Bairro dos Pescadores, Maputo/Mozambique by Doğukan Şamdancı

BAIRRO DOS PESCADORES Alban Kalaj, Dogukan Samdanci, Sara De Ponti, Stefano Marco de Gennaro, Ja Yoon Lee

INDEX

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. History and Heritage 1.1 History of Mozambique 1.2 Heritage of Maputo 1.2.1 An heterogeneous city 1.2.2 Arts and crafts CHAPTER 2. Overview

2.1 Demographics 2.1.1 Population Growth in Maputo and Ka Mavota District 2.2 Economy and Commerce 2.2.1 Economy in Mozambique and Maputo 2.2.2 Wages 2.2.3 Women’s Work and Employment 2.2.4 Economic Activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 2.3 Weather and Climate 2.3.1 Overview 2.3.2 Responses form the Population to Climate Change 2.3.3 Previous Extreme Event 2.3.4 Tide in Bairro dos Pescadores CHAPTER 3. Landscape 3.1 Coastal Ecosystems and Landscape Structure 3.2 Topographical Changes during Urbanization Process 3.2.1 Section Alteration and Land Situation after Development

CHAPTER 4. Urban Morphology 4.1 Urban Development 4.1.1 Historical Milestones & Urban Development of the City 4.1.2 urban development of bairro dos pescadores 4.2 Infrastructure 4.2.1 Road Network 4.2.2 Road Condition 4.2.3 Public Transport 4.3 Public Services CHAPTER 5. Housing 5.1 Housing in Maputo Peri-Urban Areas 5.2 Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores 5.3 Public Space 5.3.1 Understanding of Public Space 5.3.2 Streets For Public Activities 5.3.3 Outside of the Houses: Relation with Streets 5.3.4 Latest Projects CHAPTER 6. Conclusion 6.1 Issues and Challenges BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1: Mangroves, swamp area and highland in Incassane, Catembe Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

Introduction The aim of this research is to collect data in order to understand better the life in Maputo and mostly in Bairro dos Pescadores neighbourhood. After a general overview of Mozambique and Maputo, the analysis tries to understand how everyday life in this peri-urban area of Maputo is changing due to a rapid mutation in urban landscape and consequently in the natural one. For the sustainability of the coastal ecosystem of Bairro dos Pescadores, defining and analyzing the relationship between actors (as economic activities, demographic structure, historical and cultural background, social life, housing construction as well as urbanization and landscape) has a crucial importance. For this reason, the study focuses on the titles separately and tries to define their integration according to action-reaction strategy. In the result of the analysis on these dynamics, it is concluded that the “landscape” has a significant impact on all of these. For this reason it was important to understand how landscape is changing due mostly to a not controlled urbanization and climate change issues. Mangroves deforestation, in order to have more land to urbanize, is leading to more and more common floods and to more dangerous ones. How it’s possible to slow down this attitude? What is the right way to find a balance between a high demand of houses, facilities, infrastructure in peri-urban areas and the urgency of a preserving strategy for natural landscape?

DYNAMICS MAP

ECONOMY

ECONOMICAL ACTIVITIES

HISTORY

LANDSCAPE - ACTIVATOR -

URBANIZATION PROCESS

CULTURE

ENVIRONMETAL CONDITIONS

CLIMATE Image 2: Dynamics Map Source: Authors( Dogukan Samdanci, Alban Kalaj)’ elaboration

INCOM

LANDFILL MATERIAL

TOPOGRAPHIC MUTATION

MANGROVE DEFORESTATION

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

INFRASTRUCTURE

LANDSCAPE - OUTCOME -

CHAPTER 1. History and Heritage 1.1 History of Mozambique 1.2 Heritage of Maputo

Image 3: People-Portraits-40 Niassa Mozambique Denis Onyodi Source: www.villagereach.org

CHAPTER 1. HISTORY AND HERITAGE 1.1 HISTORY OF MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique is one of the country called “sub-Saharan”, it borders on South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania. The country’s population is 30 million and 3 million live in the capital, Maputo. Between the first and fifth centuries AD, the Bantu-speaking populations settled in present-day Mozambique. Mozambique has been under the control of the Swahili, from the seventh and eleventh centuries, who introduced the Islamic religion, and for this reason the north of the country includes a large number of people who believe in Islam. After the Islamic rule, the Portuguese colonizers arrived, with Vasco De Gama who created the new colony in 1498. At the end of the eighteenth century Lourenço

Marques was founded, later established as the capital, today’s Maputo. Portuguese rule lasted until 1975 when Mozambique proclaimed the People’s Republic of Mozambique, declaring independence. Shortly after independence, internal conflicts in the country broke out, leading to a civil war that ended in 1994 with the victory of the FRELIMO party, which still dominates today. Portuguese is the official language, and is considered the second language, but there are other languages deriving from the Bantu ethnolinguistic family. The country comprises several ethnic groups, with different customs and habits, and each of these ethnic groups speaks in a different language. Image 4: Geographical view of Mozambique Source: www.rsi.ch

Mozambique

Maputo province

Image 5,6: Geographic location of Maputo City Source: U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021 and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration Maputo City

Image 7: Maputo City source: Wikipedia website and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration

Image 8: The historical timeline Source: Google Images

1.2 HERITAGE OF MAPUTO

Image 9: Shangaan mans during ceremony Source: World, come to my home website

1.2.1 AN HETEROGENEOUS CIT Y Maputo is the current name of the capital of Mozambique, it is located in the southern part of the country, in the province of the same name. It welcomes 3 million people, and in addition to serving as an incubator for the country’s various ethnic groups, it also welcomes populations from Europe, North Africa and India. The name of the city during the Portuguese occupation was Lourenço Marques, which was designed with numerous public spaces and green areas, spaces that are currently occupied informally by street vendors. The city has expanded dramatically in an informal way. The formal part of the city welcomes the ruling and wealthy class of the country, while the informal part of the metropolis is the most heterogeneous as it welcomes different ethnic groups from all over the country, who speak different indigenous languages. The dominant ethnic groups in Maputo are: - Shangaan come from the mixture of people who speak Bantu and live in the south of the country, they are mostly farmers with a

culture and economy based on herding and agriculture. Polygamy is prevalent in their culture. - Manyika. - Sena: believed to be the descendants of the biblical Jacob’s sons. They resisted Portuguese colonialism during the independence movement. They are farmers and skilled musicians. - Makua: are the largest ethnic group in Mozambique. They speak different dialects, which can be traced back to an ancient language. - Swahili: they speak the language of the same name, believe in Islam and wear typical Islamic clothes. There are many groups, each with their occupation, way of life. As for the culinary tradition, Mozambican cuisine is rich and diverse, as it is influenced by indigenous culture and that of foreigners. Fish is the most important food of the Mozambican diet. 1

Kathleen Eddy Sheldon, Mozambique, https://www.britannica. com/place/Mozambique/Climate#ref261016, 21/01/2022 1

Image 10: Ethnic groups map Source: Study.com website, C. Muscato, Mozambique Ethnic Groups, and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration

Image 11: FEIMA, Feira de Artesanato, Flores e Gastronomica Source: The Gate website

1.2.2 ARTS AND CRAFTS

The local population possesses excellent artistic skills in producing unique pieces of art. The sculptures are some of these, in fact they are produced in wood and the artist goes to collect the necessary trunks and begins the process that will then give the final result to the wooden statues. This manufacturing process happens for any other work of art. Being that the city hosts different cultures, both local and foreign, and thanks to this we can find different artists and pieces of art related to painting, sculpture and manufacturing of different types. The largest artisan market in the city is the FEIMA (Feira de Artesanato, Flores and Grastronomica). Basically the FEIMA is a large park with many trees, which are used to hang the products. There are also sessions and obviously there is no lack of music. It is called an outdoor shop. In the market you can find objects and pieces of art, manufacturing, fabrics, clothes and food. Craftsmen make wood carvings on 2

site, but most of the items are ready. “At FEIMA – Feira de Artesanato, Flores e Gastronomica you can find a myriad of handmade local crafts, each a perfect souvenir to take home from your travels. Find an abundance of baskets, wooden boxes, T-shirts, jewelry, carved bowls, plus much more scattered over more than 100 stalls. The prices here are quite consistent, though you can still barter your way down to a better price. Two restaurants are located within the market grounds and provide light meals at fair prices. It couldn’t be easier to arrange your visit to FEIMA – Feira de Artesanato, Flores e Gastronomica and many more” Epic Mozambique Culture & Adventure Route © Monika Newbound The numerous stalls welcome some recurring products can be the wooden statues,

Image 12: An artisan in the newly constructed park for crafts Source: Stephanie J.Urdang website

wooden spoons and bowls, woven bags, baskets, souvenirs, fruits and vegetables etc. In addition to FEIMA, there are other markets along the colorful streets of Maputo, where artisans try to sell the products. In addition to this, in Maputo we can find internationally renowned artists such as Gonçalo Mabunda, a sculptor who produced dozens of sculptural pieces, using as material the weapons used in the civil war. In fact, the municipality of Maputo decided to implement the “Transforming Guns into Hoes” program, in order to collect weapons from the population by giving in exchange agricultural tools, bicycles, agricultural tools. The artist’s works, masks and thrones, consist of bullet shells, dismantled pieces of cannons, and so on. They have been exhibited in London, Paris, New York, Tokyo and at the Venice Biennale.

Unknown author, Maputo Mozambique – Architecture, Culture, Traditions and Dance, https://www.propatel.com/maputo-mozambique-architecture-culture-traditions-and-dance/, 21/01/2022 2

Image 13: Maputo’s Famous Sculpture Artist Gonçalo Mabunda Source: thisisnotawhitecube.com

Image 14: Mozambique stories Source: UNICEF, 2013

CHAPTER 2. Overview 2.1 Demographics 2.2 Economy and Commerce 2.3 Weather and Climate

2019 Territories

2019-1 Territories

Population

Mozambique

30366043

CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW Maputo

Population

Maputo

1104314

Ka Maxakeni District

1104314

231315

17%

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 96% 2.1.1 POPUL ATION GROWTH IN MAPUTO AND KA MAVOTA DISTRICT Mozambique

Maputo

According to the 2019 revision of the of 10m x 10m. Thanks to this it is possiWorld Population Prospects, the total pop- ble to understand that in the northwestern ulation of Mozambique is 30,366,043 peo- region of Maputo we have slums with a ple, of which 4% (1,104,314 inhab.) live high population density and the southin the capital Maputo. It is possible to2017 eastern region has a low population densee in graph 1 how the capital, especially sity with big buildings and open areas. in the last period, has undergone a signif- When focusing on the analyzed area, Ka icant increase of the population which Mavota district it is possible to note how will increase, according to the study of the the district comprises 22,8% of the popuNational Statistics Institute, until the 2049s lation of Maputo (about 326,771 people) with 1,245,200 inhabitants. and therefore has a significant numerical The growth of the population due to an im- impact on the city. A more in-depth study migration phenomenon has led, especially in indicates that the population in the district recent years, to the creation of areas with a under consideration is predominantly high population density (figure 3). In the young, in fact, as it is possible to see from diagram is possible to understand the densi- the graph 4, both female and male populaty using zone-based census data. tion in the 20-24 age groups is the largest. Maputo contains a large slum region Charac- Furthermore, we find that the female poputerized by small houses less than 10m × 10m lation from the 50+ range is greater than the 2017-1 in size. These houses led to the creation of male population. a population density map with a resolution City Population Website, https://citypopulation.de/en/mozam3

Territories

1-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

Women

8791

10712

9828

10851

12072

10108

7713

5718

4418

3701

3908

3301

2461

1578

1049

726

1122

men

8885

10569

9301

10473

11715

10906

8630

5718

3686

2669

2772

2784

2280

1404

829

592

629

men

Women

1-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

45-49 50-54

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

3000

Territories TOTAL

2017

1118378

6000

2019

2021

9000

2023

3500

7000

2025

2027

2029

2031

2033

2035

2037

2039

2041

2043

2045

2047

2049

1146173

1153359

1160944

1168571

1176500

1184645

1193030

1202003

1211672

1222019

1233161

1245200

bique/admin/10__maputo/

1300000 1.250.000

Image 15: Population Growth of Maputo 20172050 Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2017 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

