From Temporariness to Permenancy: Consolidating Talbieh Camp by Samar Manneh

From Temporariness to Permenancy: Consolidating Talbieh Camp

Samar Manneh

Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University MA Architecture and Urbanism Samar Manneh MMU ID: 19000558 UoM ID: 10554553 Cover: A collage of Talbieh Camp community vision (Author's own, 2020)

From Temporariness to Permenancy: Consolidating Talbieh Camp Samar Manneh MA Architecture and Urbanism Thesis Project August 2020

Contents 0

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgment

XVII

Introduction

1.1 Project Overview

1.2 Amman: City Profile 1.2.1 Jordan and Its Context 1.2.2 City and Site 1.2.3 Amman Typologies and Trends

5 6 7 8

1.3 Talbieh Camp: Site Brief

02 Analysis and Synthesis

2.1 Camp and Shelter Evolution 2.1.1 From Tents to Barracks 2.1.2 Somewhere Between Temporary and Permenant: Expansion Attempts 2.1.3 Shelters' Current Situation

17 17

2.2 Cultural and Social Analysis 2.2.1 The Appropriation of Spaces 2.2.2 Culture and Values

27 27 29

2.3 Site Analysis 2.3.1 Talbieh Camp Existing Masterplan 2.3.2 Solid and Void 2.3.3 Talbieh Urban Fabric and Land Use 2.3.4 Connectivity and Roads 2.3.5 SWOT Analysis

32 32 33 34 36 38

20 22

2.4 The Strategic Approach 41 2.4.1 Widening the Roads Network 42 2.4.2 Zinc-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Demolished 43 2.4.3 Concrete-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Preserved and Expanded 44 2.4.4 Smaller-Scale Intervention Areas with Long-term effects 45 2.4.5 Phasing the Incremental Changes 46 2.5 Goals and Objectives 2.5.1 A Firmer and Healthier Built Environment 2.5.2 Maintaining Livelihoods and Socio-economic Connections 2.5.3 Weaving Talbieh Camp Physically into the Urban Fabric

53 53

2.6 Precedents 2.6.1 Street Life 2.6.2 Residential Block 2.6.3 Pedestrian Bridge 2.6.4 Park 2.6.5 Market Space

61 61 62 63 64 65

54 58

Contents 03 The Proposal

3.1 The Proposed Masterplan 3.1.1 The Overall Masterplan and its Achievements 3.1.2 The Key Elements of the Proposed Masterplan

70 70 71

3.2 Streets Hierarchy & Functionality 3.2.1 Main Streets 3.2.2 Secondary Streets 3.2.3 Alleyways

80 80 82 84

3.3 Site A - Residential Block Prototype Transformation 3.3.1 The Application of the Phasing Strategy 3.3.2 Site A: Before and After Interventions 3.3.3 Morphology and Added Assets 3.3.4 Materials Palette 3.3.5 Materials Application Example on a Building 3.3.6 Future Images

88 88 89 90 92 93 94

04 3.4 Site C - Urban Links: Elevated Walkway Proposal 3.4.1 Concept and Synthesis 3.4.2 The Proposal

100 100 102

3.5 Site D - Re-imagining the Existing Park and Northern Edge 3.5.1 Concept and Synthesis 3.5.2 The Proposal

108 108 112

3.6 Site E - Beyond Praying: The Mosque and the Market 3.6.1 Concept and Synthesis 3.6.2 The Proposal

124 124 126

Conclusion

133

Bibliography

135

Appendix

139

VII

List of Illustrations 1.0 Introduction Fig 1.1: Amman's urban fabric

Page no. 1

1.1 Project Overview Fig (1.1.1 - 1.1.5): Talbieh Camp current situation

1.2 Amman: City Profile Fig (1.2.1 - 1.2.4): Pictures of the capital of Jordan, Amman

Fig 1.2.5: A photo of Amman and its famous cube-like clusters

1.2.1 Jordan and its Context

Fig 1.2.3.7: A doughnut chart chart showing the years of laying fundaments in Amman's buildings and their percentages

Fig 1.2.3.8: A diagram highlighting Amman's population growth and projected population in 2025

1.3 Talbieh Camp: Site Brief Fig 1.3.1: An arial view showing Talbieh Camp and its context

Fig 1.3.2: A diagram illustrating Talbieh Camp population growth and its projected population in 2030 within its fixed boundaries

Fig 1.3.3: A timeline illustrating the evolution and density of the camp since its establishment and until 2020

Fig 1.2.1.1: A map showing the location of Jordan in the world, and the location of Jordan in relation to the Middle East

2.0 Analysis and Synthesis

Fig 1.2.1.2: Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographic composition, highlighting its high diversity

Fig 2.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp in its urban context

1.2.2 City and Site

2.1 Camp and Shelter Evolution

Fig 1.2.2.1: A map showing Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boundaries, its center, and the location of Talbieh Camp

2.1.1 From Tents to Barracks

Fig 1.2.2.2: A map of Talbieh Camp and its surroundings

1.2.3 Amman Typologies and Trends

Fig (2.1.1.1 - 2.1.1.3): Images showing Talbieh Camp's as tents

Fig 2.1.1.4: A map showing the location of Talbieh tents camp in 1967 before the flooding 17 Fig (2.1.1.5 - 2.1.1.7): Images showing Talbieh Camp as barracks

Fig 2.1.1.8: A map showing the relocation of Talbieh Camp in 1968 after the flooding

Fig 1.2.3.2: An example of cement brick housing in Amman

Fig 1.2.3.3: An example of concrete and plaster housing in Amman

Fig 2.1.1.9: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 1968 during the barracks system

Fig 1.2.3.4: An example of the use of mixed materials (concrete and stone) in Amman's housing

Fig 2.1.2.1: A picture illustrating an example of a barrack's expansion

Fig 1.2.3.5: An example of stone housing in Amman

Fig 1.2.3.6: An example of mud housing in Amman

Fig 2.1.2.2: A map of Talbieh Camp in 1978, when open space started to become scarce

Fig 1.2.3.1: A bar chart highlighting the different housing typologies in Amman and their percentages

2.1.2 Somewhere Between Temporary and Permanent: Expansion Attempts

List of Illustrations Fig 2.1.2.3: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 1978, when barracks started to expand horizontally

Fig 2.2.2.5: A picture showing the high windows preference in the camp for privacy reasons

Fig 2.1.2.4: A diagram illustrating the different expansion typologies in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.2.1.6: A perspective of the current camp situation showing gender separation in the camp's public spaces according to their culture

Fig 2.1.2.5: A diagram illustrating ventilation patterns in Talbieh Camp as a result of the different expansion typologies

2.3 Site Analysis

2.1.3 Shelters' Current Situation

2.3.1 Talbieh Camp Existing Masterplan

Fig 2.1.3.1: Pie charts of the different construction materials used in Talbieh Camp

Fig (2.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.9): Images showing Talbieh's poor materials and weak foundations

Fig 2.1.3.10: A map showing Talbieh camp in 2020, completely saturated with no open spaces

Fig 2.1.3.11: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 2020, the horizontal expansion and disappearance of open spaces

Fig 2.3.2.1: A figure-ground map of Talbieh Camp, showing the relationship between the built and unbuilt spaces

2.3.3 Talbieh Urban Fabric and Land Use

2.2 Cultural and Social Analysis

2.3.2 Solid and Void 33

Fig 2.3.3.1: A diagram showing the percentages of the different building uses in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.3.3.2: A diagram showing the percentage of Talbieh's buildings according to the number of units in each building

Fig (2.2.1.3 - 2.2.1.4): Pictures showing some of the semi-private gathering spaces done by refugees themselves infront of and between their shelters

Fig 2.3.3.3: A diagram showing the percentage of Talbieh's buildings according to the number of floors in each building, highlighting the camp's horizontal expansion

Fig (2.2.1.5 - 2.2.1.7): Pictures showing territoriality through hanged laundry, in addition to adding a bit of color and identity

Fig 2.3.3.4: Talbieh Camp and the sourrounding urban fabric and building uses

Fig (2.2.1.8 - 2.2.1.9): Pictures showing the appropriation of streets in front of shelters and shops in order to generate income

2.2.1 The Appropriation of Spaces Fig (2.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.2): Pictures showing some of the planting attempts in the camp

2.2.2 Culture and Values Fig (2.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.3): Pictures showing the different attempts of closing windows for privacy reasons Fig 2.2.2.4: A picture showing an outdoor patio in a shelter which was closed by refugees for privacy reasons

Fig 2.3.1.1: Talbieh Camp existing masterplan illustrating key functions and roofing materials

29 29

2.3.4 Connectivity and Roads Fig (2.3.4.1 - 2.3.4.3): Examples of some of the blocked connections in Talbieh Camp, either by parked cars or random expansions

Fig (2.3.4.4 - 2.3.4.6): Examples of some of the alleyways in Talbieh Camp between residential buildings, highlighting their narrow nature and infringement by the residents

Fig 2.3.4.7: A diagram illustrating the roads network's layers in Talbieh Camp, and its connection points with the surrounding urban context

List of Illustrations 2.3.5 SWOT Analysis

Fig 2.4.5.4: A zoom-in map of phase 2, showing its divisions into sub-phases (7-15)

Fig 2.3.5.1: A diagram showing the main strengths in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.4.5.5: A zoom-in map of phase 3, showing its divisions into sub-phases (16-25)

Fig 2.3.5.2: A diagram showing the main opportunities in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.4.5.6: A zoom-in map of phase 4, showing its divisions into sub-phases (26-35)

Fig 2.3.5.3: A diagram showing the main weaknesses in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.3.5.4: A diagram showing the main threats in Talbieh Camp

Fig 2.4.5.7: Images of the physical model showing the existing situation of phase 1 before interventions

Fig 2.4.5.8: Images of the physical model showing phase 1 after applying the strategy and interventions

2.4 The Strategic Approach Fig 2.4.1: The main research question

Fig (2.4.2 - 2.4.3): Diagrams illustrating the desired density, creation of urban pockets, and healthier well-lit and ventilated environment

2.4.1 Widening the Roads Network Fig 2.4.1.1: A map showing the existing roads network and alleyways to be expanded

2.4.2 Zinc-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Demolished Fig 2.4.2.1: A map showing the layer of buildings with Zinc roofs that are to be demolished 43 2.4.3 Concrete-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Modified & Expanded Fig 2.4.3.1: A map showing the layer of buildings with concrete roofs that are to be modified, expanded vertically, or preserved

2.4.4 Small-scale Intervention Areas with Long-term Effects Fig 2.4.4.1: A map showing the intervention zones that will be further designed

2.5.1 A Firmer and Healthier Built Environment Fig 2.5.1.1: Diagrams illustrating the top priorities for refugees concerning their shelters

2.5.2 Maintaining Livelihoods and Socio-economic Connections Fig 2.5.2.1: A visualization of re-using the multi-purpose space around the mosque

Fig 2.5.2.2: A visualization of the revitalization of the camp's economic activity by increasing and encouraging mixed-use residential uses

Fig 2.5.2.3: A visualization of an urban pocket between residential buildings used as a kids' playground, which should be distributed throughout the camp

Fig 2.5.2.4: A visualization of appropriariting spaces for women acitivities

2.5.3 Weaving Talbieh Camp Physically into the Urban Fabric 45

2.4.5 Phasing the Incremental Changes Fig 2.4.5.1: The main four phases of Talbieh's improvement plan

2.5 Goals and Objectives

Fig 2.4.5.2: A diagram illustrating the interventions that each sub-phase undergoes and their predicted timeframe

Fig 2.4.5.3: A zoom-in map of phase 1, showing its divisions into sub-phases (1-6)

