Ramses Square Transit Hub by Sameh Morsi

Contents 1 Introduction. 1.1 Geography and Facts. . 1.2 Family and Faith. . . . . 1.3 Cultural Characteristics. 1.4 Economy. . . . . . . . . 1.5 History of Egypt. . . . .

. . . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6

2 Urban Design. 2.1 Study and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Site Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 History of the site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Existing urban fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Buildings and points of importance. . . . . . . 2.1.5 Land use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.6 Green space network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.7 Transportation and mobility. . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.8 Apparent problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.9 S.W.O.T. analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.10 Comparative analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Solution/Masterplan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Reference projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 The Platform Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 The october 6th flyover and the platform. . . . 2.2.5 Conception to completion, 1st draft. . . . . . . 2.2.6 labyrinth, urban tissue and the final platform. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 9 9 10 12 13 16 16 18 21 23 24 24 24 25 27 29 30 32

3 Architectural Design. 3.1 Architectural Vision. . . 3.1.1 Objectives. . . . 3.2 Key Words of Planning. 3.2.1 Accecibility. . . . 3.2.2 Articulation. . . 3.2.3 Visibility. . . . .

. . . . . .

38 38 38 38 38 38 39

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . . i

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

39 39 39 40 52 69

4 Structural Design. 4.1 Steel Frame Structure - Pros and Cons. . . . . . 4.2 Composite Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Load estimation and design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Physical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.2 Dead Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.3 Structural Frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4 Load Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.5 Earthquake Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.6 Structural System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.7 Definition of Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Analysis of Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Design of Beams, Columns, Base Plate and Joint. 4.6 Check Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73 73 74 74 75 75 77 79 85 85 86 88 98 104 116

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117 . 117 . 118 . 124 . 127 . 134 . 135 . 135 . 136 . 137 . 137 . 138 . 139 . 141 . 141 . 142 . 142 . 143 . 143 . 144 . 148

3.3 3.4 3.5

3.2.4 Wellness. . . . 3.2.5 Sustainability. . 3.2.6 Multiplicity. . . Architectural Plans. . Renders. . . . . . . . . Functions and Flow. .

. . . . . .

5 Technological Design. 5.1 Vision Statement. . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Physics & the Environment. . . . . 5.3 Insolation Analysis. . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Passive Measure 1. . . . . . 5.3.2 Passive Measure 2. . . . . . 5.4 Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 Passive Measure 3. . . . . . 5.4.2 Passive Measure 4. . . . . . 5.5 Daylighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.1 Passive Measure 5. . . . . . 5.6 Layer Composition. . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Heating & Cooling Loads. . . . . . 5.8 Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8.1 Solar Cooling Vacuum Tube 5.8.2 Photovoltaic Cells. . . . . . 5.8.3 LED Lights. . . . . . . . . . 5.8.4 White Portland Cement. . . 5.8.5 ETFE Membranes. . . . . . 5.9 Building Services. . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Conclusion.

168

7 Acknowledgements.

169

References.

170

List of appendices

171

A Competitions:

172

B List of Symbols & Abbreviations:

176

iii

List of Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11

Pyramids of Giza. Cairo, Egypt. . . . . Egypt on the African Map. . . . . . . . Boats sailing gently on the Nile, Aswan. Al-Azhar Mosque at night, Cairo. . . . . Examples of Pharaonic Art. . . . . . . . Egyptian Folk musicians, Cairo. . . . . . A typical Felafel plate. . . . . . . . . . . A Molokhiyya dish. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharaonic Casket. . . . . . . . . . . . . Portrait of Naopleon Bonaparte. . . . . First Egyptian President, Abdel Nasser.

. . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 7 8 8

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22

Cairo located on the Nile Delta, Egypt. . . . . Ramses Square on the Cairo Map. . . . . . . . A satellite view of Ramses Square. . . . . . . . Cairo - 1549 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cairo - 1859 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cairo - 1874 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 1904 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 1907 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 1957 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 1974 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 1995 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square - 2008 A.D . . . . . . . . . . . . The Al Fateh Mosque, Ramses Square, Cairo. . Ramses Station, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . Mubarak Metro Station, Ramses Square, Cairo. Ramses Building, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . Station Building, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . Commercial District, Ramses Square. . . . . . . A stop signal, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . Land Use Map, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . Green Network, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . Mobility, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 18

. . . . . . . . . . .

2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66

Inside Ramses Station, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . Railway Tracks, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Metro and Schematic, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . Traffic coming into Ramses Square, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . Tram lines in Cairo, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . A parking lot? Maybe not., Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . Pedestrian crossing, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo. . . . . . . . . . . . . Parking lot in front of Ramses Station, Ramses Square, Cairo. . Parking lot, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The October 6th flyover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramses Square, Cairo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piazza Duomo, Milano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Major connections in Ramses Square, Cairo . . . . . . . . . . . Focal point of Ramses Square, Cairo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Idea of Emerald Plaza, Abu Dhabi . . . . . . . . . Emerald Plaza, Abu Dhabi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings in the Sky, Viktor Ramos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings in the sky, Viktor Ramos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drawing by Le Corbusier from Oevre Complete. . . . . . . . . Winter shadow range over Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . Summer shadow range over Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . Average Daily Incident Radiation, Winter. . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Daily Incident Radiation, Summer. . . . . . . . . . . . First conceptual platform, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . The October 6th flyovers, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . Different levels of the October 6th flyovers, Ramses Square. . . Roofing over the October 6th flyovers, Ramses Square. . . . . . 1st draft of the platform, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . Layers of the platform, 1st draft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Major points of interest, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . Circulation of pedestrians and cars, Ramses Square. . . . . . . Pre-Historic Labyrinth a.k.a Maze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greek labyrinth with a well defined center. . . . . . . . . . . . . The ramses labyrinth with a center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Urban Tissue, Ramses Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Platforms attain a form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Focal point, Commercial and Transportation Hub. . . . . . Semi-Conceptual Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surrounding Functions and The proposed Building. . . . . . . . Circulation in and around the proposed Building. . . . . . . . . Glimpse of the Masterplan, Ramses Square. . . . . . . . . . . . v

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 36 37

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Relocation of the tram station, Ramses Square Zero Level Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Level Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Level Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circulation pattern in Ramses Square. . . . . . Third Level Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Level Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platform levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

39 69 69 70 70 71 71 72

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35

Steel Frame Structure - Partition 1. Steel Frame Structure - Partition 2. Steel Frame Structure - Partition 3. Steel Frame Structure - Partition 4. Method to find the Surface Loads. . Division of load. . . . . . . . . . . . Slab Configuration - sap2000. . . . . Division of the building. . . . . . . . Frame 1 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 2 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 3 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 4 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 5 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 6 - Axial Load. . . . . . . . . Frame 1 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 2 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 3 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 4 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 5 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 6 - Moment Diagram. . . . . Frame 1 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Frame 2 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Frame 3 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Frame 4 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Frame 5 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Frame 6 - Shear Diagram. . . . . . . Slab 1 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . Slab 2 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . Slab 3 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . Slab 4 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . Beam Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beam Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deep Beam Design. . . . . . . . . . . Column Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Beam Design. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77 77 78 78 79 79 80 85 88 88 89 89 89 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 100 100

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53

Secondary Beam Design. . . . Base Plate Design. . . . . . . Base Plate Design schematic. Base Plate Design. . . . . . . Joint Design. . . . . . . . . . Joint Design. . . . . . . . . . Frame 1 - Check. . . . . . . . Frame 2 - Check. . . . . . . . Frame 3 - Check. . . . . . . . Frame 4 - Check. . . . . . . . Frame 5 - Check. . . . . . . . Frame 6 - Check. . . . . . . . Level 1 - Check. . . . . . . . . Level 2 - Check. . . . . . . . . Level 3 - Check. . . . . . . . . Level 4 - Check. . . . . . . . . Steel Section Check 1. . . . . Steel Section Check 2. . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 109

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25

Average Temperature-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum Temp-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Temp-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Humidity-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Rainfall-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct Solar Radiation-Weekly Summary. . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Diurnal Averages - Summer Peak. . . . . . . . . . Monthly Diurnal Averages - Winter Peak. . . . . . . . . . . Summer Comfort Zone Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . Winter Comfort Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Each facade number coincides with the simulation number. Insolation Summer, Facade 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolation Summer, Facade 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118 119 119 119 120 120 121 122 123 123 124 124 125 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127

vii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51

Extension of Roof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daylight Factor - Double Glazed Glass . . . . . . Illuminance Level - Double Glazed Glass . . . . . Monthly Load - Double Glazed Glass . . . . . . . R . . . . . . . . . . . . Daylight Factor - Glass X R . . . . . . . . . . Illumination Level - Glass X R . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Load - Glass X Modeling of Louvers in Ecotect. . . . . . . . . . . Daylight Factor - Louvers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illuminance Level - Louvers. . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Load - Louvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhanced Stack Effect Design . . . . . . . . . . . Ventilation over the roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ventilated Facade Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . Daylight Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ecotect Thermal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Energy Requirement for Heating & Cooling Solar Cooling Vacuum Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . Photovoltaics on the platform shade. . . . . . . . Photovoltaic cells on the tunnel . . . . . . . . . . Solar Cooling Vacuum Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . ETFE Membranes on the tunnel . . . . . . . . . Schematic-Solar assisted cooling. . . . . . . . . . Scheme-Solar assisted cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . Processes Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Loads for the respective systems.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128 130 130 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 135 136 136 137 139 141 141 142 142 143 144 145 145 145 147

A.1 Poster 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 A.2 Poster 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

viii

List of Tables 1.1

Timeline of the Egyptian History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1

S.W.O.T Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17

Physical Properties of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Properties of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Load: Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Load: External Intermediate Floor . . . . . . . . Dead Load: External Intermediate Floor . . . . . . . . Dead Load: External Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Division - Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Division - Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Division - Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Division - Part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IPE 600 & H 400Ã&#x2014;237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beams First Floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beams Second Floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beams Third Floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) Beams Ground Floor. b) Columns First Floor. . . . a) Columns Second Floor. b) Columns Third Floor. c) Bracings throughout the building . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Columns Ground . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floor . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 75 75 76 76 76 81 82 83 84 103 110 111 112 113 114 115

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13

Solar Zenith Angles - June 7th . . . . . . . . . Daylighting Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illumination Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Loads - Double Glazed Glass. . . . . R Monthly Loads - Glass X . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Loads - Louvers. . . . . . . . . . . . Saint Gobain Climaplus Glass . . . . . . . . . U-value for the External Wall . . . . . . . . . U-value for the External Intermediate Floor . U-value for the Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Loads - Ramses Building. . . . . . . Operation scheme of a desiccant cooling unit. Monthly Loads - Ramses Building. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

127 129 129 131 132 134 134 138 138 139 140 146 147

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abstract Designing with the goal to promote energy efficiency, comfort and eventually sustainability is our main guideline for this thesis. These concepts have been considered and applied in all aspects of our project, from the early design phase till the completion of the project. For this Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thesis, we have chosen two ongoing competitions that incorporates all, Urban, Architectural and Technological Design. The first is the design of a transport hub, and can be built anywhere in the globe since the location is left at the disgression of the students. And the second, more substantial, competition is the urban development of Ramses Square, Cairo, Egypt. Both of the briefs have been provided in the appendices. The result we have achieved is a multi-layered platform that houses various facilities on it and a central building that simultaneously allows for better circulation of both vehicular traffic and pedestrians. â&#x20AC;˘ In the urban design of Ramses square however, the existing urban fabric has guided us heavily in deciding the functions and flow of the newly designed urban tissue. We carried out studies very thoroughly on topics such as the environment profile of Cairo, cultural characteristics, the existing functions of each zone, transportation connections, history of the site et cetera, which also helped us, choose specific nodes and design special features into the existing urban fabric. Eventually, as a result we gave order to much of the disorder that prevailed in Ramses Square. A new transit hub was introduced that encompassed the modes of transportation which facilitated easy circulation of the pedestrians as well. i.e The people were able to move to and from each of the four major points in the square. Additionally, the reduction of pedestrian flow from the ground level helped enhance the flow of vehicles thereby rendering comfort in the square. â&#x20AC;˘ In Architectural Design, the masses and geometry have acquired a very fluid shape. This decision has not been unintentional. Based on the existing urban tissue and the major axes, our platform and building have attained the relative shape. The final outcome has been a result of careful consideration of the functional and aesthetic characteristics. This worked perfectly for us since, the Architectural building worked to solve much of the urban problems. All the major transportation modes have been incorporated into the building. The metro ticketing, train ticketing and bus ticketing and consequently waiting areas have been included into the building. In addition, the building represents the focal point of the square which enhances the vibrancy and life in the square itself.

• In structural design, we have provided and discussed the possibility of different structural systems. A majority of the building and the platform is built above the flyover. This has posed a serious challenge for us in terms of the structural design and the layout of the structural grid. However, after careful deliberation and the influence of combination of loads we have proposed a viable structural option, in the form of a steel frame structure with composite slabs. Each of the beams, joints and base plates have been hand calculated and custom designed to meet the needs of the building. Once all the designs were manually done, we then put it in SAP 2000 to check their validity. The designs, once they passed their checks they were implemented into the building. Once again, these decisions have been made possible through studies on the availability, cost, structural performance and aesthetic appeal of the materials. • The choices for Technological Design and Building Physics have been based heavily on energy efficiency and comfort. The sun’s trajectory played a major part in the design decisions since it is evident that Cairo receives a lot of incident solar radiation on a daily basis. Due to the ample sunlight that makes its way to Ramses Square on a daily basis we have chosen to implement solar cooling along with Photovoltaic cells to meet the comfort needs. On the south facade, high tech glazed windows regulate the amount of sun penetrating through the building and in addition, the light reflecting louvers allow light to penetrate deep into the internal spaces. Together with fully glazed north facade, this reduces artificial lighting needs. In addition to that highly reflective plates in the open space of the building help reflect ample daylight throughout the building. In terms of ventilation, we have implemented the ’solar chimney’ concept that helps suck out the warm air in the building through the process of ’enhanced stack effect’. The structure is thermally activated by cool air running through the building propelled by the solar assisted desiccant cooling technology. Photovoltaic Panels also have been implemented in viable locations throughout the square to meet auxiliary needs in the building. These, along with other passive and active technologies, have been incorporated into the project to enhance the thermal as well as visual comfort for people in the building. In the following chapters we have illustrated the design procedure as well as the final outcome. Each chapter is then subdivided into sections or subsections to further clarify the design process. It is our goal to make this report as illustrative as possible, therefore in the appendices we have provided relevant information on the calculation and analysis procedure. Overall we have led our design to meet with the standards and codes while providing comfort and still being an environmentally sustainable project.

Chapter 1

Introduction.

and requires careful planning and consideration.

When speaking of Egypt, the first thought that crosses people’s minds is the magnificence of the Pyramids and the life giving nature of the Nile. Considered the World’s first tourist destination, Egypt, however is not just pyramids and rivers. There is a famous saying that goes “Nowhere are there so many marvelous things, nor in the whole world beside are there to be seen so many things of unspeakable greatness”. This is a testament to what Egypt is and what she has to offer. Modern-day architects have built towers more than a hundred stories high but ancient Egyptian achievements such as the Pyramids and the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak leave us speechless with awe in a way that skyscrapers somehow never can. Therefore, when first presented with the idea of re-designing an urban square in Cairo, Egypt we were a bit taken aback by the shear magnanimity of the project. About a quarter of all Egyptians live in Cairo. It is, according to the United Nations, the most densely populated urban area in the world, with a population thought to be somewhere between 12 million and 16 million. In some central districts there are reckoned to be up to 700,000 people per square mile. Therefore, Adding new masses to an existing, immensely dense, populated, and historical location is a daunting task

Figure 1.1: Pyramids of Giza. Cairo, Egypt.

With this in mind, we have visited the site and taken numerous pictoral surveys and collected valuable information on the square to help us redesign it properly. Additionally, in a nutshell, we also came to see and experience the culture, people, life of Cairo first hand. This experience, no doubt, has positively contributed towards the design. 1

1.1. GEOGRAPHY AND FACTS.

1.1

Geography and Facts.

Occupying a focal geographic bridge linking Africa and Asia, contemporary Egypt is the inheritor of a civilization dating back more than 6,000 years. Officially known as the Arab Republic of Egypt or Jumhuriyat Misr Al-Arabia, Egypt is located in the north-eastern part of Africa. The geographic co-ordinates are 270 00 000 North, 300 00 000 East.

2 near the southern border, of about 1255 Km. It has a total area of 1,001,450 km2 , with Land area and Water area of 995,450 km2 and 6,000 km2 respectively. 90% of Egypt is desert, therefore arid and infertile. The River Nile dominates the country flowing north out of Sudan, dammed at Aswan creating Lake Nasser; there is a huge river delta north of Cairo where the river flows into the Mediterranean. There is a fertile strip of land either side of the Nile where live 99% of the population. Most of the country is arid desert with a narrow Eastern Desert between the Red Sea and the Nile and a much wider Western Desert on the other side.As a direct consequence, the majority of population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that approximately the 99% of the population uses only about 5.5% of the total land area.1

Figure 1.2: Egypt on the African Map. Figure 1.3: Boats sailing gently on the Nile, The country, is in the GMT+2 timezone and Aswan. is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Israel and the Red Sea to the east, SuAt present day, Egypt boasts a population of dan to the south and Libiya to the west. Egypt approximately 83 Million and has a population has a maximum length from north to south of growth rate of 1.642%.2 The breakdown of the approximately 1085 Km and a maximum width, 83 Million population is that 68.3% are Male and 1 2

Hamza, Waleed. Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case. Source: www.cia.gov. World Factbook

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

1.2. FAMILY AND FAITH. 46.9% are Female. Furthermore, there are 33% of people between the age of 0-14 years , 62.6% of 15-64 years and 4.4% of people 65 years or older.

1.2

Family and Faith.

Families are still the keystone of Egyptian society. For most contemporary Egyptians, the family remains the central and most important institution in their everyday lives. Few individuals live independently from their immediate family or kin, and single-person households are almost unheard of. Individuals of all classes constantly articulate and defend the importance of family within the community and the nation. Issues relating to family relations, gender roles, and authority are pervasive throughout the society, as evidenced by conversations in homes, on the street, and in the media. Further, the proper functioning of families is part of a religious dialogue that is increasingly heard in all sectors of the society. Getting married and raising children are probably the main priorities of most people over 20. However, progress toward this end is invariably slowed by the convention that requires the potential groom to provide an apartment and furnishings. Such gestures and implicit requirements before marriage stems from the fact that most, if not all, Egyptian families are patriarchical. Inarguably, this patriarchal attitude stems from their religious and social beliefs. Religion is no doubt a pervasive social force in Egypt. For more than 1,000 years, the country has been mostly Islamic. Still, there is an indigenous Christian minority, the Copts, which accounted for as much as 8.5 percent of the total population. Other Christians living in the country included approximately 750,000 adherents of various Latin and Eastern Catholic rites, Greek and Armenian Orthodox churches, and Protestant denominations; many of these 3

3 Christians emigrated after the 1956 War. An estimated 1,000 Jews lived in Egypt as of 1990. These Jews were a fragment of a community of 80,000 who lived in the country before 1948.3 Egypt’s Constitution of 1971 guarantees freedom of religion. Religion, therefore is safe to say, permeates Egyptian life in many ways.

Figure 1.4: Al-Azhar Mosque at night, Cairo. Islam is the predominant religion in Egypt, hence Cairo alike. Ask for someone’s health and people will reply, Alhamdilallah, “Fine. Praise to God.” Say to your tour guide, “See you tomorrow,”and the answer will be Insha’allah, “God willing.” Aside from the daily five prayers, tt is very evident that all men heed the amplified call of the Muezzin each friday at noon, when the crowds spill out of the mosques into the streets and sidewalks. Likewise, the whole of the country’s muslim population is united in its celebration of Ramadan, the holy month of the Islamic calendar when all who are capable of it have to refrain from eating, drinking and smoking from sunrise to sunset. After the endurance test of the day come the celebrations of the evening, beginning with Iftar, the breaking of the fast. Typi-

Source: U.S Library of Congress.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

1.3. CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS.

cally this is a communal event and one can observe various charitable food stalls throughout the streets. Other Islamic festivals and holidays are dotted throughout the year. A major occasion is Eid al-Kebir, the “big feast.”

ture. The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art and architecture. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilization is renowned for its colossal pyramids, colonnades and monumental tombs. Egyptian 1.3 Cultural Characteristics. music, on the other hand, is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western Egyptian culture has six thousand years elements. If observant one can catch a few of the of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among many folk performers in the bustling streets of the earliest civilizations and for millennia, Egypt Cairo, Alexandria, or Aswan. maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and other African countries. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism, Christianity, and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of Egypt’s ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture, itself with roots in ancient Egypt.

Figure 1.5: Examples of Pharaonic Art. Figure 1.6: Egyptian Folk musicians, Cairo. Egypt’s capital city, Cairo, is Africa’s largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. Egypt has the highest number of Nobel Laureates in Africa and the Arab World. Art, Architecture and Music has always been an important and pivotal aspect of Egyptian culM.Sc. Building Engineering

Along with Art, Architecture and Music, Egyptians love to indulge in good food. Even during late hours of the night one can witness streets bustling with food vendors and kosheray stores crowded with food lovers. Much of the food eaten in Egypt is not unique to the counPolitecnico Di Milano

1.4. ECONOMY.

try, but is shared with oher Middle Eastern One dish to seek out when in Egypt is the inneighbors and near neighbos. However, there famous molokhiyya, made from the molokhiyya are a few specialities that can truly be claimed leaf, which looks like a little like spinach. It as national dishes. is boiled up into a soup with an extraordinary glutinous texture that makes eating it a little like swallowing warm, savory Jell-O. It is a sensation that many find very pleasant and the dish has acquired a symbolic, almost patriotic importance in Egypt.