1250000 1.200.000

1200000 1.150.000

1150000 1.100.000

2017

14000

1122607 1127565 1133235 1139476

TOTAL

1100000

10500

12000

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

2031

2033

2035

2037

2039

2041

2043

2045

2047

2049

3.5%

Mozambique Maputo

96,5%

Image 16: Relationship between the total population of Mozambique to that of the capital Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2019 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

Residents per cell 0.0-0.3 0.4-0.8 0.9-1.3 1.4-1.9 2.0-2.5 2.6-3.5 3.6-5.1 5.2-7.6 7.7-12.2 12.3-21.7

Image 17: The population map shows the distribution of people in Maputo. Each cell represents 10x10m area. Source: Development of Population Distribution Map and Automated Human Settlement Map Using High Resolution Remote Sensing Images, Z. Guo, H. Miyazaki, M. Batran, R. Shibasaki, 2018

22,8% Ka Mavota district Maputo

77,2% Image 18: Relationship between the total population of Maputo and the population in Ka Mavota district Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2019 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80 21000 18000 15000 12000 9000

6000

3000

Image 19: Female and male population divided by age in the district of Ka Maxakeni Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2017 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

6000

9000 12000 15000 18000 21000

Population growth in Bairro dos Pescadores The history of Bairro dos Pescadores begins in 1975, the year in which the country becomes independent. Since the 1980s, the coast has begun to be populated by immigrants who have come from all over the country due to war and a severe economic crisis. The situation worsens after the 1992 peace treaty which leads to new migratory flows to the capital. The peri-urban area expands and is identified with the construction of self-built settlements. The demographic growth and the expansion of the territories from the capital continue to grow even in the 2000s causing new employment processes while heavy rains promoted new process of occupation and transformation of the land. Mortality Using indicators selected from the demographic health surveys (IDS) on mortality, morbidity and nutritional status we can outline a general picture regarding health within the capital. Maputo city represents the most privileged geographical area of the country with better results than the national average. It is possible to observe how life expectancy in the city of Maputo, at 54.3 years, is higher than the national one of 52.8 years. However, despite being the best result of the nation, some indicators of the municipality show a negative trend in spite of that of the other areas. The average life expectancy at birth decreased from 58.4 in 1997 to 54.3 in 2011. Infant and newborn mortality rates also worsened, from 1997 to 2011 we have increased respectively from 49 ‰ to 61 ‰ for infant mortality, from 27 ‰ to 33 ‰ for neonatal mortality. In Maputo, HIV/AIDS is one of the main health problems which represented the main cause of mortality, accounting for 33.3% of

deaths, followed by malaria (13.1%) and diseases of the circulatory system (10.6% ). The high percentage of the population affected by malaria is strongly influenced by environmental and life factors. It is possible to see how the worst results come from the Ka Mavota, KaMaxakeni and KaTembe districts characterized by the presence of slums and a high population density. In conclusion, despite its privileged position of the municipality, from an epidemiological point of view it does not differ from the national standard. From this point of view we find the majority of the population affected by diseases such as HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis and Malnutrition, especially childhood. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1997

2003

2011

Maputo City

2003

1997

2011

Mozambique

Image 20: Life expectancy (in year) in Maputo City and Mozambique in 1997-2003-2011. Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2017 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

1997

2003

2011

1997

2003

2011

Infant Mortality Rate in Maputo City (‰) Neonatal Mortality Rate in Maputo City (‰) Infant Mortality Rate in Mozambique (‰) Neonatal Mortality Rate in Mozambique (‰) Image 21: Infant Mortality Rate (‰) and Neonatal Mortality Rate (‰) in Maputo City and Mozambique Source: Istituto National de Estatistica, 2017 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

KaMpfumo KaMubukwana

KaNyaka

Nhlamankulu

KaMavota

KaMaxakeni

KaTembe

Nhlamankulu

KaMavota

KaMaxakeni

KaTembe

Image 22: Life expectancy (in year) by Municipal District, 2007 Source: INE 2007 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

KaMpfumo KaMubukwana

KaNyaka

Infant Mortality Rate (‰) Neonatal Mortality Rate (‰) Image 23: Infant Mortality Rate (‰) and Neonatal Mortality Rate (‰) in Maputo Districts Source: INE 2007 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

Image 2.2 Location of Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Author, 2021

Maputo

Image 24: FIshing boats Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

2.2 ECONOMY & COMMERCE 2.2.1 ECONOMY IN MOZAMBIQUE AND MAPUTO

The discovery of some gas fields on the coast in 2011 is transforming the economy of Mozambique, pushing economic growth in recent years. Despite this, Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in Africa. Maputo, the capital of the country, is attracting lots of people from all the country searching for better work opportunities, but the majority of the population is still involved in informal economic practices. An important source of employment is the migration to South Africa to work in mines, but the majority of the population have to do several jobs to survive. The economy of the city is strictly related to the landscape resources. Ur-

Image 25: Woman working in agricultural fields. Source: Humana.org

ban agriculture and fishing are the most important activities that provides people at least some of their food without spending money in the market. Mangroves are also a really important resource in Maputo’s economy. It is used for fuel, to cook and also as a construction material for informal housing. The construction of new infrastructure and the rapid development of the city are going to become important economies in the city’s future.

5,2%

3,3%

Agriculture, Fishing

7,5%

Mining

1,1%

2,2% 0,8% 0,4%

Manufacturing Construction Transport Commerce Services Government 79,6%

Image 26: Sectoral labour market structure Source: Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, University of Amsterdam, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

29 200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000

2000

2025

Image 27: Annual Tons of Fish that would have to be catch for the demand of population Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

2.2.2 WAGES

In Mozambique for both women and men education is the most important determinant of wages. Skilled labour in rural areas earns about 20% more than unskilled one. In urban areas the skill wage premium is larger: here skilled labour earns about 50% and 100% more respectively than unskilled labour. In addition, unskilled urban wages tend to be significantly higher than their rural counterparts. It is also important to add that in the country there is a large gender pay gap wage employment that leads women to earn about 28% less than men. From 2007, the government decided to rise the statutory minimum wage (SMW) and that decision was followed by a long

negotiation between government, the trade unions and the employers’ associations. For 2008, there was an agreement between the different parts about an increase between 11 and 50%. A division in eight sectors was agreed upon besides the two groups for which SMW’s had always been lower (military, and agriculture, livestock and forestry), bringing SMW to the following monthly rates: Image 28: Monthly rates wages Source: Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, University of Amsterdam, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 29: Labour force by level of education Source: Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, University of Amsterdam, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 0

agriculture, fisheries mining manu- gas and connon financial public hunting facturing water struction financial activities service and forestry services

These SMW rates are equivalent to USD 56-103 per month. Unskilled Skilled Highly Skilled

W M

Unskilled

W M

Skilled

W M

Highly skilled

75 75

100 100

Image 30: Fishingwoman in Bairro dos Pescadores mangroves Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

2.2.3 WOMEN’S WORK AND EMPLOYMENT Most of the Mozambican population still survives thanks to subsistence agriculture. As men are more and more involved into wage and self-employment differently from the agricultural sector , the agricultural labor force is increasingly made up of women, regarding almost 9 of 10 female workers. Working in agriculture, while providing food security for the household, works out disadvantageous for women: it implies a lower productivity than in the nonagricultural sector and, what is more, it can be disempowering as men control the cash. Commerce and services are the two other sectors employing many women. Based on statistics, it can be estimated that in 20024

5,5%

3,3%

1,5%

03 about 950,000 persons received a wage – about 160,000 women and 790,000 men. It can be stated that in 2002-2003 women involved in non-agricultural sector have been the 19% -- a quite low percentage, also compared to other sub-Saharan countries.

University of Amsterdam /Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), M. van Klaveren, K. Tijdens, M. Hughie-Williams, N. Ramos Martin, An Overview of Wom-en’s, Work and Employment in Mozambique, Decisions for Life MDG3 Project, Country Report no. 1, July 4

0,4%

Agriculture Commerce Services 89,3%

Government Other

Image 31: Female employment shares by sector Source: Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, University of Amsterdam, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

Image 32: Mercado Central: the main central market in downtown Maputo Source: 2Summers, 15 Quirky Things to Do in Maputo, 2019

2.2.4 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN BAIRRO DOS PESCADORES In Bairro dos Pescadores the landscape provides the necessary tools to survive. Fishing is for sure the most important economic activity that provides food and also products to sell in the street market to gain some money. Fishermen’s working day starts early in the morning and it depends on the tides dynamics. If there is high tide, they use their boats to fish in the sea for all the day, coming home with a different variety of fish: pellona, thryssa, carangoides, caranx but also octopus, lobsters, sea cucumber, etc. When there is low tide, the beach

width grows more than one kilometer, giving to the people of the neighborhood the possibility to fish clams, seashells and other marine crustaceans. The sea products than are sometimes sundried or smoked to be than sold the day after in the street market in the Avenue Marginal by women. The fishing activity is the most important survival economic sector of the neighborhood where there are several streets markets along the main street selling these sea products. The most important exchange market nearby is the one in Zimpeto where the in-

Please note: High tide and Low tide are present every day during the year. Here we are referring to the rainy season and dry season.

HIGH

34 DEC

JAN

NOV

T ID E FEB

OCT

MAR

SEPT

APR

AUG

MAY JULY

JUNE

LOW

T I D E

Image 33: High Tide and Low Tide in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

Zimpeto Market

35 Bairro Street Market

M arg

ina lA ve nu

M oz a

mb iqu e

Av e

Costa do Sol

24 J

uly

Av en

Image 34: Commercial activities routes in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

36 Bairro Settlement

M arg

ina lA ve nu

Bairro Fish Market

Image 35: Fishing activities in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

habitants of the bairro can buy many local products but also some goods coming from South Africa. Really important are the so called “chapa”: public transport that allow women to move from the Bairro searching for goods in Zimpeto market. Actually they have to change different chapas to reach the market and it took almost 3 hours to go and the same to come back home with the products they bought.

Image 36: Tides in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

MEN

WOMEN

02.00

04.00

06.00

08.00 Preparing boat and bait 10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

Fishing activities depends on high and low tides Storing sea products in their houses to take them to the market the day after Preparing boat and bait Fishing activities depends on high and low tides Storing sea products in their houses to take them to the market the day after

18.00

20.00

22.00

00.00

Image 37: An example of working day of a fishermen’s family in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration

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OUR NEWS

The area between the avenue and the sand will house dozens of stalls that until two years ago proliferated in a disorderly way along the Costa do Sol beach and that were removed by the municipality, which now prohibits sales in inappropriate places such as public walks. With buckets of paint, brushes and sprays at hand, the 40 plastic artists paint “Mozambican culture”, depicting movements, figures and landscapes in 36 containers transformed into restaurants selling chicken and magumba fish (a variety similar to sardines). The initiative is from the Maputo municipality, in collaboration with CTA - Confederation of Economic Associations of Mozambique. “We transmit culture” and “tones have a lot to do with this tropical space”, Samuel Djive, one of the visual artists and curator involved in the project, told Lusa.Djive has been an artist for over 15 years, a passion nurtured since childhood that led him to the Maputo School of Arts and which he intends to grow with higher education in the same area, he explained. “For me, the open-air gallery is very good because it’s for everyone, regardless of the person’s social status. Everyone can come here and enjoy it”, said the artist, as he put the finishing touches on the containerselling whofishpainted. Fishmongers in the actual market In the first phase, 13 were painted, followed by another 23 in the second phase, which should end this weekend, explained Nicole Henriques, representa-

tive of CIN, who offered the paints for the initiative. “We ourselves feel that art and culture are aspects that need to be valued on a daily basis. It is important that they are exposed, not only in art galleries, but in interventions like this one”, he highlighted. The 40 artists belong to the Maputo Arts Center and the selection was made through a competition in which each one presented a sketch. Eugénio Saranga, an artist for 30 years, was one of those selected and guesses that the market will be a good space for people to interact with art and leisure, regretting the fact that few Mozambicans visit galleries. “Bringing art out in the open means bringing it closer to the public, to people who don’t normally go to galleries”, he said, as he carried his brush over the image of a boat with fishermen. The project cost around 70 million meticais (948,000 euros), according to Bruno Miguel, architect and president of the Land and Environment department at CTA, who adds that the idea for the gallery came to “embrace the artists”, who resent the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic. Before the market was installed, the space “was a little abandoned”, without being a good example for “the image of the city”, Bruno Miguel noted. The new Municipal Market for Chicken and Magumba, which has no opening date yet, will receive around 209 vendors.