Fig 2.5.3.1: A map illustrating the key points to be addressed in Talbieh Camp to enhance the circulation and physical connections with the surroundings

Fig 2.5.3.2: A diagram illustrating possible transportation network to link the camp to Amman

2.6 Precedents 2.6.1 Street Life Fig (2.6.1.1 - 2.6.1.2): Visualizations showing the street life and design of the phase 2 masterplan for Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, UAE

List of Illustrations 2.6 Precedents

3.1 The Proposed Masterplan

2.6.1 Street Life

3.1.1 The Overall Masterplan and its Achievements

Fig (2.6.1.1 - 2.6.1.2): Visualizations showing the street life and design of the phase 2 masterplan for Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, UAE

Fig 2.6.1.3: A photo of the Nord Alley in Seattle after activation

Fig 3.1.1.1: The proposed masterplan for Talbieh Camp, highlighting the main aims of the project 3.1.2 The Key Elements of the Proposed Masterplan

Fig 3.1.2.1: Solid and void map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy

Fig 3.1.2.2: Public and green spaces network map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy

Fig 3.1.2.3: Types of roads and physical network map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy

Fig 3.1.2.4: Zoning and building uses map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy

2.6.3 Pedestrian Bridge

Fig 3.1.2.5: A map showing the proposed number of floors and vertical expansion

Fig (2.6.3.1 - 2.6.3.3): Visualizations showing the Tabiat pedestrian bridge located in Tehran, Iran

Fig 3.1.2.6: Section A-A illustrating the new camp density, urban pockets, street types, and bridge connection

Fig 3.1.2.7: A map showing the smaller-scale zoom-in sites that are further designed for long-term effects

2.6.2 Residential Block Fig 2.6.2.1: A series of photos showing the design concept and morphology of the Rybnik Residential and Services Building project in Rybnik, Poland

Fig 2.6.2.2: A visualization showing the Rybnik Residential and Services Building project in Rybnik, Poland

Fig 2.6.2.3: A visualisation of the Defensieterrein neighborhood in Utrecht, Netherlands

2.6.4 Park Fig 2.6.4.1 - 2.6.4.2 (Right-up and down): Visualizations showing "All Colors Sidewalk" project in Jardim Everest, Brazil

Fig 2.6.4.3 (Left-down): A photo of the CatalyticAction Designs Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias, Lebanon

2.6.5 Market

3.2 Streets Hierarchy & Functionality 3.2.1 Main Streets Fig 3.2.1.1: A map showing the main streets and entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section A-A

Fig (2.6.5.1 - 2.6.5.2): Visualizations of the AyvalÄą marketplace project in Ankara, Turkey

Fig 2.6.5.3: A photo of one of Jordan's oldest comprehensive market place in Al-Hammam Street, Al-Salt city

Fig (3.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.3): Images showing the existing main streets of Talbieh Camp "before interventions"

Fig 3.2.1.4: A sectional perspective (A-A) showing the proposed scheme for Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main streets

3.0 The Proposal Fig 3.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp proposed network within its urban context

XII

List of Illustrations 3.2.2 Secondary Streets

Fig 3.3.3.3: Site A masterplan and added assets

Fig 3.2.2.1: A map showing the secondary streets and entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section B-B

3.3.4 Materials Palette

Fig (3.2.2.2 - 3.2.2.3): Images showing the existing secondary streets "before interventions"

Fig 3.2.2.4: A sectional perspective (B-B) showing the proposed scheme for Talbieh Camp secondary streets connecting residential neighborhoods

3.2.3 Alleyways

Fig 3.3.4.1: Diagrams showing the three materials palettes contributing to the proposed materials palette for Talbieh Camp, and the possible variations and combinations of the proposed materials palette

3.3.5 Materials Application on a Building Fig 3.3.5.1: An exploded diagram showing the new, preserved, and modified parts, the installation of vertical circulation and wet areas, the outdroor spaces on multiple levels, and the application of the proposed materials palette

Fig 3.2.3.1: A map showing the alleyways and pedestrian entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section C-C

3.3.6 Future Images

Fig (3.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.3): Images showing the existing deteriorated and very narrow alleyways "before interventions"

Fig 3.3.6.1: A conceptual view of the proposed neighborhood scheme highlighting the urban pockets and the enhanced quality of life

Fig 3.2.3.4: A sectional perspective (C-C) showing the proposed scheme for Talbieh Camp alleyways

Fig 3.3.6.2: An image showing one of the urban pockets, which is used as a playground for kids, and the outdoor spaces on the upper levels

Fig 3.3.6.3: An image showing the proposed neighborhood atmosphere and materials, highlighting the mixed-use buildings on the main roads and street life

3.3 Site A - Residential Block Prototype Transformation 3.3.1 The Application of the Phasing Strategy

3.4 Site C - Urban Links: Elevated Walkway Proposal

Fig 3.3.1.1: A key map showing the location of the main phase 1 on the camps' existing masterplan

Fig 3.3.1.2: A diagram illustrating the incremental change and systematic alteration in order to build a communal residence on site B

3.3.2 Site A: Before and After Interventions

3.4.1 Concept and Synthesis Fig 3.4.1.1: A key map showing the location of site C on the proposed masterplan

100

Fig 3.4.1.2: A picture showing the existing situation of the main road heading North Amman

100

Fig 3.3.2.1: A key map showing the location of site A on the camps' existing masterplan

Fig 3.4.1.3: A picture showing the existing situation of the main road heading to Madaba 100

Fig 3.3.2.2: Maps illustrating the incremental change and systematic alteration of site A

Fig 3.4.1.4: A conceptual view highlighting existing key assets, constrains,and potentials of site C 101

3.3.3 Morphology and Added Assets Fig 3.3.3.1: A key map showing the location of site A on the proposed masterplan

Fig 3.3.3.2: A diagram showing the main elements of the neighborhood morphology

Fig 3.4.1.5: A conceptual view highlighting the new proposed functions, uses, and circulation elements on the existing situation of site C

101

XIII

List of Illustrations 3.4.2 The Proposal Fig 3.4.2.1: A conceptual view of the urban links proposal showing its three main parts, greeneries, the organized space for taxi and buses, ramps, and other circulation elements for easier access for all people 102 Fig 3.4.2.2: A perspective showing the second bridge with a part of the elevated walkway and the ramp that connects the street with the bridges

102

Fig 3.4.2.3: A perspective showing the first bridge at the camp's main entrance, the ramp and stairs that connect the street with the bridge, and a part of the elevated walkway with pop-up shops on the roof 102 Fig 3.4.2.4: An image illustrating the main entrance bridge in action and its actual desert context 103 Fig 3.4.2.5: An image illustrating the elevated walkway and the now lively roofs in action

104

Fig 3.4.2.6: An image illustrating the second bridge, and a part of the elevated walkway

105

3.5 Site D - Re-imagining the Existing Park and Northern Edge 3.5.1 Concept and Synthesis

Fig 3.5.2.2: A zoom-in diagram showing the Children's Learning and Playing Village, the surrounding residential buildings, and the timeframe assigned for each group of users 113 Fig 3.5.2.3: A zoom-in diagram showing the Sports Park, the surrounding residential buildings, and the timeframe assigned for each group of users

113

Fig 3.5.2.4: A top view of the Children Learning and Playing Village

114

Fig 3.5.2.5: Elevation (1) showing the on-looker play space typology highlighting its main elements

115

Fig 3.5.2.6: Elevation (2) showing the parallel play space typology highlighting its main elements

115

Fig 3.5.2.7: A visualization of the on-looker play space typology

116

Fig 3.5.2.8: A visualization of parallel play space typology

116

Fig 3.5.2.9: A visualization of the Children Learning and Playing Village

117

Fig 3.5.2.10: A top view of the Sports Park

118

Fig 3.5.2.11: Section A-A, illustrating the heirarchy of spaces in the football field area

119

Fig 3.5.2.12: An image showing the Sports Park on a sunny Ammani day during the time assigned for women and kids

120 121

Fig 3.5.1.1: A key map showing the location of site D on the proposed masterplan

108

Fig 3.5.1.2: A picture of the existing children playground, usually closed

109

Fig 3.5.1.3: A picture of the existing footballfield and the massive concrete and unused spaces around it

Fig 3.5.2.13: An image showing the football field and the amphitheater located in the Sports Park in action

109

3.6 Site E - Beyond Praying: The Mosque and Market

Fig 3.5.1.4: A diagram illustrating the existing challenges, threats, and assets of site D

110

3.6.1 Concept and Synthesis

Fig 3.5.1.5: A diagram illustrating the proposed zones, functions, and activities on the existing situation of site D

111

3.5.2 The Proposal Fig 3.5.2.1: A diagram showing the proposed scheme for the northern edge (site D), highlighting its two main parts

XIV

112

Fig 3.6.1.1: A key map showing the location of site E on the propsed masterplan

124

Fig (3.6.1.2 - 3.6.1.3): Pictures showing the existing situation of the mosque and multi-purpose space around it

124

Fig 3.6.1.4: A map showing the existing situation of Site E (the mosque and the multi-purpose space around it

125

List of Illustrations 3.6.2 The Proposal Fig 3.6.2.1: An exploded conceptual diagram highlighting the main components of site E proposal

126

Fig 3.6.2.2: A map showing site E after applying interventions and adding the marketplace

127

Fig 3.6.2.3: Section A-A showing the comprehensive market and farmer's market

128

Fig 3.6.2.4: Section B-B showing the near-by residential block, the comprehensive market, and the mosque

128

Fig 3.6.2.5: Section C-C showing the near-by neighborhood parking, the farmer's market, the water fountain, and the mosque & market's parking

128

Fig 3.6.2.6: An image illustrating the mosque and the market area at sunset hour after prayers, highlighting the farmers' market and the new landscapes of site E

129

4.0 Fig 4.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp proposed network within its urban context

131

Acknowledgment First of all, I wish to express my sincere gratitude for my course advisor Eamonn Canniffe, Principal Lecturer of the MA Architecture and Urbanism Course at Manchester School of Architecture. I am also thankful to the courseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highly experienced teaching team for all the thoughtful guidance. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by Julie Fitzpatrick, whose constant support and feedback was a milestone in the completion of this research. Also, I wish to show my gratitude to the UNRWA office in Jordan for making this study possible, and for organizing the needed site visits to Talbieh Camp. More specifically, I would like to thank the UNRWA Senior Urban Planner, Dr.Vijay Nikhra, for his guidance, advice, and support. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support and great love, my father, Munir; my mother, Rima; and my brothers, Nader and Waseem. They kept me going, and this accomplishment would not have been possible without their support throughout the whole journey. Thank you. -Samar Manneh

XVII

Introduction

-Project Overview -Amman: City Profile -Talbieh Camp: Site Brief

Fig 1.1: Amman's urban fabric (OpenStreetMap, 2020).

Fig (1.1.1 - 1.1.5): Talbieh Camp current situation (Author's own, 2019).

1.1 Project Overview "Governments should stop thinking about refugee camps as temporary places" (ibid). While agreeing with Kilian Kleinschmidt -who served as the director of the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan- on this statement, governments are still far from refugee integration and consolidation, such as the case in Talbieh Palestinian refugee camp. Talbieh Camp is a small refugee camp that existed for generations in Amman, Jordan. Like many camps of this nature, Talbeih, though planned as a temporary site, has been developed by refugees into a very permanent place, almost becoming a new city. Jordan is a country located in a region that is in turmoil, making it a refugeehost country. Having lived in Amman, the capital, I became interested in how this place with very limited resources managed the continuous influx of refugees from neighboring countries. This thesis project has evolved alongside with my dissertation focused on Amman's resilience and adaptation to the refugee crisis. My dissertation focused on analyzing Amman's socio-economics, housing, and infrastructure systems and their resilience in relation to the continuous refugee influxes, taking Talbieh Camp as an example. I discovered through this research that Amman's infrastructure and facilities are inadequate and cannot cope with the number of hosted refugees, low refugee-integration levels, and highlighted that; as much as refugees are trying to cope with their harsh living conditions, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development is not happening at the same pace. In response to my findings, and in particular Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s isolation from the rest of the urban fabric, this project aims to establish a social and physical connection between the camp and its surroundings. In addition, the project aims to enhance the quality of life for refugees, as the camp lacks basic amenities and the buildings suffer from weak foundations. Finally, this project intends to create a sense of space and belonging for refugees, being a cornerstone that boosts their motivation and development.

