Jnde june 2016 by Sampathraj Mathurperumal

JNDE JUNE 2016

LETTERS - President Talk

BACK TO BASICS ........3

- Chief Editor Talk - Managing Editor Talk

Codes & Standards for Ultrasonic Testing

ARTICLES ISNT CORNER - About ISNT

Mr. Rajul Parikh

........7

Myself & Koyna Dam ........64

Probability of Detection (PoD) Curves: A Short Review

Cover Photo CourtesyPlanys Technologies

- Awards & Awardees / Sponsors

Chief Editor : Dr. Krishnan Balasubramaniam

Basic Principles and ........55 Industrial applications

- JNDE Executive Talk

JNDE EDITORIAL Team Managing Editor :

CHAPTER SPACE

Ms. M.Menaka

- Chapter Chairmen & ........11 Secretary

Dr. Sarmishtha Sagar

- Chapter News

Mr. Paritosh Nanekar

- Spotlight Thiruvananthapuram -

Editorial Team :

Mr. Arumugam

WHAT'S NEW Product Gallery EVENTS -

Indian / International .......78 Events Calendar 2016

Dr. Prabhu Rajagopal

SUCCESS STORY

Mr. Bikash Ghose

Anil Jain – IXAR (I) Pvt. Ltd.......23

ISNT Day CelebrationHyderabad

TECHNICAL PAPERS

ASNT Dignitaries visit

Mr. Diwakar Joshi Dr. Ravibabu Mulaveesala Dr. Debasish Mishra

Dr. M.T. Shyamsunder JNDE Executive : Ms.Rachna Jhaveri

ON THE COVER Page This cover photo image was captured with a compact electric ROV 'Mike' built for robust and calibrated visual inspection of offshore immersed structures..

Image Courtesy : PLANYS TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

.......75

Design & Development of ..29 4-channel Phased Array Control & Ampliﬁer for EMAT based Phased Array UT Systems for Weld Joints. Estimation of Elastic .......34 Constants of super alloy Su718 through Ultrasonic Measurements .......39 Ultrasonic Inspection of High Heat Flux (HHF) Tested Tungsten Monoblock Type Divertor Test Mock ups

NGC/NCB

Pulse Distortion in Guided..46 Wave & its impact on Flaw Resolution.

JNDE Feedback

NANSO

A Brief

Meeting Schedule / Updates

.......87

TRAINING -

Qualiﬁcation of NDT Personnel

Training & Exam Schedule

.......88

SPECIAL FEATURE .......90

ADVERTISER'S INDEX

OBJECTIVE – This Journal of Non Destructive Testing & Evaluation (JNDE) is published quarterly by the Indian Society for Non Destructive Testing (ISNT) for promoting NDT Science & Technology. The objective of this journal is to provide a forum for dissemination of knowledge in NDE & related ﬁelds. Papers will be accepted on the basis of their contribution to the growth of NDE Science & Technology. The Journal is for private circulation to members only. All rights reserved throughout the world. Reproduction in any manner is prohibited. Views expressed in the Journal are those of the authors' alone. PUBLISHED BY:-Mr. Rajul P. Parikh Managing Editor - JNDE, Hon. General Secretary on behalf of Indian Society for Non Destructive Testing. (ISNT) Modules 60 & 61, Readymade Garment Complex. SIDCO Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai – 600 032. Phone: 044-2250 0412 / 4203 8175. Email:isntheadofﬁce@gmail.com FOR SUBSCRIPTION, ADVERTISEMENT & OTHER INQUIRIES CONTACT:Ms.Rachna Jhaveri - JNDE Executive. No.8, 2nd Floor, Jyoti Wire House, Near Kolsite, Off. Veera Desai Road, Andheri (W), Mumbai – 400 053. INDIA. Phone: 022-61503800 Email : isnt.jnde@gmail.com. Printed at VRK Printing House, Chennai