“Trazer a arte a céu aberto é aproximá-la do público, de pessoas que normalmente não vão às galerias”, referiu, enquanto conduzia o seu pincel sobre a imagem de um barco com pescadores. O projeto custou cerca de 70 milhões de meticais (948 mil euros), segundo Bruno Miguel, arquiteto e presidente do pelouro da Terra e Ambiente na CTA, que acrescenta que a ideia da galeria surgiu para “abraçar os artistas”, que se ressentem dos impactos da pandemia de covid-19. Antes da instalação domarket mercado, Fishmongers selling fish in the actual market Woman workers on the areas o espaço “estava um pouco abandonado”, sem ser um bom exemplo para “a imagem da cidade”, Imagenotou 38 Bruno Miguel. O novo Mercado Municipal Frango e Magumba, News: New market will servedo chicken, magumba and art ainda on Maputo waterfront 10 semSource: data para a inauguração, vai 2021 receber cerca de 209 venSAPO website, October dedores. LYN // LFS Lusa/Fimand Text taken by SAPO website: https://www.sapo.pt/noti-

Image 39: Woman holding a baby Source: Save the children website

2.3 WEATHER AND CLIMATE 2.3.1 OVERVIEW The dominant atmospheric system on the city of Maputo is the Indian Anti-cyclone. Due to its position, the climatic dynamics acquires a great influence from the maritime environment, because of the existence of the direct connection with the Indian Ocean’s waters. In particular with the marine currents of the Mozambique Channel. In fact, it should be noted that in the Bay of Maputo the precipitations are basically produced by the influence of the warm currents in the Mozambique Channel and by sea winds from the East. But they are not the main cause of exceptional events, trop5

Image 40: Average days of precipitation every mounth and average rainfall during 2020 in Maputo Source: tcktcktck.org and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 41: Average wind during 2020 in Maputo Source: tcktcktck.org and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

Average rainfall (mm)

Average days of precipitation (>1.0 mm) 160 120 80 40 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

16 12 8 4 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

ical cyclones are the greatest phenomenon of destruction. “The tropical cyclone is a thunderstorm system, characterized by a reinforced low pressure center when evaporated water from the warm ocean is released, and favors the configuration of a saturated atmosphere” what is released is energy and heat, which bring to the creation of convective processes which, by condensing the water vapor, bring strong winds and precipitation. In fact, in Mozambique the tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean create the Mozambique current that joins the eastern Madagascar current giving rise to the Mozambique-Agulhas Current. This process causes problems, in fact at least one extreme event a year is observed, generating significant impacts on the city and on people’s lives.

tration processes, water runoff (rain and river), layout of drainage network, vegetation cover, soil and occupation.

In conclusion, the most extreme rainfall in Maputo comes from systems such as tropical cyclones. This process occurs mainly in the rainy season with greater rainfall between October and March, with January being the wettest month of the period and also the most dangerous period for exceptional events. From May to August, on the other hand, we find dry periods with little rainfall. However, it is precisely these months of dry period where excessive rainfall can occur due to a rapid change in weather. These exceptional features cause a series of impacts on the city: it is observed that, when combined with the physical-natural characteristics of the urban site, a catastrophic result is obtained due to the lack of infil-

The impacts of the floods in Maputo cause problems of hygiene, mobility, damage to homes, electricity and infrastructure. According to the Habitat III report on Angola underlines how this situation, with the passage of time, will lead to more extreme weather events, with an expansion of arid and semi-arid regions, seasonal variations in rainfall, localized flooding, increase in forest fires , sea level rise, changes in river flows and changes in sea and lake temperatures. It should be emphasized that the rise in sea level will have a significant impact on coastal settlements and on road networks and industrial and commercial infrastructures. In some neighborhoods of Maputo, floods have become increasingly damaging to settlements:

In fact, the absence of vegetation cover and the resistance of the building materials that prevent the infiltration of water into the ground favor the acceleration of the outflow of water at a greater speed, causing serious problems for the city and the population. More specifically, the urban area was formed on a tertiary deposit consisting of areas of fine dust. Here, The maximum altitude does not exceed 80m and has very low slopes (around 6%) This means that the flooding process is very recurrent in the lower sectors of the city (Costa do Sol, Bairro dos Pescadores) and in proximity of the main waterways.

OUR NEWS

Image 42 News: Article about Cyclone Idai and Kenneth Source: Unicef, December 2019

“In block 40B of the Luis Cabral neighborhood (slum) of Maputo, residents say that the floods are worsened since 1980, noting that the floods of the 2000s were completely destructive to the area. A single rain event of one day can cause floods that persist for up to three days. If the rains last from three days to a week, the depth of the water rises to one meter and it could take a month to disappear “ (Douglas et al. 2008, p. 194)

44 L. Nascimento Junior, J. Lima Santa’Anna Neto, Climate risk in Maputo: analysis from urban space production, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos Â, February 202 5

Government strategies for limiting climate change. Especially in recent years, the government has led large projects that aim at the resilience of cities to climate-related risks. As a first project we have Cities and climate change, important in that it has developed projects to improve the drainage of the city since 2012. Another plan is the one for natural disasters PDPMCN (Master Plan for the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters) followed by a disaster reduction plan (Masterplan for Disaster Risk Reduction in Mozambique, 2017-2030). In addition, we find a strategic plan for climate change (National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change ENAMMC) and a National Action Program for Adaptation to Climate Change, NAPA.

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Image 43: Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016 Marginal Avenue

Highland

OUR NEWS

Image 44 News: Article about rising sea level in Maputo Bay Source: Wanted in Africa news, 8 June 2014

2.3.2 RESPONSES FROM THE POPUL ATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Given the current state of things, it is possible to find a series of measures by the inhabitants to mitigate the effect of continuous flooding in the absence of formal systems and mechanisms. Floods are a problem, in Maputo, the inhabitants of the Bairro dos Pescadores coast see the Xefina islands, off the coast, the most affected by erosion: “In a few years, the [main] island can disappear and this will also affect on the population on the coast; there are already areas under water and if the sea is rough it passes over the road “ (OM, male, Costa do Sol secretary, May 2018).

Common responses can be defined to this change to tackle water-related problems: placing personal items on high places (such as tables, beds, etc.) inside the house, now flooded, with the aim of protecting them from damage. Another answer to the water problem is that, on the part of those who can afford it, temporarily move their belongings to different places in order to remove the object from the catastrophe. We also find temporary expatriation common, especially for children, family and friends, to other facilities where they can be temporarily housed (public buildings or churches). In Cazenga, a street vendor said: “we already know how high the water can normally reach (Luanda, 2017). Sometimes, however, people say that it can last longer and be at higher levels: “in 2000 the water rose more than two meters and we had to stay in the church for almost two weeks”

(AT, block coordinator, Bairro LuísCabral, Maputo, female, 65, May 2018). To cope with the floods, people climb rooftops to wait for the water to go down. Inside the city, the inhabitants resort to a series of arrangements in the streets to alleviate the impact of the flood: opening drains, building barriers against the entry of water at the doors or creating drains on the back of houses. “Getting water out of houses with buckets (or, when possible, water pumps), building temporary plank bridges, digging trenches around houses or using sandbags at house entrances are other coping strategies, usually conducted by individual families and rarely within a community” (Douglas et al. 2008, p. 199)

Image 45: Mozambicans temporarily move their belongings to different places in order to remove the object from the catastrophe. Source: Toronto Star, 19 March 2019, by Associated Press

Image 46: Mozambicans crowding onto a truck on a road between Beira and Zimbabwe as the Pungue River waters rise Source: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 8 July 2016, by Astrid Zweynert

2.3.3 PREVIOUS EXTREME EVENTS

1984 Tropical Storm Domoina

1997 Flood

Domoina caused heavy Precipitation peaked at 950 mm, which flooded 29 river basins creating major disasters.

heavy rains caused floods which caused significant damage. 400,000 people were affected with 35 deaths.

1980

1998 Landslide Heavy rain caused the the collapse of the land in the southern part of Maputo. There were 17 deaths.

1990

2000

1985 Cyclone

1982-1984 Drought

The cyclone, with winds of speeds of 100 km/h hit the capital, creating serious electricity problems

The drought affected 4 million people and resulted in the deaths of 100,000 people. 1985 Flood In the plains of Maputo, the water rose a meter above sea level, damaging infrastructure and crops. Image 47: Previous extreme events photos Source: Google Images

2003 Cyclone Japhet Along its path, the cyclone damaged or destroyed 25,000 homes, leaving at least 23,000 people homeless.

2000

2018 Drought 1984 Tropical Storm Irina With Irina, 29 schools, 2 health centers, 68 houses and more than 41,000 hectares of crops were damaged.

2010

2020

2017 Drought-Armyworm Infestation

2000 Cyclone Leon-Eline The cyclone line covered more than 11,000 km during its 29-day duration. Winds of 185 km/h were recorded. 2007 Flood The situation worsened with the Cyclone Favio. 80,600 people were evacuated from their homes. 2000 Flood The flood hit in late January causing severe damage to infrastructure and increased malaria patients exponentially.

Were lost more than 30.000 hectares of crops in Maputo province due to high temperatures and low precipitation.

A “high level” infestation was recognized in Maputo causing damage to crops. 2.4 million people were food insecure

2.3.4 TIDES IN BAIRRO DOS PESCADORES The problem of the tides represents one of the greatest risks for Bairro dos Pescadores. The area, very close to the coast, would be one of the major areas at risk of flooding, bringing significant problems not only to the coast but also to the infrastructure, population and economy of the country, the latter based mainly on farming and clam fishing and shells on the beach. In the past, the alterations of the water were mitigated as they penetrated the interior of the plain thanks to numerous watercourses. The constructions on the coast and es-

pecially the construction of Marginal Avenue led to the creation of an impermeable ground which blocked the natural tidal flow. In order to solve the problem of the tides, the first settlements had been built on the plateau. Due to the significant increase in population, especially in recent years, the neighborhood began to build even in the low-lying areas, blocking even the small streams that allowed the flow of water. Thus the dynamics of the water have been altered by not taking into account the logic

500m

Image 48: Former tides in Bairro dos Pescadores, Source: Image produced based on author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation, 2021

500m

Image 49: Current status: Flood area after blockage of watercourses Source: Image produced based on author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation, 2021

of the water flows in this specific area, creating areas with a high risk of flooding. According to researcher McGranahan, population migration away from the risk zone is impossible, so adaptations will need to be found in order to protect coastal areas. The coast of Maputo, according to research from the National Institute for Disaster Management (Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades), will be subject to a sharp rise in water levels in the coming years: “If not protected by new coastal defenses, a sea level rise of 5 m on 2100 would flood the entire Marginal area. The new being dominated by steep shorelines, which will make the development of new coastal infrastructure difficult and expensive, but the the city itself will remain safe on its heights ”

500m

(INGC, 2009)

Image 50: Current Status: Settlements affected by flooding in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Image produced based on author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation, 2021 Image 51: Current Status: Infrastructures affected by flooding in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Image produced based on author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation, 2021

500m

Flows of water Low row of water Medium row of water High row of water

500m

Image 52: Current Status: Flows of water that affect the Settlements in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Image produced based on author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation, 2021

Image 53: Mozambique Mangrove Forest Sources: Education Images/Universal Images Group, Getty Images, 2014

CHAPTER 3. Landscape 3.1 Coastal Ecosystems and Landscape Structure 3.2 Topographical changes during urbanization process

CHAPTER 3. L ANDSCAPE 3.1 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE There is always a reciprocal relationship between the natural environment and its inhabitants. Environmental factors determine the context for the construction, and the effect of human structures on natural factors can be easily observed.

