आंगन(Courtyard) – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? by Saman Jain

आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION?

DISSERTATION IN ARCHITECTURE 2017-2018

Submitted by:

SAMAN JAIN AU1400103010084/SSAA/B.Arch./14

Guide: Tanaya Verma, Associate Professor

SUSHANT SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE ANSAL UNIVERSITY, GURGAON, INDIA

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This Dissertation is submitted by Saman Jain, student of Fourth Year B. Arch. Session 2017-2018, at Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon, as partial requirement for the Five Year B. Arch. Degree course of Ansal University, Gurgaon. Originality of the information and opinion expressed in the Dissertation are of the author and do not reflect those of the guide, the mentor, the coordinator or the institution.

Signature of the Student:

Signature of Guide

Roll No.: 14000764

Name: TANAYA VERMA

Name: SAMAN JAIN

Date:

Signature of Mentor Name: NIRAJA ADLOORI Date:

Signature of Coordinator Name: RADHA DAYAL Date:

Signature of Co-Mentor Name: ILA GUPTA Date:

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and guide Associate Professor Tanaya Verma for the continuous support of my Dissertation, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this dissertation. Besides my guide, I would like to thank my mentors: Assistant Professor Niraja Adloori and Professor Ila Gupta, my Dissertation Coordinator Professor Radha Dayal and also Assistant Professor Tapasya Samal for their insightful comments and encouragement, which led me to widen my research from various perspectives. Without their support it would not be possible to conduct this research. Also, I thank my friends in the following institution Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this dissertation and my life in general.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Abstract "Spaces are much more stimulating and exciting and effective when there is more than one thing happening at once, they help make the space a mysterious and elusive experience which often inspires or mystifies. You're drawn into the magic of the place. Memories are triggered." ~ Greg Burgess Courtyards ‘आं गन’ – can be traced to almost every habitable continent on this planet. It is still strenuous to label an epitome of the courtyard, in European, American, Eastern or even in Indian architecture. An inner quadrangle enclosed on all sides by a high partition is a mainstay of architecture over numerous centuries on both sides of the renaissance. Courtyard is that space, within a space, that is open to the environment and enclosed by a built mass, sometimes partially otherwise, completely. Open spaces surrounding a space are also considered to be a courtyard, while in some countries, a front or backyard is considered the same. In modern high-rise housing structures, a courtyard may be a ‘pause’ on the terrace or as a recreational space on a connecting bridge. In a much more commercial context, a courtyard may be considered the space between two buildings, which provides a transitional space, an interaction, a break. It is an area of the built space, which is still surprisingly difficult to define or understand. In various epochs, courtyards belonged to common experience. They were not only a feature of grand estates with an inward sanctuary but were equally incorporated at the heart of modest quarters from antiquity to the nineteenth century. (Robert, 2014) The evidence of buildings only affirms the fact that courtyards must have belonged to public experience. (Robert, 2014) Roots of courtyards can be found in varied cultures and times, GraecoRoman antiquity and also in the ancient traditions of the Asia and the Middle East. From monastic buildings of the middle ages, with an elegant colonnade surrounding an inner quarter, to grand quadrangles, epitome of public squares, such as those of the Louvre in Paris or the Somerset House in London, to a simple dwelling enclosing a central activity space, the courtyard has been the source to both a practical design and also an aesthetic establishment that reflects the character of the age, while still providing the advancement of the present, a timeless way of designing. Courtyards largely turn their back on the outside environment, which lends all courtyards a peaceful and secured interior; they often advocate intimacy and conversation. Courtyard, further encourages a phenomenological conjecture about the ‘void’ at the core, the presence of which is made of absence. It’s like space itself but peculiarly dedicated, almost preserved, as an architectural institution of the elements of light and air, a stage, a closely guarded platform, both shy and ostentatious, retiring and literally courtly, both protected and outgoing and a zone for gregarious behaviour, as we shall see. (Robert, 2014) In a courtyard, you are both inside, in the sense of an enclosed within, and simultaneously outside in the sense of open to the environment, the sky.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS/TABLES

1. Illustrations

1.1. Courtyard Timeline - Author 1.2. Courtyard Type A - Author 1.3. Courtyard Type B - Author 1.4. Courtyard Type C - Author 1.5. Courtyard Type D - Author 1.6. Courtyard Type E - Author 1.7. Courtyard Type F - Author 1.8. Courtyard Type G – Author 1.9. Courtyard Type H - https://in.pinterest.com/pin/443745369504750728/ 1.10. Courtyard Type I - Author 1.11. Porous Courtyard - Jaikeshav Mishra 1.12. Courtyard Phases – Shuchi Mishra 1.13. Indian Habitat Centre Master Plan – Indian Habitat Centre 1.14. Indian Habitat Centre 1 - Author 1.15. Indian Habitat Centre 2 - Author 1.16. Indian Habitat Centre 3 - Author 1.17. Indian Habitat Centre 4 - Author 1.18. Horizon Plaza Master Plan – Horizon Plaza 1.19. Horizon Centre 1 - Author 1.20 Horizon Centre 2 - Author iii

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.21. Horizon Centre 3 - Author 1.22. Footfall 1 - Author 1.24. Footfall 2 - Author 1.25. Restaurant & Eateries - Author 1.26. Age Group 1 - Author 1.27. Age Group 2 - Author 1.28. Preference - Author 1.29. Question 1 - Author 1.30. Question 2 - Author 1.31. Question 3 - Author 1.32. Question 4 - Author 1.33. Question 5 - Author 1.34. Question 6 - Author 1.35. Question 7 - Author 1.36. Question 8 - Author 1.37. Question 9 - Author 1.38. Question 10 - Author 1.39. Question 11 – Author 2. Tables 2.1. Area & Setback – Author 2.2. Height & Setback - Author 2.3. Ground Coverage - Author 2.4. Development Controls - Author

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………….i Abstract ……………...…………………………………......................................................ii List of Tables / Figures / Illustrations ……………………………………………………..iii Chapter 1: Introduction..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Terminology…………………………………………………………………..7 1.2 Literature Review.….........................................................................................2 1.2.1 The Courtyard Inside and Out: A Brief History of An Architectural Ambiguity 1.2.2 Dwelling on Courtyards 1.2.3 Tracing a Timeline 1.3 Indian Architecture…………………………………………………………….8 1.4 The Age of Courtyards.......................................................................................6 1.5 Problem Statement.............................................................................................2 1.6 Research Objectives...…………………………………………………………3 1.7 Scope and Limitations……………………………………………………........4 1.8 Research Approach………………………………………………………....….5 Chapter 2: Understanding Courtyards..................................................................................14 2.1 Language and Courtyards…………….............................................................16 2.2 Forms of A Courtyard......................................................................................17 2.3 Impacts A Courtyard Has.................................................................................17 2.3.1

Formal

2.3.2

Social

2.3.3

Cultural

2.3.4

Religious and Symbolic

2.3.5

Accessibility and Circulation Benefits v

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.3.6

Climatic

2.4 Climate, Courtyard and Comfort.....................................................................17 2.4.1

Configuration of Courtyard

2.4.2

Natural Elements

2.4.3

Opening in Facades

2.4.4

Courtyards in Tropical Climates

Chapter 3: Fall of The Courtyards.......................................................................................14 3.1 The Great Fall………………………..............................................................16 3.2 The Regulation Nightmare..............................................................................17 3.3 A Pattern of Change ….……………..............................................................16 3.4 Ups and Downs of A Courtyard......................................................................17 A Pause for A Thought Chapter 4: The Courtyard Rises..........................................................................................30 4.1 Evolution of The Void 4.2 Commercialising The Transition Space 4.3 The Regulation Fairy-tale Chapter 5: Case Studies – Searching For A Trend…........................................................36 5.1 The Indian Habitat Centre…....………………….………………………....22 5.2 The Horizon Plaza……………………………….………………………....22 5.3 Primary Data Collection...………………………………………………….22 5.3.1 Footfall 5.3.2 Restaurants and Eateries 5.3.3 Age Group 5.3.4 Preference 5.4 Sustainable and Sensible…………………………………………………...22 5.5 Questionnaire………………………………………………………………33

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.6 An Interview - Past-Present-Future..............................................................17 Chapter 6: Conclusion……………………………...........................................................36 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………...12 References...………………………………………………………………………..........22