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HIGHLIGHTS

CONTENTS

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I am extremely glad to know that the June 2016 issue of Journal of NDE is ready and being sent for printing. I understand that this issue is dedicated to Ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic testing was first invented in US some time in 1940 and presently one of the most used popular technique of Non Destructive testing. The advantages of high penetrating power coupled with portability, immediate results and Non hazardous operation made this technique quite popular in the industry. High technical skills of the technician is extremely essential to interpret the results. Emergence of Non contact methods and further invention of Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing and Time of Flight of Diffraction method of testing some time in 1980 increased the speed of inspection. The use of innovative softwares & scanners resulted in more reliability and accuracy in detection of flaws. The reduced cost of the techniques with no logistical difficulties and suitability for applications under high temperature conditions have proved their usefulness in Nuclear, Power Generation, Aerospace, Petrochemicals and Oil Refineries, Defence, Marine, Offshore and other manufacturing industries. It is also expected that the speed, safety & accuracy of these techniques have the capability to replace radiography. I am sure that the NDT professional will find this issue interesting and quite useful. Extremely nice layout, impressive look along with variety of information on NDT activities including information on various NDT products through the advertisements are the main features of this issue. I am sure that the NDT professionals will appreciate the quality of the contents and also the efforts taken by the JNDE journal team. My congratulations & Best wishes to all the members of NDE Journal Team.

Mr. D.J.Varde President-ISNT

MANAGING EDITOR Talk Hello Readers! Surprised & wondering why swimming fishes are captured on JNDE's cover page!! Well, flip through the articles to feed your inquisition. On the successful completion of JNDE March Issue & the overwhelming feedback we received, I take this opportunity to thank my entire editorial team for their consistent support. We are elated to print some of the feed backs in this issue. A special thank you to our advertisers too, without whose financial support we will not be able to sustain the Journal. This month we had the privilege of having a high level ASNT team visiting us, glance through the 'Events' to find a 'brief of their visit'. In this issue, we also run an article on NANSO, an association which has actively been supporting ISNT & it's activities. We share a strong bond & are complimentary to each other. June is the month where the NDT world will be meeting in Munich. I will bring you a report on 2016 WCNDT in the September issue. Keep writing, support JNDE, support your society.

Rajul Parikh Managing Editor-JNDE

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LETTERS

PRESIDENT Talk

LETTERS

JNDE JUNE 2016

CHIEF EDITOR Talk C Th issue is focuses on ultrasonic methods for NDT which has become a main modality of choice This for several applications due to its inherent safety and environmental benigness. As many of you may fo know, the World Conference on NDT 2016 will be held in June this year in Munich, Germany and kn it is heartening to see that the number of papers presented by Indian authors and the number of participants is increasing. This augers well for the Society and hope keep progressing in this journey pa of eminence in the international arena. This year’s NDE 2016 will be held in Thiruvananthapuram in the month of December and I request all ISNT members to participate and make this event a marquee one. Abstracts for paper presentations are open and I hope that with your participation m and contributions, we have a rewarding NDE 2016. an

Krishnan Balasubramaniam Editor in Chief

JNDE EXECUTIVE Talk J Fe months into focused research, planning, follow up & actions, I feel humbled having gained the Few appreciation for the efforts put in the ﬁrst JNDE issue as debutante JNDE Executive. It was a ap pleasure doing the journal & I thank Managing Editor & ISNT team for giving me this opportunity. Although satisﬁed with the current look & content we are still looking at modest changes compared to what’s going on now. But the big changes are happening as we broaden JNDE readership to 400+ non ISNT members that include training institutes, manufacturing units & NDT societies. Apart from regular reading material, in the June 'Ultrasonic Testing' special issue we bring interesting technical articles, industry / product updates & engaging success story of eminent personality for our readers. The biggest pleasure comes from what we read, not from, on what we read. Well, so once again you have an exclusive online access to JNDE Issues absolutely free & it remains a continuous affair now onward. Your feedback and comments encourage & inspire us to keep going. So, feel free to leave comments on the articles, to share your thoughts & suggestions or ask the author a question & we shall respond in the next issue. Keep Reading. Stay Connected!

