangements with international partners to tackle modern slavery up stream. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information her Department holds on the average waiting time for victims of modern slavery and human trafficking to access English courses provided by The Salvation Army as part of the victim care contract. Victoria Atkin: The Victim Care Contract for adult victims of modern slavery, delivered for the Government by The Salvation Army does not include the provision of English courses and therefore the Home Office does not have data on average waiting times for victims to access
David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many and what proportion of subcontractors of the modern slavery victim care contract use the Human Trafficking Foundation Care Standards. Victoria Atkins: As part of the recently announced package of reforms to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), Government committed to adopting the Trafficking Survivor Care Standards, drafted by the Human Trafficking Foundation with contributions from a range of non-governmental organisations, including a number of subcontractors of the Victims Care Contact. We are currently working with a group of key stakeholders, including subcontractors of the Victim Care Contract, to update the standards and design a compliance regime. The standards will then be incorporated into future care contracts for adult victims of modern slavery. In the meantime, we will work with all subcontractors to ensure they are meeting the minimum standards. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many police forces have a dedicated modern slavery taskforce. Victoria Atkins: This information is not held centrally by the Home Office. Decisions about the size and composition of the police workforce are an operational matter for chief officers, in line with the local priorities set by their Police and Crime Commissioner. 29 January Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether an impact assessment was completed before her Department’s announcements on the alignment of basic living costs for victims of modern slavery and asylum seekers. Victoria Atkins: The subsistence rates for victims of modern slavery are provided to cover the essential living needs of potential victims of modern slavery. When considering the level of these rates, the essential needs of potential victims were assessed to be comparable to the needs of asylum seekers. This is why the tested and established methodology that has been developed to measure the level of subsistence for asylum seekers will be adopted to measure the level of subsistence for potential victims of modern slavery. Within this policy, dependent children will receive a higher level of subsistence than they currently receive, and pregnant victims will receive an additional payment of £300. This will ensure that the most vulnerable individuals in NRM support will receive a
greater level of finance. The policy for subsistence rates also includes the ability for individuals or their support providers to apply for further funding if there is a clear need for victims to receive more financial support to meet their essential living needs
To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what data her Department collects on the (a) immigration status of confirmed victims of modern slavery after they have left the National Referral Mechanism and (b) number of such victims who have been deported from the UK.
Where it has been identified that victims of slavery have needs above those of asylum seekers, these needs are met within the victim care contract, for example travel costs for counselling and medical appointments. We are working closely with The Salvation Army and the Independent Anti Slavery Commissioner to ensure that the implementation of this change is as smooth as possible.
To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what data her Department collects on (a) the employment status of confirmed victims of modern slavery after they have left the National Referral Mechanism and (b) the number of such victims who have the right to work in the UK.
Victims will continue to receive dedicated and expert support, which is tailored to their unique needs as victims of modern slavery. This includes access to legal aid, counselling, NHS medical and dental services. This will ensure there is a fair and consistent approach for all individuals receiving similar government support. Furthermore, more money is being made available to treble the period of ‘move on’ support, which will help people leaving victim support with their transition to other arrangements. It is essential that we target support to confirmed victims, at the point they need it most. Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what support the Government is providing to the Northern Ireland Assembly on the implementation of that administration’s modern slavery strategy. Victoria Atkins: Modern slavery is a devolved matter in Northern Ireland, with the executive in Northern Ireland recently bringing in primary legislation regarding human trafficking as well as publishing a Northern Ireland Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery Strategy in 2016/17. Home Office officials meet regularly with their counterparts in the NI Department of Justice to discuss emerging trends and share best practice. David Hanson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many outstanding decisions UK Visas and Immigration has on victims of modern slavery who have been referred under the National Referral Mechanism. Victoria Atkins: Data on the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) are published regularly by the National Crime Agency and in the UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery. These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery 25 January Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what data her Department collects on (a) housing provision for confirmed victims of modern slavery after they have left the National Referral Mechanism and (b) the number of such victims who become homeless after support from the Government has ended.