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Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Terminology Sensible Design: A design that meets all the practical and reasonable criteria and elements that would be contemplated for that particular space. It does not incorporate unnecessary elements and is usually focused on function before form. In other words, a well-designed and laid out space which fulfils the needs of its users at the least. Transitional Space: The term ‘Transitional Space’ covers a wide range of spaces, from passageway and corridor to a balcony or porch, a courtyard or an atrium. Transitional spaces are the in-between architectural spaces where the indoor and outdoor spaces meet, where climate is moderated without mechanical control systems. ‘आं गन’ (Courtyard): Though courtyards are difficult to define with one statement, much wider and open definitions are given here. In the context of Indian residences, the open

space coming into the boundary of the house, which is used for household chores and community activities along with family gatherings and other household activities. In a broader context courtyard, an unroofed area that is completely or partially enclosed by walls or buildings, typically one forming part of a space, a plaza, castle, large house. And in the most basic language, a courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky. Courtyards, atriums, transition spaces and such similar spaces, have a fine, blurred line of differentiation and separation which can be understood in further chapters.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 The Courtyard Inside and Out: A Brief History of An Architectural Ambiguity Robert Nelson

The paper deals with how Courtyards have been defined throughout the history, In Language as well as Art. It aims to track the path of Courtyard in various epochs, in various categories, questioning its reasons, and how its meaning and form changes in our culture. Not as a form but in our Art and Culture, thereby affecting our Architecture. The Authors point of view is more directed towards historical plays and scenes, focusing its definition on Stage, which in itself was a result of the Culture. The paper establishes, that courtyards still lie in ambiguity, their form is not defined, neither is their location in a space. In all epochs, the term is weak and ill-defined. While the focus is on Language and Art the paper begins with introductory information on the function of courtyards as, “spaces which largely turn their back on the outside world.” (Robert, 2014) They tend to suggest intimacy and conversation. Creating a sense of Drama and Setting a Stage light on the liveliness of the courtyard itself. It continues with contradicting its own statement, citing the example of the European plaza which provides the same function and interaction while keeping the level of intimacy close and enhancing the façade, creating a notion between the two sides of the street, one much private the other being public yet intimate. Ignoring English language speaking countries as a whole, due to their lack of communal arrangement, it focuses on the European stage. It promotes the idea that courtyards suffer from a lexical weakness, explaining them as, “a space that magically reconciles indoors and outdoors...”. (Robert, 2014) turning to the depiction of courtyards on the Stage and Literature, the paper travels from the period of Antiquity, Renaissance to the European stage where it is much larger and magnificent and most importantly, defined. Citing examples from Shakespeare, L’uomo Prudente and Goldoni’s plays while also describing the definitions giving in the poem of Marino, who lyrically uses courtyard as a metaphor for heaven, “like a divined airborne chamber whose very element is celestial light...” (Robert, 2014) he tries to trace the narratives and definitions that have been created around, in, on and of courtyards. Concluding, this exposé of this space, which is both internal and external, a motif also a stage, the paper has attempted to propose a timeline in which courtyards have grown as both an architectural motif and a stage for interaction and connection, while still lacking a corresponding lexical permanency. The paper discovers that accuracy around the concept of courtyards was never to be found around multiple, major cultures, even in languages where phenomenon of such a space has a definitive word like, ‘आं गन’.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.2.2 Dwelling on Courtyards Mohammad Taleghani

This paper aims to explore the thermal performance of courtyard dwellings. The research paper is majorly focused on the energy analysis of different forms of courtyards in different climatic situations. The history of courtyards is studied mapping from the Ancient civilizations to the Classical era there on mapping, the Middle ages, Renaissance and the Modern era. Hereby understanding the traces of courtyards throughout the history. The research paper further studies essence of courtyards, their impacts. Its socio-cultural impacts, understanding its public-private relationship, in terms of visual, physical and activities carried out in the space. Its Formal impacts, where the research paper establishes the impact on privacy, access, scale, view and centrality of space. The environmental impacts, ability to act as a microclimate modifier, ranging from a source of cool air to a space which traps the heat, dependent on its shape, scale and openings. It further expands, covering the effect of orientation, scale, adjacency, openings and flora on the courtyard in terms of, sun (heat and ventilation), wind and humidity. The paper extensively compares the characteristics of courtyards in four climate zones namely, hot-arid climate, snow climate, temperate climate and tropical climate. Different characteristics of the courtyard are discussed in terms of the same categories as mentioned above, Natural Elements, Configuration and Openings in Different Facades. This research has been done to establish the reason as to why courtyards are distributed throughout several places on earth and still serve their purpose in terms of environment and socio-cultural aspects. It formulates the idea that courtyards if altered correctly are a viable solution in every climate and their socio-cultural aspects can also be altered as per the needs by altering the scale, size and depth. The paper further extensive study on the environmental effects of courtyards and courtyard buildings with the help of digital tools and previously done studies, which are out of the scope of this dissertation.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.1.3 Tracing A Timeline

Illustration 1.1- Courtyard timeline

Ur, 2000 BC — double storey dwellings built around an open square. Public spaces were positioned on the lower floor, while the private spaces on the upper floor. The central exposed space in a Roman domus was referred to as an atrium. In recent times, commonly courtyard is used to refer to such a space, while consuming the term atrium to describe a glass-covered internal, small courtyard. The Roman atrium repeatedly consisted of a central pool which was used to collect rainwater, referred to as, an impluvium. These dwellings often incorporated an additional open-air space, the garden, which would be enclosed by Greek-style colonnades, creating a peristyle. This would further create a colonnaded walkway around the edge of the courtyard, which would centuries later influence monastic buildings. Courtyard houses in the Middle East imitate the nomadic influences of the region. In some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

The traditional Chinese courtyard household, is an arrangement of numerous separate dwellings around a square. While most courtyards are traced to be open spaces alone, the Chinese courtyard is a space of privacy and tranquillity, integrating a garden and aquatic feature. Some dwellings were built incorporating multiple courtyards which in turn increase the privacy, as they retreat from the main street. In the contemporary form of the Chinese courtyard, a courtyard is also used to isolate a home into annexes; one wing would house the much public spaces while other would incorporate the private dwelling spaces. The medieval European farmhouse personifies what is thought of in present times as one of the most representative illustrations of a courtyard dwelling—four structures organized around a square courtyard with a steep roof. The central courtyard was used for numerous activities. A raised pathway normally ran around the edges of the courtyard in the dwelling. Such buildings afforded protection and a sense of security. In the initial half of the 20th century, a drift developed in the sunny districts of the United States around Courtyard houses. Designers developed dwellings that would use Mediterranean architecture, using judiciously planned courtyard which created a sense of community, safety and also scale. (McNeese, 1999) In our subcontinent a courtyard has conventionally served as a space for communal gathering while also serving as a living, a space for sleeping throughout hot summers, a safe area for children and women alike, a spring of day light and natural ventilation for the surrounding dwellings and also as the circulation core of the house connecting all the spaces. (Mishra, 2016) Observing newer construction today, this typology has faded away in most of our country’s metropolitan/developing cities and only gives a vague notion of its origin. Change in social, climatic and cultural patterns have all contributed to the above-mentioned statement. Moreover, the change in family structure, housing policies, reorientation of the house to the street and the individualization of rooms has made the introduction of a courtyard space a difficult task. (Mishra, 2016)