Ms.Rachna Jhaveri JNDE Executive Email: isnt.jnde@gmail.com

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JNDE JUNE 2016

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Indian Society For Non Destructive Testing (ISNT) was formed on 21st April 1989 by merger of two societies namely Non Destructive Testing Society of India registered in Calcutta in July 1972 and Non Destructive Inspection Engineering registered at Madras in March 1981. It is a non-proﬁt organization and is registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies, Registration Act, 1975 (Tamil Nadu Act 27 of 1975) Regd. No.49 of 1981. The Indian Society for Non-destructive Testing (ISNT) is the society for NDT professionals and practitioners which offers invaluable resources, information and linkages for industrial quality development and professional development to its members. The objective of the Society is to promote the awareness of NDT Science and Technology through education, research and exchange of technical information within the country and internationally to its members and other professionals using NDT. The family of ISNT has more than 6000 strong members. It is a diverse and dynamic family of professionals representing NDT technicians, scientists, engineers, researchers, manufacturers and academicians – all dedicated to improve product safety and reliability. These specialists represent virtually every industry and discipline that may beneﬁt from NDT technology. ISNT holds periodic seminars and workshops on topics relating to NDT methods and applications, as well as exhibitions displaying cutting edge NDT products and services. ISNT has 19 chapters spread all over the country with headquarters at Chennai. In addition to the above, we have two wings – •

National Certification Board The National Certification Board has been formed for the training and certification of NDT professionals in India and has been periodically conducting Level-I and Level-II courses through ISNT chapters. NCB-ISNT has been recognized by ASNT as the NSO in India and has been periodically conducting Level III ASNT exams right from 1986. NCB-ISNT plays key role in international harmonization of training and certification.

•

QUNEST – Quality through Non-Destructive Evaluation Science and Technology The QUNEST has been formed to : a)Identify NDE issues and thrust areas; b) Foster NDE Science and Technology nationally with international inputs; c) Continuing Education and d) Enhance international standing and make ISNT a global player.

ISNT keeps the members informed about technological advances, new products, certiﬁcation and training and international linkages.

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ISNT CORNER

About ISNT

JNDE JUNE 2016

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JNDE JUNE 2016

NATIONAL NDT AWARDS – 2015 Sl. No.

Name of Awardees

Sponsored by

01.

Dr. Anish Kumar, IGCAR, Kalpakkam

ISNT-EEC Award for Excellence in Contribution in R & D – National NDT Award

M/s Electronic & Engineering Co. (I) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai

02.

Shri Arumugam Muthusamy, VSSC, ISRO, Trivandrum

ISNT-P-MET Award for Excellence in contribution to Industrial Applications National NDT Award

M/s P-Met High Tech Co. Pvt. Ltd, Vadodara

03.

Shri Thirunavukkarasu, IGCAR, Kalpakkam

ISNT-NDTS award for Excellence in contribution to NDT Systems innovation & development – National NDT Award

M/s NDTS India (P) Limited, Navi Mumbai

04.

Shri R. Vidyasagar, Shri R.K. Singh & Shri S. Raviprakash

ISNT-IXAR Award for Best Paper in JNDE,R&D category (“Failure Analysis of Reinforce Concrete Structures using Acoustic Emission and 3D digital image correlation techniques – Vol. 13 Issue 2 September 2014)

M/s Industrial X-Ray and Allied Radiographers, Mumbai

05.

Shri R.J. Pardikar & Shri Deepesh. V

ISNT-Eastwest Best paper Award in Industrial application category. (“Evaluation of critical Weldments in super critical boilers using advanced Ultrasonic Imaging techniques” – Vol. 13 Issue 1 June 2014)

M/s Eastwest Engineering & Electronics Co, Mumbai

06.

ISNT Hyderabad Chapter

ISNT-PULSECHO Best Chapter Award for the Best Chapter of ISNT for the year 2015

M/s Pulsecho Systems (BOMBAY) Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai

07.

1) Dr. O. Prabhakar 2) Shri L.M. Tolani

ISNT Lifetime Achievement Award for the year 2015

ISNT

08.

1) Dr. B. Venkatraman 2) Dr. S. Annamala Pillai

Hon. Fellow Member

ISNT

Shri Tarun Kumar Das, CSIR- NML, Jamshedpur

ISNT- Hi Tech Imaging Award for Young Scientist.

M/s Hi Tech Imaging Private Limited, Mumbai

10.