Figure 1.7: A typical Felafel plate. Chief of these national dishes is fuul, also known as fuul medames, which are small brown beans, soaked overnight, then boiled for eating. In fact, fuul is claimed to have been eaten in Egypt as far back as the time of the pharaohs. In its most refined form the beans are sprinkled with olive oil, have a little lemon juice squeezed over them, and are seasoned with salt, pepper, and cumin, and maybe garnished with a chopped boiled egg. Much more common, though, is for them to be mashed to a paste and ladled into small pockets of flat pita bread as a sandwich. For many Egyptians fuul sandwich serves for both breakfast and lunch. Egyptians are also big consumers of felafel (called taamiyya in Cairo), patties made from dried white broad beans (fuul nabeid ), spiced and flavored and deep-fried in oil. Although felafel is ubiquitous throughout the Middle east, again it is claimed that the dish dates back to ancient Egypt. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 1.8: A Molokhiyya dish. When it comes to drinks Eyptians predominantly enjoy Tea (Shai ) and coffee (ahwa). These are served at every opportunity and are an integral part of culture and hospitality. Both drinks are taken stong and sugary. Tea comes in a glass with the leaves swirling around in the bottom and is often flavored with cardamom.

1.4

Economy.

Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egyptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Politecnico Di Milano

1.5. HISTORY OF EGYPT. Gamal Abdel NASSER but has opened up considerably under former President Anwar ELSADAT and current President Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Cairo has aggressively pursued economic reforms to encourage inflows of foreign investment and facilitate GDP growth. In 2005, Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF’s government reduced personal and corporate tax rates, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. The stock market boomed, and GDP grew about 7% each year since 2006. Despite these achievements, the government has failed to raise living standards for the average Egyptian, and has had to continue providing subsidies for basic necessities. The subsidies have contributed to a sizeable budget deficit - roughly 7% of GDP in 2007-08 - and represent a significant drain on the economy. Foreign direct investment has increased significantly in the past two years, but the NAZIF government will need to continue its aggressive pursuit of reforms in order to sustain the spike in investment and growth and begin to improve economic conditions for the broader population. Egypt’s export sectors - particularly natural gas - have bright prospects. While the Egypt has bright prospects towards economic development the basic break down of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the country is as follows. GDP composition by sector states agriculture as 13.2%, industry at 38.7% and services at 48.1%. Egypt boasts a Labor force of 24.6 Million and of which 32% are in agriculture, 17% industry and 51% in services. The unemployment rate in 2008 was 8.4%, a considerable improvement from 2007 which was 9.1%.4 The majority of agricultural products produced in Egypt are cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetable, cattle, water buffalo, sheeps and goats. The are numerous industries in Egypt such as textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metal and light 4 5

6 manufacturers that propel the economy forward. In addition to this a major source of governmental income comes from oil production and exports. As of 2005, Egypt exports 204,700 bbl/day.2

1.5

History of Egypt.

Egyptian History can be basically summed up in the following stages. • Prehistory • Early Dynastic Period • Old Kingdom • First Intermediate Period • Middle Kingdom • Second Immediate Period • New Kingdom • Third Intermediate Period • Late Kingdom • Greek Period • Roman Period • Islamic Period • French Period • British Period Of each of these periods the basic timeline are broken down as follows and the purpose of the following table it to solely to show the chronological order of empires and rulers.5 Not much will be said about each dynasty since it is not our objective to give in-depth information on the history of Ancient Egypt. Early Dynastic Period was the formative period in which many major aspects of pharaonic

Source: www.cia.gov. World Factbook Source: www.touregypt.net History

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

1.5. HISTORY OF EGYPT.

culture and society emerge. During the Old down. Only to be succeeded by many different Kingdom, Memphis is risen as Egypt’s capital. rulers and empires that have shaped Egypt into There is a growth of absolute power of pharaohs what she is today. who erect pyramids as monuments. The unified rule, during the First Intermediate Period, gives way to rival principalities and civil war. This is when the power of the pharaohs start to decline. Now, during the period of Middle Kingdom, there is continued turmoil until Egypt is reunified under the rulers of Thebes, which now becomes increasingly important. The power shifts to Upper Egypt.

Dynasties P reHistoricEgypt EarlyDynasticP eriod OldKingdom 1stIntermediateP eriod M iddleKingdom 2ndIntermediateP eriod N ewKingdom 3rdIntermediateP eriod 26th dynasty AchaemenidEgypt P tolemaicEgypt RomanEgypt ArabEgypt M amlukEgypt OttomanEgypt M ohammadAliDynasty M odernEgypt

Time of Rule[C] <<31st C. BC 31st-27th C. BC 27th − 22ndC.BC 22 − 21stC.BC 21st − 17thC.BC 1640 − 1570 1570 − 1070 1070 − 664 664BC − 525 525BC − 332 332BC − 30 30BC − 639 AD639 − 1250 AD1250 − 1517 AD1517 − 1805 AD1805 − 1882 AD1882 >>

Table 1.1: Timeline of the Egyptian History. Proceeding right after is the period of New Kingdom. This is also considered the golden age of the pharaohs. This is when Egypt rises to unequaled greatness under a succession of powerful kings. Thebes is now the southern capital and Egypt’s religious and unerary center. After various power struggles and inivasions in the Third Intermediate Period, the pharaonic rule breaks M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 1.9: Pharaonic Casket. However, it would be remiss of us not to mention the Arabic, British and French influence on Egypt today. While still under the Roman rule, an invading Arab army appeared in A.D. 641, under the flag of Islam and took over Egypt. After this arab invasion and dynasties Egypt, predominantly Cairo was ruled by a strange warrior caste, the Mamluks. They ruled Cairo for 267 years and this is when the city saw its most development. Politecnico Di Milano

1.5. HISTORY OF EGYPT. While the mamluks were in rule, a hugely ambitious general by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Egypt in A.D.1789. Later Napoleon was soon displaced by a charismatic Arab leader by the name of Mohammad Ali. Mohammad Ali was a reformer. He was still keen to continue the affair that had begun between Egypt and Europe. He encouraged foreigners with talent to come to Cairo. He also hired Western teachers and experts in all fields to help resurrect country. Slowly however the power shifted to the Britons and once again Egypt was under the rule of the Europeans. This fact of changing dynasties is evident in the different forms of architecture prevalent in parts of Cairo today.

8 A 1936 treaty formally ended the British Occupation. After numerous revolutions and wars, in 1952 the last king of Egypt, Farouk, was forced to abdicate his throne and hence forced to exile. In June 1953 the Republic of Egypt was proclaimed. Soon after came Egyptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first president, the charismatic Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was a hero to his own people and those of all developing nations. Nasser was a socialist hero, he came to symbolize anti-imperialism and social justice as well as pan-Arabism.6

Figure 1.11: First Egyptian President, Abdel Nasser.

Figure 1.10: Portrait of Naopleon Bonaparte. 6

Nasser was later succeeded by Anwar Sadat only later to be assasinated in 1981. He was then succeeded by his vice president, Hosni Mubarak who is still in power today after 27 years of presidency. Egypt, unlike many countries, boasts a very rich history dating back hundreds of years. From Pharaohs, to Europeans to Arabs, every sect has contributed towards the art and architecture in a special way. Therefore it is incumbent upon us to try to understand and incorporate similar attitudes in our design.

Source: National Geographic Traveler: Egypt

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Chapter 2

Urban Design.

After the brief introduction of Egypt in the preceding chapter, we further proceed to focus on our site, Ramses Square. In the following sections we have best tried to explicitly depict the Urban situation of Ramses Square.

2.1 2.1.1

Study and Analysis. Site Location.

Ramses Square, the site, is situated in eastern Cairo, Egypt. Cairo is located in northern Egypt, known as Lower Egypt, 165 km (100 Figure 2.1: Cairo located on the Nile Delta, mi) south of the Mediterranean Sea and 120 Egypt. km (75 mi) west of the Gulf of Suez and Suez Canal. The city is along the Nile River, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and branches into the lowlying Nile Delta region. In the figure to the left we can see where Cairo is located on the Egypt map. Further below we can see where Ramses Square is located in Cairo. Built in the mid 1800s Ramses square functions today as a point of intersection between different modes of transportation. And hence works as the focal point of major transportation in Cairo and consecutively in Egypt. Figure 2.2: Ramses Square on the Cairo Map. 9

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

Is the busiest square in Egypt. 28,000 Pedes- of different cultures on the urban layout of Cairo trians and nearly 2 million cars and microbuses itself. pass the square every eight hours.

Figure 2.3: A satellite view of Ramses Square. Ramses Square is also parent to the Ramses Railway Station. Ramses Railway Station is the main railway station of Cairo, Egypt. The name is derived from the Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II whose statue was erected by president. Nasser on the square in 1955. The station was formerly known as Misr Station. The original railway station was built as the terminal of the first rail-link from Alexandria to Cairo in 1856. The current building was erected in 1892 and upgraded in 1955. The statue of Ramses II was relocated to near the Giza Plateau on 25 August 2006. The transformation of Ramses Square and as a consequence Ramses Station has been a century long one.

2.1.2

History of the site.

Before we proceed to speak of the history of Ramses square it would be remiss of us not to give a visual profile on how Cairo has been shaped throughout history. Much can be learnt from what happened in history and what can be done in terms of the future. In chronological order, you can see the trasformation and influence M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 2.4: Cairo - 1549 A.D Cairo, back in the 16th century had already begun to flourish around the life giving nature of the Nile. The Nile basically shaped the way in which Cairo grew. Even till this day, as mentioned in earlier sections, 90% of the Egyptian population live on the banks or at least the viscinity of the Nile. This is evident from the figure 2.4. The history of Cairo city centre goes back to the epoch of Khedive Ismail who ruled Egypt from year 1863 till year 1879. During this period, distinguished architectural and urban developments were established at the city centre site which lies between Aabdeen palace and the River Nile towards the west, passing by Tahrir Square- which was named originally Ismailia Square- and then Ataba Square to the east side. The urban pattern of the city center district and its architecture reflect the European character which is considered of cultural and historical value, hence it represents the architectural style of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. This particular fact is very evident in the figure 2.6 below, where Cairo in 1874 can be seen having a grid system towards the west Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

and south-west, while still erratic and irregular Ramses Square although now one of the bustowards the east and north east. A clear exam- iest squares in the world, once used to be fairly ple of the influence of European urban planning. empty and has undergone many transformations. The images 2.7 through 2.11 depict the changes in a chronological order.

Figure 2.5: Cairo - 1859 A.D Figure 2.7: Ramses Square - 1904 A.D

Figure 2.8: Ramses Square - 1907 A.D Figure 2.6: Cairo - 1874 A.D 1874 onwards Cairo has been growing fairly fast. This growth has led its way to propulation increase in Cairo itself. With the rise in population there has been growth of infrastructure as well. Transportation infrastructure has been built to accomodate this rapid growth. One such infrastructure, an important one, is Ramses Square. Therefore, In the following sections we show visual transformation on the square itself. M.Sc. Building Engineering

In 1856, at the epoch of Abbas Pasha, the first part of the Station was established, and then in 1858 the second part was completed. After the British invasion, the railway station was demolished in 1882 because of the explosion of an ammunition store located at the station building.

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

Figure 2.9: Ramses Square - 1957 A.D Figure 2.11: Ramses Square - 1995 A.D

Figure 2.10: Ramses Square - 1974 A.D In 1893 a new station was erected according to advanced Islamic style of architecture designed by architect Edwin Pans. The railways museum and Kobry Lymoon bridge building were later erected in the year 1932. Evident from figure 2.10 we can see that the fly-overs, known as 6th of October flyovers, are yet to be built in 1974. In-fact the fly-overs were constructed in during the late 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s when vehicular traffic mushroomed throughout Cairo. The fly-overs until the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s was capable to withstand the daily influx of vehicles. However, through time it has become increasingly difficult to sustain the flow of vehicles, especially during peak office hours. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 2.12: Ramses Square - 2008 A.D

2.1.3

Existing urban fabric.

The urban fabric of Ramses Square is very complicated yet interesting. As shown in earlier sections, the square has undergone tremendous transformations due to the increase in population, traffic and increasing demand for living space. In the subsequent sub-sections we will portray the existing urban tissue that of Ramses Square in detail. Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

2.1.4

Buildings and points of impor- in the city, is the minaret of Al Fateh Mosque, which soars 400 feet above Ramses Square and tance.

Ramses Square today includes various buildings that hold historical and cultural significance. This shows that Ramses Square is one of the most important and densely packed squares in Cairo today. The various buildings that exist in Ramses square give it character, value and above all a sense of identity to the people of Cairo. It is incumbent upon us to identify these buildings and design with these buildings in mind.

was completed in the 1990’s. The mosque includes, a main library and another one for the rate islamic manuscripts, lecture halls, islamic museum and outpatient clinic. Besides being a place of Islamic worship, people of all communities are welcome at the Al-Fath Mosque, and it is one of the major tourist attractions.

Figure 2.14: Ramses Station, Ramses Square, Cairo.

Figure 2.13: The Al Fateh Mosque, Ramses Square, Cairo. First of which is the Al Fateh Mosque. The Al Fateh Mosque, also known as Al Fateh Islamic Centre/Grand Mosque, is a great islamic complex built on an area of 2000 square meters, which can accommodate 5000 people during one single prayer. The mosque was built in the 1990’s by the late ”Sheikh Isa Bin Salman Al khalifa” and its known for its minaret as well. There are thousands of minarets in Cairo, dating from mideval times to the present day; one of the most recently constructed, and highest M.Sc. Building Engineering

Ramses Station was first built in 1856 but was reconstructed in 1892 to the more traditional Arabic style of architecture. In 1955 the facade was refurbished in the same style and a statue of Rameses II was placed in the esplanade. The statue of Rameses II replaced a famous statue by Mahmud Mukhtar that depicted the ”Awakening of Egypt”, which had been placed there in 1928. Now the statue of Ramses has been moved to the pyramid district on the 26th of August, 2006, where the new Egyptian museum is being constructed. The station is the main railway station for Cairo. Ramses train station is the capital of Egypt’s main train station, and is the traveling gateway to the cities of the northern Delta and MediterPolitecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS. ranean coast, and the upper Egyptian cities to the south. The original railway station was built as the terminal of the first rail link from Alexandria to Cairo in 1856. However, now the destinations served on the rail network starting in Cairo heading north include Mansura, Zagazig, Suez, Ismailia, Port Said, Alexandria, Marsa Matrouh. And to the upper Egyptian cities south of Cairo including Giza, Assyut, Luxor and Aswan.

14 5th car becomes a mixed use after 21:00). These cars are used as an option for women who do not wish to ride with men in the same car; however, women can still ride other cars freely. The three lines carry around 900 million passengers a year and on average 2 million per day.1 This goes to show the importance of the Mubarak station that lies right below the Ramses Square in front of the Al Fateh mosque.

Figure 2.15: Mubarak Metro Station, Ramses Figure 2.16: Ramses Building, Ramses Square, Square, Cairo. Cairo. Mubarak Station located under ramses square is one of the vital nodes to the connection of two out of the current three underground metro lines that are running in Egypt. The Cairo Metro in Egypt is Africa’s only full-fledged metro system. The system consists of three operational lines, since the construction on the third line completed in 2007. The metro is run by the National Authority for Tunnels. The line uses standard gauge (1435 mm). Ticket price is EGP 1.00 for each journey (about EUR 0.13 or USD 0.18, avarage exchange rate for 2008), regardless of distance. On all Cairo metro trains, the middle two cars (4th and 5th) of each train are reserved for women (the 1

Ramses Building houses, Hostels, Law Offices, Pharmacies, Clinics, Shops and other commodities. The building has been existing since the 1940’s however its functions have changed through time. The Ramses Station building located towards the north-east end of the square houses the engineers for the station, train drivers, ticketing officials during the day and sometimes during the night as well. A majority of this building now holds archives of the transportation history in Cairo as well. This could be an opportunity for us to design a seperate and state of the art place to lure tourists to come see the transformation on Cairo when it comes to transportation modes.

Egypt’s brightest new advertisng idea-Business Features

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

The commercial district lies directly south of Ramses Square. This district is peculiar to Egypt and Cairo in general. This district is typical for metal workers, cobblers, electrical equipments and typical arabic condiments. What makes it peculiar though is that the commercial activities take place on the ground floor while the floors above it are residential flats. Thus, the commercial district is more of a mixed use portion in the viscinity of Ramses Square. The commercial district is a very busy side of town. Here many people flock to in a daily basis to purchase a variety of goods. Therefore, it is Figure 2.17: Station Building, Ramses Square. imperative that we include the sphere of inflence of this district into our design. Last but not least is an intersection, a fairly important one. This is where incoming and outgoing traffic from the east-west direction pass through daily. Due to the heavy influx of cars on an hourly basis, it is very difficult for pedestrians to cross the road, that leads to the Al Fateh mosque, safely. As a result, at this intersection, the government of Cairo has stationed two traffic police men to co-ordinate the vehicular flow versus the pedestrian flow. A traffic policeman on the other side of the road signals for the vehicles to stop while the traffic police in the picture allows the Figure 2.18: Commercial District, Ramses pedestrians to cross the street. This is quite a Square. spectacle to see as well. The figure 2.19 shows an important node in the square. The problem of pedestrian flow in this node helps us better design a solution for the Ramses Square itself.

Figure 2.19: A stop signal, Ramses Square. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

2.1.5

Land use.

In the section Buildings and points of importance we delved a little into the buildings that held some form of social, historical or cultural value along with the points of interest that were vital to the character of Ramses Square. Now, we will slightly shift our attention towards the bigger picture of Ramses Square, we will look at

the land use in and around Ramses Square itself. The figure 2.20 depicts the various land use characteristics of the existing buildings and is done so using a self explanatory color coded legend on the figure itself. Immediately following figure 2.20 are figure 2.21 and 2.22 for the green space network and mobility inside Ramses Square.

Figure 2.20: Land Use Map, Ramses Square, Cairo.

2.1.6

Green space network.

We all know Cairo is a city carved from the desert, an oasis along the Nile waters. Once Cairo was a city of gardens, of shady riverfront paths and landscape architects imported from France. A brass band played every Friday at M.Sc. Building Engineering

the wrought-iron bandstand in Ezbekiya Garden. But like so many of Cairoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s charms, the gardens have all but succumbed to the relentless pressures of population growth and urbanization. Even the banks of the Nile are mostly off Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS. limits â&#x20AC;&#x201C; claimed for luxury hotels, restaurants, clubs and other private uses. From figure 2.21 it is evident that aside from sporadically spaced miniature green spaces Ramses Square doesnot have much to offer interms of green spaces. The green space in Ramses Square is filled with people during the lunch break hours. One can also see these green spaces as a place where the people of Cairo simply come to relax and chat during mid day with street vendors roaming around with popcorn or typical egyptian snacks to sell. The underground metro goers too are found here

17 relaxing with a newspaper in hand while waiting for the next metro to arrive. However, when visiting the site too, the lack of green space in Ramses Square is felt more vividly. One study found that the amount of green space per inhabitant was roughly equivalent to the size of a footprint, one of the lowest proportions in the world.2 The green network in Ramses Square further underscores the lack of green space in Cairo today.

Figure 2.21: Green Network, Ramses Square, Cairo.

Tour Egypt Feature - Heba Fatteen Bizzari

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

that gives character to Ramses Square today. Ramses Square, we know is the busiest square in Egypt. 28,000 Pedestrians and nearly 2 million cars and microbuses pass the square every eight hours. It is also the focal point of major movement and transportation modes and lines in Cairo offers different modes of transportation for the millions of people passing through it. It also has very strong links with all major squares in the city centre, namely Tahrir and Ataba squares, especially after the relocation of the Statue of Ramses. 2.1.7 Transportation and mobility. The various modes of transport through The transportation modes, on the other Ramses Square is evident from the figure 2.22 hand, evident from Figure 2.22 is also something below. The types of vegetation in Cairo are many, however they are prevalent throughout all parts of Cairo, Ramses Square included. One of which are Sycamore trees. Although sparse, these trees have been cultivated since a very long time and ornament the pavements of Ramses Square today. Sycamore is an ever green large tree, therefore perfect to provide shade during the hot cairo seasons.

Figure 2.22: Mobility, Ramses Square, Cairo.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS. The line in yellow shows the regional train line that serves much of the cities of the northern Delta and Mediterranean coast, and the upper Egyptian cities to the south. These railway tracks lie directly north of the Ramses Station, visible in the figure in white directly below the yellow line. Ramses train station is the capital of Egyptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main train station. It is here where most passengers congregate, purchase tickets, and go to if they wish to travel across Egypt via the railway network. The government has additionally added new destinations of which now the destinations served on the rail network starting in Cairo heading north include Mansura, Zagazig, Suez, Ismailia, Port Said, Alexandria, Marsa Matrouh. And to the upper Egyptian cities south of Cairo including Giza, Assyut, Luxor and Aswan. To get a better and realistic picture of what the Ramses Station, Railway tracks, traffic condition, underground metro, pedestrian bridges and the flyovers that bottleneck, please proceed to see the figures coming up.

19 ple that flock the inside of Ramses Station, not all passengers trying to travel to another city. Here, inside the station also lies a prayer room, as does in many establishments in Cairo and likewise Egypt. People come here for many reasons, such as, for a commute to another city, prayer, purchasing tickets, buying goods from vendors inside, momentary respite from the strong Cairo sun, people watching, serving tourists, taking pictures and many more. All of this is readily evident from the figure 2.23.