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.3 The Age of Courtyards The age of the courtyard continued well into the industrial age, where it was integral to large-scale domestic architecture across all echelons of society, from working-class housing to spacious apartments for the upper classes in centres like Paris and New York. They have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The courtyard house makes its initial appearance 6400–6000 BCE, in the Neolithic Yarmukian site in the Jordan Valley (Garfinkel, 1993) The architectural concept of courtyards in India have been an integral part of dwellings during the Indus Valley Civilization, that is tracing back to 3300 BCE. (prismma, n.d.) Referring to Vaastu shastra, the central part of the building is called the ‘Bramha Sthaan’, surrounding spaces emerged and evolved from this central point, which is supposed to contain divinity. Hence the positioning of the courtyard at the central core of the house is often considered auspicious and furthermore sacred Tulsi plant is given a revered place here. (prismma, n.d.) India being a vast country with multiple states, cultures, climatic conditions, topography and language, it is evident that style of architecture takes this varied approach, and the materials used also differ in many ways. Similar is projected in the designing and functioning of the courtyards. In addition to these local attributes, multiple attributes have further accentuated courtyard designs, with the Mughal, British, French, Portuguese and many other settlers, influencing and adapting the basic courtyard design. (Blaser, 1985) Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. Before courtyards, fires were lit in the central space, with dwelling space around, similar was used by various nomad groups across the Middle East within their tents, this central fire with a hole in the ceiling overhead that would allow air movement, this central fire space would also be the core to the conversations taking place. (Aldersley, 2014) Over time, these openings were enlarged, dwelling units were built around them and eventually leading to the creation of a courtyard. Though this was one of the major paths of creation, Courtyard dwellings and spaces have been designed throughout the world with many variations and forms, varying on the form and need.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.4 Indian Architecture The vast tapestry of Indian architecture is comprised of a multitude of expressions over time and space, transforming under the forces of history – which may have been destructive sometimes but remained mainly absorptive. (Das, 2001) In this process of metamorphosis of architecture and society, continuity in vernacular building style has remained the same. In the evolving range of architectural styles in India, one architectural form has continued to be expressed repeatedly – the courtyard. The courtyard forms may be dormant now replaced mainly by Westernized-box architectural types. India has some splendid design examples of courtyard houses, called by various regional names like the – haveli(s) of Gujrat of northern India, wada(s) of Maharashtra, deori(s) of Hyderabad, rajbari(s) of Bengal and nalukettu(s) in Kerala. (Noble, 2003) The English word “courtyard” has at least twelve major Indian language terms: angan, muttram, uthan, sehan, chowk, mittam, nadumittam, manduva, nalukettu, chawk-milan, agana, gothiyara. (Noble, 2003) It is obvious that in a large country like India one must encounter many regional differences in court-house building traditions. However, there is one characteristic which applies to the Indian builder in all regions: he has an excellent sense of proportion and is highly skilled, despite his simple tools, producing buildings with a distinctive dignity and beauty. (Schoenauer, 1962)

1.5 Problem Statement In this age of globalisation, where we are realizing our drift from nature, overloading on our environment and resources, and carrying on the trend of deteriorating life quality, there has come a stage where we need to re-define the pre-existing notions of our living style, choices and environment. ‘Environment friendly’, ‘Energy Efficient’, ‘Rated Building’ and ‘Sustainability’ are the key words in every architect’s dialogue, in this fragmenting world. But only some are talking about ‘Sensible Architecture’, ‘Energy Conscious Design’ and ‘Community driven Architecture’? This issue can be noticed in the phenomenon of ‘green rated glass boxes’ which have been designed in almost every country irrespective of the weather, community or actual user needs. Such a question never existed before, life was slow and simple, resources were ample and existence took a holistic approach along with the nature and environment. In recent times it has been tried to be answered with the word ‘Sustainability’, but is adapting to new techniques and technologies, overlooking our centuries of architectural knowledge and culture, a sensible transition? With the passage of time, attributes of culture, people, situation undergo developmental changes, hence turning architectural language head over heels. 7

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Creating a new language is strenuous, requires great architects and can consume a number of decades in the process. This process also creates problems of its own besides adding to the existing heap of problems. Building without considering the past evidences and practices has become the trend, while it benefits none, as our past creates our future and only learning from the past can help create a better present, therefore future. Hence, to handle the task at hand, it is for an architect, to find a viable and practical solution to deal with the past evidences without sacrificing the increasing needs of the present populace. There is a growing concern about individuality and lack of holistic community spaces, also about energy use and its implication on the environment. Along with sea level rise, glacial retreat and global warming, there is also a threat to community living, social activities, common public spaces and loss of culture. Though courtyards may not be a leap towards solving these issues, but a step taken back to realise its benefits may help us take that leap forward to better living and a culturally richer architecture. Is it a sensible transition to misplace the character of a space to only pave way for the worse? “Continuity is the key word in all the schemes that advocate this fusion. Each geographical and cultural entity derives its identity from a spring of cultural memories and to respect these is not to be conservative but merely to encourage growth in conformity with the traditional character of the place.” (Alexander, 1979)

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.6 Research Objectives No simplistic solution to a problem exists and not one size fits all. Each situation is unique, and so is each solution. It has to be looked at in its own context, and solutions have to be derived. Such is the task at hand, to trace the path, the achievements and downfalls along with the reasons of how courtyards have transformed, in the Indian Context. Tracing the path of courtyards from the past to the present and into the future. Outlining the transitions, they have gone through, development they have undergone. Form changes, elemental displacement, and overall construction of ‘transition spaces’, which are now used for the purpose once served by ‘courtyards’. Understanding the below mentioned ideas and statements and forming a clarity to the situation. Forming a perspective on the situation of courtyards and their relation to the environment, culture and trend. How a transition from its basic function has taken place and how the evolution of courtyards has taken place under the current circumstances.

This paper aims to bring clarity on the below mentioned ideas and statements:

Tracing courtyards with respect to form, function and language. Were courtyards a sensible design in the first place. Impacts courtyards have on various aspects of our society and environment. How has the transformation of courtyards taken place. Transition of courtyards from public to private. Understanding the role and design of courtyards in the past and present. Has the ‘Sustainability’ phenomenon taken over sensible design? Is it worth taking a step back to be able to leap forward?

This paper is not tasked to form a verdict or a final answer, it is tasked to create a perspective and bring clarity and further help bring about solutions which can cater to the situation, and if possible start a trend of change to the cultural roots of our society, by providing a view.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

1.8 Research Approach This dissertation is an exploratory research, the history of courtyards was traced through Analytical Research, in order to understand the cultural, social, environmental and architectural impacts and alterations it has gone through. Subsequently, functioning of courtyards in tropical climate are explained, through Qualitative Research by focusing on critical observations, theoretical and practical data. After reviewing literature, a Qualitative Research was carried out, of how the decline of courtyards began and how the transformation of the space underwent, only for the courtyard to be again incorporated as an eminent architectural space in current architecture. A clear understanding of how courtyards have transitioned such as a pendulum, from a public setting to a private setting throughout the decades in the past. A Quantitative Research was undertaken, carrying out a case study and questionnaire at the end to create a perspective to understand the difference and similarities between the courtyards of the recent past and present.

1.7 Scope and Limitations The scope of this research has been limited to the Indian context to better understand the how courtyards have transitioned in a society where they have played a major role throughout history and are still being incorporated into buildings but with a global and contemporary influence. The scope has been further narrowed down to Delhi-Gurgaon (National Capital Region) due to availability of data and information. The focus of the case studies is on urban courtyards due to the current transitional stage courtyards are at. No study is without limitation and such is the case with this research, the limitations range from non-availability of Numeric Energy Data of the respective buildings for the case study, difference in energy consumption throughout times and typologies to difference in perspectives and understanding of individuals. While lack of complete and perfect knowledge, and shortage of time are limitations that plague the human race.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Chapter 2: Understanding Courtyards 2.1 Language and Courtyards The weak definition of a courtyard synchronizes with its unsubstantiated grip on history. Prospering in pre-automotive epochs but minutely understood ever since. In spite of their conversational character, their communal focus, their air of sanctuary and peace, their energy efficient design, it turns out that the definition of a courtyard has always been vague and far different from any fenced enclosure or a garden at the flanks of a property. Courtyards is essentially, what is called, a Transition Space. This term can cover a wide range of meanings, from being a passageway to a porch, balcony, front yard or a plaza. These are the ‘in between spaces’ where the indoor meets the outdoor. In these spaces the occupant may to a certain extent experience the dynamic effect of changes in climate and surroundings. (Taleghani, 2014) These in between spaces can range from, being inside the building, attached to the building or even enclosing the building. A space inside the building would typically be an atrium, a plaza, patio or even what traditionally in India is called, ‘आं गन’. An attached space might be a slightly covered balcony, porch, passageway, or even a bridge connecting spaces but acting as a central space itself. The third kind, how a pavilion is enclosed by open space around, a farmhouse or even how space is arranged in Mecca. Oxford’s Dictionary defines courtyards as, “An unroofed area that is completely or partially enclosed by walls or buildings, typically one forming part of a castle or large house. “ Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, “An area of flat ground outside which is partly or completely surrounded by the walls of a building. “ Though a noun may be present in major languages, nothing is able to define the majestic court, which still carries culture and communal living aspects, at its very core.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.2 Forms of Courtyards The resourcefulness of the courtyard does not only lie in how it can be decorated, but also in its flexibility in size and shape. The most common shape is a square or rectangle, circular or other polygonal shapes have also been created. But more important the than form is the proportion of the courtyard relative to the size and shape of the land, on which it is to be built. It has immense potential to be experimented with different forms hence, challenging the traditional concept of a courtyard. What defines a courtyard are its social and environmental aspects, while its loosely bound with a definition. Courtyards can take multiple forms. Built Mass Courtyard

INDEX

Illustration 1.2- Courtyard Type A

A side court, one which is prevalent in small town, houses and schools.