Dr. B.P.C. Rao IGCAR, Kalpakkam

ISNT–FERROFLUX National NDT Award for International Recognition

M/s Ferroﬂux Products, Pune

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ISNT CORNER

AWARDS & AWARDEES

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Shri D.S Kushwah Chairman, ISNT-Ahmedabad Chapter, NDT Services, 1st Floor, Motilal Estate, Bhairavnath Road Maninagar, Ahmedabad: 380028 dskushwah@vsnl.net /deepak@ndtservices.co.in

Dr B. Venkatraman Chairman-ISNT-Kalpakkam Chapter Associate Director, (RSEG) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102 bvenkat@igcar.gov.in /qadbvr@gmail.com

Shri Rajeev Vaghmare Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Ahmedabad Chapter, C/o. Modsonic Instruments Mfg.co. Pvt. Ltd., Plot No.33, Phase III, GIDC Industrial Estate, Naroda, Ahmedabad - 382 330 modsonic@modsonic.com

Shri M. Dhanajeya Kumar Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Kalpakkam Chapter IGAR, Kalpakkam – 603 102 mdjkumar@igcar.gov.in

Shri V. Manoharan Chairman, ISNT-Bangalore Chapter GE (Global Research) John F Welch Technology Center122, EPIP, Whiteﬁeld Road, Bangalore- 560 061 Manoharan.V@ge.com Shri S. Kalyanasundaram Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Bangalore Chapter Principal Scientist Structural Technologies Division, CSIR - National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore - 560 017 kalyanasunder@gmail.com isntblr@gmail.com Dr. Krishnan Balasubramaniam Chairman, ISNT-Chennai Chapter Dean & Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Head of Centre for Non Destructive Evaluation, "MEMH/MDS 301, Department of Mechanical Engineering" Indian Institute of Technology (IITM), Chennai – 600 036 balas@iitm.ac.in Shri S.R. Ravindran Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Chennai Chapter Executive Engineer, QA, Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, No.51, Montieth Road, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008. npcsrr@gmail.com Shri A.K. Pawar Chairman, ISNT-Delhi Chapter D-155 Sector -49, NOIDA -201301 (UP) itenoida@gmail.com Shri T. Kamaraj Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Delhi Chapter 799-Pocket - V, Mayur Vihar Phase - I, Delhi – 110091 isntdelhi@gmail.com /inicondt@yahoo.com Shri P. Mohan Chairman, ISNT-Hyderabad Chapter Metsonic Engineers ( P ) Ltd No, 63, Ishaq colony, Wellington Road, Secunderabad, Telangana - 500015 metsonic.engineers@gmail.com Shri M. Venkata Reddy Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Hyderabad Chapter Scientist, NDE Division, Defence R&D Laboratory Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Telangana-500058 mallu.venkatareddy@gmail.com Dr. A. Mitra Chairman, ISNT-Jamshedpur Chapter amitra@nmlindia.org Shri T.K. Das Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Jamshedpur Chapter Scientist, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory Jamshedpur 831007. tkdas@nmlindia.org

Shri C.K. Soman Chairman, ISNTKochi Chapter, Dy. General Manager (P & U), Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd., (Kochi Refinery) P.O, Ambalamugal: 682302, Kochi somanck@bharatpetroleum.in Shri V. Sathyan Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Kochi Chapter, Chief Manager (SHA) Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.Kochi Refinery P.O, Ambalamugal, Kochi-682302 sathyanv@bharatpetroleum.in Shri Dipankar Gautam Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Kolkata Chapter, Engineering Inspection Bureau, AB-121, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 064 eib1956@gmail.com / dgautam1956@gmail.com Shri Hemant Madhukar Chairman, ISNT-Mumbai Chapter B-401/ 402, Raylon Arcade, Ramkrishna Mandir Road, Kondivita, J.B. Nagar, Andheri (East), Mumbai-400 059 metalanalysis1997@gmail.com Shri Samir K. Choksi Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Mumbai Chapter Choksi Imaging Ltd. Plot No.26, C Wing, 4th floor, Mahal Industrial Estate, Andheri (East), Mumbai - 400 093 choksiindia@yahoo.co.in Shri Jeevan Ghime Chairman, ISNT-Nagpur Chapter M/s. Becquerel Industries Pvt. Ltd. 33, Rushikesh Modern Co-op. Hsg. Society Ingole Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur - 440005 jeevan@biplndt.com