Figure 2.24: Railway Tracks, Ramses Square, Cairo. The figure 2.24 shows the intricate tangle of railroad tracks that serve the travelers on a daily basis on going from one city to the other. Mind you, these tracks were built in the late 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s therefore look dirty and rusty, however as long as they are serving their purpose the people of Cairo seem content with it. The dotted line in blue in figure 2.22 represents the under ground metro lines that conFigure 2.23: Inside Ramses Station, Ramses vene at the Mubarak station. Mubarak Station Square, Cairo. located under ramses square is one of the vital nodes to the connection of two out of the The figure 2.23 shows the daily hustle bustle current three underground metro lines that are inside of the Ramses Station. Of all the peo- running in Egypt. The Cairo Metro in Egypt is M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only full-fledged metro system. The system consists of three operational lines, since the construction on the third line completed in 2007.

Figure 2.26: Traffic coming into Ramses Square, Ramses Square, Cairo. Last but not least the tram lines too serve as an important transport medium for the people of Cairo. Figure 2.25: Underground Metro and Schematic, Ramses Square, Cairo. The metro is run by the National Authority for Tunnels. The line uses standard gauge (1435 mm). Ticket price is EGP 1.00 for each journey (about EUR 0.13 or USD 0.18, avarage exchange rate for 2008), regardless of distance. On all Cairo metro trains, the middle two cars (4th and 5th) of each train are reserved for women (the 5th car becomes a mixed use after 21:00). These cars are used as an option for women who do not wish to ride with men in the same car; however, women can still ride other cars freely. The three lines carry around 900 million passengers a year and on average 2 million per day.3 This just goes to show the importance of the Mubarak station that lies right below the Ramses Square in front of the Al Fateh mosque. The lines in red however denote the vehicular traffic that make their way through Ramses square and below are the images that better shed light into the current situation. 3

Figure 2.27: Tram lines in Cairo, Ramses Square, Cairo. These are the current and latest conditions in Ramses Square. In the following chapter we shall study the site through the eyes of an urban planner and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, oppurtinities and threats, if not already evident, that should give us the basis of our urban design.

Egyptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brightest new advertisng idea-Business Features

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS. We have, so far, with care laid out the current conditions of Ramses Square. Here on in we will discuss the specific problems that need to be adressed, compare Ramses Square with other sites around the world and put forth our vision of what Ramses Square should be like.

2.1.8

Apparent problems.

There are a few but major problems that hinder the smooth flow of life in the Ramses square. These problems are as follows. First thing that comes to mind is the traffic problems. The influx of traffic in and out of Ramses Square has been a source of problems for many years now. This is primarily due to the number of vehicles on the street, however, not everyone is Cairo owns a car. That’s fortunate, because the existing streets are clogged, and stop-and-go traffic is the norm. Added to that, at no point inside Ramses Square is there a systematic traffic light system, which gives more leeway for the vehicles to barge in anywhere they want. But that is not the worst problem.

21 way. Not always are rules adhered to. Red lights do not necessarily mean “stop” or even “slow”, and it is infact a mistake believe that a green “walk” light meant it is safe to cross the street. Cars flood through red lights with horns blaring to warn anyone who might consider getting in the way. To further exacerbate the problem, pedestrians can be found walking in the middle of the road anytime and anywhere. This has led to an inhospitable environment for pedestrians. At first, one has to wait and wait and wait some more to cross the streets, but eventually one has to learn to be bold, like the natives, stepping out whenever a gap of more than one car length occurs, and dodge his/her way through up to five lanes of traffic. Sometimes there is a possibility of being trapped, standing between unmarked lanes in the midst of traffic, for uncomfortable lengths of time. This is a reason why people dread crossing the streets, and as a pedestrian, sometimes are thankful for the large volume of traffic, which tends to slow everything down so people can cross the streets.

Figure 2.28: A parking lot? Maybe not., Ramses Figure 2.29: Square, Cairo. Square, Cairo.

Pedestrian crossing,

Ramses

One just cannot discern any particular rules Although at some strategic points we can obof the road, other than that most streets are one- serve traffic police trying to regulate the pedesM.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

trian and vehicular flow, a pedestrian bridge has They seem to simply make it more cumbersome been built at the heart of Ramses Square, as can for the pedestrians to get from the commerbe seen from figure 2.30. cial district to the Ramses Station. This leads us to ask ourselves, â&#x20AC;&#x153;What if there were to be something that attracts people to use the pedestrian bridge rather than deter them from using it?â&#x20AC;?This leads to rethink other alternatives. Following is another view of the pedestrian bridge.

Figure 2.30: Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo.

Figure 2.32: Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo.

Figure 2.31: Pedestrian Bridge, Ramses Square, Cairo. Even though this is the case, the pedestrian bridge fails to connect strategic points of Ramses Square therefore as a consequence is rarely used. The negative impact of the newly built over head pedestrian bridges that were constructed in the square did not succeed in fulfilling their purpose to facilitate pedestrians in all directions. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 2.33: Parking lot in front of Ramses Station, Ramses Square, Cairo. Furthermore, the bad condition of the current parking lots, location, capacities, entrances and exits, are not satisfactory for the traffic loads and the movement of pedestrians. Politecnico Di Milano

2.1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS.

23 up with the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (S.W.O.T) analysis of Ramses Square. The strengths and opportunities are sometimes very closely inter-related. The same goes for the weaknesses and opportunities. Since the both of these pairs are very closely linked they contribute to each other in a very intricate way.

Figure 2.34: Parking lot, Ramses Square. Last but not least is the problem of the flyovers, namely the October 6th flyovers. They tend to bottleneck at a certain point immediately leaving Ramses Square that makes it difficult to sustain the influx of traffic in and out of Ramses Square.

Figure 2.35: The October 6th flyover. As evident from figure 2.35 the October 6th flyover bottlenecks towards the horizon, that in a way impedes the smooth flow of traffic.

2.1.9

S.W.O.T. analysis.

Based on all the information gathered on Ramses Square from visiting the site, meeting with people, researching libraries and looking for information on the internet, we have come M.Sc. Building Engineering

STRENGTHS − Good Inf rastructure N etwork − Central Location in Cairo City − V arious existing f acilities in the Square − Already existing T rain stations − T ransportation N etworkHub WEAKNESSES − Lack of Green Spaces − Dif f erent and opposing U rban tissue − T he pressure of population growth − T he pressure of traf f ic growth − T ransportation N etwork Hub OPPORTUNITIES − P resence of many company headquarters − P resence of many commercial f acilities − Historical and cultural values − Great tourist attraction − T ransportation N etwork Hub THREATS − P hysical Barriers − N oise and Ecologicalpollution − P oor connections f or pedestrians − Complex history that needs preservation − Lack of service f acilities

Table 2.1: S.W.O.T Analysis. Once the S.W.O.T. Analysis has been listed out it gives us the framework to lay down our goals and objectives, our concepts and visions. This analysis is considered one of the final steps before the objectives, goals, concepts and visions Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

are laid out. Therefore, it is very important that we closely look to see what the Strengths, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Threats are.

2.1.10

Comparative analysis.

Now that we have laid the groundwork for what the various opportunities, strengths, threats and weaknesses are, we are now poised to run a comparative analysis of Ramses square in terms of size and area inorder to see what other site compares to the magnanimity of Ramses Square.

Figure 2.37: Piazza Duomo, Milano Cairoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population density is 31,582 ppl/km2 , compared to Cairo, Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population density is a meager 1,928 ppl/km2 . So one can imagine the influx of people at Ramses Square versus the flow of people at piazza Duomo in Milan. It is probably safe to say that an incredibly busy and packed day at the piazza Duomo is a commonplace at Ramses Square. Now since the study of the square is complete, let us proceed towards the design of the masterplan of Ramses Square.

2.2 2.2.1

Figure 2.36: Ramses Square, Cairo

Ramses Square has an area of 60128 m2 which is roughly ten times the area of a typical soccer field. The following figure shows the area of Piazza Duomo in Milano that coincides roughly with the area of Ramses Square although the cities are completely different in terms of population density. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Solution/Masterplan. Vision.

The successful urban planning of Ramses square is much dictated by the level of pedestrian comfort and the smooth flow of vehicles going in and out of Ramses Square. While pedestrians are constantly crossing the streets and not using the pedestrian bridges, this leads us to re-think of a more pragmatic solution. As a result we sort of need to devise a plan that will foster easy circulation of pedestrians away from the streets. This then will relieve the implicit pressure on vehicles so as to they wont have to worry about people on the streets. Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

Figure 2.38: Major connections in Ramses Figure 2.39: Focal point of Ramses Square, Cairo Square, Cairo

2.2.2 As can be seen from figure 2.38, the red dots need to somehow be connected in an easy and accessible way, for these are the major important nodes inside of Ramses Square. The current pedestrian bridges render inadequate in fulfilling this easy accessibility. Additionally, we also need to think of ways in which pedestrians feel comfortable using the new solution. We need to give an incentive for people to not use the streets as a passage to reach from one node to the other. The following figure 2.39 depicts a conceptual idea on where we can focus our attention to. Due to the presence of the underground metro lines we cannot dig deep ungerground and make tunnels for pedestrians to use. We have thus looked into building a layer above the ground so as to allow the people to freely, without worry of speeding vehicles, move through the four major points. Elevated platforms are certainly not a new concept in urban design however, following are some of the reference projects that we have gone through that emphasizes our concept of layers, and are recent proposals in the modern architectural community. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Reference projects.

Below are a few examples of some reference projects that we have chosen that in a way resonate the same idea as ours. First is the Emerald Plaza, designed by an architectural firm based off of Los Angeles, California that goes by the name Emergent Architecture. Second is a conceptual idea called Buildings in the Sky, proposed by architect and urban planner Viktor Ramos. Both of these reference projects have come about after looking into how contemporary architects and urban planners have tackled problems of congestion and over population in major cities in the world. Emerald Plaza, Abu Dhabi:

Emerald Plaza is a plaza composed of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Layersâ&#x20AC;? that are interconnected and foster easy the pedestrian flow. Various commercial services are offered on the platform that cater to the needs of the people on it. Following are a few images that pictorally show the concept of interconnectedness of layers. Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

26 to wishful thinking. In the following chapter we will discuss the procedure that has been followed from the inception of the idea till the conclusion and masterplan of the urban space.

Figure 2.40: Conceptual Idea of Emerald Plaza, Abu Dhabi

Figure 2.41: Emerald Plaza, Abu Dhabi

Buildings in the Sky, Viktor Ramos. Another reference project that we derived inspiration from is called Buildings in the Sky, Figure 2.42: Buildings in the Sky, Viktor Ramos by Architect Viktor Ramos. This concept of this project is simple, but absolute genius. Instead of building grim walls or tunnels, he instead tries to create livable bridges so communities can live together, superposed. After careful deliberation we have come up with the idea of layers and platforms that will facilitate the flow of pedestrians and help take the weight off the traffic on the streets. However, without careful planning this will only amount Figure 2.43: Buildings in the sky, Viktor Ramos M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

2.2.3

The Platform Design.

himself portraying the fact that a part of the year the sun is our friend and another part of The Urban planning of Ramses Square as the year it is our enemy. we know is not an easy task to undertake. The urban tissue and axis swivel in all directions. These directions need to be studied, while the flow of vehicles and pedestrians need to be understood, the shifts of focal centeres are equally important. Aside from the obvious, there also lies an immense responsibility in maintaining and preserving the historic, social and cultural order. i.e The Al-Fateh mosque, The Ramses Station et cetera. The subsequent section better answers such questions. Additionally, we have mentioned in the abstract that our design decisions have been predominantly guided by the role of nature and the sun. Therefore, a few studies have been undertaken before the actual design begins.

Figure 2.45: Winter shadow range over Ramses Square.

Figure 2.44: Drawing by Le Corbusier from Oevre Complete. According to Le Corbusier, â&#x20AC;?It is the mission of modern architecture to concern itself with the sun.â&#x20AC;? Figure 2.44 is a drawing by Le Corbursier M.Sc. Building Engineering

As can be observed from figure 2.45, Ramses Square is not shaded much in the winter months. This is the part of the year when the sun is our friend. And it looks good for us since we would like much of the sun to penetrate the square during the winter. From the precceding chapters we have seen that Cairo exceedingly needs more cooling than heating. Hence before we laid down our platform we checked to see if there were any spots in the square that was shaded during the summer months as well. Since the sun is high in the Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

sky during summer, from figure 2.46 we can still daily insolation on the square. This aforemeobserve the fact that no part of Ramses Square tioned conditions are verified by the following is shaded. In fact, all of the incident solar radi- simulation results. ation makes its way to Ramses Square.

Figure 2.47: Average Daily Incident Radiation, Winter. Figure 2.47 shows a color coded graph of the average winter daily insolation on Ramses Square. The darkest color - Blue depicts radiation of 280 Wh (WattHours), representing the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 290 Wh until reaching the brightest color - Yellow that portrays incident radiation of 3180+ Wh. It is very evident that all of Ramses Square recieves, except for regions under the October 6th flyovers, 3180 Wh of average daily radiation. This coincides perfectly with the sun shadow results from figure 2.45. After comparing figures 2.45 and 2.47 we know that regardless of how the platform is designed or what shape it takes, during winter, the platform will recieve all of the Figure 2.46: Summer shadow range over Ramses incident radiation that makes it way to Ramses Square. Square. Now the only question is what about during the summer, is there a preferable shape Just so we are certain of this fact, for both that the platform can take, so as to appease the the winter and summer, we check the average level of radiation it recieves. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

29 of form that can avoid the intense summer radiation and yet simultaneously harness the much welcome winter radiation. So we at the mercy of our wills to come up with a design that best suits the needs of the people visiting Ramses Square. Conceptually, we lay down a single layer platform that joins all major points of interest in Ramses Square very well. Also, the October 6th flyovers tend to rise and fall along the way. This primary reason hinders us from building one smooth platform, as can be seen from the figure 2.50 and actual view can be seen in the figure 2.51.

Figure 2.48: Average Daily Incident Radiation, Summer. Apparently not. Even during the summer all the incident radiation makes its way unhindered, unobstructed to the ground level of Ramses Square. In the figure 2.48 however the color code is a somewhat different than of figure 2.47. While the darkest color - Blue still represents the lower limit of the color spectrum. The lower limit in the case of summer is 320 Wh (WattHours). The color spectrum here then increases with increments of 710 Wh until reaching the brightest color - Yellow that portrays incident radiation of 6420+ Wh, little more than twice that of the upper limit during the winter. The result from figure 2.46 further underscores the fact that since Ramses Square is neither shaded during summer nor winter, it is left to our disgression to design the platform in any way we want when it comes to the trajectory of the sun.

2.2.4

The october 6th flyover and the platform.

As mentioned earlier, based on the trajectory of the sun and the amount of sunlight Ramses Square receives, there is no viable shape M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 2.49: First conceptual platform, Ramses Square. We, as a result of intense thought and debate, decided to build different layers of the platform that in a way weaves over and under the October 6th flyovers. We have also chosen to cover the flyover in a way so as to mitigate the noise pollution from the cars on the flyover and simultaneously use some PV cells to generate electricity at the same time. It was not just a question of finances or aesthetic appeal, it was about practicality. As a result, this more viable option was thought of. Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

Immediately we run into our first stumbling block.

Figure 2.52: Roofing over the October 6th flyovers, Ramses Square.

2.2.5

Conception to completion, 1st draft.

Figure 2.50: The October 6th flyovers, Ramses Square.

Figure 2.53: 1st draft of the platform, Ramses Square. Figure 2.51: Different levels of the October 6th The 1st draft of the platform now will be flyovers, Ramses Square. developed further. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

Figure 2.54: Layers of the platform, 1st draft.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

2.2.6

labyrinth, urban tissue and the transportation is a serious issue that needs to be dealt with. final platform.

In the search for a solution we direct our attention back to the point where we started. We look at the points of interest and the focal point of Ramses Square. In addition, we also look to see if the urban tissue can give us ideas on any form, shape or functions that can be introduced.

Figure 2.56: Circulation of pedestrians and cars, Ramses Square.

Figure 2.55: Major points of interest, Ramses Square. As can be seen from figure 2.55, the major points or interest are roughly on the four corners of Ramses Square. Pedestrians need to be able to freely circulate between those four points anytime they choose to. We know that the 1st draft of the platform successfully allows people to circulate between the those points. However, as mentioned earlier, we need to lure people into using the platforms. Otherwise it will just be a repeat of the incompetent pedestrian bridges that have forced us to think of other solutions in the first place. Figure 2.56 shows the circulation conflict between cars and pedestrians that is a source of major problems in the square today. It is readily evident the cacophony between the two modes of M.Sc. Building Engineering

The discordant paths above symbolically represents a pre-historic english labyrinth also better known as a maze. A maze is a complex route in the form of a complex branching passage through which the people must find a route. In everyday speech, both maze and labyrinth denote a complex and confusing series of pathways, although technically the maze is a little distinguished than the greek or roman labyrinth. Many contemporary scholars today observe that a maze refers to a complex branching puzzle with choices of path and direction in many different directions. Also without a predisposed center. Prehistoric labyrinths are believed to have served as traps for malevolent spirits or as defined paths for ritual dances. In retrospect, the figure 2.56 actually seems like a pre historic labyrinth or a maze that traps people and vehicles in a way so as to not let them circulate freely. All the paths that are visible represent the complex passage through which people must find a route. This complex branching of paths further exacerbates the problem of Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN. connections and heavy influx of vehicles.

33 terest in Ramses Square. Furthermore, this focal point should acts as inviting sanctuary for anyone taking respite from the mid-day Cairo sun. This of course is a tall order to achieve so lets take it a step at a time and jump right in.

Figure 2.57: Pre-Historic Labyrinth a.k.a Maze. If we are to solve this problem we need to invoke a paradigm shift in thinking. Parallel to the Greek school of thought, a systematic labyrinth with a center, is what we plan to strive for. Unlike the pre historic labyrinth the Greek labyrinth symbolized a hard path to God with a clearly defined center (God) and one entrance (birth). The idea that the greek Labyrinth led to a center where people would try to go to enticed us. This philosophy seems to match the project that we have delved into. We indeed need to lead people to a common center where they congregate and later disperse. In our case however, instead of just one entrance we will have numerous entrances. All these entrances will lead people to one focal point. This focal point will cater to many of the needs of people passing through Ramses Square on a daily basis. In addition to catering to the daily needs of the people, this focal point should also seemlessly connect five major points of inM.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 2.58: Greek labyrinth with a well defined center.

Figure 2.59: The ramses labyrinth with a center. The need for a vibrant center has thus been established. The question still arises about what Politecnico Di Milano

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN. shape or form should we assume for a building in the center. This is when we turn our attention to the urban fabric and the sphere of influence it has on the square itself. The urban tissue in Red is overlaid on the plan and based on the connection of the two tissues we have systematically redesigned the circulation pattern for the pedestrians, instead of the previous random circulation. The lines in Yellow are the expected pedestrian circulation pattern. This infact brings order to much of the disordered circulation pattern.

34 trian flow we over lay the platformâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s as well. These platforms have been heavily influenced by the urban tissue. The urban tissue infact allows for us to smoothly combine the two platforms. This connection offers fluidity due to the fact that it has been inspired by the already existing urban flow in the area.

Figure 2.62: The Focal point, Commercial and Transportation Hub. Figure 2.60: The Urban Tissue, Ramses Square

Figure 2.61: The Platforms attain a form. Figure 2.63: Semi-Conceptual Layout. Now based on the more systematic pedesM.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Figure 2.64: Surrounding Functions and The proposed Building.

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Figure 2.65: Circulation in and around the proposed Building.

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Figure 2.66: Glimpse of the Masterplan, Ramses Square.

2.2. SOLUTION/MASTERPLAN.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Chapter 3

Architectural Design.

3.1

Architectural Vision.

Influenced heavily from the urban tissue and the surroundings, we achieve, in a sense, harmony of the new building with the existing conditions. The newly designed volumes that are focal on the platform reflects the urban conditions without contradiction between the old and the new. According to this philosophy, Ramses Square has many urban grids, in many different directions, but we focus only on the two main grids which has created our building forms. Therefore, we tried to increase the grid which faces more towards the north and from the two grids the outline of the continuity of the building is achieved. We have thus increased the levels of volumes that face the north and decrease the volume that faces the east and west. In this case, we have the maximum openings openings facing the north, and a sense of character is developed between the levels itself.

3.1.1

- A Transportation hub that not only provides services for daily commuters but also provides services and facilities for people from every walk of life. - A meeting place that is open for innovation and change, providing its users opportunities to meet and socialize, stimulate interest and curiosity in the transportation history of Egypt. - A new hub of the community, able to attract people to gather on it, able to vibrate the whole neighborhood during daytime.

3.2 3.2.1

Key Words of Planning. Accecibility.

- Accessibility: Our building should be easily accessible to all. Along with the ease of understanding the functioning of services, for identifying pathways, entrances, exits, internal distribution and various parts of complex. - Special care in design for people with disability.

Objectives.

The main objective of our building is to be the focal point of Ramses Square. To serve as a clearinghouse and central meeting place for locals for social activities and facilities of significance for the people of Cairo.

3.2.2

Articulation.