Illustration 1.3- Courtyard Type B

A U court, one which is prevalent in foreign cities, but is also prevalent in old Indian houses.

Illustration 1.4- Courtyard Type C

A similar is the S shaped court which has double the no. of openings than a U court and is commonly found in larger family homes. 12

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Illustration 1.5- Courtyard Type D

A multi-court is one which incorporates multiple ‘U court’ courtyards.

Illustration 1.6- Courtyard Type E

One which is technically a courtyard house, but does not encompass the same values, or provide similar features or interactions is the front and back yard typology.

Illustration 1.7- Courtyard Type F

One which is the most prevalent in our context is the typical central courtyard which is enclosed on all sides.

Illustration 1.8- Courtyard Type G

Another alteration of this Indian courtyard is the ‘Muslim Courtyard House’, which has two Courtyards the first for public and second for private activities.

Illustration 1.9- Courtyard Type H

European iteration is where a large plaza is incorporated, which has the same features, interaction and houses the same functions and activities.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Illustration 1.10- Courtyard Type I

The form which is one of the most recent and contemporary is where a bridge/deck connecting two spaces, houses the same activities and plays the same role in community while minimizing the climatic favours and keeping land use ratio high. The potential for the courtyard, as a formal and functional element, to be exploited in contemporary architecture is immense.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.3 Impacts A Courtyard Has

Illustration 1.11- Porous Courtyard

2.3.1 Formal The courtyard has the best access to the surrounding spaces, a central zone within which a larger system of activities takes place. It is placed in a critically important setting whether amongst, between, around, in-front-of or behind a space(s).

2.3.2 Social The principal advantage of this typology is the sense of enclosure, security and privacy provided by the inward-looking form. It functions as the soul of the house, physically and emotionally. No specific function is designated to the courtyard. This external room space can be utilized as the kitchen, during weddings and events, livestock area in the morning, living space in the afternoon and sleeping area during the night. The dwelling units and other functions face the courtyard, forming a direct relationship between the inside and the outside. This arrangement created a social bond amongst the family members and amongst the spaces of the dwelling, as the courtyard was commonly surrounded by a colonnaded pathway. The functions around the ‘आं गन’ attenuate noises from surrounding buildings or from the street. Finally, as most of the spaces open into this space, it makes it a hub of movement, aiding interaction amongst the family, and the society.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.3.3 Cultural In numerous courtyard abodes across the country, multiple courtyards can be observed, one being a much public courtyard, and the other being a much private courtyard. The public courtyard would be mainly used for livestock and guests, while its secondary function would be to greet guests and function as a barrier to the inside and a curtain for the women to remain behind. This would also sometimes incorporate an open storage tank for water or a small garden. The private courtyard would be primarily used as an extension to the kitchen or the living and bedrooms, these would be occupied by the women throughout the day to carry out the household chores, with children playing in the same space. This consequence of the courtyard house demonstrations how architecture is used as a tool to produce a barricade among genders and also, how public and private spaces can be segregated along with functions.

2.3.4 Religious and Symbolic The courtyard is both symbolically and religiously substantial. The utmost widespread religious use of the courtyard is for the congregation for religious commemorations. Islam follows the philosophy of segregation and the importance of privacy. Priority is given to men as the front-runner of the family in public and private. Hence, women are not supposed to be seen by outsiders inside or outside the dwelling without a veil. (Edwards, 2006) Hindu courtyards are recognized by the placement of a Tulsi plant which is worshipped. This conception is interpreted in the introverted design of the Islamic courtyard dwelling which facilitated to create a space where women are not exposed but secured while could still appreciate alfresco leisure activities. According to Vaastu Shastra, the Brahmasthan is the centre of any plot from where Vaastu guidelines are determined, making it a calm and cosmically associated point. A courtyard may symbolize many things: the principal focus of interest; a concentration of light, wind, sound and water. It is a place for a sacrificial puja and family marriage. Courtyards are frequently accentuated with landscaping or fountains, giving it similar attention to detail as interior spaces. Additionally, inserting a traditional Islamic window screen adds to the aesthetic value to a space, while also plays a role in passive cooling. While its perforations permit the flow of air, the minimal exposed area confines the amount of solar contact. The careful, interior-like treatment of the courtyard, coupled with elements such as the screen, aim to blur the lines between the interior and the exterior.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.3.5 Accessibility and Circulation Benefits Courtyards generally function as loci in a space, connecting the different space and functions within the built mass, assuming the primary role in building circulation. (Das, 2001) The compact nature of the form reduces circulation space within the built mass therefore eliminating need of excess corridors or other transitional zones and various spaces can be directly accessed from the court. The practical solution of courtyard design combines the advantages of compact design and easily maintained living quarters. Furthermore, in commercial(public) spaces the courtyard design accommodates communal outdoor places for public contact, encouraging interaction, communication and a community driven environment.

2.3.6 Climatic This is one of the foremost reasons as to how courtyards have sustained the ups and downs of the society and design, their ability to deliver a social and thermally comfortable space. Simple idea of including an open space inside of another space comes to mind, when we require cooling, ventilation and natural light. Ventilation: there are mainly two types of circulations in a courtyard space. One when the hot air rises during a hot day and cool air circulates from the openings into the courtyard. Second when the cool air settles during the cool night, hence creating a night time flushing, circulating a cool breeze into the adjacent spaces. Sun: somewhere a courtyard can act as a heat collector other spaces, a protector from the same. this depends solely on the orientation of the building and the ratio and positioning of this ‘void’. Humidity: fewer natural elements are used in tropical climates, which reduce the humidity as humidity is high mostly throughout the year. A plant and a small water body/feature is the most which can be spotted in tropical climates. The ‘आं गन’ which is often, least affected by the multiple weather changes, throughout the seasons. Due to its ability to channel breezes, adjust the degree of humidity and moderate temperatures, it is often considered as microclimate modifiers. The properties of selfshading due to surrounding structures and thermal lag due to mass, heat gain is drastically reduced, keeping in mind the right proportions and building materials. The courtyard floor and adjacent walls are generally a good radiator of heat depending on the material used.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

The courtyard acts as a cool air reservoir specifically in hot-arid climates. This helps in sustaining lower temperatures in the court and surrounding dwelling units. Use of lightcoloured highly reflective surface materials in the court, assist bringing in additional daylight into the adjacent dwellings. Using natural elements such as plants and water elements in the court, enhance comfort conditions in hot-dry climates, by providing higher humidity rates. In arid regions the courtyards also function as rainwater accumulators, where the courtyards are connected to tanks to harvest rain water.

Illustration 1.12- Courtyard Phases

Phase A: Cool nocturnal wind descends into the courtyard filling the surrounding dwellings, walls, floors and ceiling which further cool. Phase B: The sun strikes the directly at noon, the cool air rises, and cool air flows in, due to convection. With increasing external temperature, material and thickness of wall prevent heat to penetrate through walls. Phase C: In the evening, the courtyard floor is warmer than the exterior, allowing for convection to take place, hence cooling down the interior.

The affordable economics of courtyard construction has unfortunately added a stigma of poverty to this house form. Today, there is a general trend of associating courtyard houses with low-cost construction methods, and locations in rural or economically weaker neighbourhoods. Generally, the difficulty of incorporating modern amenities like mechanical ventilation in this traditionally naturally ventilated form has been a setback in the popularity of the form. (Das, 2001) These may be some of the reasons why, even after surviving for 5000 years, the courtyard form is suddenly being threatened by the development of high-rise buildings.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.4 Climate, Courtyard and Comfort Our modern solutions to climatic problems often do not work, and our houses are made bearable by means of ingenious mechanical devices whose cost sometimes exceeds that of the building shell…The poor thermal performance of many of our buildings despite this mass of mechanical equipment suggests that we underestimate its continued effect on our cities and buildings. - Amos Rapoport, House Form and Culture As cultural aspirations and technology are often linked with changing technologies, the form of buildings in the tropics has transformed. The curtain glass building symbolizing “corporate power” being the classic case where the hermetically sealed box pumped with air-conditioning becomes the symbol of corporate aspiration”. - Rahul Mehrotra, Architectural Responses in Tropical India

Climate is inseparable from the history of human life on Earth. Climatic impact on life is an everlasting phenomenon. Climate is responsible for forming and shaping the basic necessities - food, clothing and shelter. It is assumed that a courtyard house receives sun and wind from the courtyard only and the outdoor facades of the buildings are not considered as sources of heat, light or wind. (Taleghani, 2014) There are multiple aspects on which courtyard affects the built mass surrounding it, three of which are discussed here. 2.4.1 Configuration of Courtyard A courtyard can be a source of natural heating, cooling, ventilating and lighting, the optimal shape, form and dimensions of a courtyard are to be figured out. Size of the courtyard can affect the amount of breeze that naturally ventilates the spaces surrounding the courtyard and the courtyard itself. The position/location of essentially decides the division and/or separation of the built mass and its functions. Changing the shape, form, size, location, in-turn configuration, can yield different situations. 2.4.2 Natural Elements Incorporating natural elements can act provide major difference in the micro-climate of a courtyard and provide comfort or in some case, discomfort. Natural elements such as, fountains, trees and shrubs affect the microclimate of a courtyard building. These elements can on the one hand absorb, distribute or reflect solar radiation, and on the other hand cool air by evaporation or evapotranspiration (Bahadori, 1978). As a consequence, they can be used as temperature and condition modifiers while also influencing the heating and cooling loads of the building (Das, 2001).