Shri P.G. Behere Chairman, ISNT-Tarapur Chapter E/25/1 BARC Colony, Boisar Dist. Thane, AFFF, BARC Tarapur-401504, Maharashtra pgbehere1@rediffmail.com / pgbehere@barctara.gov.in Shri Jamal Akhtar Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Tarapur Chapter Type D, U – 6, TAPS 1& 2, Colony Boisar, NPCIL, Dist. Thane, Tarapur-401504 jakhtar@npcil.co.in Shri. J. Kannan Chairman, ISNT-Trichy Chapter, No-20, Bharath Gardenia 12th cross street (West), Balaji Nagar, Kattur Tiruchirapalli - 620019 jkannanjayanthi@gmail.com Shri V. Deepesh Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Trichy Chapter, D-4 - 180, Kailasapuram, BHEL Township Trichirapalli - 620014 secyisnttry@gmail.com Shri G. Levin Chairman-ISNT-Trivandrum Chapter Group Director, PRG/PRSO, TERLS AREA VSSC, ISRO P.O, Trivandrum-695022 g_levin@vssc.gov.in / gopal_levin@yahoo.com Shri Shanmughavel Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Trivandrum Chapter SCI/ENGR SE, QCM/QCG/MME, RFF AREA VSSC, ISRO P.O. Trivandrum - 695022 a_shanmugavel@vssc.gov.in / isnttvm@gmail.com Ms. Hemal Mehta Chairman - ISNT-Vadodara Chapter C/o. P-MET HIGH-TECH COMPANY PVT. LTD. 1-5/6, Industrial Estate, Gorwa, Vadodara-390 016, Gujarat mehtapmet@gmail.com Shri Jaidev Patel Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Vadodara Chapter C/o TCR Advanced Engineering Pvt. Ltd. 250-252/9, GIDC Estate, Makarpura, Naren Hardware lane, Vadodara-390010, Gujarat jaidev@tcradvanced.com / jaipatel74@rediffmail.com Shri Ambresh Bahl Chairman, ISNT-Kota Chapter CE (QA), RR Site, NPCIL, PO – Anushakti, via – Kota, abahl@npcil.co.in

Shri Parag W. Pathak Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Nagpur Chapter M/s. NDT Solutions Saket - Pruthvi Appt. Plot No-. A+ B, Second Floor, Surendra Nagar, Nagpur - 440015 paragwpathak@yahoo.com

Shri Surendra Kumar Verma Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Kota Chapter, QAS, RR Site, Unit – 5 & 6, NPCIL, PO – Anushakti, Via: Kota (Rajasthan) - 323 307 surendrakverma@npcil.co.in

Shri M. S. Shendkar Chairman, ISNT-Pune Chapter Sonal Industrial Services, Sr. no. 415/1B, Manimangal Society, B-103, Near Siddharth motors, Kasarwadi, Pune-411034. sisndt@yahoo.com

Shri V. Ranganathan Chairman, ISNT-Sriharikota Chapter Chief General Manager, Solid Propellant Plant, SDSC – SHAR, Sriharikota – 524124 vranga@shar.gov.in

Mr. Uday B. Kale Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Pune Chapter KUB Quality Services Plot No 55, Scheme No 4, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi, Pune-411044. anay2000@gmail.com secretary@isntpune.org.in

Shri B. Karthikeyan Hon. Secretary, ISNT-Sriharikota Chapter Sci/Eng. NDT/SPROB, SDSC – SHAR, Sriharikota – 524124 Ph:- 08623-223076,223382 karthikeyan.b@shar.gov.in

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CHAPTER SPACE

CHAPTER Chairmen & Secretary

JNDE JUNE 2016

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JNDE JUNE 2016

MUMBAI – 15.02.2016 TO 30.05.2016

EC meeting conducted on 7th April 2016.

15/02/16 -19/02/16 - NDT for Managers course conducted for AERB Engineers. Shri L. M. Tolani was the course Director.

Core committee (NGC) meeting held on 16th April 2016.