The natural factors shape the social and economical life of its inhabitants. Conditions such as topography, climate, water are some of the main actors on territory that control and define the opportunities of the land. Coastal ecosystem estuaries and alluvial plains have fertile fish stock, land is more fruitful. There are numerous sorts of both fauna and flora in these ecosystems. (Beja da Costa and Faria Ribeiro, 2018). The northern part of Maputo, as Bairro dos Pescadores, is one of the most characteristic coastal ecosystems all over the globe. This ecosystem contains natural elements that affect the economic and agricultural life of the region. These wetlands are fertile environments for mangrove forests. With its interesting roots, mangroves have a complex life cycle in terms of symbiosis according to changes in temperature and salinity. On a larger scale, mangrove forests occupy a very important place in the world’s ecosystem. They have a regulating effect on the flow of water. Creating sheltered nurseries, mangroves create a nutrient-rich environment. They act as a precaution against coast-

al erosion. In addition, they act as a natural barrier during bad weather conditions and high tide periods. In the coastal urban ecosystem, mangrove forests play a role in water quality and wastewater filtration. This filtration of the water affects and increases the water safety and indirectly food quality, food security. The role of mangroves, which carry nutritional and conservation functions in urban coastal ecosystems, is not limited to these. Creating a rich coastal diversity, mangroves also act as a source of material for local people who want to take advantage of this richness. They play a role as service providers in processes such as boat and house building. With all these features, mangroves are an important shaper of life in regions such as Bairro dos Pescadores and Katembe. They are of great importance in urban settlements and activities. As a side effect of rapid and irregular urbanization, unplanned and uncontrolled construction poses a threat to coastal ecosystems. Taking adequate measures to protect these areas as essential assets is a matter of debate. The impact of mangroves on the settlement can be seen, on the other hand, the consequences of the settlements on the mangroves change the balances in the ecosystem. After the Chinese funding which started from 2011, the Maputo Bay urbanization process accelerated dramatically. The de-

Image 54: Wetland in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

velopment of infrastructural system gives rise to the expansion in urban areas. The increase in the opportunities made the population increase more rapidly. Because of these dynamics, new land turned into an area for accommodation. In Bairro Pescadores, new self-constructed settlements started to be observed, on wetland areas and mangrove forest.

The mangrove ecosystem of Maputo Bay is mostly located in the north part of the Municipality, in the low-lying plain between the Ponta Vermelha ridge and the sea to the floodplain at the mouth of the Incomati River. The floodplain holds a considerable area of mangrove forest, yet with the unplanned rapid urbanization process these areas fragmented by urban development, namely in Bairro dos Pescadores.

Image 56: Mangroves Growth in Wetland Source: Ippei Naoi, Getty Images, 2020

Image 55: Ecological zoning map showing 3 of the 4 planned protection zones (Poligono 02, 03, and 04) in which construction is prohibited Ingerop Mozambique, Lda./UN-Habitat (2011) Source: The Plan Journal, 2017

KEYMAP

500m Image 57: The current Urban Settlements in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration

4 8

4 17

5 13

Mangrove Temporary Flood Agriculture

Scrubland

8 1967

2017

Consolidated Urban Area Dispersed Settlement Urban Expansion Area Other Land Uses

Image 58: Urban Settlements in Bairro dos Pescadores in 1967 and 2017 Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration after The Plan Journal, 2017

For a better understanding of these areas, land use interpretation maps were made and analyzed, comparing land use in 1967 and its current situation in 2017. In 1967, the consolidated urban area was the Maputo colonial city and the remaining territory was occupied by dispersed settlements, agriculture and scrub. In the coastal plain of Costa do Sol, land use alternated between mangroves, flooding areas and sand dunes, with only a few dispersed settlements. Within a period 6

of fifty years, most of the territory of the Northern margin of Maputo Bay became a consolidated urban area. In the coastal plain, urban areas with non-consolidated urban tissue can be found, occupying the former sand dunes and temporary flood areas. The flood areas that remain free of urbanization are occupied with agriculture and the existing mangroves have their edges being reclaimed.

B. da Costa, A. and L. Paulo Faria Ribeiro, Mangroves of Maputo, Mozambique: From Threat-ened to Thriving?, The Plan Journal 2, no. 2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.15274/tpj.2017.02.02.21. 6

Urban Expansion Disperse Settlement became Consolidated Urban Mangroves as Original Flood Zones Mangroves became Expanded Urban Image 59: The Change of the Land use between 1967 and 2021 Source: Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’s Elaboration

3.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL CHANGES DURING URBANIZATION PROCESS

Bairro dos Pescadores is located between the floodplain and the coast. The traditional communities were settled in highland islands where were protected against flooding and tides. Especially after 2012, parallel to the development of Maputo Bay the urbanization process gained acceleration in Costa da Sol and Bairro Pescadores. The increase in the population gave rise to the needs of new areas for accommodation. The space in highland was rapidly occupied by the migration of people to the neighborhood as a place to establish informal settlements close to the city. After the construction of the Marginal Avenue, which left a scar in the territory,

landfill has been applied for the construction, and because of the scale, it effected the connections and bonds in the coastal ecosystems . When there was no space left, the informal settlements start to urbanize the lowland modifying the topography at small-scale. Although the considerable topographical alteration appeared when the site started to be attractive for the location, high-income people with the possibility to invest in filling a plot and built houses started to create small islands in the swampy areas. Even these small alterations are starting to change the ecosystem in the site.

Image 60: Conceptual Section before the construction of Marginal Avenue Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration after Estuarine Urbanism, 2016

Image 61: Conceptual Section after the construction of Marginal Avenue Source: Authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration after Estuarine Urbanism,2016

Image 62: Marginal Avenue in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol Source: Estuarine Urbanism,2016

The evolution of the landscape through years

2010

2016

2021

The mutation in the topographical level of the lands

Image 63: Satellite Image of Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Google Earth, 2011

Image 63: Satellite Image of Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Google Earth, 2016

Image 63: Satellite Image of Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Google Earth, 2021

Change in the land use and natural area borders

Image 64: Topographical Condition of the Land Source: Estuarine Urbanism,2016

Image 65: Urban Development and Infrastructure Source: Google Earth 2016

Image 65: Urban Development and Infrastructure Source: Google Earth 2021

Expansion of the urban area through years

Image 65: Urban Development and Infrastructure Source: Google Earth 2011 4-6 meter 0-2 meter

Mangroves Mangroves and Swampy area

Water Swampy Wetlands

Sources: Google Maps and Estuarine Urbanism, D. A. O. Gaviria, A. V. Mendoza, 2016

Road Building

3.2.1 SECTION ALTERATION AND L AND SITUATION AFTER DEVELOPMENT Large-scale development : Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol

After the construction of the Marginal Avenue, the lowland field started to be urbanized. Because of the natural conditions the landfilling has been applied for protection against floods. Although there is a Protection Plan which defines the protection borders for the mangrove forest of Costa do Sol, new unplanned urban expansion has spread in these areas. The later settlements also deforested the land and filled it according to the ring road level.

Image 66: Situation before the construction of Marginal Avenue Source: Google Maps 2011

Image 67: Situation after the construction of Marginal Avenue Source: Google Maps 2016

Large-scale housing development: Casa Jovem, Costa do Sol

Image 68: Situation before the construction of Casa Jovem Source: Google Maps 2011

Casa Jovem is a large-scale housing project. The project area is in a wetland with water connections. This large-scale extension has been completely deforested and filled, leaving low-functioning water channels. This change has affected the water flow dynamics in the region and created an increase in flooding events.

Image 69: Situation after the construction of Casa Jovem Source: Google Maps 2016

Section Alteration in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol

Image 70: Conceptual Section before the construction in Marginal Avenue Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Image 71: Conceptual Section after the construction in Marginal Avenue Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Section Alteration in Casa Jovem, Costa do Sol

Image 72: Conceptual Section before the construction in Casa Jovem Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Image 73: Conceptual Section after the construction in Casa Jovem Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Small-scale high-income housing in the mangrove forest: Bairro dos Pescadores

In Bairro dos Pescadores, there is also a trend of high-income housing on lowcost beach areas. Deforestation can be observed here. Also some dunes were flattened and lowlands were filled for new constructions. The removal of the natural barrier (mangroves) against high tides turns the region into a risky area. That’s why, in this typology they have to construct breakwater wall with though materials.

Image 74: Situation before the construction of the settlement Source: Google Maps 2011

Image 75: Situation after the construction of the settlement Source: Google Maps 2016

Small-scale housing filling the lowland with garbage: Bairro dos Pescadores

Image 76: Situation before the construction of the settlement Source: Google Maps 2011

Another landfilling method for low-income housing is waste materials. For creating elevated planes, they use garbage as foundation. But because of its resistance it is not effective for protection against heavy rains or against the high tides.

Image 77: Situation after the construction of the settlement Source: Google Maps 2016

Section Alteration in the Mangrove Forest of Bairro dos Pescadores

Image 78: Conceptual Section before the construction in mangrove forest Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Image 79: Conceptual Section after the construction in mangrove forest Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Section Alteration in Bairro dos Pescadores

Image 80: Conceptual Section before the construction in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

Image 81: Conceptual Section after the construction in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ elaboration

68 2020_New Mangroves 2020 2011 0

100

200

400m

Image 82: The Comparison of the Mangrove Forest Area according to years Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ Elaboration after Estuarine Urbanism, 2016

Mutation of Mangrove Forest During the construction of the Marginal Avenue, which was built during the development process of the city, it was observed that 20-30 meters long of uninterrupted 4-meter-high fillings were made. Deforestation has been practiced in these sloping areas where mangrove forests were formerly. Due to the need for less infrastructure, largescale vertical housing applications began to be seen. This meant a large-scale interven-

tion in the topography. Deforestation has been implemented along the connection of these projects with Marginal Avenue. Due to economic factors, even as the materials used change, formerly mangrove areas are still reshaped for new housing, and this process impacts the coastal ecosystem, both on the coast and in the wetlands. As a result of various such factors, the decrease in the size of mangrove forests reached significant proportions over the analyzed 10-year period.

69 2020 2011 0

100

200

400m

Image 83: The Comparison of the Water Connections according to years Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’ Elaboration after Estuarine Urbanism, 2016

Change in the Water Flow The water connection dynamics of the Bairro dos Pescadores has a great importance for the society of the region. Not only for economical activities in the sea but also for agriculture these water flows are in leading roles. Before the uncontrolled urbanization process of the land, the water could penetrate to the inner regions of the land and make the floodplain more fertile. After the human applications on topogra-

phy, the numbers and efficiency of these water connections decreased significantly. As a result of landfilling, the directions and strength of the flow were altered. Beside them, the deforestation of mangrove forest also affected the quality of the water because of less filtration. Thus, the food security in the region has become an important issue nowadays. These recent changes in mangrove and water flow create a major threat to the estuarine ecosystem.

Image 1: the street in Mozambique 84:Women Road ofcross Mozambique Sources: Getty Images Images, 2020

CHAPTER 4. Urban Morphology 4.1 Urban Development 4.2 Infrastructure and Services 4.3 Public Services

CHAPTER 4. URBAN MORPHOLOGY 4.1 URBAN DEVELOPMENT Introduction The Portuguese established their first settlement in Maputo in 1781, named after the explorer Lourenço Marques. From that date the city rapidly expand its borders also with some foreign investements in the last years. Bairro dos Pescadores followed this expansion: from 2005 to 2020 the settlement is more than five times bigger. For an ever ex-

Image 85: Maputo Aerial View from Peri-Urban Areas Source: Nordic Development Fund website

panding city like Maputo, infrastructure have grown rapidly, based on the 2008 PEUMM plan and on the 2014 Comprehensive Urban Transport Master Plan for Greater Maputo. Bairro dos Pescadores is divided into east and west with the Ring Road at the center serving as a key road leading to the main downtown. The street provides also the principal public services to the population of the settlement.

4.1.1 HISTORICAL MILESTONES & URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIT Y 1544, the prior voyage to the Delagoa Bay have been completed by Laurenço Marquez explorer. 7

1781, the Portuguese established their own settlement, named Lourenço Marques. 1876, the settlement was raised by Lisbon to Town status. 1887, the status of the town was elevated to City status.

1895, The construction of the Transvaal railway line.

Image 86: Plano de Ampliação de Lourenço Marques, 1887 Source: Projeto de ampliação da cidade de Lourenço Marques

73 1940, industry for raw material processing for local consumption have been developed.

1952, The Physical master plan was prepared by the Colonial Urban Office in Portugal.