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

2.4.3 Openings in Facades Courtyards can act as a source of natural lighting for the surrounding built mass. The volume of sunlight on different facades of a courtyard building is a result of the local climate. Therefore, it is important to contemplate the climatic situation in which the building is located while deciding the size of openings. 2.4.4 Courtyards in Tropical Climate In tropical climate, design consideration for ventilation is prioritized. The characteristics of courtyard is mainly focused on capturing wind to ventilate the built mass. Hence the produced configuration of the courtyard is extroverted. Instead of solely considering the sun as in the other climates, in tropical climates, the wind direction for ventilation is mainly considered. (Fry M, 1964) Configuration of Courtyard Courtyards are designed to collect less solar radiation because there is no requirement for heating. Narrow courtyards with tall built mass increases more cross ventilation. The buildings also incorporate high parapet walls to block the incident sun. Natural Elements In tropical climates there is a high level of humidity present, hence natural elements are affected by both humidity and temperature in such a situation. Fountains may be present but usage is limited, as evaporation is limited and relative humidity is increased. Openings in Facades Providing appropriate openings is a vital design strategy that is applied in Tropical Climates. The facades of courtyard built mass have the high porosity to capture local winds for ventilation. In case of a narrow courtyard, open windows generate more than one vortex coinciding with the number of floors. In contrast, in case of a wider courtyard, the influence of the open windows on the air flow is less noticeable. Inferences • Courtyards in tropical regions are linked with the outdoor environment and present a porous texture. Courtyards present an extrovert character in contrast, courtyards of hot and snow areas are enclosed and protected from the harsh exterior environments. • Natural elements are incorporated to provide cooling and elements which absorb humidity are incorporated. • The volume of openings in facades present a direct connection with ventilation in the indoor environment. In tropical climate large openings are created to capture winds and breezes.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

The results show that courtyard buildings as a flexible shape can have different characteristics to work as a passive strategy in order to maximize the use of natural elements like the sun and wind. (Taleghani, 2014) The twentieth century has brought new dimensions to our living conditions and environment, through successive industrial and scientific revolutions. The invention of various ‘comfort gadgets’, like air conditioning, and use of new materials and building techniques have altered our approach to the design of buildings. To practice architecture today one must have an understanding of the art, science, and technology of our times. For, though architectural principles may be universal, they have to be applied in a particular environment, and climate is the most important environmental factor to be considered in the design and construction of building. – C.P. Kukreja, Tropical Architecture

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Chapter 3: Fall of The Courtyard 3.1 The Great Fall With the beginning of the 18th century, the British started colonizing India and soon the era of British Raj had started. This move brought numerous British officials to India. Along with their families, they also brought their culture, social values, living style and architecture with them. A new typology stared spreading in British India, ‘Bungalow’. “A bungalow is a free standing, ‘courtyard-less’, ‘outward-facing’, one- or two storeyed ‘European-style’ building.” (Desai, 2011) Courtyards are very different from gardens, even though nothing averts a courtyard incorporating a garden or having its elements of design. Courtyard would still create an experience quite different in character and movement to a peripheral garden. The whys and wherefores for the virtual demise of the courtyard is technological and conceptual. In the tall glass towers of today, there is every so often no space for a courtyard, sometimes due to the internal space other times due to the wider shafts which take up large areas. 3.2 The Regulation Nightmare In mid-rise buildings, there has always been a temptation to completely occupy the space, without any open space, mostly fuelled in the post-war era. In contemporary structures whether residential or commercial, a courtyard would seem difficult to merge with the high land usage. In suburban situations, there is also often no space. By local legislation and by-laws, residences are often configured around mandatory setbacks, hence already a percentage of the land is set aside for gardens and driveways and other open spaces. As well as reducing the footprint of the building, the peripheral garden aspect makes the internal space redundant for lighting. Plot size (in sq. m) Upto 60 61 - 150 151-300 301-500 501-1000 1001-2000 2001-4000 4000-10,000 Above 10,000

Min. Front Setback 0 3 3 3 6 9 9 15 15

Master Plan 2003 Recommendations

Min. Rear Setback 0 0 3 3 3 3 6 6 9

Min. Side (1) Setback 0 0 0 3 3 3 6 6 9

Min. Side (2) Setback 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 6 9

Table 2.1- Area & Setbacks 22

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

S. No.

Height of the Building in m. (upto)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

10 15 18 21 24 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 & above

Master Plan 2003 Recommendations

Exterior Open Spaces to be left out on all sides (front, rear and sides in each plot) 3m 5m 6m 7m 8m 9m 10m 11m 12m 13m 14m 16m Table 2.2- Height & Setbacks

The open spaces left around the building including setbacks, covered area, total built up area and FAR limitations are as per Master Plan/Zonal Plan recommendations. As per 2003 master plan, in case of a residential plot, which may be of up to 10m in height or 150-300 sq m in area, a minimum 3m set back is to be left on the rear and front by each plot. This limits the plot to a certain land which can be built up, and the extend of which cannot be crossed. Hence decreasing the maximum ground coverage, and hence leaving almost no space for a courtyard to exist. Hence the situation of present houses, which were built according to these recommendations. Area of Plot (in sq. m) Above 100250 251-750 751-1000 1001-1500 1501-2250 2251-3000 3001-3750 Above 3750

Max. Ground Coverage % 75

FAR 300

75 50 40 40 40 40 40

225 150 120 120 120 120 120

6 9 9 12 15 18 21

Master Plan 2021 Recommendations

No. od DU’s

Table 2.3- Ground Coverage

As per 2021 master plan changes, a plot of 100 to 250 sqm plot size shall have maximum ground coverage of 75%. Though the relative ground coverage has been increased, the setbacks on either side remain the same, rendering the plot sizes of mid income families unable to incorporate courtyards or such voids.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Though recommendations and bye-laws are changing for the benefit of the common man, but setbacks allotted to a plot render the owner, builder and architect unable to incorporate such a void. As these voids would come at the cost of a living space, ‘carpet area’ and would hence be non-sellable or be considered not high efficient land use. Also, these voids would be needed to be large enough to be considered a courtyard and would only then incorporate the qualities a courtyard brings, otherwise it would only be considered an atrium which in such a space, would lack the quality and area to act as a congregational space or a central space or even act as a climate transformer. If observed closely it is evident that the disadvantages associated with the courtyard form can be compensated for by applying appropriate construction and/or design techniques. 3.3 A Pattern of Change The third wave has begun, and we are feeling the effects in our society and our image associations of effective space and eventually the built form, architecture. This process of globalization, has many meanings. Functionalism has been at the foundation of modernism. This rendered the traditional multi-function courtyard no purpose in modern and therefore contemporary houses. Modern houses incorporated living spaces which had a fixed function related to them, a kitchen to cook, a space to dine, one to welcome guests and others to sleep. These modern bunglows incorporated much of these public functions inside, hence rendering no space for an external void, a transition space. This new architecture also reflected the views and style of the new generation, one that did not want to be reminded of their poor past, which was much ridden with congested spaces, lack of services and abundance of inconveniences. A past they wanted to forget, a past they wanted to move on from, towards a more unique and individualistic future. Our context is shaped by the sociocultural changes within the society and by the imported ideas, technologies and practices. Today, modernism is like an attempt by the society, its people, to adopt themselves to the current styles, thereby altering their habits, preferences, ideas and values. Traditional Indian courtyards were designed to cater to the community values, whether social, cultural or religious. Today, with the change in life pattern and choices, particularly social changes, a age has come where the family structure has transformed from a one of joint to a much prevalent nuclear style, hence creating a separate space, living and mindset. Architecture often, gets strongly influenced by the changing times, western imports of goods, technology also brought with itself a box of, concepts and ways of living, which are society glanced with an awe. As a result, the indigenous concept and psyche changed, leading to a consequential change in housing requirement, encouraging builders and architects to ignore the identity and typologies of the Indian context.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Home and business owners are much more concerned about the Facade of the space and its surrounding than the functionality, integration and flow of the spaces within. With a shift of the center of the space to the street rather than the actual core of the house, the society has reoriented themselves, to create a structure as a symbol, a statement while creating unwanted additions. The idea of high land usage, the high-rise tower, creates a sense of self-containment, where in thee users of the space are isolated from their surroundings physically, mentally and socially. A flow of spaces which was previously incorporating the public and the private, the inside and the outside and the cultural, social and environmental aspects, now simply focuses on a transition of work to play. The distinction of a space is only done by its function either being a formal one or a completely casual one. While not relating to the semi-private and semi-public spaces. All this is done while ignoring the impacts it would make, hence creating sole less and functionality-less spaces, based on decisions by carpet area or profitable area. 3.4 Ups and Downs of a Courtyard The courtyard, a void, which can be traced back as far as time, has gone through major changes. Starting as a community space, a central area to being shifted into individual spaces and being used as a transition space for ages. Its shape and size constantly being altered to fit preferences, usage, climate and every reason imaginable, creating a much private niche inside a space, being a part to a whole. To then again been transformed into a plaza, a large court of public activity, a zone much more public and interactive with the whole. Literally being taken up as a bridge, acting as a transition space while still incorporating its core values. Throughout its life-span courtyards have transformed from public to private to public, and in the current era, majorly a public space, being incorporated into/around very private spaces. At the crux, if this void in space, ‘आं गन’, does not carry its original values, its character, while being transformed, it will remain a void in function too.