Victoria Atkins: The Home Office does not routinely collect data on victims after they have left the National Referral Mechanism. In October 2017, the Government announced a package of reforms to the National Referral Mechanism including the development of a digitised casework system. It is anticipated that the digital system will improve our ability to collate and report on the progress of victims through the National Referral Mechanism. The reform package additionally includes an extended period of ‘move on’ support for confirmed victims. This will enable a more robust transition for victims leaving government funded support. In addition, the provision of a 6 month drop-in service will present the opportunity for continued engagement between support providers and confirmed adult victims. 17 January Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of 27 October 2017, Official Report, column. 512, when a new single expert unit will be created in her Department to make decisions on whether a person is a victim of modern slavery. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of 27 October 2017, Official Report, column. 512, what consultation has taken place on the single expert unit to be created in her Department to make decisions on whether a person is a victim of modern slavery. Caroline Nokes: On 26 October 2017 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes the creation of a new, single expert case work unit that is separate from the immigration system. The Modern Slavery Unit in the Home Office is working closely with the Competent Authorities to ensure a smooth transition to the single unit. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are currently being developed, including in respect of the single casework unit and further information will be announced in due course. Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of the
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of 27 October 2017, Official Report, column. 512, what the timetable is for the independent panel of experts to be established to review all negative decisions on modern slavery. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of 27 October 2017, Official Report, column. 512, what the process is for the establishment of the independent panel of experts will be established to review all negative decisions on modern slavery. Caroline Nokes: On 26 October 2017 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes introducing an independent panel of experts to review all negative conclusive grounds decisions adding significantly to the scrutiny such cases currently receive. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are currently being developed, including in respect of the recruitment, training and establishment of the multi-disciplinary panels and further information will be announced in due course. 16 January Kerry McCarthy: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effectiveness of the operation of section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the level of compliance by businesses. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether she plans to use the powers of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 to challenge organisations that are late in filing their modern slavery statements. Victoria Atkins: As a result of the world-leading provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015, we have seen thousands of transparency statements published and businesses are now more focused on this issue than ever before. The legislation was designed to harness pressure from civil society and we are pleased that NGOs are using company statements to hold businesses to account, including contacting businesses that have not yet published statements. No injunctions have yet been issued at this early stage of implementation and the Government is taking other action to improve implementation. The Government has strengthened guidance for businesses and recently wrote to over 10,000 businesses that may be required to publish statements reminding them of their obligations and providing useful resources. We expect this activity will further increase the number of statements published. In October the Government also launched a new ‘Business Against Slavery Forum’. This aims to establish a new partnership between Government and business to accelerate progress in tackling modern slavery. It will focus on sharing best practice and building new initiatives to tackle modern slavery, including improving business engagement with the Modern Slavery Act 2015.
Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the oral contribution of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of 26 October 2017, Official Report, column 512, when the Government plans officially to adopt the Human Trafficking Foundation’s trafficking survivor care standards as a minimum standard for victim support. Victoria Atkins: On 26 October 2017 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes incorporating the Human Trafficking Foundation Trafficking Survivor Care Standards as a minimum standard of victim support that will be incorporated into in all future Government adult victim support contracts. Detailed implementation plans for the whole reform programme are currently being developed, and further information will be announced in due course. Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the oral contribution of The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department of 26 October 2017, Official Report, col. 512, when she plans to initiate the consultation on the preparation of statutory guidance under s48 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 on the identification of and support for victims of modern slavery; what the terms of reference for that consultation will be; and between what dates that consultation will run. Victoria Atkins: On 26 October 2017 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes the laying of regulations to enshrine the rights of victims in law, and the development of statutory guidance under s49 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are currently being developed, including the process for consulting on the statutory guidance, and further information will be announced in due course. 15 January Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how much victims of modern day slavery and human trafficking received in subsistence support in each week of 2016-2017. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department what her policy is on the amount per week that victims of modern slavery and human trafficking will receive in subsistence support in 2018-2019. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how much victims of modern slavery and human trafficking are set to receive in subsistence support each week in 2017-2018. Victoria Atkins: In 2016-17 and to date in 2017-18, the subsistence rates paid to adult potential victims of modern
slavery was at the level initially tendered in the Adult Victims of Modern Slavery Care and Co-ordination Services Contract. In October 2017, Government announced that it would change the level of financial support paid to potential victims of modern slavery, using the methodology that determines the subsistence rates paid to asylum seekers to ensure that individuals with comparable living needs receive the same level of support, regardless of their immigration status. There will be a higher level of support if victims are pregnant or have young children. The asylum rates are currently being reviewed so it is not possible to say how much they will be in 2018/19. Victims will continue to receive dedicated and expert support, which is tailored to their unique needs as victims of modern slavery. This includes access to legal aid, counselling, NHS medical and dental services. This will ensure there is a fair and consistent approach for all individuals receiving similar government support. Furthermore, more money is being made available to treble the period of ‘move on’ support, which will help people leaving victim support with their transition to other arrangements. It is essential that we target support to confirmed victims, at the point they need it most. Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if she will publish the terms of reference for the inquiry into the awarding of a contract for the national modern slavery helpline. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if she will publish the timescale for the inquiry into the awarding of a contract for the national modern slavery helpline. Victoria Atkins: The Modern Slavery helpline is funded by the private sector. The Home Office had no involvement in any aspect of the tender for the helpline, including the process through which funding was awarded. The tender was carried out by Polaris, a US-based NGO. Polaris runs a similar helpline in the US. There is no inquiry into the awarding of this contract. Sarah Champion: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many copies of her Department’s leaflet entitled Help for adult victims of Modern Slavery: Your immigration options if you’ve been trafficked into exploitation in the UK have been distributed; where and how those leaflets were distributed; and into which languages that leaflet has been translated. Caroline Nokes: The Home Office produced a leaflet to raise awareness about immigration options for victims of modern slavery in September 2017. The leaflet is currently available in English at the link below on the Government’s website. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/helpfor-adult-victims-of-modern-slavery Key stakeholders including Border Force, UK Visas and Immigration, the National Crime Agency, and The Salvation Army have been made aware of the leaflet and encouraged to share copies with victims where appropriate.