1965, the first general urban strategic plan for the capital city-region (Lourenço Marques and Matola)was prepared by the Office for Urban Planning and Housing of the Lourenço Marques Region (Gabinete de Urbanização e Habitação da Região de Lourenço Marques, GUHRLM). Image 87: 1952 “Aguiar Plan,” Source: Jenkins, 2013

1972, A new Master Plan was approved with a first attempt at zoning to control densities and open space, setbacks etc, as well as provision of new lower-income areas. 1998, the World Bank entered a new phase of engagement in Mozambique, now nationwide, and financed the preparation of structure plans for the main cities, including a new plan for Greater Maputo.

Image 88: Lourenço Marques master plan 1972, detailing planned land uses for the city-region, and a proposed bridge across the estuary to the west from Matola. Source: Jenkins, 2013

2010, Maputo city Structure Plan PEUMM (Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município de Maputo) approved. Image 89: World Bank–funded Metropolitan Structure Plan 1999. Source: Jenkins, 2013

2012 Two contracts for major new urban infrastructure with Chinese funding were approved in 2012. Ringroads.

2014 The second major investment, the bridge to Catembe. The infrastructure started to fragmentate the city.

Image 90: Maputo city Structure Plan 2010 Source: Jenkins, 2013

Transitec, “Launch of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in Greater Maputo”, 2021 https://transitec.net/en/news/ item/11029-launch-of-the-sustainable-urban-mobility-plan-ingreater-ma-puto.html 7

Image 91: Katembe Bridge, Mozambique, 2018 Sources: Wikipedia images website

4.1.2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF BAIRRO DOS PESCADORES

2005

2010

The first satellite view available is from 2005, in which it is possible to see the already consolidated areas of Bairro dos Pescadores and informal areas that are located along the main road.

In 2010, after 5 years we can see that the previous nucleus consolidate even more by connecting each other trying to operate in an “intermediate” mesh between the informal and the formal.

Image 92: Diagram representing the urban development of Bairro dos Pescadores, in the last 20 years Source : Author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration

2015

2020

In 2015 we can observe that the built area expands mainly to the west, towards Rua de Igreja, thanks to regular and orthogonal meshes. Here we can see the important construction of the motorway that connects the Bairro directly with the city center. This development is the result of interventions by Chinese investors, in the construction and real estate fields, which took place after 2012.

From 2005 to 2020, as we can see, the urban area of Bairro dos Pescadores has increased more than five times, unifying the different initial nucleus, having a single block in which is possible to find 3 different urban layers, the informal initial one. Informal, the intermediate one that tries to regularize the pre-existence and the new orthogonal one.

Image 93: Primary Road of Bairro dos Pescadores Sources: Google Earth, Carlos Uqueio

4.2 INFRASTRUCTURE

LEGEND PROJECT ROAD ON 2014 NATIONAL /ANE’S ROAD UN-PAVED ROAD

Image 94: Road network plan Sources: Author(Ja Yon Lee)’s elaboration after JICA project team(2014)

Introduction Maputo’s infrastructure has grown rapidly, based on the 2008 PEUMM plan and the 2014 Comprehensive Urban Transport Master Plan for Greater Maputo. Through these two plans, the government tried to establish policies for public transportation networks and road improvement and to solve the insufficient plans. In particular, for Ring Road and Marginal Avenue, which had the greatest

PAVED ROAD (2-LANE) PAVED ROAD (4-LANE)

influence on Bairro dos Pescadores in this plan, they crossed the south and north of Maputo and connected major infrastructure of the city such as the airport, bus terminal, and the central district. However, as urban poverty declined, the city expanded around these main roads rapidly and unplanned, and this lead to difficulty in providing the necessary infrastructure and services adequately for the population.

Undefined Road

Roundabout Ring Road 2 lane Unpaved Road 2 lane Paved Road 1 lane Unpaved Road Poor Quality Unpaved Road

500m Image 95: Existing Road Network Sources: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration

4.2.1 ROAD NETWORK Bairro dos Pescadores is divided into east and west with the Ring Road at the center serving as a key road leading to the main downtown. The two-lane road leading to Marginal Avenue passes through Costa do Sol and the coastal road, passes through the eastern residential area and is connected through Ring Road with a roundabout. The road passing in the middle provides circulation to the residential zone in Bairro dos Pescadores, but the road is unpaved and shows low quality. The district continues to increase in residential areas on both sides of the Ring Road, and informal roads are created following them.

image 96: Unpaved road in residential area Sources: Getty Imagies

In the high-class residential area located in the southwest, well-paved roads connected to the Ring Road are built, while unpaved one-lane alleyways continuously developed by connecting to the rest of the residential areas. In the case of Maputo, only 36% of all roads are paved, which is a very low figure, but Bairro dos Pescadores is significantly lower than that. Such reckless development is accompanied by various issues in the road system; road too narrow, unpaved road, missing link, insufficient detour route, and undefined road. Consequentialy, poor road conditions are the main cause of road saturation.

4.2.2 ROAD CONDITION Relation between Ring Road and Residential Space

The ring road is the main road to the city center. However, the land was filled with soil in order to construct this road at a different level from the residential space.

150

300(m)

Image 97: Highway Section Keymap Sources: Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration

Image 98: Highway Section Sources: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration after Estuarine Urbanism: Survival Versus Advancement by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

Relation between Informal Roads and Residential Space

Most of these informal roads are connected to residential spaces and are a place where many public activities occur, but as shown in the section, it is a very narrow road space that only one car can pass through.

Image 100: Informal Road Section Sources: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration

Image 99: Informal Road Section Keymap Sources: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration

150

300(m)

Image 101: Constructing Infrastructure in Mozambique Sources: HomeSpace, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Image 102: Unpaved road in residential area Sources: Author(Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 103: Maputo ‘s public transportation ‘Chapa’ Sources: JICA project team(2014)

Chapas Route B

Bus Stop 300m

Image 104: Maputo ‘s informal public transportation ‘Myloves’ Sources: Newzimbabwe website Image 105: Maputo’s taxi Sources: Pinimg.com website

4.2.3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT Maputo’s modes of public transport include: walking (45%), Chapas (minibuses) (32.9%), private car (10.2%), bus (9.2%), rail (0.6%) and others (1.3%). (Transforming Urban Transport, Henna Mahmood, 2019). Except for walking, the most used mode of transportation is a minibus called Chapa. Public buses are limited and operate only in the core part of the city. Therefore, it cannot accommodate all the widespread residential districts, where people will most likely need public transport. Therefore, people use Chapas the most. Chapas operate along official routes. As much of Maputo developed very rapidly, the chapas route was developed

over the years, with additional routes added from time to time to the existing Transportes Publicos de Maputo (Maputo Bus Company). Chapas are privately owned minibuses, with about 4,000 to 4,500 chapas operating. This huge market also offers many job opportunities for Maputo people. However in Bairro dos Pescadores, chapas pass only on the main Marginal Road and have three stops. Most people live in the area adjacent to the informal road, so in order to use the chapas, people have to walk to the Marginal Road. Because of the only route, it takes a lot of time to get to the destination.

Bus Stops Zone in Bairro dos Pescadores

Image 106: Maputo Chapas Map Sources: Chapasproject website

5 min

min

Ring Road Worship Commercial Education

500m Image 107: Existing Public Services in Bairro dos Pescadores Sources: Authors(Alban Kalaj, Ja Yoon Lee)’ Elaboration

4.3 PUBLIC SERVICES The area called Bairro dos Pescadores is a historical area characterized by the presence of the fishermen who live in it. It extends half-radius to the west reaching Rua de Igreja, while to the south it gets closer and closer to Costa do Sol. From the center of the area under consideration, we can reach Costa do sol in just over ten minutes on foot, and the mangroves to the east. However, the area has few public services, in fact we only find a school, Escola Solidaria, and a Cidadela das orphanage Criancas. We find few commercial activities and one of the most important is the Mercado dos Pescadores, which becomes a meet-

Image 108: Escolinha Solidaria Source: Google Maps website

ing point for local fishermen trying to sell their catch. We have only one pharmacy and only one hospital in the area. The area is basically made up of houses that make up different fabrics of the Bairro dos Pescadores. We can also distinguish some places of worship, churches and mosques, and we can say that the reality of the place is very heterogeneous.

CHAPTER 5. Housing 5.1 Housing in Maputo Peri-Urban Areas 5.2 Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores 5.3 Public Space

5. HOUSING 5.1 HOUSING IN MAPUTO PERI-URBAN AREAS

Growing without rules African governments action in urban development and transformation is very limited. This leads to new forms of urbanism determined by individual choices of the householders. They decide how to build the home space, using it also for economic activities. The poor economic condition of the majority of the population is reflected also in the urban fabric that is much more “informal” than formal also in areas usually considered as formal ones. This tendency is continuously growing and it will continue to exist for many decades. In this situation, habitants are the real city makers, without any external help from institutions or private investors. Formal authorities are not limiting or constraining this process of chaotic urban development, leaving individuality built up the new settlements around the consolidated city in an undefined space between

formal and informal. This not institutionally planned development, presents a considerable lack of public areas and services like schools or hospitals for the population that lives in the peri-urban areas of the city. In addition this not controlled expansion of dwellings is putting in danger the ecological environment of these part of the city, causing dangerous floods that affect critically dwellers in these forgotten suburban plots. It’s possible to divide the urban land in 4 different categories: unplanned areas (which are the majority), reordered areas, officially planned areas and unofficially planned areas. It’s also possible to observe that this urban landscape is rapidly shifting from precarious to permanent houses, enormously changing the urban fabric of Maputo peri-urban areas. Image 110: Context Source: Image © Johan Mottelson, 2016

Home Space layout Most of the inhabitants of these peri-urban areas come from outside Maputo in search for work or as a refugee during the war. House construction and home making are the most important investment for all citizens, from poor to richer socioeconomic groups. Plots could be really different in size, layout and shape. Officially planned ones follow the official norms of 15 x 30m, while in unofficially areas they are bigger, 18 x 35m, with a plot size of about 600 m2. Usually both planned and unplanned plots have a rectangular shape but sometimes is possible to find some of them with an irregular one, mostly in the unplanned category. The plot shape is also related to the distance from the city with more irregular plots located farther form the center in a still rural context. Another important feature is the cover ratio, that increase with the economic status of households. Also in this case the distance from the city is an important factor, with the cover portion of the plot that falls according to the distance from the city. Almost all house spaces consist of one building but in few cases there are also some annexes, not counting kitchens and bathrooms that are almost always outdoor. The densification of these peri-urban areas leads to smaller and more densely built plots where more people share the same space. Majority of plots have electricity in form of pre-paid meters and running water taken from private providers. The ones without private water connection buy it from water kiosks or from other plots which gain money selling water. Another important issue in these home spaces is related to the sanitation facilities since the suburban areas of Maputo are not serviced with sewers. Some houses are provided with a simple latrine, some others with improved pit latrines while only well-off households have a WC with a septic tank in their house. 8

The majority of houses are built without any technical assistance from architects or engineers, following builders’ previous experiences. Cement blocks, usually called blocos, are the most common building material. Some houses are also built with clay burnt bricks, in Portuguese called tijolo, but the use is limited because of the availability on the market and the high price. Roofs are made using corrugated iron sheets called chapas, supported be a wooden structure that stays on top of the concrete walls. Is common the use of stones or other heavy objects on top of the sheets to prevent their fall. The general maintenance of the living space is related to the economic status of dwellers. For this reason many buildings are left unfinished for years with openings for windows but without glasses, waiting for more money to continue the constructing process. Building an house in peri-urban areas of Maputo is a long process that requires different phases and several years. They usually add one room at a time and develop the house incrementally. In many cases the house is a never ending process continuously being refurbished, extended and improved due to urgent needs as in case of floods or in case of necessity of additional space for new dwellers. This step-by-step building process is directly showed in the overall design of the house, in which every room has a different roof slope (aguas in Portuguese). The typical house is about 60 m2 considering also annexes and presents four different rooms, a living room and 3 bedrooms, producing four different slopes that forms the so called ventoinha roof, a distinctive feature through Maputo’s houses. This roof type is created by the different inclination of the roof slopes that remind a windmill and for this reason is called ventoinha (fan in Portuguese). The indoor space, especially in the newer houses, presents two different sides: a semi-public one with the living room and

a more private one with bedrooms. This development suggests an increasing need for privacy as well as an evolution of houses from multi-functional spaces to mono-functional ones. Living room is a representative space where is possible to receive visitors and it is also often used as an added bedroom during the night. Another strong feature of these house type is the veranda that is always on the front of the house and it is typically covered by a flat concrete slab. In some cases is possible to have the veranda also on the back facade. The veranda is not only a transit space between inside and outside but has also a representative function, showing the image of the house to the neighbourhood. The exterior facades could be unplastered, plastered but also plastered and painted especially in cases of well-off households. Majority of houses have windows with glass but many others have temporarily blocked the openings using roof sheets or blocks except for a small gap to permit air circulation, waiting for better financial condition to build them properly. House builders usually buy doors and windows in informal markets.