A Pause for A Thought While much of globalization has been criticized, it’s up to the society and its elements to decide upon which part of it to keep and which to lose. A nation as diverse and culturally rich as India, losing its rich heritage and style of design and architecture, creating a social void in its society, for the namesake of Globalization and forward thinking, may not be the correct way going forward. While one idea imported from the west, might affect our traditional values, but also bring an improvement, a space/building imported from the west might completely alter our way of living. One, can be reversed while the other can only be observed from the sidelines.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Chapter 4: The Courtyard Rises 4.1 Evolution of The Void As afore-mentioned ‘आं गन’, transitioned into the public realm, being incorporated into malls, shopping complexes, offices and other office settings. These voids were much larger in size now, had comparable function to the European plaza, but still failed to impress as a public space due to their lack of the character that plaza’s incorporated. While they were able to replicate the multiple openings, and use of the courtyard as a viewing gallery on multiple levels with functions laced in its perimeter, they missed the major element which tied all of this together, a unique element which usually gave power to the plaza, a fountain or a central feature. The grandness was present but the tranquility was missing. Though atriums mimic the organization of a courtyard but do not create a physical or mental link to the external environment, and hence malls and other shopping complex’s feel more as private spaces than a public space These voids were much prevalent in office culture in Indian context. In offices this space was mostly used as a movement zone, a congregational zone or even just as an open space. This void which was center to all the activities and function now evolved into a space which much less designed but more or less just left as it was. The functions around this void were not focused around the void itself, it was slowly transforming into just a transition space, a movement zone, lacking character or function of its own. But as interior comfort and privacy increased the connection between these spaces and users decreased exponentially, converting these spaces into zones, lacking any interaction in any form. 4.2 Commercializing the Transition Space As regulations and spatial needs created more ‘आं गन’ and similar voids, it meant less usable or sellable land for the developer. Soon these transition spaces started incorporating shops and kiosks. A need had risen by the users of the commercial and office spaces for an open space, a space which would not be confined but still provide privacy, which would be large in scale but still be intimate at a human scale. As footfall increased into this large central open space, the area around it which was previously official turned into functions which opened right into this space. This created a sense of connection to the space, a sense of use. Adding a function, which was much commercial, energized the space, in some cases, negatively, but majorly positively. This brought the eyes of the developers and architects back to ‘आं गन’ but with a much different perspective, solely based on creating a transition space, which would be sparkled with greenery or even water features but lacked any value of its own, it solely relied on the movement in the functions opening into it.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

4.3 The Regulations Fairytale The evolution of courtyards was majorly catered by the need of public space, a congregational space and a movement zone in such commercial settings. Though it was partly due to the bye laws, but these bye laws usually arise due to the needs of a specific setting. As newer high rises were built it was realized more open space was required to fulfil multiple criteria’s, such as evacuation, movement, connectivity. This was majorly due to the low ground coverage but high FAR. These high rises also needed to be separated by a sufficient distance to maintain views, light and other natural elements. Additional ground coverage provided on the inclusion of atriums helped increase the size and rate at which atriums/courtyards were incorporated into the spaces.

Development Controls – Commercial Centres Use/Use Premises

Max. Coverage % 40

FAR

Service Market Organised Informal Bazaar Community Centre/NonHierarchical Commercial Centre

40 40 25

100 40 125

15 8 Not Required

District Centre/SubCentral Business District/Sub-City Level Commercial Area

150

Not Required

Convenience Shopping Centre/local Shopping Centre/Local Level Commercial Areas

Master Plan 2021 Recommendations

100

Heights (mts) 15

Other Controls Max. 10% additional Ground Coverage Shall be Allowed for providing Atrium only in LSC. Max. 10% additional Ground Coverage Shall be Allowed for providing Atrium. Max. 10% additional Ground Coverage Shall be Allowed for providing Atrium.

Table 2.4- Development Controls

These regulations drove the cart which helped bring back ‘आं गन’, even though commercialized and non-functional at times, this at the least revived part of our lost culture, tradition and style, in the probable future, maybe even with its original character. While one helped eradicate it from mass housings, another helped retrace it into the core of commercial spaces.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Chapter 5: Case Study This section of the paper will analyze courtyards constructed in two different decades. The Indian Habitat Centre, New Delhi and The Horizon Plaza, Gurgaon. These have been chosen due to their differences and similarities, which will further aid in understanding the situation of courtyards in the contemporary scenario. The Indian Habitat Centre is located on Lodi Road, New Delhi, the Capital of India, with a population of 28 million. The area and its vicinity had witnessed rapid urban growth and has almost reached a point of saturation henceforth growth of the area is not possible until new bye-laws are released or certain structures are rebuilt. The Horizon Plaza is located on Golf Course Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, with a population of 2.6 million, which is just 10% of the National Capital, New Delhi. The area is currently experiencing a major overhaul in its urban setting. Rapid urban growth in the area is underway, of which Horizon Plaza is a part of, along with major transportation network and housing projects. The area is far from reaching a saturation point, but majorly lacks of any public interactive or a community driven space. Both locations experience a monsoon influenced humid, subtropical climate. The cities experience similar weather condition and 4 distinct seasons; Spring ( February – March ), Summer ( April – August ), Autumn ( September – October ) and Winter ( November – January ). New-Delhi boasts a population which comprises of what we can call ‘Millennials’ and ‘Old-School’. while Gurgaon is a city which boasts a majority of Millennials and if not then, a comparatively young population, due to it being a corporate extension to Delhi in its early days of existence. This case study majorly maps and tries to create an understanding of how people interact with a space and how multiple functions and aspects of a space affect the footfall, interaction, longevity and relation with its users. The case study is based on experience of its users which is the most important aspect of a space, as simulations may never be able replicate the actual experience each individual experience in a space. A spatial analysis of both the spaces was done before, conducting a closed survey with its users. Mapping of footfall and functions in the courtyard has also been undertaken. Finally, a preference has been recorded from each of the users on each site to as to understand the needs vs the wants, the user experience vs the built typology. Hereby trying to understand the path to be chosen to revive the ‘आं गन’ in this contemporary setting, and concluding as to this transition which has taken place was a sensible one?