22/02/16 – 29/02/16 - Training program on Testing of Electrical Equipments was held at ISNT, Mumbai from for ONGC Engineers. Shri R. S. Vaghasiya was the course Director. 14/03/16 – 30/03/16 - Welding Inspector course conducted (only 11 days) for AERB Engineers. Shri L. M. Tolani was the Course Director. 28/03/16 – 01/04/16 - General NDT course conducted for ONGC Engineers. Shri L. M. Tolani was the course Director.

23/04/16 – 20/05/16 - NDT Level- III Refresher Courses conducted in VT, ET, PT, MT, RT, BASIC and UT 23/05/16 – 28/05/16 - RT Level- II (IS 13805) Course & Examination was conducted. Shri Anant Tapase was the Course coordinator for the course. 30/05/16 – 04/06/16 - UT Level- II (IS 13805) Course & Examination conducted. Shri Ashok Trivedi was the course coordinator for the course.

CANDIDATES / FACULTY @ ASNT LEVEL III REFRESHER COURSE

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM – 28.02.16 TO 05.05.16 28/02/16 - Review meeting by ISNT President & Treasurer on the preparedness of NDE 2016. Venue visit & meeting with LOC members arranged. 15/03/16 -EC meeting & 2nd meeting of LOC, NDE 2016 meeting was conducted Finalized committees, brochure content and reviewed initial proposals from preconference tutorial & exhibition committees.

05/05/16 - Technical Talk on “Crew Escape System Motors” by Shri. J. Paul Murugan, VSSC. Around 40 members participated. 3rd meeting of LOC, NDE 2016 was conducted. Technical Talk on “Crew Escape System Motors” by Shri. J. Paul Murugan, VSSC. Around 40 members participated. Website was reviewed and inaugurated. Status of seminar venue, exhibition was discussed.

31/03/16Technical presentation & Demonstration by M2M – NDT (GEKKO) & NDT Technologies on “Advanced Phased Array System with Total Focusing Method” DELHI – 01.12.15 TO 29.02.16 06/03/16 - Conducted Annual General Body meeting at our New Ofﬁce premises and elected new committee and ofﬁce bearers. Only new chairman elected and all other committee members are the same as earlier. Chairman : 9891841907)

Mr.Dayaram

Gupta

(Mob:

18/3/16 - Provided faculty assistance for a one day workshop on General Awareness on NDT conducted by "Indian Institute of Foundryman" at Ghaziabad. 23/4/16 - Conducted ﬁrst EC meeting of new committee after EC meeting ISNT Day celebrated which was followed by dinner.

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CHAPTER SPACE

CHAPTER NEWS

CHAPTER SPACE

JNDE JUNE 2016

C CHENNAI – 28.02.16 TO 08.05.16 1. TECHNICAL TALK HELD ON 28.02.2016 - Technical talk titled Test Reliability Improvements in the ﬁeld of Helium Leak Testing – Novel Solutions For Industrial Challenges was held. The talk was delivered by Shri. T.Gurunathan, Addl.General Manager, NDTL, BHEL, Trichy. Around 50 members attended the technical talk and it was well received with several clariﬁcations sought. Since the talk was practical oriented, it was very useful for the members present. 2. WORKSHOP AT MIT ON 4 TH & 5 TH MARCH 2 2016 - ISNT Chennai Chapter has supported MIT (Madras Institute of technology) for NDT workshop during their EXPRO’16 at Dept. of Production Engineering, MIT, Chennai on 04 &amp; 05.03.2016. Around 80 students attended the workshop. The students who attended the workshop were very eager to know about NDT and its potential. After the Inauguration the following persons gave a presentation on topics mentioned against their names: 1. Dr.O.Prabhakar NDE Career Potential 2. Shri.K.Viswanathan “NDT and its application to industries with special 3. Shri.M.Manimohan Importance of NDT

Introduction

and

4. Shri.E.SathyaSrinivasan Penetrant Testing, Magnetic Particle Testing &amp; 5. Shri.R.J.Pardikar General Aspects 6. Shri.R.Sreedaran &quot;Prospects And Practical Carrier Path In NDT&quot;