- Adequate correspondence between spaces and functions that should, if necessary, they can use for different ways and times. - An architectural space must be â&#x20AC;?centered

3.2. KEY WORDS OF PLANNING.

aboutâ&#x20AC;? allowing a vision and use a variety of - Incorporate Smart growth principles in the project development process. spaces and differential interiors. - Strive for good environmental quality of the interiors, which will have a direct impact on in3.2.3 Visibility. dividual well-being. - Easily recognizable in the urban context, as eas- - It sound be correctly integrated with its conily should be identifiable individual shares and text, making the most of the buildings relationtheir paths internal and external connections. ship with its site. - The ability to strike and remain in the memory becoming urban icon in the collective. 3.2.6 Multiplicity. - Place excellence in multiculturalism, multimedia and congregation of people, able to welcome - A transportation hub must be comfortable in and meet the needs of the whole community. the sense broadest of terms, it must be a place - Be able to better accommodate the different where you go for pleasant experience. This functions and accommodate different audiences. means that we need to ensure adequate requirements, comfort, heat-humidity levels, sound and visual equillibrium, in the end ergonomic and psychological comfort. - Although wellness should be the main criteria, the balance between comfort and energy efficiency is necessary. - Special attention should be taken to achieve Comfort and health in Buildings. The interactive nature of the relationship between buildings and their occupants is complex therefore must be studied as a whole unit.

3.2.4

Wellness.

3.2.5

Sustainability.

- Strive to use materials with low environmental impact, those that are readily available, and easy to maintain, that are most durable, and are proven reliable. - The project should seek to use the thermal inertia of mass in the buillding while still adopting systems mixed-air water for the heating and cooling. - It should also give priority natural lighting and ventilation. - Sustainability is not just about being green its also about a better, healthier, more rewarding and more efficient built environment for the people living and working there. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 3.1: Relocation of the tram station, Ramses Square Following, the section Architectural Plans is dedicated to the site plan, the floor plans, elevations and sections of the built environment. All the plans are at a scale of 1:100. Immediate after the plans are the renders of the built environment and later, the functions and flow within the building and platform shall be discussed.

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

3.3

Architectural Plans. - Site plan scaled 1:1000. - Ground Floor plan scaled 1:1000. - First Floor plan scaled 1:1000. - Second Floor plan scaled 1:1000. - Third Floor plan scaled 1:1000. - Fourth Floor plan scaled 1:1000. - Elevations scaled 1:1000. - Sections scaled 1:1000.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

3.4

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Renders.

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.4. RENDERS.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.5. FUNCTIONS AND FLOW.

3.5

Functions and Flow.

The plans have been laid out in a systematic fashion and the color legends denote specific functions in the building itself. However, some explanation is called for regarding the choices of the functions in the building.

69 ground to the Mubarak station. The grid like lines that run through the plan denotes the structural grid. It is obvious the level of complication that has been encountered in laying out the structural grid for this building due to the presence of the flyovers and the streets on the ground level. The structural grid will be discussed in greater depth in the chapter Structural design, one of the subsequent chapters.

Figure 3.2: Zero Level Plan. The Zero level plan above shows the three major transportation modes served by our building. The room in Red serves as a waiting and ticketing area for the new and relocated tram station. Similarly, the Green room serves as a waiting and ticketing area for the bus station. This bus station too is a new and strategic location for the people choosing to use the bus as a mode of transportation. The room in Blue is merely a ticketing area for the metro underground. The idea here is that, when people pass through the platforms, they can directly purchase their tickets on level zero before making their way underM.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 3.3: First Level Plan. The first level plan is interesting because this is where the building begins to achieve character. A character that of the focal point of Ramses Square. Here, on this level we have introduced commerical spaces. Stores that cater to the needs of people passing through Ramses Square. Numerous stores here are dedicated to travelers alone, like for instance Cafes, newspaper stands along with information booths for passengers, even an office for security purposes. Politecnico Di Milano

3.5. FUNCTIONS AND FLOW. In this level although many of the functions from level zero have carried on upwards, like the metro and ticketing info, bus station and metro station, these spaces include offices for people working on those modes of transportation. The technical and bureaucratic work is mainly chosen for the offices in this level. The flat spaces in Grey denotes the first level of the platform. At a height of 6 meters, this portion of the platform serves the purpose of bringing in people from all major points of interest in Ramses Square towards the central building. With adequate shading and water bodies these platforms act as sanctuaries for whoever wants to take a momentary respite from the mid day sun or their busy lives. For this reason, we expect for the platform to be vibrant with people all day long.

70 platform connects to the floor of this level at 10.5 meters. Here lies the major entrance to the building from the platforms, for this is the major point of circulation from the North to South of Ramses Square and vice versa. The figure with the circulation plan clearly depicts this.

Figure 3.5: Square.

Circulation pattern in Ramses

We have also chosen to add restaurants on this level, along with tourist information since we imagine this floor to be the most used of them all. The floor plan in Red is denoted as Train station and ticketing info. This is due to the fact that now, on this floor we will also cater to the regional trains. People who wish to embark on a journey outside of Cairo can now purchase tickets and recieve first class information in the offices located on this level. In addition to the various services offered, we indend for this level to be crowded with people throughout the day. Open and lush spaces inside this level invite and entice people to come in. Whether it be just for a look or for business, this level should succeed in attracting people from different walks of life. Figure 3.4: Second Level Plan. The deliberately planned Solar Chimneys on Moving along, the second level reaches a ceal- the roof, that shall be presented in much detail in ing hight of 15 meters. The second level of the the subsequent chapters, will induce Stack Effect M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

3.5. FUNCTIONS AND FLOW.

throughout the building. Stack effect will allow tion culture in Cairo, on both the third and the for natural ventilation to permeate throughout fourth level. the core of the building at three major points. This will further help reduce the heating load in the summer and bring in much needed fresh air for the inhabitants. The solar chimneys, strategically positioned also will be equipped with light deflecting louvres that help transmit ample daylight deep into the building space. These design choices have not come about accidentally. They have infact been a conscious decision right from inception of the project. Greater detail with visual aides will portray these passive measures in the subsequent chapters.

Figure 3.7: Fourth Level Plan.

Figure 3.6: Third Level Plan. The figure 3.6 and 3.7 show the remainder of the floor plans to the proposed building. We have infact decided to bring the transportation museum back to life. Our building will house the artifacts and information on the rich transportaM.Sc. Building Engineering

As mentioned earlier we have decided to house the transportation museum in this building. The museum will span the third and fourth level. We hope that this museum will attract many tourists and locals alike. This museum will be a source of education and entertainment on the history and information of transportation in Egypt. People will learn about how transportation progress helped build Cairo. The goal of this museum will be to preserve and interpret the history of transportation in Cairo and to present this history in a manner that allows visitors to enjoy their experience as well as learn from it. Various museum guided tours will also be provided to attract foreigners. The commercial zones have also made it way to the top. These stores will cater to people of all age groups. From designer stores to local Politecnico Di Milano

3.5. FUNCTIONS AND FLOW.

departmental stores a variety of shops will be recommended here. Our idea is to attract all types of demographic. People who come from a long day work passing through Ramses Square should be able to pick up much needed groceries for dinner. Or those who are on vacation should be able to look for clothes, shoes, accessories to their interest here. Therefore, this building will no only serve as a transportation center but also a place where people from all facets of life can come and make the most of. This is even more possible due to the platforms. The levels can be seen below.

Figure 3.8: Platform levels. The treatment of the facade, deliberate window arrangement, considered selections of materials and wall structures are all that give the building character. These issues have also been carefully thought of. It is our hope to better illustrate the choices in the subsequent chapters. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Chapter 4

Structural Design.

We have chosen the steel frame structural system as the main support element for our building. This decision is based on the fact that we need a light weight structure, compared to reinforced concrete obviously, since some parts of the building will be built above streets and the October 6th flyover. This decision has not been a shot in the dark. Although the first instinct was to choose Steel as the main structure, this choice came to fruitition only after weighing the prosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and consâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of other structural systems as well.

4.1

Steel Frame Structure Pros and Cons.

Steel Frame Structure Pros: - Good property of earthquake resistance: the ductility of steel is higher; this specific property of steel greatly reduces the effect of the earthquake and also possesses the ability to attain higher deformability in the case of an intense earthquake. - Self-weight is low: this helps reduce the vertical load and earthquake effect which transfers from the structure to the foundation.

- Makes the most of the architecture space: steel structures are known to increase 2 4% of the effective area due to its smaller cross section of the columns. - Steel construction is efficient, competitive and makes a significant contribution to the national economy of Egypt. - Steel framing and cladding systems provide the scope, in association with other materials, to design buildings with low overall environmental impacts. - Steel-based construction systems provide flexible spaces which have the potential to be easily modified and adapted so that the life of the building can be extended by accommodating changes in use, layout and size. - Steel is 100% recyclable and can be recycled without degradation of properties. Surveys indicate that more than 90% of steel from construction is recovered for recycling or reuse. - Due to the ease of working with steel, the time of construction is greatly reduced. Buildings can be rapidly constructed using steel-based components that are efficiently manufactured off-site and therefore are of high quality and with few defects.

4.2. COMPOSITE SYSTEMS. Cons: - Lower resistance of fire: the beam, column, bracing and the trapezoidal metal sheeting should be covered by fire resisting dope. - The damages on the structure such as cracks at the connection and buckling of the bracing can happen due to the random nature of earthquakes and the complexity of the construction. - High cost of steel. The cost of steel is higher than other materials due to the production life cycle and high demand in the international market. Secondly, the cost of fire protection accounts for approximately 30% of the total cost of a steel structure. This represents a significant addition to the construction cost.

4.2

Composite Systems.

Aside from the main structure which will be a steel frame structure, we have chosen composite systems for the floor and roof. This brings to our point. What then is a composite floor? Composite floors comprise slabs and beams acting compositely together. Composite slabs consist of profiled steel beams working together with in-situ reinforced concrete. The reinforcement not only acts as permanent formwork to the concrete, but also provides sufficient shear bond with the concrete, so that the two materials act compositely together. Although principally for use with steel frames, composite slabs can also be supported on brick, masonry or concrete components. Composite floor beams are hot-rolled steel sections that act compositely with the slab. Composite action is normally achieved by welding shear studs onto the top of the beams before pouring the concrete. The shear connectors provide sufficient longitudinal shear connection between the beam and the cured concrete so that they act together compositely. Together composite slabs and beams produce structurally and resource efficient flooring systems for a range of M.Sc. Building Engineering

74 applications. Composite flooring systems offer clients and designers a number of benefits which address the social, environmental and economic dimensions of sustainable construction. Composite flooring systems facilitate fasttrack construction; up to 200 m2 composite floors can be installed by one team in a day. Speed, simplicity of design and affinity for steelframed buildings make composite floors the system of choice where time, and hence speed of construction, are key drivers. Composite flooring systems are structurally efficient, thereby minimising the resources used in constructing the building (particularly concrete) and reducing the waste generated when it is necessary to deconstruct it. Less concrete means fewer site deliveries and less localised traffic congestion. Composite floor systems are stiffer, stronger and lighter than many other floor systems. This means that the weight and size of the primary structure and the foundations can often be reduced; again minimising resource consumption and end-of-life waste generation. Without further ado, let us shift our attention to the design procedures and the calculations relating to the choices we have made regarding the structure.

4.3

Load estimation and design.

In the process of the steel structure design, we have used a structural analysis software called SAP2000 to assist us. Although all the design choices, calculations and choice methods have been thoroughly calculated by hand, as illustrated below, we have used SAP2000 as an auxillary tool to 3D model, calculate the Forces, Stresses, Moments and displacements under the effect of Dead Load (including Self weight), Live Load and the wind load. Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

It should be pointed out that the building has slabs. been divided into four structurally sound parts. This allows for detailed design of each portion by itself, until in the end all of them are careSteel fully combined to provide utmost safety under the dead loads, live loads, wind loads and earthquake loads. • Yield Stress: Fy = 2400Kg/cm2 Once the building has been divided into four • Maximum Stress: Fu = 3700Kg/cm2 structurally sound counterparts we then proceed • Young Modulus: Es = 2.03 × 106 N/mm2 to design the deep beams, secondary beams, con• Density: ρc = 7800Kg/m3 nections and base plates. The calculation procedure and results are accompanied by diagrams and tables that shall help clarify any doubts that may arise. Table 4.2: Physical Properties of Steel

4.3.1

Physical properties.

Concrete

• • • • • • •

Compressive Strength:√Fc = 25N/mm2 Tensile Strength: 0.55 Fc = 2.2N/mm2 Young Modulus: Ec = 25000N/mm2 Water to Cement Ratio: W/C = 0.67 Air void = 0.001 m3 Slump = 50 mm Density: ρc = 2211Kg/m3

Table 4.1: Physical Properties of Concrete

The reinforcement of these types of slabs only require thermal reinforcements hence will be discussed in greater detail later. However, now let us direct our attention to the table that shows the self weight of structural and non structural elements, otherwise also known as the dead load.

4.3.2

Dead Loads.

Roof: M aterial Cement tile Concrete Kingspan C.S Air Gap M ineralW ool Gypsumboard Total

Dens [Kg/m3 ] 2100 2200 32 − 0 120 130

T hick [Cm] 1.4 2 6 − 0 8 1.5

W eight [Kg/m2 ] 29.4 44 1.92 193 0 9.6 19.5 303.64

Table 4.1 and 4.2 list the physical properties of the steel and concrete that we are using. Although each of the materials have specific physical properties individually, when it comes to composite slabs they work together and give enhanced performance. Composite beams have Table 4.3: Dead Load: Roof the ability to transfer shear forces from steel beam to concrete slab in different way. These kinds of composite slabs can take about 30% The solar vacuum tube collectors weigh ≈100 more load in comparison to the same beam and Kg/m2 . This weight is added onto the dead load M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

of the roof as well. So in essence the total weight weight per unit area is now 400 Kg/m2 . per unit area is now 400 Kg/m2 . External Intermediate Floor: M aterial Dens T hick 3 [Kg/m ] [Cm] Cement tile 2100 1 Concrete 2200 2 Kingspan 32 6 C.S − − Air Gap 0 0 M ineralW ool 120 6 Exp.P olyst 30 8 P lasterboard − 1.2 Total

W eight [Kg/m2 ] 29.4 44 1.92 193 0 7.2 2.4 2.5 282.1

Table 4.4: Dead Load: External Intermediate Floor

External Wall: M aterial Dens [Kg/m3 ] W allboard − W allboard − M ineralW ool 120 Air Gap 0 M ineralW ool 120 F ibreboard 800 EP S 30 Air Gap 0 P lasterboard 130 Total

T hick [Cm] 1.25 1.25 7 0 7 1.25 8 0 1.5

W eight [Kg/m2 ] 8.3 8.3 8.4 0 8.4 10 2.4 0 19.5 58.10

Table 4.6: Dead Load: External Wall

Once again, according to the building code Here, according to the building code for light weight partitions we add ≈100 Kg/m2 . This for light weight partitions we add ≈100 Kg/m2 . weight is added onto the dead load so the total This weight is added onto the dead load so the total weight per unit area is now 400 Kg/m2 . weight per unit area is now 400 Kg/m2 .

Internal Floor: M aterial Dens [Kg/m3 ] Cement tile 2100 Concrete 2200 Kingspan 32 C.S − Air Gap 0 M ineralW ool 120 P lasterboard 130 Total

T hick [Cm] 1 2 6 − 0 6 1.5

W eight [Kg/m2 ] 29.4 44 1.92 193 0 7.2 19.5 286.62

Intentionally Left Blank, Please Turn Over.

Table 4.5: Dead Load: External Intermediate Floor Once again, based on the building code, we add ≈100 Kg/m2 onto the dead load so the total M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

4.3.3

Structural Frame.

Figure 4.1: Steel Frame Structure - Partition 1.

Figure 4.2: Steel Frame Structure - Partition 2.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

Figure 4.3: Steel Frame Structure - Partition 3.

Figure 4.4: Steel Frame Structure - Partition 4.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

4.3.4

Load Distribution.

then multiplied by LL and DL. The subsequent figure shows the area of load that the beam AB The distribution of loads on a slab whether withstands. it be composite slabs or any other kind of slab, the direction should be towards the shortest side of the slab. The load is then transferred to the beam at the end of each slab that takes most of the load distributed to the secondary beams. This combination ensures that eventually the primary beams placed at the secondary beams are withstanding the loads.

Figure 4.6: Division of load. This division of load can be done with the sap2000 as well, therefore as a sample we did it for one level. The image is figure 7.7.

Figure 4.5: Method to find the Surface Loads.

Intentionally Left Blank, Please Turn Over.

The way we have found the surface loads is that we first bisect the vertex angles of the slab on which the load is acting on. These lines that bisect the angles are extended towards the center of the slab. Each two consecutive lines meet at some point on the slab. This procedure, obviously, is made more evident in the subsequent figure. Once these lines meet, seperate and well defined areas form on the slab. This is M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Figure 4.7: Slab Configuration - sap2000.

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN. LL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

DL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

Area [m2 ] 4 16.5 5 33.5 4 4 17.5 5 17.50 4 4 18.2 5 17.5 4 4 17.5 5 17.5 4 4 17.5 16.5 17.5 4 4 32.7 9.6 32.8 4 4 34.7 20.4 34.8 4 4 16.5 9.1

W all Load [â&#x2C6;&#x2019;] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

81 Length [m] 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99

DL/Length [Kgf /m] 864.9 1101.8 501.3 2232.7 808.1 864.9 1168.6 501.3 1166.7 808.1 864.9 1212.1 501.3 1166.7 808.1 864.9 1168.6 501.3 1166.7 808.1 864.9 1168.6 1654.1 1166.7 808.1 864.9 2185.1 967.1 2187.3 808.1 864.9 2314.9 2049.6 2316.7 808.1 864.9 1101.8 907.3

LL/Length [Kgf /m] 1081 1377 627 2791 1010 1081 1461 627 1458 1010 1081 1515 627 1458 1010 1081 1461 627 1458 1010 1081 1461 2068 1458 1010 1081 2731 1209 2734 1010 1081 2894 2562 2896 1010 1081 1377 1134

DL + LL [Kg/m] 1945.9 2479.1 1127.8 5023.5 1818.2 1945.9 2629.4 1127.8 2625.0 1818.2 1945.9 2727.3 1127.8 2625.0 1818.2 1945.9 2629.4 1127.8 2625.0 1818.2 1945.9 2629.4 3721.8 2625.0 1818.2 1945.9 4916.4 2176.0 4921.5 1818.2 1945.9 5208.6 4611.5 5212.6 1818.2 1945.9 2479.1 2041.5

Table 4.7: Load Division - Part 1

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

DL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

Area [m2 ] 34.6 4 4 17.4 4 17.4 4 4 17.4 5.0 17.4 4 4 25.7 14.8 16.5 4 135 47 42 16.5 10.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 104.2 58.1 39.6 22.5 18.0 31.3 30.5 33.2 29.1 126 73.0 50.1

W all Load [â&#x2C6;&#x2019;] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

82 Length [m] 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 19.99 11.62 8.62 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 19.99 11.62 8.62 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 19.99 11.62 8.62

DL/Length [Kgf /m] 2307.2 808.1 864.9 1159.4 401.0 1159.1 808.1 864.9 1160.7 501.3 1161.6 808.1 864.9 1714.7 1482.4 1100.0 808.1 2963.4 1879.9 2211.0 1421.9 1117.4 1250.7 1262.0 1262.0 1262.0 2085.6 2000.6 1837.3 1584.9 1469.7 1767.6 1744.5 1897.7 1660.6 2524.4 2513.5 2326.0

LL/Length [Kgf /m] 2884 1010 1081 1449 501 1449 1010 1081 1451 627 1452 1010 1081 2143 1853 1375 1010 3377 2022 2436 1450 1069 1236 1250 1250 1250 2607 2501 2297 1981 1837 2209 2181 2372 2076 3155 3142 2908

DL + LL [Kg/m] 5191.2 1818.2 1945.9 2608.6 902.3 2607.9 1818.2 1945.9 2611.6 1127.8 2613.6 1818.2 1945.9 3858.0 3335.4 2475.0 1818.2 6340.0 3902.3 4647.2 2871.8 2186.6 2486.6 2512.0 2512.0 2512.0 4692.7 4501.4 4133.8 3565.9 3306.9 3977.0 3925.1 4269.7 3736.3 5679.8 5655.3 5233.6

Table 4.8: Load Division - Part 2

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

DL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

Area [m2 ] 28 24 39 18 18 18 126 73 50 29 23 39 37 42 37 106 59 40 23 19 32 16 16 16 29 16 11 6 5 8 18 18 18 0 25 7 16 1

W all Load [â&#x2C6;&#x2019;] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262

83 Length [m] 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 19.99 11.62 8.62 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 19.99 11.62 8.62 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 19.99 11.62 8.62 5.69 4.91 7.08 7 7 7 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98

DL/Length [Kgf /m] 1989.8 1916.0 2203.8 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 2527.2 2515.8 2329.2 2022.2 1868.5 2204.9 2141.0 2401.7 2123.9 2115.0 2040.8 1877.7 1636.4 1508.5 1798.3 914.3 914.3 914.3 832.9 828.4 776.3 672.5 677.6 737.4 1262.0 1262.0 1262.0 353.4 1937.9 925.3 1340.7 367.6

LL/Length [Kgf /m] 2487 2395 2755 1250 1250 1250 3159 3145 2911 2528 2336 2756 2676 3002 2655 2644 2551 2347 2046 1886 2248 1143 1143 1143 714 708 643 513 520 594 1250 1250 1250 114 2095 829 1348 132

DL + LL [Kg/m] 4477.1 4311.1 4958.6 2250.0 2250.0 2250.0 5686.3 5660.5 5240.7 4549.8 4204.2 4960.9 4817.2 5403.7 4778.7 4758.8 4591.9 4224.8 3681.9 3394.0 4046.1 2057.1 2057.1 2057.1 1546.5 1536.4 1419.1 1185.6 1197.1 1331.7 2512.0 2512.0 2512.0 467.6 4032.8 1754.4 2689.0 499.7

Table 4.9: Load Division - Part 3

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN. LL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

DL/Area [Kgf /m2 ] 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

Area [m2 ] 105 5 5 79 1 19 34 5 4 7 4 7 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 18 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 16 8 21

W all Load [â&#x2C6;&#x2019;] 0 262 262 0 0 0 0 0 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 262 0 0 262 262 0 0 0 262 0

84 Length [m] 4.49 4.49 4.83 4.15 1.85 5.99 5.38 1.96 1.85 5.99 3.99 6 1.98 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 7 7 7 7 7 7 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.41

DL/Length [Kgf /m] 9332.0 743.1 700.0 7607.6 191.8 1301.4 2525.8 1033.3 1126.9 713.3 704.2 713.5 1070.1 1245.4 1266.6 1424.1 1375.2 1395.7 1322.2 607.4 1176.3 914.3 914.3 1176.3 1233.4 971.4 985.5 927.5 721.3 1148.2

LL/Length [Kgf /m] 11665 601 547 9509 240 1627 3157 1292 1081 564 553 564 1010 1229 1256 1453 1391 1417 1325 432 1143 1143 1143 1143 1214 1214 1232 1159 574 1435

DL + LL [Kg/m] 20996.9 1344.5 1247.4 17117.1 431.6 2928.1 5683.1 2325.0 2207.9 1277.5 1257.0 1277.9 2080.2 2474.7 2522.4 2876.8 2766.6 2812.9 2647.4 1039.2 2319.1 2057.1 2057.1 2319.1 2447.7 2185.7 2217.4 2087.0 1295.4 2583.4

Table 4.10: Load Division - Part 4

Intentionally Left Blank, Please Turn Over.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

4.3.5

Earthquake Design.

they infact donot work together in tandem structurally, but infact are joined together with a The Ramses building, as we know it, has non structural material. The distance they are acquired multi dimensional shape. The building structurally spaced are retrieved from structural therefore, for the purpose of earthquake design, codes and they are H/200 for each building or has been divided into four cubic parts. H/100 for both of them, where H denotes the height of the building. For our building of 24 m in height the discance is (2400/200)cm = 12 cm. Furthermore, each building is equipped with X and K bracings (Both in very light blue color), which can be seen in figure 4.8. The X-bracings reduces the lateral load on the building by transferring the load into the exterior columns. This allows for a reduced need for interior columns thus creating more floor space. K-bracings, on the other hand, are a very popular type of bracing where ordinary type of cross bracing would be too long. It has the merit of ensuring that the horizontal shear load on the building be equally distributed into the compression and tension bracing members1 .