A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 8

Image 111: An example of ventoinha roofs from the 1990 survey Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Image 112: An example of a veranda, closed off with gradas towards the street Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Outdoor space Built up area is generally less than 50% leaving most of the space as an outdoor open space. This is leaved in bare earth in most of the cases but sometimes it is also paved. Paving outdoor spaces is a recent practice related mostly to the more well-off economic groups. Another common use of the outdoor space, especially from poorer households, is as a vegetable garden, giving them the possibility to produce some of their food for domestic consumption while richer ones use the courtyard also for decorative gardens. Most of houses also present at least a tree on their plot that provides shade, creating also a space for socializing and to do domestic works. Trees have also a spiritual function in Mozambican culture: they symbolize the presence of ancestors and are also involved in several traditional ceremonies. The outdoor space is the scene of everyday life where activities like cooking, washing and doing laundry take place. Here there are also located, in the far end of the plot, the toilet and bathroom facilities in a screened off location or in a small building. Kitchens and bathroom that were typically built outside, in the last years are going to be preferred inside where it is possible, having the main building that contains as much functions as possible. Space outside it is also used for some small economy activities such as selling groceries and vegetables from the veranda using a small table called banca or in some cases from permanent structures like kiosks called barraca, integrated in the perimeter wall of the plot. This trend of selling directly from the plot, it’s increasing over years and seems to continue, especially among poorer households. The majority of the houses are located close to the street with a limited space between that. Generally householders prefer to hide their home space as much as possible for

security reasons, leaving the outside public domain isolated. The perimeter wall of the plot is often defined using thorny bushes commonly named espinhosa, blocks or a mix of the two. Generally houses far from the city have boundary made by espinhosa or have no boundary at all, while the nearer ones are shielded from the street with high walls.

Image 113/116: Different ways to fence off the plot and relate to the neighbour-hood. Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Typologies Maputo peri-urban areas present different typologies of houses that differ for general shape, design and accessibility. Indeed circulation in the house is crucial to understand the structure and the functions that are hosted in the home spaces. It’s possible to divide houses in 5 typologies and is common to see some more simple house types being transformed in more complex ones or different types combined together. Many of these house types are heavily influenced by Portuguese colonial villas present in many parts of Maputo.

E Image 118: Plan Diagram of Maputo Housing Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Type A This typology represent the most basic house type and is usually the first phase of the house building process. It consists of a small rectangular house divided in two, a larger living room and a smaller bedroom, with the entrance in the middle of the long facade into the sala that is sometimes also used as a kitchen. The long facade, except for the entrance door in the center, presents also two windows, one for each side of the door. This typology is mostly diffused among poor households.

The location of the building in the plot could be: in the very far corner with two sides of the house connected to the perimeter walls, with the short end of the house connected to the plot boundary on the front of the street or sometimes the house could also be located centrally on the plot. Image 119: Plot Situation of the Type A Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Image 120: Facade of the Type A Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Possible Positions on the plot Situation 1

Situation 2

Situation 3

T YPE A

Image 121: Axonometric of the Type A Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Type B This house type as almost a square shape and it’s composed by 4 rooms: a living room and 3 bedrooms.

Possible Positions on the plot Situation 1

The entrance is in the middle of the front facade giving access to the sala. There is usually also a corridor in the central axis that permits to pass through the house without passing into rooms. It’s often present a veranda on the front facade covered by an overhang of the roof that gives shade and protection from the rain. Image 122: Plot Situation of type B house Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Image 123: Traces from previous type B house Source: AHome Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Situation 2

T YPE B

Image 124: Axonometric of type B house Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Type C The houses belonging to this typology have a more rectangular shape and are bigger than the ones of type B. The entrance is in the middle of the long facade and come into a corridor or a central hall that gives access to two bedrooms on each side. The house could be located along the plot boundary with one short end permitting the passage through the building or in the corner of the plot. In this typology is sometimes present also a veranda that in most of the cases is added to the house later. This type has a clear reference in the Swahili house commonly used in Zanzibar, Tanzania and Kenya.

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It usually have two verandas, one in the front and one in the back, a hall next to the front veranda and a corridor that gives access to the 4 bedrooms. This house is typically located in the front of the plot, leaving a courtyard in the back with annexes for kitchen, bathroom and latrine.

Possible Positions on the plot Situation 1

Situation 2

Image 125: Plot Situation of type B houses Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Image 126, 127: Examples of type B houses Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

T YPE C

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Image 128: Axonometric of type C houses Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Type D This typology is the most diffused and it’s entered through a veranda which give the access to the sala. The house could have entrance to both sides and with one veranda per each. The house usually have 3 bedrooms on the opposite side of the living room, dividing private from public spaces. This typology gives also the possibility to be extended with extra rooms like internal kitchen or bathroom, but in most of the cases these functions are still outside of the main building.

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The house usually faces the street with a veranda that is used sometimes also to sell some goods, representing the most public part of the house, in direct contact with the public domain.

Image 129/131: Verandas in type D houses in different state of maintenance. Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Possible Positions on the plot Situation 1

Image 132: Plot Situation of type D house Source: Author(Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Situation 2

T YPE D

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Image 133: Axonometric of type D houses Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

Type E This typology is longer but less wider than the others and the entrance is in the middle of the front facade, sometimes covered by an overhang that forms a veranda. These houses are typically located in the far boundary of the plot, far away from the street, and for this reason are often called dependencia. The access to the different bedrooms is given by the sala, that is the first room entering the main door. This typology is mostly used among average or rich economic households, with highly finished houses provided with verandas. Image 134/138: Examples of type E houses. Source: Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

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Possible Positions on the plot Situation 1

Image 139: Plot Situation of type E house Source: Author(Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

T YPE E

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Image 140: Axonometric of type E houses Source: Author (Sara De Ponti)’s Elaboration after Home Space, Built Environment Study by JÃ¸rgen Eskemose Andersen and Silje ErÃ¸y Sollien with Khadidja Ouis, 2012

LAYOUT FEATURES COMPARISON OF T A PL AN

ENTRANCE & MAIN ROOM

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CIRCUL ATION

VERANDA

FACADE

POSITION ON THE PLOT

HE DIFFERENT HOUSING T YPOLOGIES C

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5.2 HOUSING IN BAIRRO DOS PESCADORES Bairro dos Pescadores is located in Ka Mavota district and it began its development since 1975, after Mozambique’s independence. When the war finished in 1992, migratory flows between countryside and city contributed to the expansion of Maputo peri-urban areas like Bairro dos Pescadores. The new Urban Structure Plan of the Municipality of Maputo (PEUMM), consider the Bairro as an unplanned area made by a low density self-built settlements. However, in the last years this area is continuously growing with a rapid gentrification process. This is involving also ecologically vulnerable areas causing the deforestation of mangroves to permit the construction of

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new dwellings. The environmental disasters caused by floods in 2000 and 2013, widely increased the self production of living spaces to replace the ones destroyed. Middle class groups have also began to occupy plots without land use titles, in order to construct new modern houses, making prices rising up and starting to develop the city of the future that unfortunately seems to be without a proper identity, imitating the far western models.

Image 141: Houses in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT by D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, 2016

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Image 142: Wetland used as public space for sports activities in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol Source: Estuarine Urbanism, 2016

5.3 PUBLIC SPACES 5.3.1 PUBLIC SPACE UNDERSTANDING In this chapter, the understanding of the Public Space has been tried to be defined in Mozambique culture. In the master thesis “Studying Public Space and Public Life in the Case of Maputo, Mozambique” of Concha Aranda Iglesias, the problematic relationship between the cultural identity and the colonially designed public spaces, were analyzed. The “European Public Space” typology is not overlapping with the Sub-Saharan African culture. In the study, the important characteristics of the analyzed regions has been described as acculturated identity, places of exchange (informal activities) and unsafety. It is acculturated by the European applications and camouflage of the practices. The difference between native users and foreigner owners creates adaptation problems in terms of identity. They designed with an understanding of European park but in the real life they are just an unsafe green area for Maputo. For this reason these places are rarely used for social activities.

In Maputo, the aim of the usage in public spaces is not similar with generic idea of public activities. The informal economic activities occupy an important place in daily life dynamic and circulation flow. The big pie of the country’s economy is informal. There are informal sellers in everywhere, the different sellers create invisible division on streets, squares or parks. It could be constructive strategy to accept this situation and create an environment which can support and facilitate these activities. The other important issue is the unsafety. The safety conditions of the city give rise to loss of publicness and the area can become no one’s land easily. Keeping the public spaces accessible to everybody is an important challenge in Maputo.

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Image 144: Maputo by drone Source: Casaminha.co

Image 145: Community of Maputo during streets activities Source: Casaminha.co

5.3.2 STREETS FOR PUBLIC ACTIVITIES As we already mention before, it can be easily said that the generic idea of the European public space does not overlap with the cultural identity and the lifestyle of the Maputo. The critical difference is the daily flow that takes place through the streets in Maputo, also in Bairro dos Pescadores. In addition to its transportation function, the street also operates as a social meeting area and economic axes. For instance, streets are the main markets for the fishermen; they can sell their goods and productions via these streets. In other words, the understanding of public space in Bairro dos Pescadores is different from the European style social space understanding, social space is a dynamic that exists together with transportation, not as a separate area. In fact, they do not have a public space but streets. There are few reasons for this situation. At the first step, cultural habits, social (demographic, economic, etc.) conditions are the main factors. In the unplanned rapid urbanized areas like Bairro dos Pescodores, neighborhoods expand simultaneously according to the main requirements, in this

scenario generally the land is used for accommodation or economical factors with sufficient infrastructure, so separate social/ public space doesn’t take into account during the process. The public and private life is concentric in unplanned settlements and streets start to play a crucial role for the social activities. As an unseen reason and also an outcome, the safety can be noted. The concentric structure of the city creates a daily flow through streets and defines a role, so this situation protects the land against turning into unsafe isolated places.

Image 146: Street as a social meeting place Source: Casaminha.co

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Image 147: Dish washing area in backyard of one of the survey cases. Source: HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

5.3.3 OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSES: REL ATION WITH STREETS

There is a common duality in the Bairro, where the buildings want to establish an effective relationship with the street on one hand and want to be isolated from the street on the other. The relationship and integration of the plot and the street defines the quality of public urban space of the region. The plots are generally covered with walls or henges. This house-street relationship established in residential areas of Bairro dos Pescadores can also be considered as an indicator of the status of the property owner. The entrances give a clue about the householders. Recently, long walls built with barbed wire and broken glass signal that very isolated areas may form by closing their visual contact. These methods, which are preferred in terms of security, block the visual contact between the street and the house and reduce the transparency. Such conditions create an environment that allows the growth of safety problems in the neighborhood. These streets, where social control is reduced, can suddenly turn into uncanny lands (no man’s land). Especially when it is combined with poor police performance in Bairros, the problem gets worse. Dark streets can be the scene of acts of violence, which can create a fear of going out at night in the neighborhood. However, there are also some examples of visible access from the street in the Home Space cases. In these cases, the patio (veranda) can be considered as an important architectural element which increases the quality of the urban space, in terms of social meeting point.

Image 148: Conceptual drawing of Perimeter Wall Typology Source: Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’ elaboration after HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

Perimeter wall Most of the buildings have rectangular perimeter walls surrounding the residence. Although the use of espinhosa (thorn hedge) or blocks as a cover material is quite common, metal sheets are also used. There are few houses that do not mark their own boundary. As a trend the perimeter wall which clarifies the division between accommodation and the public space, is being built last. First, the boundaries on the side plot and the rear are built. It is possible to conclude that such measures are taken in these “self-constructed” regions, since land and property records are not kept regularly. Such practices are seen in order to privatize the land and prevent unauthorized access. In other words, high priority for security is the main reason for this application.