"In the Middle East, we were building camps: storage facilities for people. But the refugees were building a city." (Radford, 2015)

Refugees are people affected by wars, conflict, or natural disasters seeking stability and better living conditions away from their natural homes. It is, therefore, essential to protect their livelihoods, help in their integration, and provide spaces based on their needs and priorities.

-Kilian Kleinschmidt 3

Fig (1.2.1 - 1.2.4): Pictures of the capital of Jordan, Amman (Author's own, 2020).

1.2 Amman: City Profile Jordan has an area of 89,318 km2 (Department of Statistics, 2018), and is located at the junction between Asia, Africa, and Europe. Jordan has a population of 10,309,000 (ibid), of which there are 1.7 million Palestinian refugees, over 220,000 Iraqi refugees, and more than 1.2 million Syrian refugees (International Rescue Committee, 2018), making Jordan the second-largest refugee host per capita according to UNHCR (Turnbull, 2019). Its location in the Middle East surrounded by countries that are in turmoil (Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq), forced it to become a major refugee-hosting country, especially for Palestinians and Syrians (see Figure 1.2.1.1). Amman is the capital of Jordan and a dynamic city well-known for its limestone buildings and Roman ruins. Jordan is seen as a safe haven in the region, and Amman, being the capital, grew and was urbanized from the nearby tragedies. In 2004, Amman’s population was 2 million, this population reached now 4,327,800, with a land area of 7,579 km2 and a population density of 571 (p/ km2) (Department of Statistics, 2018). This growth, which is mainly refugeedriven, is predicted to reach 6.5 million by 2025 (100 Resilient Cities, 2017).

Fig 1.2.5: A photo of Amman and its famous cube-like clusters. Photo by Hisham Shamma (100 Resilient Cities, 2017, p.11).

Talbieh Palestinian refugee camp is located 35 km away from Amman, near the airport (see Figure 1.2.2.1). This location resulted in the isolation of the camp physically and socially from the rest of the city, and created a community where the same information and culture are reciprocated everyday amongst the same people. In addition, Talbieh’s location, being located near the airport, affects the camp’s weak buildings and foundations with the vibrations coming from the airport.

1.2.1 Jordan and its Context

Fig 1.2.1.1: (left) A map showing the location of Jordan in the world, and the location of Jordan in relation to the Middle East. By author based on (Google Maps, 2020). Fig 1.2.1.2: (right) Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographic composition, highlighting its high diversity (Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2020)

1.2.2 City and Site

Fig 1.2.2.1: (left) A map showing Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boundaries, its center, and the location of Talbieh Camp. By author based on (Google Maps, 2020). Fig 1.2.2.2: (right) A map of Talbieh Camp and its surroundings. By author based on (Google Maps, 2020).

1.2.3 Amman Typologies and Trends -The main housing typology in Amman is based on 5-storey apartment buildings. The majority of buildings are made of stone (59.17%) (Department of Statistics, 2015a). Concrete buildings are also commonplace, with a percentage of 25.97% (ibid). -Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average household size is 4.6 (Tiltnes and Zhang, 2013), with an average number of rooms of 4.3, and an average house area of 138.1 m2 (Department of Statistics, 2017).

Fig 1.2.3.1: A bar chart highlighting the different housing typologies in Amman and their percentages. By author based on (Department of Statistics, 2015b).

Amman's building materials and their percentages based on (Department of Statistics, 2015a):

13.85% Cement bricks

25.97% Concrete

12.97% Cut stone & concrete

Fig 1.2.3.2: An example of cement brick housing in Amman (Author's own, 2019).

Fig 1.2.3.3: An example of concrete and plaster housing in Amman Fig 1.2.3.4: An example of the use of mixed materials (concrete and stone) in (Archdaily, 2011). Amman's housing (Al-Asad, n.d.).

-Findings indicate that 43% of Amman’s buildings are aged between 1995-2015 (Department of Statistics, 2015c), which highlights its relativaley new urbanization.

-Amman's population, wich is mainly refugee-driven, is expected to reach 6.5 million by 2025 (100 Resilient Cities, 2017).

Fig 1.2.3.7: A doughnut chart chart showing the years of laying fundaments in Amman's buildings and their percentages. By author based on (Department of Statistics, 2015c).

Fig 1.2.3.8: A diagram highlighting Amman's population growth and projected population in 2025. By author based on (100 Resilient Cities, 2017).

46.2% Cut stone

1.01% Others (mud bricks, asbestos, Zinc, etc)

Fig 1.2.3.5: An example of stone housing in Amman (Archdaily, 2017a).

Fig 1.2.3.6: An example of mud housing in Amman (“Pella House,” n.d.).

1.3 Talbieh Camp: Site Brief Talbieh Camp is one of the six emergency camps built for Palestinian Refugees in 1968 due to the Arab-Israeli War in 1967 (UNRWA, 2009). Located 35 km south of Amman, the area assigned for the camp is a part of the agricultural region (Al-Jiza) (ibid), and is near to an ancient Roman pool and the airport. Talbieh Camp is one of the smallest camps in Jordan, with an area of 134,190 m2 that was set up initially to accommodate 5,000 displaced Palestinians (ibid). However - just as everything else in Amman grows and explodes- this camp now has a population of approximately 10,000 and is continuing to increase in population within its fixed boundaries. The camp suffered from a fragile beginning, as when it was first established in 1968, it was not connected to water, sewage, and electricity systems, and roads were unpaved. Showers, toilets, and a food hall were provided in the camp as shared facilities and shelters were only used for sleeping purposes. As depicted in Figure 1.3.3, the camp in 1968 was not of high density, many spaces in and around the site were still vacant, providing light, air, and open spaces for the

Fig 1.3.1: An arial view showing Talbieh Camp and its context (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume I, p: 134, 135)

camp and its residents. Despite the overcrowdings inside the shelters, refugees seemed to have a better social life than now, as they were sharing the same pain, harsh socio-economic situation, and common facilities. However, as Talbieh Camp gradually lost its open spaces and switched from common facilities to private facilities inside shelters, the social life in the camp deteriorated.

Fig 1.3.2: A diagram illustrating Talbieh Camp population growth and its projected population in 2030 within its fixed boundaries (Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2020).

1978 was similar to 1968 in the fact that roads were still unpaved and sewage ran

space, which also affected the quality of life as it compromised ventilation inside

uncovered in them. However, in 1978, refugees started realizing that they are

shelters and the accessibility of sunlight.

staying for longer periods and strated to expand in multiple directions, while the camp surrounding lands were still vacant.

In addition, public and shared facilities started to disappear as refugees started to

This expansion and growth exploded in 1992 as depicted in Figure 1.3.3. Green and

expand and construct their own facilities infront of or around their shelters. This

open space became scarce and privacy was blurred between shelters due to lack of

switch from public to private meant also that social life started to deteriorate.

Fig 1.3.3: A timeline illustrating the evolution and density of the camp since its establishment and until 2020. By author based on (Google Maps, 2020), (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume I).

Analysis and Synthesis

-Camp & Shelter Evolution

-The Strategic Approach

-Cultural & Social Analysis

-Goals & Objectives

-Site Analysis

-Precedents

Fig 2.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp in its urban context (OpenStreetMap, 2020).

1967 2.1 Camp and Shelter Evolution 2.1.1 From Tents to Barracks In 1967, the Jordanian government rented the camp’s tents site from its original landowners, and tents were provided to shelter the newcomers. Soon after that, heavy rain caused the area of the camp to flood and thus destroyed the tents. As a result, the location of the camp shifted in 1968 to its present site (see Figure 2.1.1.4), where more “permanent” shelters replaced tents.

Fig (2.1.1.1 - 2.1.1.3): Images showing Talbieh Camp's as tents (UNRWA, n.d.).

Fig 2.1.1.4: A map showing the location of Talbieh tents camp in 1967 before the flooding. By author based on (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume 1).

1968 In 1968, the boundaries of the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new site were defined by the Department of Palestinian Affairs, and 5,000 refugees were accommodated in 810 concrete shelters donated by the Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a). These shelters, which are called barracks, had temporary roofs made out of asbestos or Zinc and consisted of five rooms per barrack. These rooms were distributed amongst families where families of less than ten members lived in one room and families of ten members and above were granted two rooms (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a). Having only one room with an area of approximately 15 m2/family, the density of the camp was one person/ 2,4 m2-shelter (ibid). Due to the lack of space inside the rooms, facilities such as showers, toilets, eating space, kitchen, and water storage were shared and public. Toilets, showers, water storage, and the garbage dump where put at the edges of the camp as not to cause bad smells. Whereas facilities such as the kitchen, food hall, relief supplies, and kindergartens were placed at the center of the camp for easy access.

Fig (2.1.1.5 - 2.1.1.7): Images showing Talbieh Camp as barracks (UNRWA, n.d.).

1968 The â&#x20AC;&#x153;barracks systemâ&#x20AC;? included five rooms stacked together and then separated by a wide space, with each barrack having two trees, as depicted in Figure 2.1.1.9. The wide space between barracks, which was approximately 10m, was used for social gatherings, kids to play, and allowed for some fresh air and light for residents (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012). Initially, the camp was only connected to its surrounding with one street, making it very isolated. During 1967 and 1968, it wasn't connected with basic infrastructure. As a result and because refugees were trying to cope with this challenge and be sufficient, whenever there was no water, women used to go to the Roman pool near the camp (see Figure 2.1.1.8) and bring water in barrels carrying them on their heads, which was also considered a social event.

Fig 2.1.1.8: A map showing the relocation of Talbieh Camp in 1968 after the flooding (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume I).

Despite the shelters being overcrowded, and the lack of privacy between family members and neighbors inside a barrack, there was still a fair amount of vacant spaces around the camp for social purposes.

Fig 2.1.1.9: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 1968 during the barracks system (Author's own, 2020).

1978 2.1.2 Somewhere Between Temporary and Permanent: Expansion Attempts In 1978, refugees started realizing that they were likely staying for longer periods. As a result and because of the camp's nature as a "temporary" space, refugees started expanding in multiple directions without following the Jordanian Housing Regulations. The unplanned expansion happened in a horizontal manner; mainly one storey buildings, instead of vertical expansions (see Figure 2.1.2.3), which resulted in the camp becoming more dense and the loss of open space (see Figure 2.1.2.2). Moreover, as this expansion occurred without monitoring, refugees expanded by encroaching upon the roads, which from the beginning, caused issues and affected circulation and connection.

Fig 2.1.2.1: A picture illustrating an example of a barrack's expansion (UNRWA, n.d.).

Fig 2.1.2.2: A map of Talbieh Camp in 1978, when open space started to become scarce (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume I).

Fig 2.1.2.3: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 1978, when barracks started to expand horizontally (Author's own, 2020).

1978 Shelters' expansion generally used the same materials; Zinc, asbestos, and concrete. Expansion typologies can be grouped into three categories:

Filling the 10m-wide space between shelters, either by gradually building or at once. This typology, which is the most common, resulted in the middle shelters -such as shelters 2,3,4- having very limited light and air entering their spaces.