Figure 4.8: Division of the building. As can be seen, the building has been divided into four parts for the calculation and excution. The main reason for this is to equillibrate the forces acting on the building as a whole. When the building shakes under the influence of an earthquake it accelerates in a harmonic motion that is predominantly governed by Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Law (F = m.a). In a usual calculation of equillibrium we assume that the floors are like diaphragms and further we obligate the floors to work in a regular and harmonic fashion. If else, evaluating the forces acting on the structure could get immensely complicated and beyond the scope of what we have learnt in this course. Additionally, this division forces the building into four more or less symmetric parts. This ensures less torsion on the building. When the building is the brought together, 1

4.3.6

Structural System.

As mentioned earlier, the structural system we have chosen is sway steel frames with free joints. The reason for choosing free joints as opposed to constant joints is because our structure has long beams â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 17m. This means that the beams already have a lare amount of momentum, if we use moment frames that are constant joints, the moment in our beams is magnified to a degree that cannot be withstood. Therfore, the viable decision is to choose of free joint sway steel frames. In some frames of one building we also choose moment frames with stiffners because the only frames in that building with a 17m span and architecturally and structurally it would be much inconvenient to add cross bracings here.

Communication Structures - Brian. W. Smith

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

4.3.7

Definition of Loads.

Below are listed the loads in our building that we are using:

86 Ce - for level Z = 19.5, Ce = 1.94 Ce - for level Z = 24, Ce = 1.97

Wind Force on Level Z = 10.5 m: Facing the wind: Live Load: The live load for our commercian P = (0.8) × (1.7) × (32) = 43.52 areas and offices are 500 Kgf and 250 Kgf reF = (2.25) × (43.52) = 97.92 spectively. Wind Load: In order to calculate the wind load we need to figure out the basic pressure of the wind with respect to the basic speed of the wind, Perpendicular to wind: P = (0.8) × (1.7) × (32) = −38.08 governed by the equation i that calculates the F = (2.25) × (−38.08) = −85.68 speed into a distributed load below: q = 0.005V 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · (i) Away from the wind: P = (−0.5) × (1.7) × (32) = −27.2 Based on our survey of the basic wind speeds in F = (2.25) × (−27.2) = −61.2 Cairo, the maximum that the building needs to withstand is a speed of 80 Km/h. Therefore,q = 32. After the addition of two factors Ce &Cq we get: Wind Force on Level Z = 15 m: Facing the wind: p = Ce Cq q · · · · · · · · · · · · (ii) P = (0.8) × (1.82) × (32) = 46.6 F = (4.5) × (46.6) = 209.7 Where, Ce is a factor related to the variation of speed of the wind and is increasing with the height of the building in this fashion: Perpendicular to wind: Ce = 1.6(z/10)0.24 1.6

P = (−0.7) × (1.82) × (32) = −40.8 F = (4.5) × (−40.8) = −182.5

Cq on the other hand is the shape factor related to the shape, kind of structure and its orientation against the wind. After equation ii is worked Away from the wind: out, we find the force for each element that bears P = (−0.5) × (1.82) × (32) = −29.12 the wind load using the formula. F = (4.5) × (−29.12) = −131 F = P A · · · · · · · · · · · · (iii) Subsequent are the values for the factors based Wind Force on Level Z = 19.5 m: Facing the wind: on the codes. P = (0.8) × (1.94) × (32) = 49.7 Cq - For surfaces facing wind = 0.8 F = (4.5) × (49.7) = 223.5 Cq - For surfaces away from wind = -0.5 Cq - surfaces perpendicular towind = -0.7 Cq - For flat roofs = -0.8 additionally, Perpendicular to wind: P = (−0.7) × (1.94) × (32) = −43 Ce - for level Z = 10.5, Ce = 1.7 Ce - for level Z = 15, Ce = 1.82 F = (4.5) × (−43) = −195.5 M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.3. LOAD ESTIMATION AND DESIGN.

Away from the wind: P = (−0.5) × (1.94) × (32) = −31 F = (2.25) × (−31) = −139.75

Wind Force on Level Z = 24 m: Facing the wind: P = (0.8) × (1.97) × (32) = 50.5 F = (3) × (50.5) = 113.5

Perpendicular to wind: P = (−0.7) × (1.97) × (32) = −44.1 F = (3) × (−44.1) = −151

Away from the wind: P = (−0.5) × (1.97) × (32) = −31.5 F = (3) × (−31) = −96

Intentionally Left Blank, Please Turn Over.

Load Combinations: Our design is according to AISC-ASC89. This building code obligates us to have 6 combinations of loads. a) DL, b) DL+LL, c) DL+LL-Wx, d) DL+LL+Wx, e) DLL+Wx, f) DL-Wx. Based on these load combinations, the structure is analyzed in the subsequent section. These analyses were carried out on SAP2000 and the images in the section show, the moment diagrams, axial diagrams, shear diagrams on the frames and the analysis of the slabs.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

4.4

Analysis of Structure.

Figure 4.9: Frame 1 - Axial Load.

Figure 4.10: Frame 2 - Axial Load.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.11: Frame 3 - Axial Load.

Figure 4.12: Frame 4 - Axial Load.

Figure 4.13: Frame 5 - Axial Load.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.14: Frame 6 - Axial Load.

Intentionally Left Blank, Please Turn Over.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.15: Frame 1 - Moment Diagram.

Figure 4.16: Frame 2 - Moment Diagram.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.17: Frame 3 - Moment Diagram.

Figure 4.18: Frame 4 - Moment Diagram.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.19: Frame 5 - Moment Diagram.

Figure 4.20: Frame 6 - Moment Diagram.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.21: Frame 1 - Shear Diagram.

Figure 4.22: Frame 2 - Shear Diagram.

Figure 4.23: Frame 3 - Shear Diagram.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.24: Frame 4 - Shear Diagram.

Figure 4.25: Frame 5 - Shear Diagram.

Figure 4.26: Frame 6 - Shear Diagram.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.27: Slab 1 Analysis.

Figure 4.28: Slab 2 Analysis.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.

Figure 4.29: Slab 3 Analysis.

Figure 4.30: Slab 4 Analysis.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT.

4.5

Design of Beams, Columns, Base Plate and Joint.

Figure 4.31: Beam Design. Since a portion of our building is above a flyover we have a big span of beam to design for. The procedure is as follows: Beam Design:

Figure 4.32: Beam Design. M omentmax = ql2 /8 = 255000kg.m M.Sc. Building Engineering

sap2000moment = 290000kg.m Shearmax = 51000kg Sap2000shear = 5190 p kg h/tw = 168&h = 3 3 × 290 × 105 × 170/(22400) = 172.52cm h = L/20 = 20 × 102 /20 = 100cm We use, PL150x1cm, so: fv = 51.9 × 103 /(150 × 1) = 346.6kg/cm2 ≺ 0.4fy = 960kg/cm2 O.K. Af = m/f h − Aw /6 = 290 × 105 /(1440 × 150) − 150 × 1/6 = 109.25 Af = 40 × 3 = 120cm2 p bf /2tf =p40/60 = 6.66 ≺ 795/ fy /kc = 12.27 p Kc = 7/ h/t = 7/ 150/1 = 0.572 A = 390, I = 1880000cm4 , Sx = 23800cm3 Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT.

p rt = ((3 × 403 /12)/(40 × 3√ + 1/6 × 150 × 1)) a = 20m/15 = 1.33& a/h = 133/150 = 0.886 h/tw = 150/1 = 150 ≺ 6370/ Fb = 168 O.k. a/h = 0.89 ≺ 1 ⇒ kv = 4 + 5.34/0.892 = 27 Cv = 315 × 104 × 27/(2400 × 1502 ) = 1.575 0.8 Since, all the beam is supported with slab so Now, we use the other p formula, Cv = 1600/150 × (27/2400) = 1.131 > 0.8 it won’t have tensional buckling problem. V = 51ton, fv = 51000/150 = 340, Fv = Fv = 2400/2.89 × 1.131 = 939.23 > 340 O.K. Fy /2.89(Cv ) This shows that the distance between the stiffna/h = ∞ ⇒ Kv = 5.34 ers are O.K. Cv = 315 × 104 × 5.34/(2400(150.1)) = 0.312 ≺ Self-Weight = 7800 × 0.039 = 304.2kg/m 0.8 Fv = 2400/2.89 × 3.12 = 259kg/cm2 ≺ 340 δmax = 5/384 × ql4 /EI = 5 × 48.042 × We need stiffners, therefore we assume that 20004/(1880000 × 2.03 × 106) = 2.62cm ≺< we use 15 stiffners in the length of the beam. L/24 = 83cm

Figure 4.33: Deep Beam Design. Column Design: We have designed as a sample beam x7,y3 in the third floor and our frame is sway so we won’t have any movement in to end of the column. DSTL3 ,HE 160M. In the safe side we assume our columns have simple supports and to find B we assume section as he160, so k=1. rx = 0.0725m& ry = 0.0426m rx = 0.0725m& ry = 0.0426m λx = kL/rx = 1×450/7.25 = 62& λy = kL/ry = 1 × 450/4.25 = 106. From the table we also know Fa = 829kg/cm2 B = A/S = 46 × 103 /855 = 53.8cm2 PEQ = P + M B = 12.7 + 5.7 × 5.8 = 45.76 A = 97cm2 & Sx = 5.66 × 10−4 m3 & rx = 0.0725m& ry = 0.0425m bf = 0.166m& tf = 0.023m& Af = M.Sc. Building Engineering

38.18cm2 & tw = 1.4cm λx = kL/rx = 1 × 450/7.25 = 62 λy = kL/ry = 1 × 450/4.25 = 1066 From the table we also know Fa = 829kg/cm2 fa = 12.7 × 103 /97 = 131kg/cm3 fa /Fa = 131/829 = .158 > 0.15 O.K. Now we proceed to find the allowable moment: Ld/Af = 450 × 18/38.2 = 212 ≺ 600 O.K. 2 Fb = 0.6Fy = 1440kg/cm We assume the profile is standard so bf /2ft is O.K. Fb = .66 × 2400 = 1584kg/cm2 fb = 5.7 × 105 /566 = 1347.06 fb /Fb = 1348/1584 = .85 Cm = 0.6 − 0.4 × M 1/M 2 = 0.6 − 0.4 × 0.58 = 0.368 Fe0 = 105 × 105 /λ2 b = 105 × 105 /2725.49kg/cm2 fb /Fe0 = 131/2725.5 = 0.048 Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT.

100

Beam Design: δ = 0.0368/(1 − 0.048) = 0.0387 fa /Fa + (fb /Fb ) ∗ δ = .158 + 0.85 × 0.387 = We assume the beam as an simple beam with 0.487 ≺ 1 O.K. 2 supports at each of their ends so the vertical fa /(.6Fa ) + fb /Fb = 0.091 = 0.85 = 0.94 ≺ 1 forces won’t have effect on them. We placed each O.K. one meter one beam so our load will take the form as in the subsequent figure.

Figure 4.35: Secondary Beam Design. We have assumed 8 cm concrete slab over our steel profiles. Md = qd L2 /8 = 400 × 52 = 1250kgf.m Ml = ql L2 /8 = 500 × 52 = 1562kgf.m We assume Fb = 0.6, Fy = 1440kg/cm2 S = Md /fb = 1250 × 102 /1440 = 87cm3 So we use IPE 160. Sx = 109, bf = 8.2, Is = 869cm4 & A = 20.1cm2 Calculating the effect weight be : be = min(L/4, (S1 + S2)/2, bf + 16tc ) = 5/4m, 1m, 8.2 + 16 × 8cm be = 1m Section Properties: fc0 = 250kg/cm2 The n index from table will be 9 = Es /Ec = n be ef f ective = 100/9 = 11.1 Soy = (11.1×8×20+20.1×8)/(20.1+88.8) = 18 Itr = 869 + 20.1 × (18 − 8)2 + 11.1 × 82/12 + 11.1 × 83/12 + 11.1 × 8 × 22 = 3707.8cm4 S(tr)t = 3708/6 = 618cm3 S(tr)b = 3708/18 = 206cm3 Control of stress with piles during the construcFigure 4.34: Column Design. tion and strengthening of the concrete : Now let us look into the design of the sec- Fy = (M d + M l)/S(tr)b = (1250 + 1562.5) × 100/206 = 13.65kg/cm2 ≺ 1584kg/cm2 ondary beam. Compressive Stress Control: Fc = (Md + Ml )/S(tr)t = (1250 + 1562.5) × M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT. 100/(9 × 618) = 50.56 ≺ 0.45fc0 = 112.5 O.K. Shear Design of Pins: Vn = min(0.85fc0 be tc /2, As Fy /2) = min(0.85 × 250 × 100 × 8/2, 20.1 × 2400/2) = 24120kg If we use welded pins to resist shear ds = 1.6mm, Hs = 65mm our pin cover will be 3.5cm which is less than ds = 1.6mm ≺ 2.8 × tc = 1.85 O.K. 2.5 cm maximum amount and qall for that kind of pin. fc0 = 250kg/cm2 ⇒ qall = 3900 N = Vh /qall = 24120/2500 = 9.6 ≈ 10 We use one row of pins on the beam. Then

101

distance between pins will be equal to : S=510/10=51 cm Code limitation control for distance of the pins: 6ds = 7.8 ≺ S = 51 ≤ 8tc = 64cm ⇒ S = 51cm Displacement control: Be /2n = 100/(2 × 9) = 5.5cm ≈ 5 y = (20.1 × 8 + 5 × 8 × 20)/(20.1 + 5 × 8) = 16 Itr = 869×20.1×(16−8)2+5×83/12+5×8×42 = 3008.7cm4 δmax = 5(Wp + Wl )l4 /384EItr = 5(500 + 400)1004 /(384 × 2.03 × 106 × 3008.73) = 1.19 δmax = 1.19 ≺ L/24 = 2.08 O.K.

Figure 4.36: Secondary Beam Design. Base Plate Design

Figure 4.37: Base Plate Design. M.Sc. Building Engineering

We designed the base plate according to the maximum load that we derived from the SAP2000 analyses. our building supports are fixed supports meaning that they can take one axial load and two moments. The reason for using these kinds of supports is that our building will be able to withstand more vertical forces. F = 382ton, 1 = 56ton.m, M 2 = 3.7ton.m These forces are taking place at the base of H 400x774 and M2 is much smaller than M1 therefore we can ignore it. e = (57 × 105 )/(382 × 103 ) = 14.59cm if we assume e/6, Fb = 0.7, fc0 = 175 Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT. if we assume that our plate has a 90×90dimensionthen : f( x max = 382000/90×90×(1+(6×14.6/90)) = 1.28 m = (B − 0.95d)/2 = (90 − 0.95 × 50)/2 = 21.25 n = (D − 0.8bf )/2 = (90 − 0.8 × 43.1) = 27.8 fb = 382000/(90 × 90) − (56 × 105 × (45 − 21.25)/990 × 903 /12)) = 71.48kg/cm2 Now the stress distribution on M & N are: M1 = (93 × 21.25)/3 + (71.48 × 21.25/6) = 19377.6 M2 = (93 + 1.28)/2 + (27.82 )/2 = 18215.8 M1 , M2 = 19377.6 Fb = M/s = 19377.6/(1 × tp 3 ) ≤ Fb = 0.75Fy = 1800 tb ≥ 8.03 will be a plate of 8.1 cm, therefore we need to use stiffners to decrease that thickness. If we use PL 200x200x20 then.

102

p √ lbd = 0.019Ab fy / fc0 = 0.019×315×350/ 25 = 375mm lbd = 406mm L = 0.8 × 406 = 326.8mm = 33cm

Figure 4.38: Base Plate Design schematic. Y = (2 × 20 × 2 × 11 + 90 × 1 × 0.5)/(90 × 1 + 20 × 2) = 7.11cm I = 2 × 2 × 202 /12 + 2 × 20 × 2 × (11 − 7.11)2 + 90 × 13 /12 + 90 × (7.11 − 0.5)2 = 1968cm4 F10 = 19377 × 13.39/1968 = 131.8 ≺ .6Fy = 1440kg/cm2 For the other side as well we take the PL 200x200x20: Y=7.11 and I=1968. Fb = 18215 × 13.39/1968 = 124 ≺ 0.6fy = 1440kg/cm2 longitudinal reinforcements: if e/6 then all the plate is pushing on the concrete so: M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 4.39: Base Plate Design.

Politecnico Di Milano

4.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS, COLUMNS, BASE PLATE AND JOINT. Joint Design As our building is realised with momentum in both the directions we need a joint that does not take any moment and have strength only for shear force, Therefore, we designed this kind of joint that only has one L shape profile to take shear and it is connected to beam and column with roll bolts. The joints will be designed for all the strength of the beam and it is placed between IPE 600 and H 400x237.

IP E 600 Sx = 3.069 × 10−3 m2 Sy = 3.079 × 10−3 m2 A = 0.0156m

103

Rss = 1600 × 7.06 = 11304 Rb = 2(3700)2.5 × 2 = 3700 Ft = 0.38 × 8000 = 3040 Rt = 3040 × 7.06 = 21462.4 We assume the distance between the bolts to be 9 cm.p N p = (6p/mRp ) (6 × 27.4 × 103 × 3.5/(2 × 11304 × 9)) = 1.68 Therefore, we need two rows of bolts for the joints.

H400 × 237 Sx = 4.184 × 10−3 m2 Sy = 1.58 × 10−3 m2 A = 0.0303m

Table 4.11: IPE 600 & H 400×237 M = 0.66Fy Sx = 0.66 × 2400 × 3069 = 4861296kg.cm P = wL/2 = 8w/2L = 4 × 48/7 = 27.4ton The length required in order to avoid compression in the web and flange, N = P/(0.66Fy tw − 2.5k = 27.4 × 103 /(0.66 × 2400 × 12) − 2.5 × 4.3 = 9.3 The width of the L-Profile will assume 20 cm. ef = 2 + 9.5/2 = 6.75. e = 6.75 − 2 − 1 = 3.75 so t = 2mm because the distance between bolts in the flange is 8cm, the length of L section = 25cm: t2 = 2 × 27.4 × 103 × 3.75/(2400 × 25) = 3.425cm t = 1.85cm we use L 200×200×20 with a length p of 25cm. 2 1.5 P = 285tw 1 + 3(n/d)(tw /tf ) ) (fyw tf /tw ) tw = 1.2cm, tf = 1.9cm, d = 60cm & N p = 20cm P = 285∗1.22 (1+3(20/60)(1.2/1.9)1.5 ) (2400 × 1.9/1.2) P = 35364.8kg = 35.3ton 27.4ton O.K. Design bolts for the joint: We use φ30,Fu = 8000kg/cm2 Ab = 7.06cm2 Fv = 0.2 × 80000 = 1600 M.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 4.40: Joint Design.

Figure 4.41: Joint Design. Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

4.6

104

Check Tables.

Once the design phase was complete once again we utilized SAP2000 to simulate the checks. The following figures and tables are the results that were attained from the software.