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Image 149: Entrance of one survey case Source: HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

within the boundaries of the parcels. Mostly in areas where seasonal vegetables are sold, the common fish trade in Bairro dos Pescadores is also observed. Selling basic goods, the services of a traditional healer, raising chickens and ducks, sale of second-hand clothes, tailoring or the services of blacksmiths and carpenters are the other economic activities in these areas.

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Image 150: Conceptual drawing of Table-top Shop Typology Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci)’ elaboration after HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

Table-top shop Streets have an important place in economic circulation. Therefore, there are areas created to sell goods in front of and even inside the housing borders. Sometimes it is in the form of a table, a banca, where basic goods are sold. In the light of the data of the HomeSpace survey (2012), it was noted that 60% of the houses carried out economic activities

Image 151: Crab seller on street Source: Andrew Moore

Image 153: Conceptual drawing of Window Typology Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci)’ elaboration after HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012. Image 152: Conceptual drawing of Baracca Typology Source: Authors(Dogukan Samdanci)’ elaboration after HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

Barraca/kiosk A common feature in peri-urban Maputo is the permanently built structures in the form of a kiosk (barraca) for selling goods or serving as a bar or a hairdressing salon. In relation to the economic situation of the property owner, the barracks where more various products are sold in a wider area, have taken their place in social life. This method, which is one of the relationship typologies established with the street (social space) was observed in 21% of the analyzed houses.

Image 154: Entrance of one survey case Source: HomeSpace Built Environment Study, 2012.

Type of windows towards the street Most of the houses had glass pane windows. However, many homes have temporarily covered window openings with roofing sheets or blocks, leaving a small space at the top for ventilation and incoming natural light. It can be concluded that these temporarily closed windows are planned to be functional later. Also, for safety reasons, railings are commonly observed on most of the street-facing windows. It is intended to create the impression that the houses are well protected on behalf of passers-by.

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5.3.4 L ATEST PROJECTS: PUBLIC SPACE FOR CHILDREN INAUGURATED 18/02/2020 During 2020, UN-Habitat, Municipal Councils of Maputo and Quelimane and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), designed “Public Spaces for Children Project” in the two places for their “the Child Friendly Cities” objectives. 9

However Mozambican cities do not have high density, the settlements spread over wide areas as result of fast urbanization process. Because of this, there are numerous problems of management and planning of social areas. Generally, public spaces are few and streets are not suitable for children’s daily trips and activities.

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The project followed a process that took place in several stages between 2017 and 2019. First, exploratory visits and design problems were observed, and later on, relations were established between these needs in the neighborhoods with the “Block by

Image 155: Marginal Avenue in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol Source: Estuarine Urbanism,2016

Block” strategy. As the final stage, the process of building and decorating was started with the participants. The President of the Municipal Council, Eneas da Conceição Comiche, accompanied by Wild do Rosário, UN-Habitat Head of Programme in Mozambique, Katarina Johansson, UNICEF Deputy Representative inaugurate the last social space of the project in Maputo. They believed that this project can be a turning point for urban planning and management in Mozambique in terms of introduction of children’s perspective.

“Public Space for Children Inaugurated in Mozambique: UN-Habitat.” UN, 2021, https://unhabitat.org/public-space-for-childreninaugurated-in-mozambique 9

119 Image 156: Public Space ‘FeliCIDADE das Crianças’ Source: UN HABITAT

Image 157: Inauguration of the Public Space for Children in Maxaquene D neighbourhood, Source: UN HABİTAT

5.3.4 L ATEST PROJECTS: URBAN REGENERATION

Image 158: Maputo murales in Rua da Gavea, . Source: @bringbackmaputo (Instagram)

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In recent years, the city of Maputo has been subject to urban redevelopment projects, intervening on the facades of the buildings in order to improve the surrounding area. One of these urban regeneration projects is “BringBackMAputo” aka BBA, which involved the CBD (Central Business District) of the capital. This was possible thanks to the advertising campaign of a multinational that produces paints: Tintas CIN. In fact, the municipality, together with the Tintas CIN office located in Maputo, managed to find an agreement and the spaces to carry out this urban redevelopment experiment. The company provided all the paint to the artists called to give, through their vision, a new face to the district. The intervention seeks to redevelop the Travessa da Palmeira, known as Rua de Arte, and Rua Gavea. The intervention had to be carried out in such a way as not to compromise the functionality of the buildings of the area, and the

final result had to be harmonious. All the facades have been studied by professionals, such as psychologists and technicians experts in paints and colors, in such a way as to be able to achieve the conservation between warm and cold colors. The main artist in this intervention is Sebastiao Coana who created the main works of the intervention: - A Menina de Cabelos Naturais “ - “Educar a rapariga is Educar a Sociedade” - “O Vigilante” For the renovation of 23 façade, Tintas CIN participated to the project, the company became a sponsor and supplied the paint requirement for art pieces, and the firm also functioned as a supervisor for organizing the color palette. They set workshops for training surface preparation and painting, for the women from the neighbourhood.

Image 159: Colorful facade in Rua da Gavea, Baixa Source: @bringbackmaputo (Instagram)

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Image 160: Colorful corner building in Rua Travessa da Palmeira Source: @bringbackmaputo (Instagram)

Image 161: Colorful facade in Rua da Gavea, Baixa Source: @sebastiao_coana (Instagram)

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Image 162: Educar a rapariga é Educar a Sociedade, Rua da Gávea, Baixa. Source: @sebastiao_coana (Instagram)

Image 163: An illustration of the Casa Minha Project Source: Casaminha.co

5.3.4 L ATEST PROJECTS: CASA MINHA 2015-2020 Casa Minha Nossa Bairro can be considered as a sensitive project both with building and urban scale outcomes. Project is located in Polana Caniço. Project partners are private investors and the Maputo Municipal Council. The project is mainly focused on the transformation of the one-story building with new ones which have 2 or 3 stories. The main aim is creating an affordable process which enhances the social condition in the neighborhood. The family is provided a new home without an expensive price. They designed modular houses which can work in flexible scenarios, and it allows potential

additions according to possible changes in the future. Apart from building scale, the project has very sensitive outcomes also in social and urban scale.

Image 164: Building and Street relation in the project Source: Casaminha.co

The key principles are: non displacement, affordable quality, innovative financing, sustainability, planned growth and community participation. The integration and well-designed relationship between project and locals overlap with the culture of African cities. The dynamic and colorful environment in the neighborhood and street can be understood from the conceptual illustration of the project. The African culture/art and community are the main variables of the project. The project has a regional strategy, the plots have been considered in terms of relation, not separately. The economical activities through streets and social spaces are well integrated with the outcomes.

“Urban Transformation: Maputo: Casa Minha L. casaminha, 2021, https://www.casa-minha.co/.

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Image 165: Mangroves Photographed by Muriel Gottrop in September 2005 Source: Wikipedia Images

6. CONCLUSION 6.1 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Bairro dos Pescadores represents an unplanned settlement in the northern part of Maputo, that is continuously growing without a government plan to fulfill the demand of houses due to the more and more high number of inhabitants. This is really involving the natural environment with the deforestation of mangroves, threatening one of the most important resources for the population of the area. Mangroves are indeed used as fuel, as a construction material and obviously as a drainage system against floods and for this reason their preservation is quite important. The change in topographical conditions of the land during the urbanization process, affects the coastal ecosystem of the Bairro dos Pescadores. Deforestation of the mangrove means the removal of the

Image 166: Fishermen in Bairro dos Pescadores Source: Mozambique a por ai website

natural barrier against natural events as high tides and the leave the region unprotected. On the other hand, decrease in the population of mangroves which act like natural filtration with their roots, affects the quality of the water of the land and it also leads to the food security problems as a side effect. Green areas are also an issue for the Bairro neighborhood, because they also determine a boundary from the more consolidated part of the city that starts from Rua Da Igreja. The lack of infrastructure facilities and services makes this disconnection even stronger, forcing the population to have long journeys every day to reach public facilities like markets, in order to buy and sell goods. Improving the infrastructure network and providing some public services in such a dense

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settlement will be for sure a significant step forward for all the citizens of this area. Majority of the population is involved in informal economic activities, especially related to the fishing and agricultural sector. Most of them produce vegetables and fruit for their own subsistence as well as to sell them in Zimpeto market because any formal market is provided in the area, forcing dwellers to sell their products from their house on the street. The street is for sure one of the most important public spaces in this area where economic activities as well as social life takes place. Unfortunately, these public spaces are not provided with all of the furniture, shaded paths, and attraction spots to make them more appealing for citizens. Also, they have important problems in terms of safety. The relationship between the house and the street can lead to the streets becoming an activity center with dynamic flow or becoming uncanny areas. Thus, this relationship should be analyzed deeply. The continuous change of urban environment is leading progressively to a globalization in the way of living and also in housing construction. Traditional construction methods, materials and housing features are leaving the place to giant modern complexes taken from western architectural culture, losing the possibility to reinterpretate traditional features in a new way and eliminating the identity of these areas. This analysis highlighted the needs, the issues but also the challenges and the opportunities that Bairro dos Pescadores gives, in order to provide a better way to live in private and public space in the growing city of the future.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1. History and Heritage - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, K.U.Leuven, 2016 - U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021

CHAPTER 2. Overview

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- Z. Guo, H. Miyazaki, M. Batran, R. Shibasaki, Development of Population Distribution Map and Automated Human Settlement Map Using High Resolution Remote Sensing Images, 2018 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, K.U.Leuven, 2016 - University of Amsterdam /Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), M. van Klaveren, K. Tijdens, M. Hughie-Williams, N. Ramos Martin, An Overview of Women’s, Work and Employment in Mozambique, Decisions for Life MDG3 Project, Country Report no. 1, July 2009 - L. Nascimento Junior, J. Lima Santa’Anna Neto, Climate risk in Maputo: analysis from urban space production, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos Â, February 2021 - U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021 - Jon D. Unruh, Maputo, Mozambique, Department of Geography, Indiana University--Bloomington

CHAPTER 3. Landscape - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, K.U.Leuven, 2016 - U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021 - B. da Costa, A. and L. Paulo Faria Ribeiro, Mangroves of Maputo, Mozambique: From Threatened to Thriving?, The Plan Journal 2, no. 2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.15274/tpj.2017.02.02.21.

- De Boer, W.F. The Rise and Fall of the Mangrove Forests in Maputo Bay, Mozambique. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10, no. 4 ,2002, 313–22, https://doi. org/10.1023/a:1020389420591.