Expanding in the same way as number 1, but while preserving a patio and thus, allowing more light and air to penetrate into their spaces. Also, refugees used this patio to grow plants and cultivate.

Mainly evident along main roads in the camp, this typology happens in the same way as number 1, but while sacrificing spaces to generate income. This type was common for families that had two rooms in the 1968 barracks because of their size, so they converted the spaces overlooking the main road into shops.

Fig 2.1.2.4: A diagram illustrating the different expansion typologies in Talbieh Camp. By author based on (Vandermeulen and Vangronsveld, 2012a, Volume I).

These typologies, affected the quality of life inside shelters and their ventilation patterns, where 74.2% of the shelters are ventilated from less than 3 sides (UNRWA, 2008). Also, poor ventilation and lighting affects refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health, where 9.4% of the population suffers from chronic illness (ibid).

Fig 2.1.2.5: A diagram illustrating ventilation patterns in Talbieh Camp as a result of the different expansion typologies. By author based on (UNRWA, 2008).

2020 2.1.3 Shelters' Current Situation The constant building and expanding on a weak base and foundations resulted in the poor urban environment evident in Figures (2.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.5), (2.1.3.6 - 2.1.3.9). Now, the main construction material for walls is hollow cement blocks, and the most common roofs are the ones made out of mixed materials, mostly Zinc and asbestsos (UNRWA, 2008). A major issue is that the temporary Zinc and asbestos roofs have serious side effects on health on the long term. Accordingly, 70% of the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shelters that have Zinc, asbestos, or both as roofing materials, are considered in need for top priority intervention.

Fig 2.1.3.1: Pie charts of the different construction materials used in Talbieh Camp. By author based on (UNRWA, 2008).

Fig (2.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.5), (2.1.3.6 - 2.1.3.9) on the opposite page: Images showing Talbieh's poor materials and weak foundations (Author's own, 2019).

2020

2020 Currently, almost all families have their own toilets and kitchens. However, the size of shelters remains an issue, with half of the shelters in Talbieh Camp having an area less than 60 m2 (UNRWA, 2008). Due to the fact that the average household size in the camp is 5.42 members coupled with the fact that 60% of shelters have fewer than three rooms (excluding the kitchen and the bathroom), shelters suffer from overcrowding when measured by the number of persons per room (ibid). With 21% of shelters having three persons per room (Tiltnes and Zhang, 2013), shelters undergo a lack of separation and privacy amongst family members, especially between opposite genders; this creates negative family relationships and causes social issues. As a consequence of the expansion typologies, the camp became fully saturated (see Figure 2.1.3.8), and the space that used to be 10m wide between shelters is now only 1.5-2m wide (see Figure 2.1.3.9).

Fig 2.1.3.10: A map showing Talbieh camp in 2020, completely saturated with no open spaces. By author based on (Google Maps, 2020).

Fig 2.1.3.11: A section illustrating the density of the camp in 2020, the horizontal expansion and disappearance of open spaces (Author's own, 2020).

2.2 Cultural and Social Analysis 2.2.1 The Appropriation of Spaces As a result of the development of the camp the way it did and lacking basic facilities and services, refugees tried and still try to adapt and cope with the challenges and shortages they face in their urban environment. This is particularly evident in their attempts in planting their surroundings, trying to invent public sitting areas or gathering spaces, to hang their laundry to emphasize their territoriality and identity, and to make room in streets and alleyways to generate income.

Fig (2.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.2): Pictures showing some of the planting attempts in the camp (Author's own, 2020).

There is a particular lack in open, green, and public spaces, which left the refugees with no choice other than to encroach upon roads and alleyways and appropriate them for their different uses. This creates a particular identity and 'place', while using tools that are within easy reach and cheap such as planting, temporary shop stands, and hanging their laundry on their windows and alleyways. Fig (2.2.1.3 - 2.2.1.4): Pictures showing some of the semi-private gathering spaces done by refugees themselves infront of and between their shelters (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (2.2.1.5 - 2.2.1.7): Pictures showing territoriality through hanged laundry, in addition to adding a bit of color and identity (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (2.2.1.8 - 2.2.1.9): Pictures showing the appropriation of streets in front of shelters and shops in order to generate income (Author's own, 2020).

2.2.2 Culture and Values Since the camp became almost completely saturated in 2020, shelters became almost attached to each other, with only 1.5-2m alleyways between them. This caused a major problem for Palestinian refugees as they tend to value privacy in their culture. As a result, when walking in the camp's streets and alleyways, one can see all kinds of closing patterns and materials for windows as depicted in Figure (2.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.3). Furthermore, refugees tend to close their private open space if it was facing the main street directly (see Figure 2.2.2.4). High windows can be seen all over the camp's shelters -almost 1.7m high- in order to gain more privacy inside their shelters (see Figure 2.2.2.5). Another important cultural aspect in Talbieh Camp is gender separation, as they prefer to separate opposite genders not only inside shelters, but also in public spaces. As a result, schools are separated for boys and girls, and women and kids do not feel comfortable going to the same places as men. However, most of the camp's public space is actually occupied by men and the rest of the community finds it unsafe and inappropriate, especially during the night.

Fig (2.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.3): Pictures showing the different attempts of closing windows for privacy reasons (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 2.2.2.4 (Left): A picture showing an outdoor patio in a shelter which was closed by refugees for privacy reasons (Author's own, 2020). Fig 2.2.2.5 (Right): A picture showing the high windows preference in the camp for privacy reasons (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 2.2.2.6: A perspective of the current camp situation showing gender separation in the camp's public spaces according to their culture (Author's own, 2020).

2.3 Site Analysis 2.3.1 Talbieh Camp Existing Masterplan

Fig 2.3.1.1: Talbieh Camp existing masterplan illustrating key functions and roofing materials (Author's own, 2020).

2.3.2 Solid and Void As depicted in the figure-ground map, Talbieh Camp is almost fully saturated and built-up. The voids of Talbieh Camp are only the streets, which are usually very narrow, the schools’ yards, and the park. Compared to Talbieh’s surroundings, the ratio of solid to void is much higher in the camp, which affects the quality of life inside the camp and its buildings. The goal is to achieve a healthier environment through creating a balanced ratio between the solid and void in the camp so as to allow for more light and air to penetrate the camp’s spaces and buildings.

Fig 2.3.2.1: A figure-ground map of Talbieh Camp, showing the relationship between the built and unbuilt spaces. It highlights the camp's high density and lack of open spaces (Author's own, 2020).

2.3.3 Talbieh Urban Fabric and Land Use While the camp started its life with a mainly residential function, the occupants multiplied and new functions emerged but in an ad-hoc unplanned way. This is particularly evident in the land use map (Figure 2.3.3.4), where the main land use is residential and other basic services and land uses are scattered around the camp. Buildings in Talbieh Camp are generally small scale, excluding the mosque and schools. Half of Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buildings have an area of 70 sq.m and 90% have an area less than 140 sq.m (UNRWA, 2008). The campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buildings consist of a number of units ranging between 1 to 5 units per building (the number of units indicate all types of units; residential or commercial) (ibid). Accordingly, 90.9% of the camp's buildings contain 1 unit (ibid), which furthermore reinforces the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s small scale and modest buildings. Commercial activity is concentrated mainly along the two major connecting roads heading to Amman and Madaba. Whereas inside the camp, commercial activity is evident mainly along the three main links, and they are usually units inside residential buildings as families sacrifice a room from their shelters to make a shop. However, buildings with commercial activities are scarce with 95.2% of buildings having no commercial activity (ibid).

Fig 2.3.3.1: A diagram showing the percentages of the different building uses in Talbieh Camp. By author based on (UNRWA, 2008).

Fig 2.3.3.2: A diagram showing the percentage of Talbieh's buildings according to the number of units in each building. By author based on (UNRWA, 2008).

According to the land use map, there are very limited open spaces. The existing open spaces left in the camp are mainly hard landscapes, and the camp lacks any green spaces. As for the civil, social, and community institutions, they are considered an asset for the camp and its residents. Therefore, these spaces should be further developed in order to enhance their performance as spaces that ease the harsh socio-economic situation in the camp. In addition, green and open spaces should be addressed and developed as they are a key pillar in achieving wellbeing.

Fig 2.3.3.3: A diagram showing the percentage of Talbieh's buildings according to the number of floors in each building, highlighting the camp's horizontal expansion. By author based on (UNRWA, 2008).

Fig 2.3.3.4: Talbieh Camp and the sourrounding urban fabric and building uses (Author's own, 2020).

2.3.4 Connectivity and Roads The camp is connected with its context with seven linking points. However, most of them are blocked either by parked cars as a result of the lack in car parking in the camp, or by random expansions. The road along the eastern side of the camp linking south and north Amman is 40m wide, and is a very busy highway. As for the road along the southern side of the camp heading to Madaba, it has a width of 25m. Both roads impose a pedestrian circulation problem and limit the accessibility with the adjacent neighborhoods. Roads in the camp can be grouped into two categories; alleyways, and main roads. It's evident that there is a link between the road type and building functions, where commercial activities are concentrated mainly along main roads, while alleyways serve as connectors between neighborhoods and residential buildings. Alleyways in the camp are very narrow, mostly 1.5-2m wide. Due to that, alleyways are considered dark and unsafe spaces during the night. Also, alleyways' narrow width is an impediment to emergency vehicles' circulation, resulting in some shelters being inaccessible by these vehicles, which is very dangerous.

Fig (2.3.4.1 - 2.3.4.3): Examples of some of the blocked connections in Talbieh Camp, either by parked cars or random expansions (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (2.3.4.4 - 2.3.4.6): Examples of some of the alleyways in Talbieh Camp between residential buildings, highlighting their narrow nature and infringement by the residents (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 2.3.4.7: A diagram illustrating the roads network's layers in Talbieh Camp, and its connection points with the surrounding urban context (Author's own, 2020).

2.3.5 SWOT Analysis When established, the area around Talbieh Camp was almost uninhabited. However, as the area was connected with proper infrastructure, now residential areas are starting to grow and emerge around the camp, which will eventually strengthen the camp socially if connected successfully. Also, there are some factors in the surrounding context that are considered assets and strengths, these include: the major connecting roads and the existing commercial activities happening alongside them that could be further enhanced and connected with the camp, and the social and multi-purpose spaces inside the camp that could be further developed and designed to serve the community. The Sunday Market near the camp is considered a social and commercial asset for the camp's residents, as well as a potential point of integration. As for future opportunities in Talbieh Camp, they are a consequence of the growing areas around the site, where there is a potential for future business activities. Also, the roads bordering the site (see Figure 2.3.5.2) are potential emergency roads for the highway, making the camp located in somehow a strategic location. In addition, there is a layer of buildings that have concrete slabs and foundations that can be retrofitted towards vertical expansion. 38

Fig 2.3.5.1: A diagram showing the main strengths in Talbieh Camp (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 2.3.5.2: A diagram showing the main opportunities in Talbieh Camp (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 2.3.5.3: A diagram showing the main weaknesses in Talbieh Camp (Author's own, 2020).

Talbieh Camp's major problems are the lack of social and physical connections, and most importantly, weak foundations. As depicted in Figure 2.3.5.3, the majority of the camp's buildings have weak foundations and Zinc roofs. In addition, due to the camp's nature and politics, the area assigned for the camp is fixed and cannot be amended or expanded. The very limited open space inside the camp and the almost blocked links with the surroundings isolate the camp socially. Also, having two major roads with no proper pedestrian access makes it hard to access adjacent amenities and facilities. Horizontal expansion in the camp causes one of the major threats. It poses the question; how these growing populations will have space to live here in 10 years from now? Horizontal expansion also has side effects, resulting in very narrow alleyways where emergency vehicles cannot reach houses, and the lack of privacy between shelters.