Figure 4.42: Frame 1 - Check.

Figure 4.43: Frame 2 - Check.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

105

Figure 4.44: Frame 3 - Check.

Figure 4.45: Frame 4 - Check.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

106

Figure 4.46: Frame 5 - Check.

Figure 4.47: Frame 6 - Check.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

107

Figure 4.48: Level 1 - Check.

Figure 4.49: Level 2 - Check.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

108

Figure 4.50: Level 3 - Check.

Figure 4.51: Level 4 - Check.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

109

Figure 4.52: Steel Section Check 1.

Figure 4.53: Steel Section Check 2. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

110

Table 4.12: Beams First Floor.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

111

Table 4.13: Beams Second Floor.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

112

Table 4.14: Beams Third Floor.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

113

Table 4.15: a) Beams Ground Floor. b) Columns First Floor.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

114

Table 4.16: a) Columns Second Floor. b) Columns Third Floor. c) Columns Ground Floor

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.6. CHECK TABLES.

115

Table 4.17: Bracings throughout the building

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

4.7. CONCLUSION.

4.7

116

Conclusion.

The design of the structure as seen from the earler sections has been a very meticulous one. We have first found out the system of structure to work with, based on geography, finance, economy, environment and of course architecture. Once the system was chosen we figured out the loads and applied them to the structure. Based on the loads we proceeded to solve the structure and found out stresses in the materials. Once this was done we designed the sections and joints. This has ensured that we have designed a relaible and safe building for the people of Cairo.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Chapter 5

Technological Design.

This chapter deals with the technologies used in our project. Beginning from the weather information of Cairo to the passive strategies we have used. Initial simulations have guided our technological design in-so-much as to dramatically add or substract technologies from our architectural design with the sole purpose of tackling these issues early on in the design.

5.1

Vision Statement.

We have mentioned in the earlier chapters that our design will mainly be guided by nature and predominantly the sun. The energy potential, which the sun places at our disposal on a daily basis, seems inexhaustible. Yet we continue to meet these demands almost exclusively with non-renewable enegies generated primarily from fossil fuels. Additionally, the current scientific and economic reports predict the extinction of such fossil fuels in the not too distant future. Architecture and buildings play a key role within this context. Energy consumed in buildings all over the world is expended in the operation of buildings, that is, for heating, cooling, and lighting. We have chosen to build a massive building in Cairo, where the cooling loads 1

soar a few factors above the heating load. One need only consider that roughly three times the amount of energy is required to cool a room by one degree in comparison to heating the same space by one degree. This goes to show the significance of energy efficient designs and informed choices when it comes to energy savings in the building. Having said that, meeting these energy needs cannot just be reduced to isolated measures such as collectors or photovoltaic installations on the roof. Rather, a building must be understood as a complex configuration - a total energy concept that makes the best possible use of locally available natural resources such as solar energy.1 We should thereby understand that passive and active measures complement one another in the quest to conserve energy. Fron the orientation and division of the building to the integration of systems for the generation of warm water or power, all play an equally significant role. It goes without saying that we, who are involved in the design of this massive building, need to be involved at an early stage. It is important that we think of passive measures to reduce the energy loads. Passive use of solar radiation functions without the need for technical systems. The building itself makes di-

In Detail - Solar Architecture, Christian Schittich

117

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT. rect use of solar energy by virtue of its placement, geometry, building materials and components. This is the simplest and, at the same time, the most effective form of sustainable architecture. A carefully thought out design can adapt a building to the natural energy potential in order to utilize it efficiently. The clever selection of the site, placement, shape and orientation, deliberate window arrangement, considered selections of materials and wall structures are what give the building character. In paying attention to a few simple rules, solar architecture is thus the most effective and progressive form of gaining and conserving energy in buildings. Therefore, without further ado, let us look into the physics involved and the technologies selected as a result of the building physics.

5.2

Physics ment.

the

Environ-

118 dous amount of radiation can might as well over heat our buildings during the summer months. Special care and deliberation should be exercised when planning the balance of daylighting versus the cooling loads. When directing our attention to the average daily rainfall we see that there is barely no rainfall in Cairo, once again underscoring the fact that Cairo is a very hot and dry city. The forthcoming images depict the weather profile of Ramses Square Cairo very well.2 Figure 5.1 shows a color coded graph of the average temperature of Cairo on a weekly basis. The darkest color - Blue depicts temperatures of around 00 C, representing the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 5 until reaching the brightest color - Yellow that portrays temperatures of around 450 C. The X-Axis shows the number of weeks, 52 in total that makes up a year. The Y-Axis is the hour axis that ends at 24 which shows the number of hours each day. Both the X and Y axes increase in steps of 4.

The geographic co-ordinates for Cairo are are 270 00 000 North, 300 00 000 East. At this latitude and longitude the weather is considered somewhat warm and not too dry nor too humid. The summer months are very warm while the humidity profile is working to our benefit. The summer months, from the figures below, tells us that the temperatures soar up to a record 400 C while the relative humidity stays around 30% during the peak hours. Due to the fact that relative humidity during the few yet existing peak hours seems a bit low we have the opportunity to employ evaporative cooling into our design. Another point to be noted is that the relative humidity stalemates at a comfortable 50% to 60% the rest of the summer months. Now the incident solar radiation figures, both direct and diffuse, tell us that there is ample opportunity to utilize daylight. Having said that, however we Figure 5.1: Average Temperature-Weekly Sumalso need to consider the fact that the tremen- mary. 2

Ecotect - Weather Tool.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT.

Figure 5.2: Maximum Temp-Weekly Summary.

Figure 5.3: Minimum Temp-Weekly Summary. From the figureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 we can immediately recognize the fact that weeks 16 through 36, approximately from May through September are the months that require cooling and weeks 44 through 52 and weeks 0 through 8, approximately late November through February require some sort of heating. M.Sc. Building Engineering

119

Figure 5.4: mary.

Relative Humidity-Weekly Sum-

Figure 5.4 shows a color coded graph of the relative humidity in Cairo on a weekly basis. The darkest color - dark Green depicts relative humidity of around 0% and above, representing the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 10% until reaching the brightest color - Bright almost bluish Green that portrays Relative humidity of around 90%. The figure 5.4 gives us an underlying idea of how our space should be treated in terms of relative humidity. When looked at closely Cairo nights, from midnight through 8 A.M, is very humid, close to 80% relative humidity. This is most likely since the site is in the viscinity of the Nile delta. However, the relative humidity decreases considerably during the day to reach a comfortable 50% humidity. An exception is however, the months of April, May and June when the relative humidity drops below 40% during the hours of 10 A.M through 6 P.M. This gives us the opportunity to employ evaporative cooling into our design. Politecnico Di Milano

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT.

120

of solar radiation is incident on Cairo from the hours of 8 A.M through 4 P.M. This particular behavior gives us the opportunity to make use of the radiation towards daylighting, yet conversely requires us to think of the cooling loads in the summer as well. In the following pages, the weather data is summarized based on the Summer and Winter peaks that occur on the 7th of June and 20th of January respectively. The figures 5.7 and 5.8, in the next page, basically show the maximum, minimum and average monthly temperatures in Cairo. In addition to that the dotted green line shows the relative humidity while the solid green area shows the comfort zones for the particular Figure 5.5: Average Rainfall-Weekly Summary. months. The graphs on the bottom right hand corner show the daily details for the summer Figure 5.5 above although redundant has peak, 7th of June and for the winter peak, 20th been included to further emphasize that Cairo of January. The figures 5.7 and 5.8 also tell us that the has a hot climate that experiences little or no months of January, February, March and Derainfall each year. cember require some sort of heating. While, the months June, July, August, September and parts of October require us to provide cooling if we are to attain comfort conditions.

Intentionally left blank, Please turn over.

Figure 5.6: Direct Solar Radiation-Weekly Summary. Figure 5.6 shows the direct solar radiation Cairo recieves on a weekly basis. Especially during the months May through October 900 W/m2 M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

121

Figure 5.7: Monthly Diurnal Averages - Summer Peak.

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

122

Figure 5.8: Monthly Diurnal Averages - Winter Peak.

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.2. PHYSICS & THE ENVIRONMENT.

123

Based on the aforementioned weather conditions we then shift our focus to the Psychrometric charts that show us a comfort band that we shall strive to attain through our designs. The figures 5.9 and 5.10 show us where the comfort zone lies for medium/low activity zones in Cairo for summer and winter respectively.

Figure 5.10: Winter Comfort Psychrometrics.

Figure 5.9: Summer Comfort Zone Psychrometrics. From the summer comfort zone it is readily understandable the cumulative frequency of the temperature remains outside the comfort band while relative humidity remains inside the comfort band for the most part during summer. This also leads us to believe that during summer months we should mainly consider cooling our site with little or no humidification during the days. And if required, some dehumidification of incoming air during the mornings could be a welcome addition. The morning air tends to be cooler and can be further cooled for daytime use while simultaneously dehumidifying it could prove beneficial and energy conscious. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Again, from the winter comfort zone it is easily understood that the cumulative frequency for temperature falls short of the comfort zone. The relative humidity on the other hand stays at a comfortable level of 50% to 60%. Therefore, in the winter, we conclude, that we are required to heat the incoming air while probably also humidifying it since when air is heated without humidification the relative humidity decreases. If the relative humidity of the heated air drops below comfort levels we shall humidify it in hopes of attaining comfort. However, if we choose to heat the morning air, with considerably high relative humidity and low in temperature, we lower the relative humidity while increasing the temperature of incoming air. This would, in essense, metaphorically speaking kill two birds with one stone. As a quote by Vitruvius indicates, designing buildings in harmony with their climates is an age-old idea. To design in conformity with climate, the designer needs to understand the microclimate of the site, since all climatic exPolitecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. perience of both people and buildings is at this level. This is the reason why, when we laid out our design we called upon the aforementioned Weather details to help us design with the climate on mind. In the subsequent sections we will discuss the methods and principles we have called upon from Building Physics, that helped us move closer to energy efficiency. Right from the start we have used Ecotect to measure and improve environmental design factors early on. In almost all projects, decisions made in the first few weeks have the greatest overall impact on building performance. Where it is on site, its basic form and orientation, internal layout, external materials, window size and position Ecotect has helped us get most of this right from the very beginning, as can be seen from this section.

5.3

124 which part of the facade to cover and which part to leave open or the deliberate placement of windows for optimum sunlight in the winter and minimum during the summer.

Insolation Analysis.

Insolation on the facades:

Figure 5.11: Each facade number coincides with the simulation number.

This section deals with the radiation incident on the facades of the proposed building. The proposed building, as can be seen, has already attained a shape and form. This attainment is a result of the urban fabric and also an explicit understanding of the orientation of the building with respect to the North-South directions. The following results are the cumulative insolation over each grid over the summer. The results are in Watt Hours (Wh) that is the total amount of energy from the sun that is incident on each facade. Since Power (P) is denoted in Watts and the Time (T) in Hours, Energy (Wh) is the product of Power and Time. And, 1 Watt Hour corresponds to 3.6 Kilo Joules of energy. However amount of Watt Hours is incident on each grid, in this case denotes the total amount of solar energy incident on that grid all over the Figure 5.12: Insolation Summer, Facade 1. summer. It should be emphasized that these Figures 5.12 through 5.25 show grids that are simulations are not a quantitative analysis but a rather qualitative one that helps us decide color coded, and this simulation is conducted M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS.

125

more for qualitative reasons rather than quan- to a total summer insolation of 400,000 Watt titative ones. Our idea is that where ever we see hours. bright yellow on the facade we want to somehow cover that part or atleast provide some form of shade.

Figure 5.15: Insolation Summer, Facade 4.

Figure 5.13: Insolation Summer, Facade 2.

Figure 5.16: Insolation Summer, Facade 5.

Figure 5.14: Insolation Summer, Facade 3. Qualitatively it is clear that the Facades 2 and 10 require the most shading. Facade 6 seems to throw us off in terms of color, however when looked closely the brightest yellow corresponds M.Sc. Building Engineering

Compared to a staggering 580,000 Watt hours on facade 10. These analysis results will be invoked soon as we start thinking of the facade components, openings and cool and warm rooms. In addition, the sun has a high azimuth angle during summer therefore it is in our best interest to prevent the intense radiation making its way inside the rooms. All choices that we make based on these simulations will be evident in the chapters that follow. Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS.

126

Figure 5.17: Insolation Summer, Facade 4.

Figure 5.20: Insolation Summer, Facade 7.

Figure 5.18: Insolation Summer, Facade 5.

Figure 5.21: Insolation Summer, Facade 8.

Figure 5.19: Insolation Summer, Facade 6.

Figure 5.22: Insolation Summer, Facade 9.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS.

127

5.3.1

Passive Measure 1.

Looking at the figures in the previous subsection of the summer insolation on the facades it is very evident that a majority of insolation falls on the south and south west facades over the summer. In addition, the concentration of radiation is on the top two meters of the South, SouthWest and West facades. We therefore have made a conscious design decision. Figure 5.23: Insolation Summer, Facade 10.

Figure 5.24: Insolation Summer, Facade 11.

Table 5.1: Solar Zenith Angles - June 7th .

Figure 5.25: Insolation Summer, Facade 12. M.Sc. Building Engineering

We have chosen to extend the roof further out of the facade. Although we recognize the need to extend the roof the question still arises Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. how much. When trying to tackle this question we focused on the solar altitude angles for the peak day in summer, June 7th. We then averaged out the four zenith angles during mid day, made evident in the table 5.1. Based on the insolation analysis on the facades we conclude that we primarily need to provide shade for the south, south-west and west facades. This shade will infact cover approximately two meters from the top of the facade during mid-day of the summers. For this to be possible we look at the average of the zenith angles as shown earlier. Once averaged out, with simple trigonometric relationships we find out that we need to extend the roof 0.42 meters out from the edge. However, just so we dont understate the function of this extension we have chosen to extend it 0.5 meters instead.

Figure 5.26: Extension of Roof. 3

128 The extension is evident in the technological details and the final renders of the building itself.

Daylight Penetration and Load:

Another conclusion, a pretty self explanatory one based off of common sense, and that can also be deduced from the Insolation Analysis is the fact that the south and south-west facades are the ones that recieve the most incident solar radiation. This is a welcome addition in the winter however quite the contrary during summer. We chose one of the most relevant rooms on the south side. One of those that recieves the most radiation and ran simulations to choose the best type of glass or shading or the combination that would suit our needs. First, we fitted the room with a normal double glazed window, ran the daylight analysis simulation on the room and calculated the heating and cooling load for the room. Once the results were documented we proceeded further. Identical steps were repeated for the same room but this time we fitted the room with an ultra high tech triple glazed glass produced by the company R â&#x20AC;&#x153;Glass X â&#x20AC;?. Again we followed the same procedure for the room fitted with external adjustable louvers and documented each case. Once each case was documented we weighed all the options and chose the best possible solution. Before we discuss the results however, let us discuss the significance of daylighting and the allowable percentages that pertain to human comfort. The daylight factor (DF) is a very common method to measure the subjective daylight quality in a room. It represents the ratio between indoor and outdoor illuminance levels, expressed in percent. The higher the Daylight Factor, the more natural light is available within a space. Ecotect uses the Building Research Establishment (BRE) Split-Flux method to cal-

Autodesk Ecotect 2010

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. culate daylight factors3 . This method assumes that there are three separate components, ignoring direct sunlight, of the natural light that can reach any point within a building. The DF is simply the sum of each of these three components as seen in equation(i)4 . DF = SC + ERC + IRC · · · · · · · · · · · · (i) Where, Sky Component (SC) = Directly from the sky, through an opening such as a window. Externally Reflected Component (ERC) = Reflected off the ground, trees or other buildings. Internally Reflected Component (IRC) = The inter-reflection of light arriving from infinite possible paths.

DF (%) ≤ 2%

2% to 6%

≥ 6%

Room looks gloomy. Electric lighting needed most of the day. Room appears predominantly daylit. Artif icial lighting, may be required. T his value strikes a good balance between daylight & artif icial light. Room appears strongly daylit. Daytime electrical lighting is likely not needed, but there exists a potential f or thermal problems due to overheating.

Table 5.2: Daylighting Levels 4 5

129 One important point to note is that the daylight factor values are generally calculated under an overcast sky to represent the worst case scenario to design for. The results are given in terms of percentages and convey a certain physical characteristic. Table 5.2 denotes the characteristics5 . The following figures depict the daylighting levels over an analysis grid on the floor of the room. The Daylight Factor is easily discernible with the help of color coded grids that refer to a certain percentage of daylight levels. These levels although give us a lot of information on the amount of daylight recieved, we go a step further to look at the illuminance levels in the room as well, based on the surface properties of the materials itself. We refer to the Szokolay table below for illuminance levels. With these two checks made, we also look at the contribution to the cooling and or heating loads by the amount of radiation penetrating the room. Only then are we poised to make the decision for the right technology.

IL (Lux) Activity Dark public area. W orking areas, visual tasks occassionally perf ormed. Homes, T heatres. Easy of f ice work. Of f ice, Commercial Stores. SuperM arkets. N ormal drawing work. Detail drawing work. Small visual tasks. Exacting visual tasks

Illumination 20 − 50 100 − 150

150 250 500 750 1000 1500 − 2000 2000 − 5000 5000 − 10000

Table 5.3: Illumination Levels

Visual Comfort, Technological Design 2008, Dr. Gabriele Masera. Introduction to Architectural Design - the basis of sustainable design. Di.S.V.Szokolay.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. E, or illuminance (the symbol E comes from Â´ the French Eclairage), the measure of the illumination of a surface (note that illumination is the process, illuminance is the product). The unit is the lux, (lx) which is the illuminance caused by 1 lm incident of 1 m2 area (i.e. the incident flux density of 1 lm/m2 )6 . It should also be noted that as visual efficiency of people reduces with age, it is advisable to provide better illuminance for older people. Recommended or prescribed illuminance values also depend on socio-cultural, as well as economic factors, however the table above depicts the recommended Illuminance levels based on impirical results5 . Following are the results of each simulation and analysis. Case 1: Double Glazed Glass

130 until reaching the brightest color - Yellow that portrays the Daylight Factor of 23.5%. It is obvious that the double glazed glass will not suffice in terms of daylight to attain comfort level. The majority of the floor is Red in color which reads a Daylight Factor of 15.5%. This is obviously way above allowable levels. As mentioned early we also run a illuminance check and the conditioning loads. Figure 5.28 shows a color coded graph of the Illuminance levels in the room. The room as we know by now, serves as a commercial store. The darkest color in the figure above - Blue depicts a Illuminance level of 320 Lux, representing the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 150 Lux until reaching the brightest color - Yellow that portrays an Illuminance level of 1820 Lux. Additionally, the average illuminance throughout the room is 1010 Lux which is way too much for a commercial store.

Figure 5.27: Daylight Factor - Double Glazed Glass Figure 5.27 shows a color coded graph of the Figure 5.28: Illuminance Level - Double Glazed daylight factor in the room, which happens to Glass be a commercial store. The darkest color - Blue depicts a Daylight Factor of 3.5%, representing The subsequent table and graph shows the the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 2% monthly loads for the store. 6

Introduction to Architectural Design - the basis of sustainable design. Di.S.V.Szokolay.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. Loads M onth Jan F eb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N ov Dec T otal : P er m2 :

Table 5.4: Glass.

Heating [W h] 421257 342123 172640 33398 3206 0 0 0 0 0 38632 284417 1295672 4663

Cooling [W h] 0 18520 12688 1068277 2013461 2717188 2818151 2859143 2557476 1672513 96831 0 15834248 56984

131

T otal [W h] 421257 360643 185328 1101675 2016667 2717188 2818151 2859143 2557476 1672513 135463 284417 17129920 61647

Monthly Loads - Double Glazed

Figure 5.29: Monthly Load - Double Glazed Glass The figure shows a bar chart of the monthly loads in the commercial store when we use simple double glazed windows. The y-axis of the chart denotes watts and increases in steps of 600 thousand watts. One can easily understand that 7

this room requires more cooling than heating during the summer months. Also based on the table we can see that the heating load per m2 is a mere 4.6 Kw. However, the cooling load per m2 is a staggering 57 Kw. R Case 2: Glass X Before the we discuss the Daylight Factor and R warrants atleast Loads, we believe Glass X some introduction. A triple insulating glazing unit provides the system with excellent thermal insulation of a U-value of U=0,48 W/m2 .K. A prismatic pane in the outermost air-gap reflects the solar radiation at high altitudes in summer and transmits it at altitudes below 35â&#x2014;Ś in winter. As a key component acts the slim heat storage module, equivalent to a storage capacity of about 20 cm concrete. The storage material is a salt hydrate PCM (Phase Change Material). Solar heat is stored in the PCM by means of a melting process. During night time and the following days the stored heat is delivered to the interior during recrystallisation. The salt hydrate is contained in a Polycarbonate box. The interior toughened glass pane could optionally be coated with a screen printing. The whole system appears as a translucent wall7 . R Glass X with the Phase Change Material (PCM) boasts a U-value of an impressive 0,48 W/m2 .K. However, the glass with this Phase Change Material renders useless due to the Cairo climate. The daily diurnal temperature in summer fluctuates between 400 C and 230 C. This is evident in the figure 8.7. Since these PCMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s require for the temperature to reach around 130 C to desaturate we cannot get them to recrystallise passively. Therefore, we have opted out of using R the PCM included Glass X glass. R However, Glass X also produces glass without the PCM module but with the prismatic pane. This triple glazed glass also inherently R displays impressive qualities. Glass X -Prism

R product brochure Glass X

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS.