Stakeholders will currently print the leaflet from Gov. UK or share a link to the leaflet as needed and as such the Home Office has no central records of how many leaflets have been distributed. 12 January Sarah Champion: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether potential victims of trafficking who are destitute and who have consented to a referral into the National Referral Mechanism will be accommodated under the victim care contract. Victoria Atkins: The Government is committed to ensuring that all potential victims of modern slavery receive the appropriate specialist support that they require. If an individual is destitute when they are identified, and has no other options for accommodation, they will be accommodated through the Victim Care Contract, through which support is provided to adult victims. This will happen before a decision is taken as to whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person is a victim of slavery and trafficking. 10 January Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps the Government is taking to strengthen the first responder role as a result of reforms to the National Referral Mechanism announced in October 2017. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, where the multi-disciplinary panels will be located as a result of the reforms to the National Referral Mechanism announced by the Government in October 2017. Victoria Atkins: On 26 October 2016 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes strengthening the role of designated first responders by considering who should be a first responder and how they should be trained, and introducing independent panel of experts to review all negative decisions adding significantly to the scrutiny such cases currently receive. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are currently being developed, including in respect of the multi-disciplinary panels and further information will be announced in due course.
3. Campaigns and initiatives 3.1 CPS International Summit on Modern Slavery (February) The Crown Prosecution Service held an international summit of international prosecutors to help strengthen international cooperation on modern slavery cases. https://www.cps.gov.uk/modernslavery
3.2 Free For Good (January) Campaign to support Lord McColl’s Modern Slavery (Victim Support) Bill http://freeforgood.org.uk/
4.9 Human trafficking: Modern-day slaves ‘within plain sight’ BBC News, 25 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-43153226
3.3 Invisible People Exhibition (January-March) A photographic exhibition forming part of the National Crime Agency’s campaign to raise awareness of modern slavery. It depicts the experiences of life in modern slavery in various forms with descriptions helping viewers to recognise the signs of slavery. The exhibition toured the UK throughout January-March. http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/1267nca-s-invisible-people-exhibition-launches
4.10 Gwent Police creates team to tackle human trafficking BBC News, 25 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-43191114
4. In the News 4.1 Record number of slavery victims referred in UK, says report BBC News, 25 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43535492 4.2 Pair accused of ‘car wash’ slavery ITV News, 25 March http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/update/2018-03-25/ pair-accused-of-car-wash-slavery/ 4.3 Corbyn calls on councils to sign charter against modern slavery AOL UK, 23 March https://www.aol.co.uk/news/2018/03/23/corbyn-callson-councils-to-sign charter-against-modern-slavery/ 4.4 Police rescue 14 modern slavery victims in Grays BBC News, 21 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandessex-43490755 4.5 Liverpool slavery raid police supporting 41 ‘vulnerable’ people BBC News, 14 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandmerseyside-43375125 4.6 Pregnant modern slaves face ‘shocking’ danger BBC News, 7 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-43300783 4.7 Modern slavery victims ‘thrown into destitution’ as weekly allowance is cut Mirror.co.uk, 2 March https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/modernslavery-victims-thrown-destitution-12116734 4.8 Theresa May to slam web giants for failing to stop ‘barbaric crime’ of gangmasters selling migrant slaves for sex The Sun, 27 February https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5688000/theresa-mayto-slam-web-giants-for-failing-to-stop-barbaric-crimeof-gangmasters-selling-migrant-slaves-for-sex/
4.11 Edward Colston: The slave trader dividing Bristol BBC News, 25 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandbristol-42404825 4.12 We need to track the slavemasters across every continent, says top prosecutor Evening Standard, 23 February https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/we-need-totrack-the-slavemasters-across-every-continent-says-topprosecutor-a3773971.html 4.13 Airbnb promises to prevent ‘pop-up brothels’ at its rental properties Telegraph.co.uk, 18 February https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/19/airbnbpromises-crack-pop-up-brothels-rental-properties/ 4.14 Slaves paid less than £2 an hour at Staffordshire factory BBC News, 15 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandbirmingham-43073323 4.15 Cornwall migrant workers want police apology after raids BBC News, 14 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandcornwall-43056764 4.16 Fifteen arrests in Milton Keynes modern slavery raids BBC News, 13 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucksherts-43047975 4.17 Pope Francis gives thanks for the Evening Standard’s slavery report Evening Standard, 13 February https://www.standard.co.uk/news/modern-slavery/ pope-francis-gives-thanks-for-the-evening-standard-sslavery-report-a3765566.html 4.18 ‘You’re only ever five miles from somebody in slavery’ The Times, 11 February https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/youre-only-everfive-miles-from-somebody-in-slavery-9btt6sr7n 4.19 I have just met an Albanian girl who was unknowingly trafficked across Europe The Independent, 11 February https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/sex-traffickingprostitution-victim-modern-slavery-statistics-a8205206. html