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.1 The Indian Habitat Centre

Master plan Illustration 1.13- Indian Habitat Centre Master plan

Index The complex is accessible from multiple sides, the major entrances being from the Lodi Road, which also houses two of the three built mass blocks, one of which houses a large food court on the ground floor, Eatopia. To facilitate interaction The Indian Habitat Centre provides a superb range of facilities, weaving functions together using open transition spaces, courtyards. The complex has a well-planned segregation of spaces, from built-open to the separation of semipublic-public spaces. Using defined boundaries, the architect has maintained the privacy of the indoor spaces at the same instance, has increased the interactions in the outdoor spaces by enveloping the green spaces by large built mass. The built mass is expected to experience a large and regular inflow of users, outdoor spaces have been juxtaposed with respect to the entrances; offices have been given the access from the courtyards, maintaining constant movement.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

All major functions are concentrated or are opening into the ‘आं गन’ this makes it a central space of transition. But due to its own function as an outdoor space where multiple activities can occur, due to multiple intimate seating and interactive zones, the courtyard becomes a space on its own. The environmental setting also aides in prioritizing this central space, and projecting its strength. Space incorporates intimate fountains, seating and standing spaces, lack of which would render the space life-less. Landscaped areas form a strong connection between the public and semipublic spaces. The Bridges The buildings are grouped around semi-covered courts and linked at the 5th and 6th floor level and above by bridges to form huge gateways for entrance into various zones! courts. These multi-level bridges provide office spaces as well as links between various building zones. The bridges form framed views and vistas and complete the character of the enclosed courts. Shading Devices that reject and reflect the unwanted solar energy provide a pleasant climate at low cost without consumption of energy in their operation. Although it is difficult to create energy it is easy to deflect. absorb or even reject energy. A system of open to sky, shaded canopies over the large paved courts, provide relief from tropical sun with fixed shade casting elements, devised to shade the courtyards in summer and the let in the sun in the winter. Such a shading device reduces load on air conditioning system. A 1.2m deep galvanized steel tubular framework stretches edge to edge across the courtyard and is anchored to concrete overhangs at the edges. Shade casting leaves of PVC coated nylon fabric, approximately 1.6x1.4m in size are anchored at the predetermined angles within this framework to provide shading element.

Illustration 1.14- Indian Habitat Centre 1

Illustration 1.15- Indian Habitat Centre 2

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Illustration 1.16- Indian Habitat Centre 3

Illustration 1.17- Indian Habitat Centre 4

GREEN SPACES - COURT The ground was perceived as a vehicle-free environment. and a fairly elaborate system worked out to deny entrance to all motorized traffic except for repair and fire. All cars and scooters are directed into two levels of basements. The conference block is the only one that allows entry to vehicles. Building volumes are articulated to form interconnected internal courtyards that are the major public spaces.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.2 The Horizon Plaza

Master Plan Illustration 1.18- Horizon Plaza Master Plan

Index The horizon plaza acts as a central space to both, One Horizon Tower and Two Horizon Tower. Both of which are office buildings incorporating a good amount of shops, cafes and fine dining options on the ground floors. This creates an exciting opportunity to develop a space which can be the center of the new Millennial Gurgaon. The built mass around the Horizon Plaza is considered are considered to be one of the most beautiful skyscrapers in Gurgaon. Surrounding this complex are one of the major high end residential complexes of Gurgaon, and opposite the complex is the DLF Golf Course, housing probably India’s most luxuries’ and expensive condominiums, The Aralia, Magnolias and Camelia’s. The Plaza also offers an expansive view of the Golf Course road and Rapid Metro, creating a visual connection between the user and the context. The plaza is also located at the center of Golf Course Road rendering an ease of reachability and approach. This offers an amazing option to create a space which can be related to by its office users and which is attractive but intimate enough for the nearby housing residents. But Horizon Plaza lacks majority of the intimacy and character which help build a relation with its users. 32

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

The large central court is preceded by an expansive grand staircase, which with its palm tree landscaping creates and intimidating entry, though such a grand entry is craved for in commercial spaces, but the space should further articulate into smaller intimate spaces, which can aid the functions at the periphery of the court, which are solely commercial and public in nature. The court which is open to all, has both the Horizon Towers opening directly into it, creating a sense of movement from semi-private spaces to a public space. This is one of the major reasons why the footfall of the court is low even though there being a very large number of possible users residing on the upper floors. What also prevents users from utilizing this space is the scale of the building to the court and its elements. The court though large enough to house a no. of users lacks a sense of scale, the large Horizon Towers dominate the space, which is worsened by the tall palm trees and a very large central fountain. Nothing in the plaza is relatable to the human scale and the large structures demean the meagre human. Also lack of character of the court itself creates a sense of distance from the space. There is no interaction with the space or its materials. Only seating options are either the extended café’s or the external chair and table which do not create a sense or privacy, intimacy or interaction. All this creates a hollow space, which is only used as a movement space, which is lacking character or any function of its own, hence rendering its importance to a null. Though there are multiple negatives to the space, a major positive as to why the users utilize this space even as a movement zone, is due to the functions connected to it, café’s and shops which extend into the courtyard providing a support framework to it, creating a need for the use of the space.

Illustration 1.19 - Horizon plaza 1

Illustration 1.20- Horizon Plaza 2

Illustration 1.21 - Horizon plaza 3

Illustration 1.22- Horizon Plaza 4

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.3 Primary Data Collection 5.3.1 Footfall This is based on the amount of people crossing or utilizing the central court every ten minutes

FOOTFALL HORIZON PLAZA 22

WEEK END

3 1

WEEK DAY

MORNING(9AM-12PM)

AFTERNOON(12PM4PM)

EVENING(4PM-7PM)

NIGHT(7PM-)

Illustration 1.23- Footfall 1

Footfall at The Horizon Plaza is relatively low in the morning, but gradually increases during the day, and is maximum during the evening and night. This is due to the eating outlets connected to the plaza. A sudden rise is visible on weekends in the evenings, as throughout the day, offices are closed hence a spike in the evening.

FOOTFALL INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE WEEK END

WEEK DAY

MORNING(9AM-12PM)

AFTERNOON(12PM4PM)

EVENING(4PM-7PM)

NIGHT(7PM-)

Illustration 1.24- Footfall 2

Footfall at The India Habitat Centre is below average in the morning but comparitively increases throughout the day exponentially. A similar trend as Horizon Plaza is seen here with a sudden spike on weekend evenings, but there is comparitively a larger footfall during the mornings as compared to Horizon Plaza due to its functions such as American Dinner(breakfast joint) and theatre and meeting centres. Though at night Horizon Plaza enjoys much more footfall, whether it being a weekday or a weekend. 34

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.3.2 Restaurants and Eateries

RESTAURANTS AND EATERIES HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

DIRECTLY OPEN INTO THE COURT

CONNECTED TO THE COURT

Illustration 1.25- Restaurants and Eateries

The amount of eateries directly opening into the central court in Horizon Plaza is much more, hence enhancing the commercial aspect of the plaza. While there are enough outlets in Indian Habitat centre, most of them do not directly open into the court and are indirectly linked to it, with the exception of the American Dinner. 5.3.3 Age Group

AGE GROUP HORIZON PLAZA MIDDLE AGED(45-)

TEENAGER (13-18)

MIDDLE AGED(30-44)

YOUNG ADULT(19 -29)

Illustration 1.26- Age Group 1

AGE GROUP INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE MIDDLE AGED(45-)

TEENAGER (13-18)

MIDDLE AGED(30-44)

YOUNG ADULT (19-29)

Illustration 1.27- Age Group Indian 2 35

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

The age group varies in both locations with young adults being the majority visitors at both the locations. While a much larger younger crowd is present at the Horizon Plaza due to its functions, a much diverse crowd is present at The Indian Habitat Centre, hence creating a much more rich and interactive experience.

5.3.4 Preference

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

HORIZON PLAZA

Illustration 1.28- Preference

Though a much younger population is present at Horizon Plaza, the preference of the user still leans towards the rustic Indian Habitat Centre. This may be due to the afore-mentioned reasons or probable discoveries later on in this research paper.

5.4 Sustainable and Sensible While One horizon Tower and Two Horizon Tower are both Leed Platinum rated buildings, The Indian Habitat Centre is not a Leed rated building, but it is pretty evident as to which one is more energy efficient, while one is built with locally available material and is oriented with respect to the sun, the other is a fully glass building with no regard to the sun as a large portion of its façade faces the south-west. The central courtyard is expansive and open yet has no shading devices neither has the amount of flora to create a sheltered environment for its users, rendering it useless during the day and harsh summers. The courtyard of the Horizon Plaza which houses these two skyscrapers, has plantations of palm trees, which neither give shade during the heated summers nor do they enhance the breeze during the evening. A feature which is not required or sustainable with the present weather and benefits none, but is incorporated due to its facial value, the beauty of the tree only. Planting trees may create a face value of sustainability but the true sensible design is not present, and in this scenario, it is pretty evident that the hyped phenomenon of sustainability has over taken sensible design and is headed for a future where only Ratings would matter not the functionality of the actual design.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.5 Questionnaire Note: The questionnaire below was conducted in both the buildings, Indian Habitat Centre and Horizon Plaza, the same set of questions were asked. 18 people in either buildings were tasked with responding to the questionnaire on site. The Space in question here refers to the central courtyard.