132

as we know it has a U-value of an impressive The illuminance levels also read the same. 0,71 W/m2 .K. And, a season average Solar Heat The average illuminance throughout the room is Gain Coefficient of 40%. 885 Lux, which once again is more than required Below are the results from the simulations. for visual comfort. Loads M onth

R Figure 5.30: Daylight Factor - Glass X

Jan F eb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N ov Dec T otal : P er m2 :

Heating [W h] 179251 157222 63538 10496 0 0 0 0 0 0 3468 103468 517443 1862

Cooling [W h] 0 16158 58591 1057898 1706516 2246239 2328813 2372716 2182243 1659250 229750 0 13858177 49872

T otal [W h] 179251 173381 122129 1068394 1706516 2246239 2328813 2372716 2182243 1659250 233218 103468 14375620 51735

R Table 5.5: Monthly Loads - Glass X .

R Figure 5.31: Illumination Level - Glass X

In the color coded figure for the Daylight Factor the darkest color - Blue once agains shows a daylight factor of 22.8%, representing the lower limit of the color spectrum. The color spectrum then increases with increments of 2% until reachR Figure 5.32: Monthly Load - Glass X . ing the brightest color - Yellow that portrays a daylight level of 22.8%. The majority of the grid When compared to the results of using doustill is red which is 12.8% which is high above comfort levels. ble glazed glass, Glass X definitely comes out M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS.

133

superior. The daylight factor is reduced considerably along the grid with an average of 10.2% and the average illuminance is down from 1010 Lux to 885 Lux. However, this is still not good enough to maintain visual comfort. Therefore, we decided to retrofit the double glazed window with adjustable louvers.

We ran the simulations while the louvers remained parallel to the ground (worst case scenario), allowing the inhabitants the ability to adjust the angles to their preference. Immediately it can be seen that the louvers has reduced the Daylight Factor in the room. The average Daylight Factor, from the figure, is â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 5.8%. This value falls just outside of the comCase 3: Double Glazed Glass & Louvers fort level where the need of artificial light required in the daytime is negated. Additionally, The louvers were designed in Ecotect and the Illuminance levels are mitigated by the use spaced 40 centimeters apart and gave it a of louvers as well. The figure 5.35 shows the illuminance level breadth span of 30 centimeters. The basic model contours that show the regions of influence. is shown below.

Figure 5.33: Modeling of Louvers in Ecotect. Figure 5.35: Illuminance Level - Louvers.

Figure 5.34: Daylight Factor - Louvers. 8

Although the contour range in this case is 120-720 Lux the average illuminance throughout the room is 525 Lux. This average illuminance level falls in between the optimum illuminance in an office, library, groceries (500 Lux) and supermarkets (750 Lux)8 . In addition to the average illuminance when eyeballed, the illuminance over the grid stays at a comfortable 600 Lux for the most part. These results allow us to choose the technology in a very informed fashion. Now let us check to see if the use of louvers worked to our benefit in terms of the heating and cooling loads. Subsequent is the table and graph of the monthly heating and cooling loads.

Introduction to Architectural Design - the basis of sustainable design. Di.S.V.Szokolay.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.3. INSOLATION ANALYSIS. Loads M onth Jan F eb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N ov Dec T otal : P er m2 :

Heating [W h] 290033 243279 115864 15605 0 0 0 0 0 0 12069 155703 832553 2996

Cooling [W h] 0 0 0 652856 1387204 1975475 2044827 2035371 1724310 1105665 0 0 10925708 39319

134

T otal [W h] 290033 243279 115864 668462 1387204 1975475 2044827 2035371 1724310 1105665 12069 155703 11758261 42315

Table 5.6: Monthly Loads - Louvers.

Figure 5.36: Monthly Load - Louvers

R . Hence, the glazed glass as opposed to Glass X increase in heating load, even with the louvers. Now, during summer however, the louvers block the insolation into the room. This considerably decreases heat gain in the room during summer. This is the major reason why the cooling load is drastically reduced while the heating load is somewhat increased. When the whole picture is looked at, total energy for heating and cooling, is reduced from 51 KWh/m2 to 43 KWh/m2 with the use of louvers.

5.3.2

Passive Measure 2.

From the results from Analysis 2, it is evident that the balancing of energy performance with the transparency of the building is a major challenge in the design of our building. However, after running the checks on transparency and balancing it out with the energy performance, the double glazed window system with external adjustable louvers triumphed. The double glazed glass furthermore, come in two types. First the Hard Coat(HC) - Low e and second Soft Coat - Low e glass. For this project we have chosen to use the Soft Coat(SC) - Low e glass. This glass has various advantages over normal double glazed units, and they are as follows9 : SG Climaplus SC − Low e Argon SC − Low e P roperties Solar F actor U − V alue

T hickness 6 mm 16 mm 6 mm

0.64 The use of louvers, as can be seen from com1.1 W/m2 .K parison, drastically reduces the cooling load however the heating load increases. This makes sense. Since the solar heat gain coefficient of Table 5.7: Saint Gobain Climaplus Glass R Glass X was considerably less than this double glazed glass, heat escapes the room easily - High visible light transmission. in the winter to the outside through the double - Ultra low emissivities giving optimum summer 9

Saint Gobain Glass Brochure

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.4. VENTILATION.

135

5.4.1 and winter U-values. - Upto 70% less UV transmission compared with standard clear glazing. - Optical clarity with minimal color haze. In addition to the double glazing we also implement adjustable louvers for the south and south-west facing windows. This fact is made evident in the technological detail drawings.

5.4

Ventilation.

The term ventilation is used for three totally different processes and it serves three different purposes: - supply of fresh air, to remove smells, CO2 and other contaminants. - remove some internal heat when To â&#x2030;ş T i . - to promote heat dissipation from the skin, i.e. physiological cooling. The first two require quite small air exchange rates, whilst for the last one it is the air velocity at the body surface, which is critical10 . Therefore it is imperative that we incorporate ventilation into our building. Another important point that must be pointed out is that ventilation not only cools the internal space, but additionally removes air borne pollutants from the interior. Ventilation thus can furthermore, be achieved in two ways, natural and forced ventilation, otherwise known as incedental air infiltration and deliberate ventilation respectively. Natural ventilation occurs if the building is oriented properly and the wind eddy currents create pressure difference between the points where one would like the air to flow. In our case however, we do not have the priveledge of using naturally occuring eddies since the surrounding of Ramses Square successfully blocks the incoming currents from the north. We therefore need to force ventilation through our building. This is achieved using forced ventilation and is illustrated in the next subsection. 10

Passive Measure 3.

Figure 5.37: Enhanced Stack Effect Design

The figure 5.37 shows the method in which we intend to cool the building using forced ventilation. In this enhanced stack effect, at least one side of the stack is exposed to solar radiation and has a high absorptance. This will be heated. It heats the air inside, thus the insideoutside temperature difference is increased, which in turn would increase the air flow. Further, we also cool the roof by inducing ventilation. The idea here is that the roof is covered with Solar vacuum tubes for solar cooling in the building. While the roofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s final cover will be white portland cement based tiles, the tiles have high reflectivity and the solar chimneys with their dark surfaces heat up. As a result pressure differences arise. This will enhance ventilation across the surface of the roof. This is much evident in the proceeding figure. When these two processes work in tandem the effect of ventilation will be felt for people inside the building. Thereby, subsequently cooling the inhabitants inside.

Introduction to Architectural Design - the basis of sustainable design. Di.S.V.Szokolay.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.4. VENTILATION.

136 ing. Additionally, this building system, thanks to its chimney effect, sets up efficient natural ventilation, notably aiding heat and moisture removal and guaranteeing a high level of living comfort.

Figure 5.38: Ventilation over the roof

5.4.2

Passive Measure 4.

In addition to the enhanced stact effect, another passive measure we are using is the ventilated facade. Primarily due to the fact that each southwardly and south-westwardly facade in Ramses Square recieves vast amounts of insolation daily we have chosen to use the ventilated facade. In terms of thermal energy, these ventilated walls will reduce the amount of heat that the Ramses building absorbs during the hot summer conditions. This is achieved due to partial reflection of solar radiation by the covering and the ventilated air gap. Further, the application of insulation behind makes possible considerable reduction in the costs of air conditioning. Vice versa, in winter, ventilated walls manage to retain heat, resulting in savings in terms of heatM.Sc. Building Engineering

Figure 5.39: Ventilated Facade Concept

In addition, the ventilated walls tend to increase the reflection of external noise that occur in the busy Ramses Square. The exterior surface including the air gap and insulating material, ensures a certain level of acoustic absorption that will abate the sounds from the vehicles and or crowds of people right outside the building. Due to its cooling capabilities combined with sound mitigating characteristics the ventilated facades works very well for our Ramses Square building. Politecnico Di Milano

5.5. DAYLIGHTING.

5.5

Daylighting.

Visual comfort is the main determinant of lighting requirements. Good lighting will provide a suitable intensity and direction of illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering, the absence of discomfort and, in addition, a satisfying variety in lighting quality and intensity from place to place and over time. There is an absolute necessity of lighting on human life, health and affairs in general, and specifically the significance of ample quality daylighting. An effective daylighting system will improve our luminous environments and, if properly detailed, save energy. From the environmental perspective, the definition of daylighting also includes the inherent ability to turnoff electric lighting when not needed in the daytime. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of daylight, and of sunlight, in the character of a building and in the lives of the people who use it. However, most interiors which are to be occupied by people need plenty of light. Attempts to prove a direct relationship between productivity and the presence of daylight and views of the outdoors have been inconclusive, but research does show that people value the variety of daylight, enjoy the presence of sunlight in a building, and want at least a glimpse of the world outside11 . Daylight is the light to which we are naturally adapted; it is the light against which we measure all other kinds of light, in which we try to view things if we want to know what they really look like. Historically, fine buildings have always exploited natural light and, after a brief interlude, the skillful use of daylight is once again being seen as a critical element in the design of buildings of high architectural quality. The argument for daylighting in buildings therefore has three strands: - it provides a healthier indoor climate. - it conserves the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources. - because it saves energy, it saves money. 11

137 These principle has been our main guideline in designing for daylight.

5.5.1

Passive Measure 5.

Figure 5.40: Daylight Penetration Piggy backing on the solar chimney concept we have added another passive measure. This measure works to provide ample daylight through the buildings core. As can be seen from the figure above, the solar chimney has glazed apertures on the north and south, thereby allowing much of the daylight to enter the chimney itself. This is a method of using top-lighting strategy which has a very decisive influence on our architectural form and in a way incorporates daylight into our architecture. The preceeding figure shows the method in which we intend to light the building using re-

Daylighting in Buildings - Energy Research Group for the European Comission

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.6. LAYER COMPOSITION.

138

flective surfaces. The way it works is, the suns External Wall rays strike the mirror positioned on the top of the solar/light chimney. This light is thus redirected Material to the bottom depth of the buildings core. Additionally, highly reflective chandelier like reflecRsi tive plates will direct ample daylight throughout W allBoard the building. V apor Shield

5.6

Layer Composition.

V apor Barrier M ineral W ool Air gap M ineral wool F ibreboard EP S Rse T otal[Σ]

Thick [S] −− 0.013 0.013 0.000 0.080 0.060 0.080 0.013 0.080 −− 0.339

Cond [λ] −− 0.160 0.160 0.330 0.038 0.278 0.038 0.180 0.040 −− 1.224

Res [R] 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.00 2.11 0.22 2.11 0.07 2.00 0.04 6.84

This section discusses the various layers and their U-Values throughout the building. To put it simply, a U-Value is the measure of the rate of heat loss through a material. Thus in all aspects of building design one should strive UT otal = 0.14 W/m2 .K for the lowest U-Values possible because, the UAllowable = 0.34 W/m2 .K lower the U-value, the less heat that is needlessly escaping. The calculation of U-values can be rather complex - it is measured as the amount Table 5.8: U-value for the External Wall of heat lost through a one square meter of the material for every degree difference in tempera- External Intermediate Floor ture either side of the material. It is indicated in units of Watts per Meter Squared per Degree Kelvin or [W/m2 K]. Note that Kelvin is used as Material Thick Cond Res [S] [λ] [R] the scale of temperature difference, but this is 0 R −− −− 0.10 se numerically equal to C . Ceramic T iles 0.010 1.300 0.01 The U-Value of the layers is calculated with Concrete M D 0.020 1.150 0.02 the use of the formula (i): U =1/[RSi + ΣRi + RSe ] · · · · · · · · · · · · (i)

T hermaroof T R26 V apor Barrier Concrete M D Air gap M ineral W ool EP S GyprocW allboardDuplex Rsi T otal[Σ]

0.060 0.000 0.073 0.080 0.060 0.080 0.015 −− 0.398

0.026 0.330 1.150 0.278 0.038 0.040 0.160 −− 4.472

2.31 0.00 0.06 0.29 1.58 2.00 0.09 0.04 6.239

where, R = [S/λ] & RSi and RSe . RSi and RSe are the Internal and External Surface Resistance respectively. Both depend on the orientation of the wall. It should also be pointed out that the Italian UT otal = 0.16 W/m2 .K ISO Standard has been the basis of these U-value UAllowable = 0.30 W/m2 .K calculations. Once the U-values were calculated they were checked against the standard. If insufficient, they were corrected otherwise left alone. Table 5.9: U-value for the External Intermediate The following tables to the right show the calFloor culations along with the standard values it is checked against.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.7. HEATING & COOLING LOADS.

139

Roof

Material Rsi T iles(Roof ing)Concrete Concrete M D T hermaroof T R26 Bituminous P aper Concrete M D Air gap M ineral W ool V apor Barrier Gyproc Rse T otal[Σ]

Thick [S] −− 0.014 0.020 0.060 0.000 0.073 0.014 0.080 0.000 0.015 −− 0.402

Cond [λ] −− 1.500 1.150 0.026 0.200 1.150 0.412 0.038 0.330 0.160 −− 4.966

Res [R] 0.13 0.01 0.02 2.31 0.00 0.06 0.34 2.11 0.00 0.09 0.04 4.980

UT otal = 0.20 W/m2 .K UAllowable = 0.30 W/m2 .K

Table 5.10: U-value for the Roof

5.7

Heating & Cooling Loads.

The layers of the walls have met the Italian ISO Standard in terms of thermal conductivity. The building is now thermally modelled in Ecotect, as seen below. All the 65 rooms in the building have been modelled as thermal zones. Each and every wall has been customized as in the details and the solar cooling vacuum tubes on the roof are tagged as solar collectors as well. In essense, a great deal of detail has been invested in the Ecotect model. Once the model was set, we proceeded to calculate the Heating & Cooling loads of the building. The working hours of the building has been customized to the Egyptian schedule and the operating hours of electrical equipments have also been scheduled. On average the metro, bus and ticketing offices open from 6 A.M and operate till 12 A.M throughout the week, and the commercial zones 12

infact are open from 9 A.M to 9 P.M on weekdays and from 10 A.M to 12 A.M on weekends. In addition to this, every friday the majority of inhabitants are attending the Gomaa prayer, therefore the commerical zones are to be closed up until 12 P.M this day.

Figure 5.41: Ecotect Thermal Model Ecotect at its core uses the Admittance Method to determine internal temperatures and heat loads. This thermal algorithm is very flexible and has no restrictions on building geometry or the number of thermal zones that can be simultaneously analysed.12 The Admittance Method: The underlying assumption of the Admittance Method is that the internal temperature of any building will always tend towards the local mean outdoor temperature. Any fluctuations in outside temperature or solar load will cause the internal air temperature to fluctuate in a similar way, though delayed and dampened somewhat by thermal capacitance and resistance within the building fabric. When the total of all heat losses become equal to the total of all gains, then internal temperatures stabilise. In the Admittance Method, the temperature and load calculations are two separate processes. As a first pass, the magnitude of potential heat gains and losses acting on the building are calculated for each hour of each day, from which average daily load factors can be determined. These are known as load factors because they

Ecotect Analysis Procedure Booklet.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.7. HEATING & COOLING LOADS. are relative to mean conditions, not actual conditions. Variations in the instantaneous load factor against each daily average can then be used to determine the relative thermal stress each zone is subject to each hour of the day. These variations in stress result in cyclic fluctuations in internal temperature, from which hourly zone temperatures can be derived. Once detailed hourly internal temperatures are known, a second calculation is performed to determine the absolute heating and cooling loads. Given inside and outside temperatures for each zone, fabric, ventilation and infiltration loads can be accurately determined along with solar and internal loads. Inter-zonal loads are more complex because they cannot be factored in to the first pass because internal temperatures were not known. Thus, additional iterations of both the first and second passes are then carried out to add in the effect fabric and infiltration gains between adjacent spaces. Whilst in summary it is a simplified method, the Admittance Method encapsulates the effects of conductive heat flow through building fabric, infiltration and ventilation through openings, direct solar gains through transparent materials, indirect solar gains through opaque elements, internal heat gains from equipment, lights and people and the effects of inter-zonal heat flow. The Admittance Method is widely used around the world and has been shown to be an extremely useful design tool. It is not as physically accurate as some of the more computationally intensive techniques such as the response factor or finite difference methods, however for the purposes of design decision-making, the Admittance Method is by far the best choice13 . The total air-conditioned floor area of the Ramses Building with 66 Rooms is 17859.42 m2 . The total heating and cooling loads are as follows. From the table 5.11, we see that the cool13 14

140 ing requirement of Ramses building far surpasses the need for heating. In terms of area the building requires 1.2 KWh/m2 of energy in heating throughout the year and 41.5 KWh/m2 of energy in cooling throughout the year. A total energy expenditure for both heating and cooling amounts to 42.7 KWh/m2 .

Loads M onth Jan F eb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N ov Dec T otal : P er m2 :

Heating [W h] 7988880 6186495 2693774 334913 20268 0 0 0 0 0 295212 3696080 21215622 1188

Cooling [W h] 1386688 2948210 9847657 55138488 93891632 123715824 126752896 123825480 103407128 72975784 22218480 3437588 739545856 41409

T otal [W h] 9375568 9134705 12541430 55473400 93911904 123715824 126752896 123825480 103407128 72975784 22513692 7133668 760761472 42597

Table 5.11: Monthly Loads - Ramses Building. The graph to the top right visually depicts the significance of cooling(in blue) requirement over the heating(in red) one. The barâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in green on the other hand portrays the total energy requirement expressed in KiloWatts. We have chosen to build a massive building in Cairo, with a floor area of close to 18,000 m2 , where the cooling loads soar many factors above the heating load. Additionally, roughly three times the amount of energy is required to cool a room by one degree in comparison to heating the same space by one degree14 .

Ecotect Analysis Procedure Booklet. In Detail - Solar Architecture, Christian Schittich

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.8. TECHNOLOGIES.

141

Figure 5.42: Total Energy Requirement for Heating & Cooling However, In figures 5.9 and 5.10 we have shown the comfort zones on the Psychrometric chart for the Ramses Square location. While running the load calculations the boundary conditions were set based on these comfort zones. Ecotect calculated the loads so the conditioned space always falls within the comfort zone when occupied. Therefore, the energy requirement above is required to maintain thermal comfort in the Ramses building.

5.8

Technologies.

This section presents the various active technologies that are dispersed all throughout the building and platform alike.

5.8.1

Solar Cooling Vacuum Tube Collectors.

As an active strategy we have placed 2000 m2 of solar thermal vacuum tube systems on the roof of the Ramses building to harness the ample insolation it recieves on a daily basis. This active strategy works to reduce the buildings carbon footprint since it utilizes solar energy which is free, clean and safe. 15

Figure 5.43: Solar Cooling Vacuum Tubes Our recommendation lies in the use of Kingspan Thermomax Vacuum Tube Systems. These Thermomax collectors transform direct and diffuse solar radiation into useful heat. Each solar collector consists of a highly insulated manifold and a row of solar tubes. The vacuum inside each tube provides perfect insulation therefore protects the system from outside influences such as cold and windy weather or high humidity. The vacuum technology ensures the most effective transfer of energy into heat, giving extra performance in comparison to traditional flate plate collectors and poviding heat not only on warm, sunny days, but also in cooler, windy or humid conditions15 . The 2000 m2 of Thermomax vacuum tube collectors work in tandem with solar desiccant cooling system in the Ramses building to meet all of the heating needs and a majority of the cooling load as well. The various benefits of this form of solar cooling are: - Up to 90% saving of energy costs associated with traditional air conditioning systems. - Healthier internal environment, and a potential for a very energy efficient building. - Reduced C02 emissions. - Lower designed energy load for the building

Kingspan Thermomax Brochure

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.8. TECHNOLOGIES. compared to traditional air conditioning. - Lower demand for space heating energy and low maintenance costs. This is further discussed in the section for building services.

5.8.2

Photovoltaic Cells.

142 The use of Photovoltaic cells to generate electricity is widely used across all facets of architectural design. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) as they call it are used to convert the solar energy to electricity, with the use of known physical phenomena called the ‘Photoelectric Effect’. The balance of aesthetics and functionality is the key when using photovoltaic cells. In our design we propose to use photovoltaic cells on the tunnel over the flyover as well as the shades on the platforms. The subsequent figures illustrate this very well. We intend for the electricity generated by these photovoltaics to be connected to the grid which can be used later. Additionally, the electricity from these photovoltaics will be used for lighting in the building which is equipped with Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights.

5.8.3

LED Lights.

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifeFigure 5.44: Photovoltaics on the platform time, improved robustness, smaller size and shade. faster switching. Typical indicator LED’s are designed to operate with no more than 3060 milliwatts [mW] of electrical power. This is one of the key advantages of LED-based lighting,its high efficiency, as measured by its light output per unit power input. The various advantages of LED lights are listed below16 : - LED’s produce more light per watt than incandescent light bulbs. - LED’s can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs. - LED’s can be very small, therefore can be installed anywhere in the building. Figure 5.45: Photovoltaic cells on the tunnel - They light up quickly, they achieve full bright16

Solid-State Lighting: Comparing LEDs to Traditional Light Sources

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.8. TECHNOLOGIES.