Fig 2.3.5.4: A diagram showing the main threats in Talbieh Camp (Author's own, 2020).

There are some spaces in the camp that were intended to serve as community spaces, but now they are marked unsafe by refugees and used by young men for taking drugs and other bad behaviors. 39

2.4 The Strategic Approach A Disconnected community. Unhealthy living conditions. Lack of basic facilities. Deteriorated streets. Culture and values. Harsh socio-economic conditions. All these concerns and the aforementioned analysis of the camp's situation pose the main research question, which is; how to create a habitable healthy environment in Talbieh Camp with a community that is integrated physically and socially within its boundaries and urban fabric, while considering some key points? These key points include the existing infrastructure and assets in the camp which should be improved, refugees' needs and priorities which should be provided, and refugees' socioeconomics and culture which should be encouraged. Talbieh Camp improvement plan starts with widening some of the roads and alleyways as a top priority to allow emergency vehicles to reach every house and ease the camp's circulation in general. After that, buildings with Zinc roofs are to be demolished, as they are hazardous. Third step is expanding vertically and modifying the existing concrete foundations. Applying these steps will develop a habitable living environment, and will create urban pockets and spaces for community integration.

Fig 2.4.1: The main research question (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (2.4.2 - 2.4.3): Diagrams illustrating the desired density, creation of urban pockets, and healthier well-lit and ventilated environment (Author's own, 2020).

2.4.1 Widening the Roads Network

Fig 2.4.1.1: A map showing the existing roads network and alleyways to be expanded (Author's own, 2020).

2.4.2 Zinc-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Dimolshed

Fig 2.4.2.1: A map showing the layer of buildings with Zinc roofs that are to be demolished (Author's own, 2020).

2.4.3 Concrete-Roof Buildings: A Layer to be Preserved and Expanded

Fig 2.4.3.1: A map showing the layer of buildings with concrete roofs that are to be modified, expanded vertically, or preserved (Author's own, 2020).

2.4.4 Smaller-Scale Intervention Areas with Long-term effects After masterplanning the whole camp, some sites are chosen in the camp to be further designed as to achieve community integration.

Fig 2.4.4.1: A map showing the intervention zones that will be further designed (Author's own, 2020).

2.4.6 Phasing the Incremental Changes After identifying what needs to be changed in the camp, now we need to look at how that change takes place. Instead of removing the whole population from the camp in order to make the changes, an incremental approach is taken, so that the site is broken into sections and the work phased. The population is 'shifted' temporarily within the site whilst a more permanent environment is created. Accordingly, a temporary residence will be built in the camp so as to accommodate the affected populations in all phases until changes are done. After that, the camp improvement plan is divided into four main phases (Figure 2.4.5.1), and then into smaller sub-phases (Figures 2.4.5.3 - 2.4.5.6). In the four main phases, there are 35 sub-phases in total, which are divided based on the maximum number of residents to be moved out of their homes to the temporary residence at once time. Each sub-phase undergo a number of interventions as illustrated in Figure 2.4.5.2 until it reaches the desired stage. The main concept behind this strategy is while the affected families in each sub-phase move to the temporary residence for a certain period of time, parallel work on site and in factory to achieve better and healthier living environment will take place. This phasing strategy is explained in more detail in the next chapter, taking a neighborhood in the camp as an example to demonstrate the prototype transformation.

Since refugees in Talbieh Camp once lived in a communal way, where their social relationships were the strongest, living in a communal residence will be an opportunity for reminiscing about these times while having their houses and neighborhoods rebuilt.

Fig 2.4.5.1: The main four phases of Talbieh's improvement plan (Author's own, 2020).

The interventions that Each Sub-Phase will go through

Fig 2.4.5.2: A diagram illustrating the interventions that each sub-phase undergoes and their predicted timeframe. By author based on (ArtĂŠs et al., 2017).

The Sub-phases of the main phases 1 and 2

Phase 1

Fig 2.4.5.3: A zoom-in map of phase 1 showing its divisions into sub-phases (1-6) (Author's own, 2020).

Phase 2

Fig 2.4.5.4: A zoom-in map of phase 2 showing its divisions into sub-phases (7-15) (Author's own, 2020).

The Sub-phases of the main phases 3 and 4

Phase 3

Fig 2.4.5.5: A zoom-in map of phase 3 showing its divisions into sub-phases (16-25) (Author's own, 2020).

Phase 4

Fig 2.4.5.6: A zoom-in map of phase 4 showing its divisions into sub-phases (26-35) (Author's own, 2020).

The existing situation of phase one

Fig 2.4.5.7: Images of the physical model showing the existing situation of phase 1 before interventions (Autor's own, 2020).

The proposed situation of phase one after applying all of the aforementioned changes

Fig 2.4.5.8: Images of the physical model showing phase 1 after applying the strategy and interventions (Autor's own, 2020).

Goal 1: A firmer and healthier built environment 2.5 Goals and Objectives 2.5.1 A Firmer and Healthier Built Environment As previously mentioned, this project aims to create a habitable environment as well as an integrated community by considering refugees priorities, needs, and camp's assets. According to the Socio-economic Survey conducted by UNRWA (2008), there is a list of needs for refugees and their priorities, of which this project responds to (please refer to appendix A). As the majority of refugees prioritizes improving the shelters and health conditions, this is the first goal that this project strives to achieve. Shelters in Talbieh Camp are very small and crowded. They also suffer from leaks, dampness, cracks, and poor ventilation, which cause chronic diseases such as asthma. Most importantly, there is an urgent need to replace Zinc and asbestos roofs with concrete ones. For these reasons, improving the shelters undergo multiple steps to finally reach a healthier area of residence (see Figure 2.5.1.1). Fig 2.5.1.1: Diagrams illustrating the top priorities for refugees concerning their shelters (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 2: Maintaining livelihoods and socio-economic connections 2.5.2 Maintaining Livelihoods and Socioeconomic Connections The second goal of this project is to enhance the camp's socio-economics and the residents' livelihoods through addressing four key points: A) Considering the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assets, Talbieh Camp has a major multipurpose space around its mosque, which could be further developed and enhanced to serve refugeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s priorities and culture of having a marketplace (please refer to Appendix A for Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s priority list). Also having a local market -a "Souk Shaabi" in Arabic- is of high importance in the Arabic culture, and especially near prayer spaces. B) Encouraging the mixed-use building uses instead of residential only to revitalize the camp's economic activity.

Fig 2.5.2.1: A visualization of re-using the multi-purpose space around the mosque (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 2: Maintaining livelihoods and socio-economic connections

Fig 2.5.2.2: A visualization of the revitalization of the camp's economic activity by increasing and encouraging mixed-use residential uses (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 2: Maintaining livelihoods and socio-economic connections

C) The distribution of urban pockets and kids' playgrounds in the camp in many locations, so as not to overuse a particular location and cause noise. Talbieh Camp lacks recreational facilities for women, kids, and families that are safe. Although there were some attempts to create a playground for kids between residential buildings, it was overused by kids, caused noise to neighbors, and closed. D) Creating spaces that women can go to comfortably. Currently, spaces for women are limited to the Woman Center, which is an asset, but still needs improvement in order to make room for these women to breathe, do sports, socialize, and even to market and sell their handmade products which they produce at the center.

Fig 2.5.2.1: A visualization of the possible re-use of the multi-purpose space around the mosque (Author's own, 2020). Fig 2.5.2.3: A visualization of an urban pocket between residential buildings used as a kids' playground, which should be distributed throughout the camp (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 2: Maintaining livelihoods and socio-economic connections

Fig 2.5.2.2: A visualization of the revitalization of the camp's economic activity by increasing and encouraging mixed-use residential uses (Author's own, 2020). Fig 2.5.2.4: A visualization of appropriariting spaces for women acitivities (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 3: Weaving Talbieh Camp physically into the urban fabric 2.5.3 Weaving Talbieh Camp Physically into the Urban Fabric The third goal is strengthening Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical connections through: A) Improving vehicular circulation by widening some of the roads, unblocking and enhancing the camp's entrances and exits, and providing a well-distributed car parking throughout the camp to prevent parked cars from blocking roads. As for the two major connecting roads surrounding the camp and the lack of pedestrian accessibility, an urban links proposal with pedestrian bridges that connect pedestrians from the camp with the surrounding neighborhoods is proposed. B) Improving public transportation by dedicating a space for an organized bus and taxi stop in the camp that goes to Amman. In addition, the camp lacks and needs a transportation service that runs through the camp, which will benefit the whole camp and especially the disabled and elderly.

Fig 2.5.3.1: A map illustrating the key points to be addressed in Talbieh Camp to enhance the physical connections with the surroundings and circulation (Author's own, 2020).

Goal 3: Weaving Talbieh Camp physically into the urban fabric

Fig 2.5.3.2: A diagram illustrating possible transportation network to link the camp to Amman (Author's own, 2020).

2.6 Precedents 2.6.1 Street Life The desired street-life for Talbieh's main streets consists of a safe, comfortable and aesthetically pleasing environment to shop or walk, similar in atmosphere to the streets in phase 2 masterplan for Masdar City (Figure 2.6.1.1 - 2.6.1.2). As for Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s alleyways, the aim is to activate and revitalize them in order to turn them into a safe public and diverse space that allow for personalization, just like the activation of the Nord Alley in Seattle (Figure 2.6.1.3).

Fig 2.6.1.3: A photo of the Nord Alley in Seattle after activation (Fesler, 2017).

Fig (2.6.1.1 - 2.6.1.2): Visualizations showing the street life and design of the phase 2 masterplan for Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, UAE (ArchDaily, 2017b).

2.6.2 Residential Block A person’s area of residence is where he/she spends most of his/her time. For this reason, it has to be healthy, well-lit and ventilated, and aesthetically pleasing, which are qualities that Talbieh Camp lacks. In order to achieve a healthier environment in Talbieh Camp, the subtracting and adding of the built-up area to make a balance between the solid and void is needed, such as in the design concept of the Rybnik Residential and Services Building project in Rybnik (Figure 2.6.2.1). Figure 2.6.2.2 shows the project’s final result where urban pockets and open spaces are created on multiple levels. Also, these generated spaces between residential buildings –such as the space in Defensieterrein neighborhood in Utrecht (Figure 2.6.2.3)- can be utilized and used according to the needs and preferences such as planting, farming, playing area for kids, and for socializing. Fig 2.6.2.1 (Right-up): A series of photos showing the design concept and morphology of the Rybnik Residential and Services Building project in Rybnik, Poland. (Architects for Urbanity, 2018).

Fig 2.6.2.3: A visualisation of the Defensieterrein neighborhood in Utrecht, Netherlands (MLA+, 2020)

Fig 2.6.2.2: A visualization showing the Rybnik Residential and Services Building project in Rybnik, Poland (Architects for Urbanity, 2018).

2.6.3 Pedestrian Bridge The goal of connecting Talbieh Camp with surroundings neighborhoods is not limited to physical connections, but social and cultural connections as well. For this reason, the proposed pedestrian bridges should serve as above-ground public spaces, offering a variety of activities, areas for socializing, and greeneries such as Tabiat pedestrian bridge in Tehran (Figure 2.6.3.1 - 2.6.3.3).

Fig (2.6.3.1 - 2.6.3.3): Visualizations showing the Tabiat pedestrian bridge located in Tehran, Iran (ArchDaily, 2014).