Q. What kind of relation do you have with this space? VISITOR

GUESTS

7 0

EMPLOYEES

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.29- Question 1

Q. Would you prefer if this space was more private to the office employees or be more open to public? MORE PUBLIC

AS IT IS

MORE PRIVATE

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.30- Question 2

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Q. Do you/would you use this space no matter the weather condition?

NOT DURING RAIN NOT ON SUNNY DAYS NOT DURING RAIN AND ON SUNNY DAYS ALL CONIDTIONS

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.31- Question 3

Q. What kind of people do you assume visit this space? YOUNG ADULTS

MIDDLE AGED

SENIOR CITIZENS

TEENAGERS

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.32- Question 4

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Q. Do you prefer intimate spaces or expansive (large open) spaces? EXPANSIVE

INTIMATE

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.33- Question 5

Q. Do you feel issues with privacy issues while using this space and/or with its setting? NO

YES

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.34- Question 6

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Q. Do you think more eateries and similar functions should open into this space? NO

YES

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.35- Question 7

Q. Does this space require more shading/cooling features to aid to comfort? COOLING

BOTH

NONE

HORIZON PLAZA

SHADING

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.36- Question 8

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Q. Does this space require more formal and/or informal seating spaces? NO

YES

HORIZON PLAZA

INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.37- Question 9

Q. Have you visited Horizon Plaza/Indian Habitat Centre? NO

YES

HORIZON PLAZA

INDI AN HABITAT C ENTRE

Illustration 1.38- Question 10

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Q. Which space do you prefer for its spatial quality and social interaction? INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE

HORIZON PLAZA

AT HORIZON PLAZA

AT I NDIAN HABI TAT CENTRE

Illustration 1.39- Question 11

Inference A clear observation can be pointed out here, the spatial quality of Indian Habitat Centre is much more than that of Horizon Plaza, while the latter is the most recent of construction of such a space. What may be lacking at one horizon is the availability of formal seating and more shops and eateries to open into the centre court, which will further increase the footfall of the space. The majority of the questionnaire responses were not in favour of Horizon Plaza, there area where it excels is its integration of commercial spaces such as shops, restaurants and eateries with the central courtyard.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

5.6 Interview the Past-Present-Future

Interviewing a Layman (40-year-old male) What comes to your mind when you think of courtyards? The old houses of Chandni Chowk, where a central courtyard was where we would sleep, eat, play and in many cases, have our marriages. While we may never think about it, courtyards were at the centre of every activity during the 1900's. It was a space inside a space. Where the whole family would meet in the morning and again in the evening. It was what was at the centre of the house. Do courtyards and similar spaces make sense in today's buildings? To an extent yes, when it is considered that in this digital age, a family has merely any interactions, each member has their own living space, their own social life, a courtyard or for that matter any similar space would make great sense. It would act like how a dining table acts during dinner. It would become the centre of the house and its activities, and would help every member interact with each other, physically, rather than digitally. In a commercial setting it makes more sense as for the users of that commercial space, which would be a large no. Of users, an area would be required for them to move around, to explore, to feel the openness. As far as in the corporate sector, much of the employees require breaks during their long work hours, these are instances where employee's visit the outside spaces. If such a courtyard would be present where shops or seating spaces are present with shading, employees would feel relaxed and would have a higher output, also the visitors would be able to use this space.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Interviewing an Architecture Student (21-year-old female) What comes to your mind when you think of courtyards? An enclosed but yet open space, a Jaipur Haveli, with its beautiful railings, just like Hawa Mahal. Courtyards are essentially, an open space which is usable and all neighbouring functions may open into it. It provides privacy but yet is public. It forms a hierarchy of spaces in a building. It is necessary in a climate like ours where heat needs to be dissipated naturally, while still keeping humidity in check. Should courtyards exist in today’s time period? In any form. courtyards have multiple forms and functions, an atrium, a European plaza, a front yard/back yard or even the one in the mosque as a prayer area. As a cultural point they should very much as spaces like mandir, mosque, gurudwara are all public centric spaces, they are majorly congregational spaces which require such a space which is functional but still a void. As a social perspective, courtyards definitely increase interaction, not just between the users but also between the building and the user.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Interviewing an Established Architect (42-year-old male) What comes to your mind when you think of courtyards? They essentially bring about a sense of open yet close, a sense that you are enveloped yet have the freedom you want. It almost mimics the womb of a woman. In a building, whether it be a house or an office, this is the kind of space we crave, we are social beings, we cannot live without interaction, and what better place than a space which is at the heart of the building, physically and spatially. This is something users of a space relate to, they remember spaces according to how they are connected to the open spaces, like how you explain a building by starting at its entry porch, its first open space

Would you be interested in incorporating a courtyard or a space of similar character into one of your designs? Why not, there is little negative to what courtyard or plaza or atriums are. The only drawback to them is the requirement of area. If it’s too small, it’s not interactive enough, if it’s too large and open, it will not necessarily fit into the local public's needs. Also, this area which should be just right, would cost the client money, and after all, in every building, residential or commercial, the carpet area is what the client longs for. A dining room and a large living room is preferred by many over the traditional courtyard. This is due to the lack of knowledge of the positives of the space, or simple ignorance so as to create a sellable building first and external features second. This is one of the problems due to which they are not incorporates much and usually just left as gardens or green patches. This reduces the landscaping and designing costs but exponentially reduce the space quality. One which could be the centre of movement and activity, carrying on a dying socially interactive society, is left to rot as green space.

Inference A trend is noticed where courtyards are believed to be a positive addition to the current architectural theme and culture. The basic idea of courtyards belongs to the past as none of the interviewed could relate to a recently built building or a recent typology to courtyards. Hence, sensing that courtyards have been much forgotten. Courtyards bring multiple positives along with some negatives and each individual is able to trace a different experience towards courtyards, different memories and a different relationship. Though courtyards could be incorporated into todays Architectural language, there are hurdles which constantly halt the progress of such a process, rendering spaces which lack the lacklustre and character that courtyards carry. Much of the reasons are limited to Commercial and spatial requirements, but some are also related to the growing and changing needs of the society. The increase in individuality and the increasing in sellable area play a major role in halting the progress

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

Conclusion Many spaces attempt to re-interpret the courtyard principle in buildings with large open plaza’s, the results are often unsatisfactory for many reasons. This space created is used merely as for movement and its own potential and function is neglected. Its unfortunate spatial quality and inefficient relationship with other surrounding spaces makes it a deserted and a useless space for its users. Hence, it lacks the courtyard characteristics of the traditional Indian character and is neither a functional nor a symbolic space. Certain contemporary buildings offer an extension to the work/living space which is usually semi covered and landscaped with trees and water bodies. But such a space does not have genuine courtyard characteristics because there is no sense of enclosure. Its character is that of a modern garden, a green space rather than that of a traditional courtyard, a space inside a space. The courtyard remains an apt space and form, not only for the Indian climatic conditions but also for the Indian culture. It can easily fulfil the requirements of the contemporary lifestyles of the present and future generations. However, the current reproduction typology of the courtyard has failed to attract or please its users, and remains as useful to the user as a barren land to a farmer. Thus, the way to solve this needs to be found as a middle ground, one needs to stop idealising the past and move on, accepting the realities of today, recognizing the needs of tomorrow. What is required is a contemporary revival of the courtyard space, by the fusion of the past with the future, creating an almost perfect present. It should be recognized that high rise development will take place, due to the scarcity of land, there is no single solution for the same, or a policy. The apartment and high-rise office structures are energy intensive, especially with the involvement of glass in facades, a long-term goal, an efficient habitat infrastructure should be put in place now, which can create a biosphere, so that the burden on future generations is lowered. A push should be given to recognize and revive the courtyard concept, whether it is to be incorporated as an atrium, porch, bridge or transition space. A courtyard whether as a public function or a private function, at the core should carry its values and character, thereby enabling any form, shape, scale of courtyard to be successful and create an interaction and relation amongst the users and the space. Though it should be understood that clinging on to the past is not the best way forward as the society evolves so do the needs and hence Architectural Language. Architects should rather redefine certain aspects of the ‘आं गन’, such as spatial configuration, material, scale, intimacy, degree of enclosure and such, the traditional courtyard could be evolved into a dynamic, balance of interacting spaces. Hence creating the contemporary courtyard.

Dissertation | आं गन – A SENSIBLE TRANSITION? | 2017

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