143

ness in microseconds. - These lights can be very easily dimmed, and can be customized to the users visual comfort needs. - Cool light. In contrast to most light sources, LED’s radiate very less heat. - Compared to Fluorescent lights lifetime of 10 thousand hours, LED’s last 40 thousand hours. Making it a very good initial investment. - LED’s are not toxic like other lights, since they do not contain Mercury. With the barrage of advantages of LED lights there remains no choice but to use them. We recommend the use of Philips Lumileds in the building.

5.8.4

White Portland Cement.

Concrete does a very good job of reflecting solar energy. That is the finding from a recent PCA study which measured the solar reflectance of 135 concrete specimens from 45 mixes representing exterior concrete flatwork. Of all the constituent materials, the solar reflectance of the White portland cement itself has the greatest effect on concrete reflectance17 The Solar Reflective Index (SRI), a measure of the constructed surfaces ability to reflect solar heat, of White Portland Cement ranges from 0.8 to 0.9. Since white Portland Cement possesses very high solar reflectance. We intend to use white portland cement based tiles on the outermost surface of our roof. This helps mitigate the Urban heat island effect in and around Ramses Square, while, not to mention reduce the temperature of the roof during the hot summer days. Urban heat islands are the result of many causes, one of which is dark exposed surfaces, which absorb sunlight and retain heat, therefore the use of highly reflective cement works towards mitigating this phenomena. 17

Figure 5.46: Solar Cooling Vacuum Tubes Second, due to the high reflectivity of our roof, the reflected radiation is incident on the solar vacuum tubes on the back. This increases the efficiency of the solar vacuum tubes as well.

5.8.5

ETFE Membranes.

ETFE membranes (Ethyl Tetrafluorethylen membrane), were first used as sails on sailboats until customized to use in buildings. We propose to use ETFE membranes on the tunnel where the flexible panels are not used. The reason for using such membranes as opposed to leaving the unused part of the tunnel open is to mitigate the sound from vehicles that could emanate towards the platform or the building itself. Another important reason for which such

Portland Cement Association.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.9. BUILDING SERVICES. membranes work to our benefit is that, Cairo is a city built on a desert. The wind carries tremendous amounts of dust into the city. The reason for such curvy and angled urban infrastructure is predominantly built to as to provide shelter from the dust to begin with. However, the ETFE membrane is self-cleaning in nature. Since the friction coefficient of the material is small, dust does not easily attach onto the structure. Even if dust does collect on it, as long as it rains, the surface is washed by rain water. 18

Figure 5.47: ETFE Membranes on the tunnel The various advantages of using ETFE membranes are as follows: - self-cleaning, - lowest fire load, self-extinguishing, - light transmission up to 90, - life expectancy over 20 years, - dampening effect of sound. In terms of aesthetic appeal the ETFE membrane suits our needs as well. When sunlight is incident on the membrane, the membrane takes up a milky white color that blends in well with the darkish blue photovoltaic panels. This in effect, add to the visual appeal and simultaneously somehow prohibits the view of cars in the tunnel. Structurally sound such membranes have a high tensile strength which renders it very sturdy and durable. As mentioned earlier such membranes have a life epectancy of over 20 years. These are 18 19

144 a few of the many reasons which make the use of ETFE membranes in our tunnel an informed and positive choice.

5.9

Building Services.

After careful thought and deliberation, based on the summer cooling & winter heating loads, we have decided to use Solar Desiccant Cooling to be the primary system to meet the heating and cooling needs of the Ramses Building. Desiccant cooling is an important part of the diverse portfolio of Thermally Activated Technologies (TAT) designed for conversion of heat for the purpose of indoor air quality control. Thermally activated desiccant cooling incorporates a desiccant material that undergoes a cyclic process involving direct dehumidification of moist air and thermal regeneration. This type of cooling is a new and potentially clean technology that can be used to condition the internal environment of buildings without the use of harmful refrigerants. Unlike conventional air conditioning systems, which rely on electrical energy to drive the cooling cycle, desiccant cooling is an open heat driven cycle, which uses a desiccant wheel and thermal wheel in tandem to achieve both cooling and dehumidification19 . Because it is a heat driven cycle, there is the potential to use environmentally cleaner sources of energy such as gas, hot water, waste heat or any heat source, in our case solar thermal energy, able to elevate the air temperature to a level adequate for reactivation. Desiccant materials, which absorb moisture, can be dried, or regenerated, by adding heat supplied by the solar thermal vacuum collectors on the roof of the Ramses building. In this proposed system, a wheel that contains a desiccant turns slowly to pick up humidity from incoming air and discharge that humidity to the outdoors or vice versa depend-

ETFE-Technology and Design, Annette LeCuyer. Thermally Activated Desiccant Technology for Comfort-National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.9. BUILDING SERVICES.

145

ing on what want. Below we can see a schematic dehumidification process or vice versa with the of the Solar-Assisted Desiccant Cooling that we Solar Assisted Cooling system. propose to use.

Figure 5.49: Scheme-Solar assisted cooling.

Figure 5.48: Schematic-Solar assisted cooling. In this case, the compression machine is used as a heat pump between the supply and the return air streams. It operates by lowering the temperature of the supply air and delivering the condensation heat to the regeneration air. Therefore, a direct evaporator and direct condenser without additional water circuits are used. The advantage of this system is the high heat-recovery rate that can be achieved since the heat pump provides both cooling of the supply air and heating of the regeneration air20 . The heat pump has to work at a higher compression rate due to the higher temperature difference compared to a machine using ambient air for condensation. Although the supply-air cooler can always provide cooling, it is necessary also to install a humidifier on the supply air side. Since ample solar radiation is available in Cairo this allows the plant to be operated as a conventional solar desiccant cooling system. In the figures 5.49 and 5.50 we can see the the cooling and 20

Figure 5.50: Processes Psychrometrics. The process in which air is conditioned is pretty self explanatory from the figures 5.49 & 5.50. The operation of such a solar assisted desiccant cooling system needs to be specified for the conditioning of incoming air during different times of the day and different days of the year. For instance the desiccant device can work in concert with the evaporative cooling device but needs to be specified when. So in the upcoming table we illustrate the operation scheme of a desiccant cooling unit driven with heat coming from follar collector and a compression chiller that provides chilled water for the cooling coils.

Solar-assisted air-conditioning in buildings : a handbook for planners / Hans-Martin Henning.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

146

Table 5.12: Operation scheme of a desiccant cooling unit.

5.9. BUILDING SERVICES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.9. BUILDING SERVICES.

147

Although the Solar desiccant cooling system sensible. While there still arises a need for an is proposed, no way can it meet the peak cooling auxillary system. Therefore an auxilliary natural gas driven chiller will meet the remainder of loads during the summer. the load, an amount other than the 61628 Kw per month. Loads M onth Heating Cooling T otal [W h] [W h] [W h] Jan 7988880 1386688 9375568 F eb 6186495 2948210 9134705 M ar 2693774 9847657 12541430 Apr 334913 55138488 55473400 M ay 20268 93891632 93911904 Jun 0 123715824 123715824 Jul 0 126752896 126752896 Aug 0 123825480 123825480 Sep 0 103407128 103407128 Oct 0 72975784 72975784 N ov 295212 22218480 22513692 Figure 5.51: Distribution of Loads for the reDec 3696080 3437588 7133668 spective systems. T otal : 21215622 739545856 760761472 P er m2 : 1188 41409 42597 We have chosen to build a massive building in Cairo, with a floor area of close to 18,000 m2 , where the cooling loads soar many factors above Table 5.13: Monthly Loads - Ramses Building. the heating load. Additionally, roughly three times the amount of energy is required to cool Based on the technical information from a room by one degree in comparison to heating Kingspan Thermomax solar vacuum tubes the same space by one degree21 . brochure, the rule of thumb suggests 3m2 size However, In figures 5.9 and 5.10 we have also collectors for every 5 people. We have an area â&#x2030;&#x2C6; shown the comfort zones on the Psychrometric 2000 m2 occupied by the vacuum tubes. Again, chart for the Ramses Square location. It was our based on a very basic rule of thumb this amount goal to steer the indoor air temperature and huis enough to suffice the needs of â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 3000 people at midity to this comfort zone. After careful plana time. However, there are overcast days, when ning and consultations we have come to the conthe tubes cannot work to their highest potenclusion that the proposed Solar-Assisted Desictial and additionally, it is not wise to have the cant Cooling system along with the traditional tubes meet the peak cooling or heating loads. Gas Driven Chiller working in concert, will meet Therefore, we have proposed a solution for the the daily needs for thermal comfort in the builddesiccant cooling to meet the capacity of 61628 ing. Kw every month, an average of the cooling and heating load. If required the solar vacuum tubes even during overcast days will meet the 61628 Kw of energy every month, and this seems very 21

In Detail - Solar Architecture, Christian Schittich

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

148

5.10

M.Sc. Building Engineering

Technologies.

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

149

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

150

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

151

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

152

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

153

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

154

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

155

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

156

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

157

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

158

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

159

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

160

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

161

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

162

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

163

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

164

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

165

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

166

Politecnico Di Milano

5.10. TECHNOLOGIES.

M.Sc. Building Engineering

167

Politecnico Di Milano

Chapter 6

Conclusion. Urban Design: •Since the project is conceptualized based on the immediate urban circumstances and surrounding built spaces, it is much more oriented towards the conceptual ideas: first of all, the formal character, the identity for the project; then, the potential to influence the urban fabric. •To address the amelioration, create a strong and identifiable focal point, furthermore to provide a guideline around future projects are the focus points for urban design. •The fusion of two strong urban tissues have guaranteed fluidity in the whole urban fabric. Architectural Design: •The project envisions to be the focal point of Ramses Square, however it is not just the focal point but whole of Ramses Square itself. And additionally it tremendously serves the community of Cairo as well. •Design the building in a sustainable way by implementing photovoltaic panels and solar cooling technology along with many auxilliary technologies. Structure Design •Steel frame has been applied for the main structure above ground. In order to suit with the large span of beams, deep beams have been designed and implemented while simulated in Sap2000, with well defined steel element sections and joint connections. Technological Design •Numerous technologies are implemented in the building as well as the platform. Solar Cooling technology is one of the major technology that covers the roof of the building. •Other technologies that are pervasive throughout are Photovoltaic Cells, that are found on the flyover as well as the platform shade. •Around six passive technologies have been discussed and implemented throughout the design. As a result the building meets the requirements for thermal, visual and psychological comfort.

168

Chapter 7

Acknowledgements. We are very grateful to Professor Gabriele Masera, without whose guidance this thesis would not be possible. With his immense knowledge we recieved a splendid opportunity, to go in depth and to get acquainted with the state of the art technologies and crucial design ideas. Through several meetings with him, we have been illuminated by his broad insights on modern techniques and technologies, which has guided us a lot with respect to detail design. We also would like to thank Professor Marco Imperadori for his inspirational guidance throughout the design studio lab and his insightful ideas during the studio sessions. Furthermore, we really appreciate the impetus he gave us that propelled us in a positive direction in course of the thesis work. We would also like to appreciate Professor Danilo Palazzo. He has given us a lot of help on our project; since the very beginning he gave us some unique and distinctive suggestions in the urban design point of view. With his in-depth knowledge and experience in the field of urbanism, his patient explanation, has enlightend us towards clear and explicit methods to contrive the master plan. We are obliged to Professor Massimo Tadi, his enthusiastic attitudes towards architectural design, his open-mindness through all the design process, endowed us with many brilliant imaginations and inspirations. His in-depth knowledge of architecture philosophy was especially very educational and inspiring. We could not have done without Professor Liberato Ferraraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s immense knowledge on structural design either. Our sincere thank you goes to him. Furthermore, our sincere gratitude goes to Professor Mario Motta, and especially to Eng. Rossano Scoccia and Eng. Andrea Alongi for their undeterring guidance while sizing the solar cooling system. Additionally, for their help in picking out the best possible service system for the building and freely giving their sound thoughts on the methods to reach thermal comfort in the building. We feel glad to say thanks to our parents as well, who gave us the encouragement and love throughout our lives and for continually doing so. Last but not least, we thank everyone who have helped us in one way other the other.Thank You!

169

Bibliography [1] Everest,F.Alton The Master Handbook of Acoustics.McGraw Hill, New-York, NY, 2001. [2] Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series - Thermal Comfort. Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy, 2008. [3] Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series - Visual Comfort. Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy, 2008. [4] Paini, Dario. Lecture series - Acoustics 1,2. Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy, 2008. [5] Christian, Schittic. In Detail - Solar Architecture. 2003. [6] Di.S.V.Szokolay. Introduction to Architectural Design - the basis of sustainable design. 2004. [7] NREL. Thermally Activated Desiccant Technology for Heat Recovery and Comfort. [8] Annette LeCuyer. ETFE-Technology and Design. 2008. [9] Danilo Palazzo. Urban Design. Un processo per la progettazione urbana. 2008. [10] Jerry Udelsen. Green Building A to Z. [11] Department of Transport Scotland. Accessible Train and Station design for disabled people: A code of practice. 2008. [12] Ernst and Peter Neufert. Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Data. [13] T. Muneer. Solar Radiation and daylight models. 2004. [14] U.S Green Building Council. Sustainable building technical manual. 1996. [15] Keith Moskow. Sustainable Facilities-Green Design, Construction, and Operations. 2008. [16] Hans-Martin Henning. Solar-assisted air-conditioning in buildings : a handbook for planners. 2007.

170

Appendices

171

Appendix A Competitions:

We have participated in a competition different than what we have done in our thesis. The competition brief can be found at www.acsa-arch.org and is listed under ‘Concrete thinking - Transit Hub’. In addition to the Concrete competition, the website for the brief of Ramses Square competition can be found at www.urbanharmony.org. Below is the essay as well as posters that we have submitted for the competition.

Concrete in Transportation: A Sustainable Approach

Today, designing for climate change is an issue taken up by numerous Architects, Designers, and Engineers alike. Therefore it is imperative that the birth of any new design tackle issues on energy consumption, Carbon footprint and human comfort. To that end we have designed a metro hub that utilizes state of the art technologies in concrete construction. These technologies, skillfully combined, help curb the energy consumption, Carbon footprint and simultaneously foster human comfort. The design of this metro hub, adresses issues such as durability, recyclability, heat island mitigation, optimized energy performance, and recycled content use. The site for our transportation hub is Ramses Square, Cairo, Egypt. The square is the busiest square in Egypt. Every day 28,000 pedestrians and nearly 2 million cars find their way through this square. Additionally, the majority of construction in Cairo is done in Concrete. We therefore decided that Cairo would be the opti-

mal choice for the location of our transportation hub. Since, the majority of construction is in concrete and cement factories are in the vicinity i.e 16 Km South, there arises ample opportunities for the recyclability of concrete. This, as a result, reduces the induced energy drastically . i.e the energy consumed by the commuter traffic and the supply of goods. Furthermore, since a lot of the concrete can be recycled nearby, the production energy too is drastically reduced. The majority of our transportation hub is built with ICFs (Insulated Concrete Forms). Insulated Concrete Forms demonstrate excellent thermal, mechanical and physical properties. We believe building our transportation hub with ICF’s will be the best choice for a number of reasons. Firstly, the expanded polystyrene (EPS) that blankets the concrete provides thermal insulation on both sides of the exterior walls. Additionally, the concrete in between the insulation foams provides for an efficient thermal mass that helps delay peak hours for the heating and cool-

172

173 ing load. The effect of vast diurnal temperature fluctuations in Cairo on the transit hub is easily subdued by the inherent thermal mass provided by the concrete. Thus requiring less energy to maintain comfort levels in the building itself. ICFs have also shown to work very well towards noise abatement. Very less sound penetrates through an ICF wall, making it the ideal choice for transportation hubs where people in the ticketing booths and waiting rooms prefer a quieter environment. The insulating forms, on the other hand are also very air tight. This air tightness allows for better indoor air quality by preventing sand and dust from the vicinity of Ramses Square to penetrate the building envelope readily. While, of course, filtered outdoor air is allowed to circulate in the hub mechanically. Aside from ICFs we have adopted another simpler yet effective concrete technology. Research shows cities and urban areas are 20 to 40 centigrade warmer than surrounding areas due to the heat island phenomenon. To mitigate the heat island effect we have decided to finish the exteriors and interiors of the hub including the platforms with White Portland Cement. White Portland Cement(WPC) has proven to be far superior to new ordinary concrete in terms of the Solar Reflective Index (SRI). WPC has a SRI of 86 to about a 100 which is particularly high. It makes ordinary cement, with SRI 38 to 52, look lax by comparison. WPC not only reflects a majority of incident solar radiation and thereby reducing the heat island effect but also requires less lighting fixtures to provide sufficient brightness. In order to take advantage of the reflective properties of WPC we have also chosen to use state of the art LED (Light Emitting Diodes) lights indoors for lighting. By doing this we profit from the reflective property of WPC in two ways. Firstly, we mitigate the overall heat island effect and secondly conserve energy required for lighting the hub. Specific deliberate measures have also been M.Sc. Building Engineering

taken in the architectural design process to counteract the heat island effect. Cairoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is very hot and arid. Evaporative Cooling is something that can be best used in such a climate where the addition of humidity will be welcome. Therefore, the periphery of our transportation hub is surrounded by water fountains. These fountains aside from being decorative additions also work as evaporative wells that help cool the air around the hub where people usually gather. Another important design decision was to put solar chimneys inside the hub. The glass openings in the solar chimney allows for sunlight to heat the top of the transport hub. This causes for the top of the tower to heat while the ground level remains cool. This potential difference then starts the stack ventilation effect in the transportation hub that gives and effect of a light breeze in the interiors. Finally, we have chosen to use permeable pavements in place of regular pavements. These permeable pavements filter rainwater percolating through the soil on its way to ground aquifers. This natural filtration of rainwater runoff is the simplest way to control the pollutants it washes with it along the way. For our permeable pavement we have chosen to use porus concrete as the filter. Larger gravel and and low water-tocement ratio is used to achieve a pebbled, open surface that is roller compacted. This form of storm water management proves to be beneficial since it doesnot require a retention pond, thereby decreasing the construction cost drastically. After careful deliberation and many design options we have developed a transportation hub predominantly built in concrete. Throughout the design process we, as Architects and Engineers speculated deeply on the image of concrete. Asked ourselves; why the tarnished image? And while searching for recent concrete technologies we have come to the realization that Concrete just recently had a make over; in a very strong, positive and sustainable way. Our transportation hub is a testament to just that. Politecnico Di Milano

174

Figure A.1: Poster 1. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

175

Figure A.2: Poster 2. M.Sc. Building Engineering

Politecnico Di Milano

Appendix B List of Symbols & Abbreviations:

[A] Area [m2 ] [Af ] Maximum Flange Area [Cm2 ] [As ] Area of Steel Section [Cm2 ] [AH] Absolute Humidity [g/Kg] [ALT] Solar Altitude Angle [0 ] [AZI] Solar Azimuth Angle [0 ] [b] Breadth [m] [be ] Effective Section [Cm2 ] [bf ] Flange Width [Cm] [C] Index [−] [clo] Unit of clothing insulation [−] [DBT] Dry Bulb Temperature [C 0 ] [DF] Daylight Factor [%] [DPT] Dew Point Temperature [C 0 ] [E] Modulus of Elasticity, Steel [−] [e] Eccentricity [Cm] [Ec ] Modulus of Elasticity, Concrete [−] [Fc ] Compressive Strength, Concrete[Kg.f /cm2 ] [Fct ] Tensile Strength, Concrete [Kg.f /cm2 ] [Fu ] Maximum Stress, Steel [Kg.f /cm2 ] [Fy ] Yield Stress, Steel [Kg.f /cm2 ] [G] Irradiation [W/m2 ] [h] Height of Web [Cm] [Itr ] Moment of Inertia about X-axis [Cm4 ] [IL] Illuminance [Lux] [Ix ] Moment of Inertia about X-axis [Cm4 ] [l] Length [m] [lbd ] Longitudinal Reinforcement Length [mm] [LAT] Latitude [0 ] [LON] Longitude [0 ] [qd ] Distributed Dead Load [Kg.f /m]

[ql ] Distributed Live Load [RS ] Surface Resistance [RSi ] Internal Surface Resistance [RSo ] Outside Surface Resistance [rt ] Radius of Gyration about X-axis [S] Distance [Strb ] Section Modulus -Bottom [Strt ] Section Modulus -Top [sx ] Section Modulus about X-axis [tb ] Thickness of Plate [tc ] Thickness of Concrete [tf ] Flange Thickness [Ti ] Indoor Temperature [To ] Outdoor Temperature [Ts ] Surface Temperature [Tw ] Thickness of Web [U] Heat Transfer Coefficient [Vn ] Shear Stress in Section [WBT] Wet Bulb Temperature [W] Distributed Load [δ] Displacement [λ] Thermal Conductivity [ρ] Concrete to Steel Area Ratio [Σ] Sum of...

176

[Kg.f /m] [m2 .K/W ] [m2 .K/W ] [m2 .K/W ] [Cm] [Cm] [Cm3 ] [Cm3 ] [Cm3 ] [Cm] [Cm] [Cm] [C 0 ] [C 0 ] [C 0 ] [Cm] [W/m2 .K] [Kg] [C 0 ] [T ons/m] [Cm] [W/m.K] [−] [−]