2.6.4 Park While Talbieh's top priority was to shelter people fleeing war, parks and recreational spaces, especially for kids, were forgotten along the way. These recreational spaces do not necessarily have to be made of expensive materials and equipment, they could be made out of cheap lightweight wood and some colors such as "All Colors Sidewalk" project in Jardim Everest (Figure 2.6.4.1 - 2.6.4.2). In this project, a simple wooden structure is installed along a path, which turned it into a public space and encouraged social activities in a colorful open-air environment. Also, the CatalyticAction Designs Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias shows how simple and flexible structures can improve lives for kids-refugees and create a playing space (Figure 2.6.4.3). Fig 2.6.4.1 - 2.6.4.2 (Right-up and down): Visualizations showing "All Colors Sidewalk" project in Jardim Everest, Brazil (ArchDaily, 2020). Fig 2.6.4.3 (Left-down): A photo of the CatalyticAction Designs Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias, Lebanon (ArchDaily, 2015).

2.6.5 Market Markets in the Arabic Culture are not only shopping destinations but social places that reflect the culture. Lacking a comprehensive marketplace, Talbieh’s residents have no choice other than to search for their needs elsewhere that is usually far from the camp, as the camps’ area is still underurbanized. A comprehensive marketplace with a farmers market such as the the Ayvalı marketplace project in Ankara (Figure 2.6.5.1 - 2.6.5.2) and Jordan’s old markets (Figure 2.6.5.3) is needed to satisfy Talbieh’s needs.

Fig 2.6.5.3: A photo of one of Jordan's oldest comprehensive market place in Al-Hammam Street, Al-Salt city (Haupt & Binder, n.d.).

Fig (2.6.5.1 - 2.6.5.2): Visualizations of the Ayvalı marketplace project in Ankara, Turkey (World Architecture, 2018).

The Proposal

Fig 3.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp proposed network within its urban context. By author based on (OpenStreetMap, 2020).

-The Proposed Masterplan

-Site C - Urban Links: Elevated Walkway Proposal

-Streets Hierarchy and Functionality

-Site D - Re-imagining the Existing Park and Northern Edge

-Site A: Residential Block Prototype Transformation

-Site E - Beyond Praying: The Mosque and the Market 67

The Proposed Masterplan and its Key Elements

3.1 The Proposed Masterplan 3.1.1 The Overall Masterplan and its Achievements Keeping the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goals and the refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs in mind, the new masterplan achieves a consolidated and healthy urban environment, as well as an integrated and connected community. Figure 3.1.1 shows the masterplan and highlights its main achievements. As this thesis project involves masterplanning the whole camp and then zooming-in to some areas for further interventions, the following sub-sections introduce the masterplanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key elements and added assets to the camp, and the zoom-in sites.

Fig 3.1.1.1: The proposed masterplan for Talbieh Camp, highlighting the main aims of the project (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 1 3.1.2 The Key Elements of the Proposed Masterplan The Desired Density: Balancing the Solid and Void One of the proposed masterplan's main added assets to the camp is the balance between the solid and void as depicted in Figure 3.1.1.1. This balance helps in opening-up the camp, making ita breathe, and shifting its density from high-density one storey buildings to mediumdensity two to three storey buildings.

Fig 3.1.2.1: Solid and void map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 2 A Healthier Environment: Public & Green Spaces Network Furthermore, the new proposed density allows for the creation of urban pockets, green and outdoor spaces, and green roofs. This is particularly important for health reasons as well as for refugees' well-being. These urban pockets between buildings and the semiprivate outdoor spaces in buildings can be used for planting, farming, socializing, and personalizing.

Fig 3.1.2.2: Public and green spaces network map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 3 A Hierarchical Roads System and an Enhanced Physical Network Figure 3.1.3.1 shows the proposed roads network, which is mainly a development of the existing one, as to retain refugees' sense of orientation around the camp and divisions of residential blocks. The proposed network focuses on widening some roads, and the creation of a hierarchical roads network from main to secondary to alleyways, with each one having its own design elements that are shown in detail later in this chapter.

Fig 3.1.2.3: Types of roads and physical network map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 4 Diverse Land and Building Uses As fo the proposed land and building uses, they aim mainly at making the camp lively and safe at all times, by shifting from residential only to mixed-use residential, and the inclusion of diverse spaces as depicted in Figure 3.1.4.1.

Fig 3.1.2.4: Zoning and building uses map for the proposed masterplan after applying the strategy (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 5 Vertical Expansion and Proposed Heights As a consequence of the camp’s fixed boundaries and as Talbieh was recently granted permission by the Jordanian government to expand vertically up to three floors, vertical expansion becomes the only valid approach to accommodate Talbieh’s growing populations (Figure 3.1.5.1 – 3.1.5.2). This approach comes after consolidating and reinforcing the camps’ existing foundations and it also allows for future vertical expansion to more than three floors (when finally permitted in the long future). Fig 3.1.2.5: A map showing the proposed number of floors and vertical expansion (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.1.2.6: Section A-A illustrating the new camp density, urban pockets, street types, and bridge connection (Author's own, 2020).

The proposed masterplan: Key element 6 Small-scale Intervention Zones for Larger Long-term effects Finally, after achieving a more consolidated and healthier masterplan for Talbieh Camp come the smaller-scale sites' interventions. These interventions are needed as they are a reflection of refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs and culture, and to maintain a diverse, integrated, and belonged community. Figure 3.1.6.1 shows the location of these intervention sites, which are discussed and shown in detail later in this chapter.

Fig 3.1.2.7: A map showing the smaller-scale zoom-in sites that are further designed for long-term effects (Author's own, 2020).

Reconfiguring Streets

3.2 Streets Hierarchy and Functionality 3.2.1 Main Streets Existing main streets in Talbieh Camp are identified by the concentration of commercial activities along them. The new proposal for the main streets aims to enhance, boost, and promote the camp's economy, by providing a proper, well-lit, and aesthetically pleasing environment for shoppers and pedestrians. Pedestrian circulation will be uninterrupted and has its own shaded lane, where people can walk and explore shops. To reduce blocked roads by cars, the proposed scheme for the main streets will provide on-street parking, which will help in organizing traffic flow and avoid sudden blockage of streets.

Fig 3.2.1.1: A map showing the main streets and entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section A-A (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (3.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.3) (Left): Images showing the existing main streets of Talbieh Camp "before interventions" (Author's own, 2020). Fig 3.2.1.4 (Right): A sectional perspective (A-A) showing the proposed scheme for Talbiehâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main streets (Author's own, 2020).

3.2.2 Secondary Streets Existing secondary streets in Talbieh Camp are rare, and are classified as alleyways. Adding to their narrow nature, they are often blocked by parked cars, and suffer from lack of or deteriorated sidewalks. Therefore, and in order to enhance the overall connectivity in the camp, the proposed secondary roads will serve as connectors between residential neighborhoods. The main aim is to make every household accessible by emergency vehicles. In addition, street lights, pedestrian sidewalks, and pedestrian crossings are added to promote safe walking and help decrease the potential for accidents.

Fig 3.2.2.1: A map showing the secondary streets and entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section B-B (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (3.2.2.2 - 3.2.2.3) (Left): Images showing the existing secondary streets "before interventions" (Author's own, 2020). Fig 3.2.2.4 (Right): A sectional perspective (B-B) showing the proposed scheme for Talbieh Camp secondary streets connecting residential neighborhoods (Author's own, 2020).

3.2.3 Alleyways Alleyways are what give Talbieh Camp its identity, as they are a result of the camp's expansion over the years. They are also the spaces were people gather for social purposes because of the lack of public spaces, and the additional space, as declared by the residents, that is used to express their identities and personalities. Alleyways serve as semi-private connectors between residential buildings in a neighborhood. Having 1.5m wide in reality, they were sometimes a burden more than an asset, as they compromised privacy between adjacent buildings. Therefore, the scheme proposes the extension of these alleyways into 3m wide pedestrian only roads as to maintain some privacy between residential buildings. Also, the proposed alleyways will be equipped with sitting areas (made by residents themselves from available materials around the site, such as rammed earth), lights, enough space to open a pop-up shop or generate income, and most importantly, to socialize.

Fig 3.2.3.1: A map showing the alleyways and pedestrian entrances of the proposed masterplan, and the location of section C-C (Author's own, 2020).

Fig (3.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.3) (Left): Images showing the existing deteriorated and very narrow alleyways "before interventions" (Author's own, 2020). Fig 3.2.3.4 (Right): A sectional perspective (C-C) showing the proposed scheme for Talbieh Camp alleyways (Author's own, 2020.

Phased Transformation of Homes

3.3 Site A-Residential Block Prototype Transformation 3.3.1 The Application of the Phasing Strategy According to the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy (section 2.4), changes occur in main phases and sub-phases. In this section, we will take one neighborhood (site A), which is located in the main phase 1 (see Figure 3.3.1.1) in the camp, to demonstrate how the changes will work.

Fig 3.3.1.1: A key map showing the location of the main phase 1 on the camps' existing masterplan (Author's own, 2020).

In order to accommodate each affected neighborhood by the changes suggested by the project, a communal temporary residence is needed. Site B was chosen to serve as a communal residence while changes are being done and new houses are being restored and installed. Site B suffered from random expansions which resulted in a random multi-purpose space that is unsafe and used for taking drugs. Currently, there are 9 families living in site B in 9 shelters. As these shelters will be demolished to build a communal residence, these families will have new prefabricated houses (colored in red) that will be installed on the preserved concrete structures (that will not be affected by widening the roads) in site A. 88

Fig 3.3.1.2: A diagram illustrating the incremental change and systematic alteration in order to build a communal residence on site B (Author's own, 2020).

3.3.2 Site A: Before and After Interventions After the communal temporary residence was built on site B, we can start phasing and intervening on site A. Site A, having a total of 54 families, will be divided into two sub-phases, as the maximum number of families to be affected in each sub-phase is 28. In sub-phase (1), 28 families will be affected. These families will move to the temporary residence until restorations and installations are complete. After sub-phase (1) is complete and the 28 families move back to their new houses, the same operation is repeated in sub-phase (2), where 26 families will be affected by applying the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy (see Figure 3.3.2.1). This incremental change and systematic alteration of interventions is repeated in every neighborhood in the camp until the camp reaches a habitable living environment.

Fig 3.3.2.2: Maps illustrating the incremental change and systematic alteration of site A (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.3.2.1: A key map showing the location of site A on the camps' existing masterplan (Author's own, 2020).

3.3.3 Morphology and Added Assets The morphology of the neighborhood came from its existing sub-divisions, concrete buildings, and access points with the surroundings. Figure 3.3.3.2 shows the morphology of the neighborhood after applying the projects' strategy (widening the roads, demolishing Zinc-roof buildings, expanding and modifying on concrete buildings). As a result of applying this strategy, a series of urban pockets and outdoor spaces emerged on multiple levels, which enhances the quality of life and ventilation patterns.

Fig 3.3.3.1: A key map showing the location of site A on the proposed masterplan (Autor's own, 2020).

Fig 3.3.3.2: A diagram showing the main elements of the neighborhood morphology (Author's own, 2020).

The added assets of the proposal to site A and every other neighborhood in the camp after applying the strategy include making room for car parking lots and on-street parking near shops, which in addition to widening the roads, enhances the overall circulation in the neighborhood and prevents street blockage by parked cars. Also, the proposal adds green spaces and kids' playgrounds in urban pockets that are safe and monitored by the neighbors. As for the shelters, the proposal includes 80s.qm to 150s.qm well-lit and ventilated housing units depending on family size, instead of the existing shelters that have an average area of 50m2 (UNRWA, 2008), and very poor living conditions.

Fig 3.3.3.3: Site A masterplan and added assets (Author's own, 2020).