4.20 We’re not slaves, more than 100 migrant workers say as they launch protest at arrest of farm bosses Telegraph.co.uk, 9 February https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/09/notslaves-100-migrant-workers-say-launch-protest-arrestfarm/ 4.21 Modern slavery raid at Cornwall flower-picking farm BBC News, 8 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandcornwall-42988571 4.22 Police arrest 21 alleged people smugglers accused of bringing hundreds of migrants into UK in nationwide operation The Independent, 6 February https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ crime/people-smuggling-migrants-uk-policearrest-project-invigor-iraqi-kurds-belgium-francenetherlands-a8196741.html 4.23 Ely slavery probe sees two people arrested BBC News, 5 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandcambridgeshire-42947785 4.24 The impossibility of shunning modern slavery (but how to try) The Independent, 4 February https://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/ modern-slavery-consumer-products-services-nail-barscheap-clothing-human-trafficking-a8189236.html 4.25 First case of domestic slavery discovered in Northern Ireland Metro, 3 February http://metro.co.uk/2018/02/03/first-case-of-domesticslavery-discovered-in-northern-ireland-7284866/ 4.26 Slaves on our Streets: The Independent launches modern slavery report at House of Parliament The Independent, 31 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ slaves-on-our-streets-independent-modern-slaveryreport-launch-parliament-a8186726.html 4.27 UKIP AM stopped from giving slavery immigration speech BBC News, 31 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/42891715 4.28 Portsmouth woman cleared of controlling prostitutes BBC News, 26 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhampshire-42834867 4.29 US and UK pledge millions for largest-ever fund to fight modern day slavery The Independent, 24 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ politics/modern-slavery-global-fund-davos-us-ukgovernment-a8176801.html
4.30 Seven UK police forces report zero charges under anti-slavery law The Guardian, 21 January https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/21/ seven-uk-police-forces-report-zero-charges-under-antislavery-law 4.31 Co-op offers jobs to victims of modern slavery and human trafficking The Independent, 19 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ co-op-modern-slavery-human-trafficking-jobs-foodbusiness-shops-a8167266.html 4.32 How can you spot the signs of modern slavery in Britain? Metro, 17 January http://metro.co.uk/2018/01/17/how-can-you-spot-thesigns-of-modern-slavery-in-britain-7221223/ 4.33 Landmark court ruling could decriminalise street prostitution in UK The Independent, 17 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ prostitutes-sex-workers-criminalise-trafficking-victimsdivisional-court-ruling-prostitution-a8163466.html 4.34 Modern slavery victims ‘hidden in plain sight’, councils warn BBC News, 16 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42704692 4.35 Hard Brexit could ‘derail’ Theresa May’s fight to wipe out modern slavery, warn campaigners. The Independent, 14 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ politics/hard-brexit-theresa-may-modernslavery-fight-campaign-peter-kyle-open-britainimmigration-a8155986.html 4.36 Modern day slavery arrest in Brigg traveller site police raid BBC News, 9 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhumber-42628617 4.37 Prosecutors too timid in slavery cases, police claim The Times, 7 January https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prosecutors-tootimid-in-slavery-cases-police-claim-0dlzclm2q 4.38 Slavery victims in the UK are now more likely to come from Britain than any other nationality Daily Mail, 5 January http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5240689/ Slavery-victims-UK-likely-British.html 4.39 Widespread use of cheap car washes and nail bars is fuelling modern slavery, warns National Crime Agency The Independent, 5 January https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ cheap-goods-services-modern-slavery-nca-clothes-nailparlours-food-national-crime-agency-a8143756.html
4.40 May’s anti-slavery tsar faces inquiry over helpline row The Times, 3 January https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mays-anti-slaverytsar-faces-inquiry-over-helpline-row-phsfs88f7 4.41 Modern slavery remains in Britain and ordinary people encounter it far more often than they might guess The Independent, 2 January https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/ modern-slavery-is-still-a-part-of-britain-and-oneordinary-people-encounter-surprisingly-often-a8138521. html
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