CHAPTER 4. Urban Morphology - P. Jenkins. City Profile: Maputo. Cities 17, no. 3 , 2000, 207–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0264-2751(00)00002-0. - P. Jenkins. Urbanization, Urbanism, and Urbanity in an African City, 2013, https://doi. org/10.1057/9781137380173. - World Bank Group, Project performance assessment report, Promaputo, Maputo municipal development program (MMDP I and II), March, 27, 2020 - Japan International Coorperation Agency, Municipal Council of Maputo, Comprehansive Urban Transport Master Plan for the Greater Maputo, March, 2014 - A. Tembe, N. Fumihiko, T. Shinji, A. Ryo and M. Shino, The Demand for Public Buses in Sub-Saharan African Cities: Case Studies from Maputo and Nairobi, IATSS Research, 2018 - M. Henna, Transforming Urban Transport – The Role of Political Leadership TUT-POL Sub-Saharan Africa, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, October, 2019 - P. Fisker, D. Malmgren-Hansen, T. Pave Sohnesen , The effects of the Maputo ring road on the quantity and quality of nearby housing, United Nations University, November, 2019 - U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021

CHAPTER 5. Housing - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, K.U.Leuven, 2016

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WEBSITES

CHAPTER 1. History and Heritage

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- Britannica, Mozambique, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique/Religion - F. Hospitality Foundation, Mozambique - country culture and people, 2021, https://friedrich.hospitality.foundation/en/mozambique/mozambique-country-culture-and-people - Suemtravels, Mozambique ethnic groups, 2018, https://suemtravels.com/2018/02/28/mozambiques-ethnic-groups/ - Wikipedia, “Maputo”, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo - Wikipedia, “Mozambique”, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique - BBC News, “Mozambique: Life in pictures”, 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-radioand-tv-21958959 - WorldAtlas, “The Culture in Mozambique”, 2019, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-mozambique.html - Alchetron, “Mozambican Civil War”, 2021, https://alchetron.com/Mozambican-Civil-War#mozambican-civil-war-2b1d8638-b622-4439-b954-bf68384ab59-resize-750.jpeg - Propatel, “Maputo Mozambique – Architecture, Culture, Traditions and Dance”, https:// www.propatel.com/maputo-mozambique-architecture-culture-traditions-and-dance/ - Rsi. ch website, https://www.rsi.ch/rete-due/programmi/cultura/plusvalore/Mozambico-occultati-due-miliardi-di-dollari-di-indebitamento-estero-9786100.html - The gate website, 2017, https://thegate.boardingarea.com/feima-an-oasis-in-maputo/ - Stephanie Jurdang website, “A Visit To Maputo, Mozambique, Provokes Thoughts Of Africa”, 2011 https://www.stephaniejurdang.com/backorhome/2011/04/visit-to-maputo-provokesthoughts-of.html - eagerjourneys website, “48 hours in Maputo”, 2016 http://eagerjourneys.com/48-hours-in-maputo/

CHAPTER 2. Overview - Istituto National de Estatistica website, http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/maputo-cidade - City population website, https://citypopulation.de/en/mozambique/admin/10__maputo/ - SAPO website: https://www.sapo.pt/noti-cias/economia/novo-mercado-vai-servir-frango-magum-ba-e-arte_6156c17e1a684829e3b1ba21 - tcktcktck website, https://tcktcktck.org/mozambique/maputo/aldeia-dos-pescadores

- Unicef website, Cyclone Idai and Kenneth: for the first time in recorded history two strong tropical cyclones have hit Mozambique in the same season, December 2019: https://www.unicef.org/mozambique/en/cyclone-idai-and-kenneth - Wanted in Africa website, Rising sea level in Maputo bay, 8 June 2014: https://www.wantedinafrica.com/news/rising-sea-level-in-maputo-bay.html

CHAPTER 3. Landscape - Google Earth website, https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/index.html

CHAPTER 4. Urban Morphology - Google Earth website, https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/index.html - Transitec, “Launch of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in Greater Maputo”, 2021 https://transitec.net/en/news/item/11029-launch-of-the-sustainable-urban-mobility-plan-in-greater-maputo.html - Mapcarta, https://mapcarta.com/W956487195 - Chapas Project, “mapa_de_transporte_de_maputo_versaozero_lq_ago16”. 2016 https://chapasproject.wordpress.com/2016/10/25/version-zero-launched-mapa-dos-transportes-publicosda-cidade-de-maputo/mapa_de_transporte_de_maputo_versaozero_lq_ago16/

CHAPTER 5. Housing - “Public Space for Children Inaugurated in Mozambique: UN-Habitat.” UN, 2021, https:// unhabitat.org/public-space-for-children-inaugurated-in-mozambique. - “Urban Transformation: Maputo: Casa Minha Lda.” casaminha, 2021, https://www.casaminha.co/. - Mozambique. “Look: Emblematic Streets in Maputo CBD Are Getting a New Colour.” Mozambique, 2021. https://clubofmozambique.com/news/look-emblematic-streets-in-maputo-cbd-aregetting-a-new-colour-187513/.

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LIST OF IMAGES Image 1 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016

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Image 2 - Authors( Dogukan Samdanci, Alban Kalaj)’ elaboration Image 3 - Village Reach website, https://www.villagereach.org/2019/10/16/reaching-the-underreached-2020-2023-goals-and-strategies/people-portraits-40-niassa-mozambique-denis-onyodi/ Image 4 - Rsi.ch website, https://www.rsi.ch/ Image 5,6 - U. Pojat, An-other way: Oisaster Resilient Housing in Bairro dos Pescadores Maputo, Mozambique, 2020-2021 and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration Image 7 - Wikipedia website, https://it.wikipedia.org and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration Image 8 - Google Images website, https://images.google.com Image 9 - World, come to my home website, https://worldcometomyhome.blogspot.com/2013/08/ 0790-south-africa-shangaan-warriors.html Image 10 - Study.com website, C. Muscato, Mozambique Ethnic Groups, https://study.com/ academy/lesson/mozambique-ethnic-groups.html and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration Image 11 - The Gate website, https://thegate.boardingarea.com/ Image 12 - Stephanie J.Urdang website, https://www.stephaniejurdang.com/backorhome/2011/04 /visit-to-maputo-provokes-thoughts-of.html Image 13 - This Is Not A White Cube Website, https://thisisnotawhitecube.com/artists/

CHAPTER 2. Overview Image 14 - Mozambique Stories, Unicef website, https://www.unicef.org/mozambique/en/stories /missing-child-finds-his-way-home-mozambique Image 15,16 - Istituto National de Estatistica website, http://www.ine.gov.mz/ and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 17 - Research Gate website, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328980286_Devel opment_of_Population_Distribution_Map_and_Automated_Human_Settlement_Map_ Using_High_Resolution_Remote_Sensing_Images Z. Guo, H. Miyazaki, M. Batran, R. Shibasaki, Development of Population Distribution Map and Automated Human Settlement Map Using High Resolution Remote Sensing Images, 2018: Image 18/23 - Istituto National de Estatistica website, http://www.ine.gov.mz/ and author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration

Image 24 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 25 - Humana website: https://www.humana.org/what-we-do/stories-from-our-work/impacting -positively-on-rural-farming-in-mozambique Image 26 - University of Amsterdam, Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 27 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 28,29 - University of Amsterdam, Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, 2009 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 30 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 31 - University of Amsterdam, Decisions for Life Country Report: Mozambique, 2009 and Stefano de Gennaro’s elaboration Image 32 - 2Summers website, 15 Quirky things to do in Maputo, 2019, https://2summersnet /2019/03/23/15-quirky-things-to-do-in-maputo/ Image 33/35 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VESUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 36 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 37 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Stefano de Gennaro)’s elaboration Image 38 - SAPO website, Lusa Fimand, New market will serve chicken, magumba and art on Maputo waterfront, 11 October 2021: https://www.sapo.pt/noti-cias/economia/novomercado-vai-servir-frango-magum-ba-e-arte_6156c17e1a684829e3b1ba21 Image 39 - Save the Children website, https://www.savethechildren.it/cosa-facciamo/risposta-alleemergenze/emergenza-ciclone-idai Image 40,41 - tcktcktck website, https://tcktcktck.org/mozambique/maputo/aldeia-dos-pescadores Image 42 - Unicef website, Cyclone Idai and Kenneth: for the first time in recorded history two strong tropical cyclones have hit Mozambique in the same season, December 2019: https://www. unicef.org/mozambique/en/cyclone-idai-and-kenneth

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Image 43 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 44 - Wanted in Africa website, Rising sea level in Maputo bay, 8 June 2014: https://www. wantedinafrica.com/news/rising-sea-level-in-maputo-bay.html Image 45 - Toronto Star website, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/africa/2019/03/19/thelatest-cyclone-death-toll-in-mozambique-more-than-200.html Image 46 - Thomson Reuters Foundation news website, https://news.trust.org/item/20160708 105817-a0kuz/ Image 47 - Google Images website, https://images.google.com Image 48/52 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VER SUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Sara De Ponti)’s interpretation

CHAPTER 3. Landscape Image 53 - Education Images/Universal Images Group websites, Getty Images, 2014 Image 54 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 55 - The Plan Journal, 2017 Image 56 - Ippei Naoi, GettyImages website, 2020, https://www.gettyimages.it/immagine/ippeinaoi Image 57 - Google Images website, https://images.google.com and author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s inter pretation Image 58 - The Plan Journal, 2017 and authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elabora tion Image 59 - Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’s Elaboration Image 60,61 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VER SUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 62 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016

Image 63 - Google Earth website, https://earth.google.com Image 64 - Google Earth website, https://earth.google.com + D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUA RINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee) Image 65 - Google Earth website, https://earth.google.com + D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUA RINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee) Image 66 - Google maps website, 2011: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 67 - Google maps website, 2016: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 68 - Google maps website, 2011: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 69 - Google maps website, 2016: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 70/73 - Authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 74 - Google maps website, 2011: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 75 - Google maps website, 2016: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 76 - Google maps website, 2011: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 77 - Google maps website, 2016: https://www.google.it/maps/ Image 78/81 - Authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 82 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 83 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and authors (Dogukan Samdanci, Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration

CHAPTER 4. Urban Morphology Image 84 - GettyImages website, 2020, https://www.gettyimages.it/immagine/zambezia-province Image 85 - Nordic Development Fund website, https://www.ndf.int/what-we-finance/projects/ Image 86 - Projeto de ampliacao da cidade de Lourenco Marques (versao 2), 1887 Image 87/90 - Jenkins website, 2013, https://www.jenkins.io/

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Image 91 - Wikipedia images website, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo%E2%80%93Katembe_ bridge#/media/File:Maputo%E2%80%93Katembe_ bridge_from_the_norther_shore Image 92 - Google Maps website and author (Alban Kalaj)’s elaboration Image 93 - Google Earth website, Carlos Uqueio Image 94 - JICA project team,2014 and Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 95 - Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 96 - Getty images website, https://www.gettyimages.it/immagine/zambezia-province Image 97 - Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 98 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 and author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 99,100 - Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 101 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 102 - Author (Ja Yoon Lee)’s elaboration Image 103 - JICA project team, 2014 Image 104 - The Zimbabwe News You Trust website, https://www.newzimbabwe.com/mozabans-my-love-trucks-over-virus-concerns/ Image 105 - Pinimg.com website, https://i.pinimg.com/originals/9d/c9/6e/9dc96ece53a759ab1f6 67fcd050601a4.jpg Image 106 - Chapas Project, collective transport in Maputo website, 2016, https://chapasproj ect.wordpress.com/2016/10/25/version-zero-launched-mapa-dos-transportes-publicos-dacidade-de-maputo/mapa_de_transporte_de_maputo_versaozero_lq_ago16/ Image 107 - Authors (Alban Kalaj, Ja Yoon Lee)’s Elaboration Image 108 - Google Maps website, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Escolinha+Solid

CHAPTER 5. Housing Image 109,110 - Archdaily news, Image © Johan Mottelson, 2016, https://www.archdaily.com/ 789565/casas-melhoradas-reimagines-affordable-housing-in-maputo-mozambique Image 111/116 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012

Image 117 - Archdaily news, Image © Johan Mottelson, 2016, https://www.archdaily.com/789 565/casas-melhoradas-reimagines-affordable-housing-in-maputo-mozambique Image 118,119 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 120 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 121,122 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 123 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 124,125 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 126,127 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 128 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 129/131 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 132,133 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Images 134/138 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 139,140 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And author (Sara De Ponti)’s elaboration Image 141,142 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 143 - ©Barbara Heer, Greenstone, 2012 Image 144/146 - Casa Minha Polana Canico website, 2016, https://www.casaminha.co/ Image 147 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012

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Image 148 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’s Elaboration Image 149 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 150 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’s Elaboration Image 151 - ©Andrew Moore Image 152,153 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 And Author(Dogukan Samdanci)’s Elaboration Image 154 - A. Bjerregaard-Andersen, J. Eskemose HomeSpace Built Environment Analysis, Andersen, 2012 Image 155 - D. Gaviria, A. Mendoza, ESTUARINE URBANISM: SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT, 2016 Image 156,157 - UN Habitat website, https://unhabitat.org/ Image 158/160 - Instagram website, @bringbackmaputo account Image 161,162 - Instagram website, @sebastiao_coana account Image 163,164 - Casa Minha Polana canico website, 2016, https://www.casaminha.co/

CHAPTER 6. Conclusions Image 165 - Wikipedia Images website, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mangrove.jpg Image 166 - Mocambique a por ai website, http://mocambiqueeporai.blogspot.com/2019/04/ maputo-amanhecer-no-bairro-dos.html Image 167 - Archdaily news, Image © Johan Mottelson, 2016, https://www.archdaily.com/789 565/casas-melhoradas-reimagines-affordable-housing-in-maputo-mozambique

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Alban Kalaj, Dogukan Samdanci, Sara De Ponti, Stefano Marco de Gennaro, Ja Yoon Lee