3.3.4 Materials Palette The proposed materials palette for Talbieh Camp is a combination of three palettes:

Due to the reason that this is a refugee camp, materials affordability is a priority just as as being integrated, living decently, and having a familiar setting to their home country a priority. Since many of the new housing modules will be built on the existing concrete buildings, the materials of the ground floor include the restoration of the existing plastered walls into three shades, to distinguish the base and keep track of how Talbieh Camp will be urbanizing and expanding from 1 to 3 floors. The upper floorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; materials will be textured concrete in 2 shades depending on the ground floor shade. Textured concrete is used as a material because of its low maintenance, durability, resistance to weather, recyclability, ability to install quickly, and because it gives the same appearance as Limestone and Jerusalem-stone but with lower costs (Al-Rawashdeh, 2013), which will help in refugee integration in their urban setting and connecting them with their home country.

3.3.5 Materials Application Example on a Building

Fig 3.3.5.1: An exploded diagram showing the new, preserved, and modified parts, the installation of vertical circulation and wet areas, the outdroor spaces on multiple levels, and the application of the proposed materials palette (Author's own, 2020).

3.3.6 Future Images

Fig 3.3.6.1: A conceptual view of the proposed neighborhood scheme highlighting the urban pockets and the enhanced quality of life (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.3.6.2: An image showing one of the urban pockets, which is used as a playground for kids, and the outdoor spaces on the upper levels (Autor's own, 2020).

Fig 3.3.6.3: An image showing the proposed neighborhood atmosphere and materials, highlighting the mixed-use buildings on the main roads and street life (Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2020).

Creating Urban Links

3.4 Site C - Urban Links: Elevated Walkway Proposal 3.4.1 Concept and Synthesis One of the key areas of development that is integral to the success of the scheme is site C, which consists of a trade edge and some urban links. The camp is bordered by two major connecting roads, one that connects South and North Amman and has a width of 40m (Figure 3.4.1.2), and one that leads to the city of Madaba and has a width of 25m (Figure 3.4.1.3). These roads left the camp with some constrains as well as some assets. This proposal aims to exploit this strategic location between two main roads to connect the camp socially, economically, and physically with its surroundings.

Fig 3.4.1.1: A key map showing the location of site C on the proposed masterplan (Author's own, 2020).

100

Fig 3.4.1.2: A picture showing the existing situation of the main road heading North Amman (Google Maps, 2020).

Fig 3.4.1.3: A picture showing the existing situation of the main road heading to Madaba (Google Maps, 2020).

Site C: Existing situation and concept

Fig 3.4.1.4: A conceptual view highlighting existing key assets, constrains, and potentials of site C (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.4.1.5: A conceptual view highlighting the new proposed functions, uses, and circulation elements on the existing situation of site C (Author's own, 2020).

101

The urban links proposal 3.4.2 The Proposal In pursuit of connecting the camp and highlighting it, the urban links proposal consists of three main parts (see Figure 3.4.2.1). These include: 1) A pedestrian bridge (above the road that connects South and North Amman) connecting the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main entrance with the opposite neighborhood and the youth center.

2 3 1

2) The elevated walkway between the first and second bridges that shows the appropriation of unused commercial buildings' roofs. 3) The second pedestrian bridge (above the road leading to Madaba) connecting the camp with the Sunday Market on the opposite side.

Fig 3.4.2.1: A conceptual view of the urban links proposal showing its three main parts, greeneries, the organized space for taxi and buses, ramps, and other circulation elements for easier access for all people (Author's own, 2020).

The three elements together connect the camp and bring attention to it while people are passing through these major roads. Therefore, as well as connectors between spaces, they have a marketing and socio-economic purpose. Currently, the camp is fully saturated and lacking social and public spaces. The proposed connectors will invent spaces for refugees above the ground, where they can socialize, sell their hand-made products, and perform their culture. 102

Fig 3.4.2.2 (Left): A perspective showing the second bridge with a part of the elevated walkway and the ramp that connects the street with the bridges (Author's own, 2020). Fig 3.4.2.3 (Right): A perspective showing the first bridge at the camp's main entrance, the ramp and stairs that connect the street with the bridge, and a part of the elevated walkway with pop-up shops on the roof (Author's own, 2020).

Part 1: The first pedestrian bridge on the camp's entrance Located at the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entrance, this bridge will operate as a socio-economic landmark that attracts people from the highway, especially being very close to the airport. It can also serve as a space where refugees can perform their culture, music, and market their hand-made products in addition to socializing.

Fig 3.4.2.4: An image illustrating the main entrance bridge in action and its actual desert context (Author's own, 2020).

103

Part 2: The elevated walkway Old roofs of the camp's commercial buildings will be used to sell traditional goods and food, and people can enjoy walking or sitting next to these pop-up shops through the elevated walkway (see Figure 3.3.2.5). In the background of Figure 3.3.2.5, the first bridge at the entrance can be seen, with a frame-like structure that frames a view of Amman in the distance. Also, there is a big billboard saying "Welcome to Talbieh Campâ&#x20AC;? located at the entrance, not only to highlight the camp's main entrance, but it is also for refugees to exhibit their works or announce any other important message for the world to see.

Fig 3.4.2.5: An image illustrating the elevated walkway and the now lively roofs in action (Author's own, 2020).

104

Part 3: The second pedestrian bridge

This bridge will connect the camp with the Sunday Market on the other side, and offers some small pop-up shops and shaded sitting areas for shoppers coming from the market to relax and then continue their walk. Figure 3.4.2.6 shows how at a point, the elevated walkway is separated into two parts, a walkway that leads to the second bridge, and a ramp that goes down to the street. The first part, leading to the second bridge, is attached to the existing mixed-used buildings, and therefore, boosting the commercial activities happening in the upper floors of these buildings.

Fig 3.4.2.6: An image illustrating the second bridge, and a part of the elevated walkway (Author's own, 2020).

105

Creative Play and Green Edge

3.5 Site D - Re-imagining the Existing Park and Northern Edge 3.5.1 Concept and Synthesis Green and leisure spaces are amongst the key pillars for achieving well-being and sustainable livelihoods. The refugees have been in Talbieh Camp for 50 years now and still not have decent leisure facilities. This is why site D is crucial to compensate for the shortage in and fulfill the need for recreational facilities in Talbieh Camp. While there are some existing facilities such as football field and a small park for children (Figure 3.5.1.1 - 3.5.1.2), these spaces are poorly designed and maintained and not well exploited. In addition, the football field is wrongly oriented, as it is on the East-West axis while it should be on the South-North axis. As for the existing children playground, adding to its poor design and small size, it is usually closed and families are afraid to send their children there because it is unsafe. The camp's northern edge, where the park and football field are located, suffers from hazardous and random expansions that happened years ago. These expansions resulted in making the camp more isolated from its surroundings, and caused a lack of privacy between residential buildings. Since children and women are considered amongst the most vulnerable groups in Talbieh Camp, the first priority of site D proposal is creating safe spaces for women and kids, and focusing on the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development. In addition, site D proposal includes the redesign of the existing football field and the area around it, the elimination of Zinc roof buildings in the northern edge, and the vertical expansion of some of the concrete buildings.

108

Fig 3.5.1.1: A key map showing the location of site D on the proposed masterplan (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.5.1.2: A picture of the existing children playground, usually closed (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.5.1.3: A picture of the existing footballfield and the massive concrete and unused spaces around it (Author's own, 2020).

109

Site D: The existing situation Fig 3.5.1.4: A diagram illustrating the existing challenges, threats, and assets of site D (Author's own, 2020).

110

Site D: Concept Site D proposal consists of two main elements connected together through a path; the Children Learning and Playing Village and the Sport Park. As children go through certain stages of play to finally start to socialize and share ideas (Halloran, 2020), the children's village is divided into zones to contain children as they pass through these stages. These stages of development start with solitary play, where children tend to play alone without any sort of engagement with other children (ibid). After this stage, children go through the "onlooker play", where they start engaging visually with other children playing around them, but without playing (ibid). When the "on looker" play develop further, it becomes "parallel play", where children begin to play in parallel and paying attention to each other, but still not in contact (ibid). The last two stages, associative and social, play are when children finally start to socialize and get in contact to play and learn. Associative play happens as children start having common goals in playing, while social play is when they invent a set of rules and accomplish things together (ibid). These stages, which sometimes intersect, are reflected in the design of the park, especially in the path connecting these stages (see Figure 3.5.1.5).

Fig 3.5.1.5: A diagram illustrating the proposed zones, functions, and activities on the existing situation of site D (Author's own, 2020).

111

Site D Proposal 3.5.2 The Proposal Longing for equality and a fair community while honoring the refugeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and values, the site D proposal is not limited to creating public spaces, but also practical spaces that serves all groups of users. Since there is a tendency in Talbieh Camp to separate genders in public spaces, the proposed sports park and the children's village, will have a specific schedule and hours for each group (see Figures 3.5.2.2 - 3.5.2.3 on the opposite page). Also, as 1-storey concrete buildings will expand to 3-storey residential buildings, the added floors will provide natural surveillance to these public spaces, and therefore, contributing in making them safe at all times. In addition, a green buffer zone of tall Cypress trees will hedge the proposed public spaces as to give more privacy for the users, especially women. The proposal connects the whole edge together through a curved path, starting from the children's development path and ending by a running track. In addition, the proposal will contribute to the camp having clear and open connections with the adjacent street, including two pedestrian streets and one for vehicles. 112

Fig 3.5.2.1: A diagram showing the proposed scheme for the northern edge (site D), highlighting its two main parts (Author's own, 2020).

Site D proposal: The main two elements

Fig 3.5.2.2: A zoom-in diagram showing the Children's Learning and Playing Village, the surrounding residential buildings, and the timeframe assigned for each group of users (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.5.2.3: A zoom-in diagram showing the Sports Park, the surrounding residential buildings, and the timeframe assigned for each group of users (Author's own, 2020).

113

Site D: The Children's Learning and Playing Village The on-looker and parallel play are stages that children go through many times during their journey, and are not related to a specific time. Therefore and as Figure 3.5.1.4 shows, these stages are distributed alongside the development path at multiple locations.

2 1

Fig 3.5.2.4: A top view of the Children Learning & Playing Village (Author's own, 2020).

114

Site D: The Children's Learning and Playing Village Figure 3.5.2.5 shows the proposed space typology for the onlooker play, as it requires a space for children to look, gaze, and study other children and their surroundings. These spaces are distributed alongside the development path and oriented in a way that allows children to see other children in other stages. Figure 3.5.2.6 shows the proposed space typology for the parallel play, as it requires a space for children to examine, mimic, and learn from other playing children. These spaces have enough space for children to play in parallel with each other at the same stage, while also playing in parallel and seeing children in other stages outside this space.

Fig 3.5.2.5: Elevation (1) showing the onlooker play space typology highlighting its main elements (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.5.2.6: Elevation (2) showing the parallel play space typology highlighting its main elements (Author's own, 2020).

115

Site D: The Children's Learning and Playing Village Both typologies are made out of basic, lightweight, raw, and recyclable materials, and are designed as to be child-friendly colorful spaces. These spaces, together with the playing zones along the path, form the Children Learning and Playing Village.

Fig 3.5.2.7: A visualization of the on-looker play space typology (Author's own, 2020).

116

Fig 3.5.2.8: A visualization of parallel play space typology (Author's own, 2020).

Site D: The Children's Learning and Playing Village Figure 3.5.2.9 shows the proposed Children Learning and Playing Village in action on a sunny Ammani morning during the time assigned for women and kids. This image illustrates the "associative play stage" zone, where children start playing together in playgrounds. It also shows the other two stages, on-looker and parallel play, which happen alongside the associative play.

Fig 3.5.2.9: A visualization of the Children Learning and Playing Village (Author's own, 2020).

117

Site D: The Sports Park

Fig 3.5.2.10: A top view of the Sports Park (Author's own, 2020).

118

Site D: The Sports Park

Fig 3.5.2.11: Section A-A, illustrating the heirarchy of spaces in the football field area (Author's own, 2020).

119

Site D: The Sports Park

Fig 3.5.2.12: An image showing the Sports Park on a sunny Ammani day during the time assigned for women and kids (Author's own, 2020).

120

Site D: The Sports Park

Fig 3.5.2.13: An image showing the football field and the amphitheater located in the Sports Park in action (Author's own, 2020). The image illustrates a kids' football match on sunny Ammani weekend during the time assigned for families as they come and watch their kids.

121

Reviving the Mosque Area

3.6 Site E - Beyond Praying: The Mosque and Market 3.6.1 Concept and Synthesis One of the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most valuable assets is the mosque, which is why it is an important part of the new masterplan. The area around the mosque, which is considered a multi-purpose space, is poorly designed, used, and maintained. Responding to the residents' need for a marketplace, the new proposal suggests a lightweight, cheap, and easy to build market structure in the multi-purpose space around the mosque and the rehabilitation of the area around it. It is widely known that the mosque is a space which is regularly visited throughout the day, not only for praying purposes, but also for social and learning purposes. Due to that, this site, E, was chosen for a marketplace and to be developed as to provide all the previous activities in addition to shopping in an aesthetically pleasing environment. Fig (3.6.1.2 - 3.6.1.3): Pictures showing the existing situation of the mosque and multi-purpose space around it (Author's own, 2020).

124

Fig 3.6.1.1: A key map showing the location of site E on the propsed masterplan (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.6.1.4: A map showing the existing situation of Site E (the mosque and the multi-purpose space around it (Author's own, 2020).

125

Site E Proposal

3.6.2 The Proposal

In order to develop the mosque site, the buildings around the mosque that have Zinc roofs need to be demolished and replaced by more permanent buildings. Figure 3.6.2.1 shows the residential blocks around the mosque after applying the project's strategy in rebuilding the camp (please refer to chapter 2, section 2.4). Figure 3.6.2.1 also shows the different components of the new marketplace and mosque's yard, which include a wooden structure made of wooden columns, beams, and trusses. Wood was chosen as a material because of its availability, cheap price, recyclability, and because it is easy to build with. The marketplace is divided into two parts: 1) A comprehensive market for all types of goods, which covers a span of 50m and a width of approximately 10m, making double sided shops possible. Also, the wooden roof of this part is embedded with a curvy green roof for aesthetic purposes. 2) A farmer's market, which covers a span of 25m and a width of approximately 5m, with shops on one side only. In addition, the roof of the farmer's market can be used for agriculture and farming as to sell the resulting goods, enhancing furthermore the camp's socio-economics, and investing in Palestinian refugees' ability to farm. 126

Comprehensive market

Farmer's market

Fig 3.6.2.1: An exploded conceptual diagram highlighting the main components of site E proposal (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.6.2.2: A map showing site E after applying interventions and adding the marketplace (Author's own, 2020).

127

Site E proposal: Sections

Fig 3.6.2.3: Section A-A showing the comprehensive market and farmer's market (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.6.2.4: Section B-B showing the near-by residential block, the comprehensive market, and the mosque (Author's own, 2020).

Fig 3.6.2.5: Section C-C showing the near-by neighborhood parking, the farmer's market, the water fountain, and the mosque & market's parking (Author's own, 2020).

128

Site E: The farmer's market

Fig 3.6.2.6: An image illustrating the mosque and the market area at sunset hour after prayers, highlighting the farmers' market and the new landscapes of site E (Author's own, 2020).

129

-Conclusion -Bibliography -Appendix

Fig 4.1: A map highlighting Talbieh Camp proposed network within its urban context. By author based on (OpenStreetMap, 2020).

131

Conclusion As our world is suffering from wars, conflicts, and natural disasters, refugees and displaced people are in constant increase. These refugees, seeking stability and refuge in other countries, are usually treated as temporary and undesirable guests, and therefore, facilitated in hastily made, low-quality, and isolated urban environments. When hosting refugees in any refugee-hosting country, the first priority is providing shelters for these populations. However, other major needs for any human being such as kids' well-being, socio-economics, a healthy environment, green and open spaces are usually overlooked. Responding to the human nature, lacking basic amenities in a place will affect the feeling of belonging to that place, and therefore, will affect peoples' productivity at that place. These quick and temporary urban settings are usually developed by their residents over the years in line with their emerging needs. Being unmonitored by laws and regulations and already having weak foundations, these developments result in very dangerous, uninhabitable, and unhealthy living environments. Talbieh Camp is just one example of such places that has been urbanizing on temporary foundations since 1967, not to mention its isolation from the city physically and socially. This project approached Talbieh Camp as an already developed urban setting that has its own values, culture, assets, potentials, and challenges that can be consolidated and turned into a habitable environment with an integrated and belonged community. While every refugee camp in the world have its unique identity, assets, and challenges which are developed by its residents, this proposed approach can be adopted and applied to any refugee camp, as the main strategy is to exploit these challenges and assets according to the residents priorities and needs and turn them into strengths regardless of the location.

For these reasons, the long-term effects of this project by consolidating Talbieh Camp and achieving livelihoods for its residents include creating a belonged and integrated community, which will finally lead to a productive rather than livingon-aid community. In addition, while the area around Talbieh Camp is still not densely populated compared to other areas in Amman, this project, on the longterm, will help the area to thrive, and to change people's perception of refugee camps as unpleasant or unsafe environments to live in or around it. Although humanitarians, NGOs, and governments all agree on the fact that the refugee crisis needs more practical and planning with positive impacts rather than just quick and temporary sheltering, there is still not much actions. We are all seeking for a fair and permanent planning for the refugee crisis, with positive impacts on both the host country and refugees. The refugee crisis is a major challenge for refugee-hosting cities. A challenge that can either be invested in from the beginning to turn into a positive challenge on the long-term, or dealt with as a temporary issue, which will sometimes stay over 50 years such as the case of Talbieh Camp. We long that someday, governments will invest in refugees and refugee camps, not just to provide shelters, but also other needs to achieve refugees' livelihoods and integration in their new urban setting.

133

Bibliography 100 Resilient Cities, (2017). Amman's Resilience Strategy. [online] Available at: http://www.100resilientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ResilienceStrategy-Amman-English.pdf (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Architects for Urbanity, (2018). Rybnik Residential and Services Building. [online] Available at: http://architectsforurbanity.blogspot.com/2018/08/rybnikresidential-and-services-building.html (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Al-Asad, M., (n.d). Variarions on a Theme. Center for the Study of the Built Environment. [online] Available at: https://www.csbe.org/variarions-on-a-theme (Accessed: 26 July 2020).

Artés, J., Wadel, G., Martí, N., (2017). Vertical Extension and Improving of Existing Buildings. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11. https:// doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010083 Department of Statistics, (2015a). Statistical Tables of the Population and Housing Census 2015. [online] Available at: http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_a/main/ population/census2015/Buildings/Buildings_1.2.pdf (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Department of Statistics, (2015b). Statistical Tables of the Population and Housing Census 2015. [online] Available at: http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_a/main/ population/census2015/Buildings/Buildings_1.1.pdf (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Al-Rawashdeh, T., (2013). Textured concrete as an alternative cladding material instead of stone case of Amman. Chemistry and Materials Research 3, 26. ArchDaily. (2011). Abu Samra House / Symbiosis Designs LTD. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/126926/abu-samra-house-symbiosis-designs (Accessed: 26 July 2020). ArchDaily. (2014). Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-dibatensile-architecture/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020). ArchDaily. (2015). CatalyticAction Designs Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias, Lebanon. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/778318/ catalyticaction-designs-playgrounds-for-refugee-children-as-emergencyresponse-in-bar-elias-lebanon (Accessed: 29 June 2020). ArchDaily. (2017a). A R D 334 / A R D designs. [online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/870696/a-r-d-334-a-r-d-designs?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 26 July 2020). ArchDaily. (2017b). CBT Unveils Community-Oriented Phase 2 Masterplan for Masdar City. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/873748/ construction-underway-on-masdar-citys-community-oriented-phase-2masterplan (Accessed: 29 June 2020). ArchDaily. (2020). All Colors Sidewalk / Zoom Urbanismo Arquitetura e Design + LAO Engenharia & Design. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/912060/all-colors-sidewalk-zoom-urbanismo-arquitetura-e-design-pluslao-engenharia-and-design (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Department of Statistics, (2015c). Statistical Tables of the Population and Housing Census 2015. [online] Available at: http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_a/main/ population/census2015/Buildings/Buildings_1.3.pdf (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Department of Statistics, (2017). Tables of expenditure and household income. [online] Available at: http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/linked-html/ household/2017/G1/Table5G1_King.pdf (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Department of Statistics, (2018). Jordan in Figures 2018. Department of Statistics. [online] Available at: http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/products/jordan-in-Figure2018/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Fesler, S., (2017). Activating Alleys: Canton, U District, And Pioneer Square Edition. The Urbanist. [online] Available at: https://www.theurbanist.org/2017/06/30/ alley-activation/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Haupt & Binder, (n.d.). Hammam Street, lower end, As-Salt. Art Destination Jordan. [online] Available at: https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/jordan/assalt/trail-3/hamman-str-lower-end/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Halloran, J., (2020). Social Stages Of Play — Encourage Play. Encourage Play. [online] Available at: https://www.encourageplay.com/blog/social-stages-of-play (Accessed: 29 June 2020). 135

Bibliography International Rescue Committee, (2018). From Response to Resilience: Working with Cities and City Plans to Address Urban Displacement -Lessons from Amman and Kampala - Jordan. International Rescue Committee. [online] Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/response-resilience-working-cities-and-cityplans-address-urban-displacement-lessons (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Vandermeulen, J., Vangronsveld, A., (2012a). Decampenizing Talbiyeh, scaping a city. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Volume I, pp. 1-164.

MLA+, (2020). MWKZ 04 – Defensieterrein. [online] Available at: https://www. mlaplus.com/portfolio/mwkz04/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

Vandermeulen, J., Vangronsveld, A., (2012c). Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan, a brief introduction. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. pp. 1-71.

Pella House, (n.d). Khammash Architects. [online] Available at: http://www. khammash.com/projects/pella-house (Accessed: 26 July 2020).

-All plans are drawn according to google maps.

Radford, T., (2015). Refugee camps are the “cities of tomorrow”, says aid expert. Dezeen. [online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/23/refugeecamps-cities-of-tomorrow-killian-kleinschmidt-interview-humanitarian-aidexpert/ (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Tiltnes, Å.A., Zhang, H., (2013). Insights into the socio-economic conditions of Palestinian refugees in Jordan. FAFO. [online] Available at: https://www. unrwa.org/resources/reports/insights-socio-economic-conditions-palestinianrefugees-jordan (Accessed: 29 June 2020). Turnbull, E.,( 2019). Jordan remains second largest refugee host globally — UNHCR. Jordan Times. [online] Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/ local/jordan-remains-second-largest-refugee-host-globally-%E2%80%94-unhcr (Accessed: 29 June 2020). UNRWA, (2008). Socio-Economic and Environmental Survey Primary Results Report. Amman, Jordan. UNRWA, (2009). Camp Improvement Plan. Amman, Jordan. World Architecture. (2018). Ayvalı Marketplace / Rgg Architects . [online] Available at: https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/hpmmm/ ayvali_marketplace-project-pages.html (Accessed: 29 June 2020).

136

Vandermeulen, J., Vangronsveld, A., (2012b). Decampenizing Talbiyeh, scaping a city. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Volume II, pp. 1-142.

Appendix Appendix A: Talbieh Camp Needs & Priorities. Source: UNRWA Socio-economic Survey (2008), p:92,93.

139

Samar Manneh Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University MA Architecture and Urbanism 2019 - 2020