7. Shri.R.Subbaratnam Ultrasonic Testing &amp; Eddy Current Testing Practical demonstrations on VT, PT, MT, UT and RT were also there. 3. ISNT DAY ON 21.04.2016 - ISNT DAY had been celebrated on 21.04.2016 at Hotel Quality Inn Sabari, Chennai. About 170 members inclusive of their spouse and children had attended the function. Mr.E.Sathya Srinivasan was the Convener of the meeting. Chief Guest of the day was Dr. Yuva Bharat and he gave a talk on Naturopathy for Healthy Living. All course directors faculties, examiners and NDT equipment providers who were associating with Chapter were honored and presented mementos. Gifts were distributed to spouse and children who were accompanied with the members for the meet. The Best Member Award for 2015 was awarded to Mr.R.Vivek which was sponsored by M/s. QTECH Inspection Services,Chennai. The Best technical talk award was awarded to Mr. T.Gurunathan, BHEL, Trichy which was sponsored by M/s.Electro Magfield Controls & Services. Best Participation in certification courses Award was award to Mr.Sambasiva Rao Nalla of NTPC which was sponsored by M/s. Electro Magfield Controls & Services. Entertainment programme was also conducted for children by Mr.P.Guruprasad reference to Aerospace” Radiographic Testing

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CHAPTER SPACE

JNDE JUNE 2016

4. COURSES CONDUCTED DURING MARCH & APRIL 2016 1. Radiographic Film Interpretation LevelII course was held on 1 st March to 5 th March 2016. 2. Leak Testing Level-II (SNT-TC- 1A) course exclusively for M/s.TUV India private Limited. Number of candidates attended the course was six. Mr.M.S.Viswanathan was the Course Director and Mr.R.Chandran was the examiner was held on 4 th April to 9 th April 2016. Number of candidates attended the course and examination was 15. Mr.R.Subbaratnam was the course director and Mr.T.Gurunathan was the examiner. Faculties were Mr.Loganathan, Mr.S.R.Ravindran , Mr.R.Subbaratnam. 3. Leak Testing Level-II (SNT-TC- 1A) course was held from 18 th April 2016 to 23 rd April 4. Ultrasonic Testing Level-II (SNT-TC- 1A) course and examination was held on 20 th April 2016. Number of candidates attended the course and examination was 19. Mr.R.Subbaratnam was the course director and Mr.T.Gurunathan was the examiner. Faculties were Mr.P.Palaniappan, Mr.Loganathan, Mr.R.Subbaratnam. 2016 to 29 th April 2016. Number of candidates attended the course were 15. Mr.B.Ram Prakash was the Course Director and Mr.M.Dharmaraj was Examiner by NCB. Faculties were Mr.B.Ram Prakash, Mr.R.Subbaratnam, Mr.Manimohan, Mr.Sathya Srinivasan, Mr.S.R.Ravindran and Practical session was handled by Mr.A.R.Parthasarathy and Mr.S.Velumani. 5. Executive committee meeting was held on 20th March 2016 6. Executive committee meeting was conducted on 14th February and on 8th May 2016 CHAPTER FUTURE PLANS i. Radiographic Testing Level-II (IS:13805 / SNTTC- 1A) from 18 th May 2016 to 28 th May 2016 ii. Surface NDT (MT &amp; PT) Level-II (IS:13805 / SNT-TC- 1A) from 16 th June 2016 to 26 th June 2016.

PUNE – 01.03.16 TO 31.05.16 No Courses or Examinations were conducted during this period. 1. Technical Lecture : Shri S Srinivas Kumar from Olympus delivered evening lecture arranged by ISNT Pune chapter on "Practical Approach to Advanced UT Techniques (PA & TOFD)" on 11th March 2016 at Hotel Ambassador, Pune. The technical lecture was well accepted by large audience. About 32 members attended the lecture. Other Activities : 1. Workshop on NDT for Sharad Institute of Technology, Ichalkaranji was conducted on 16th and 17th March 2016. About 100 students attended this program. About 84 students became student member of the chapter. The faculties from ISNT Pune Chapter were : Mr. Mandar Vinze (Introduction to NDT and MT) Mr. Sunil Gophan (Course Director, RT and UT) Mr. Kalesh Nerurkar (PT) 2. Workshop on NDT for Government Polytechnic, Pune was conducted on 1st and 2nd April 2016. This workshop was attended by about 80 students of Metallurgical Engineering. The faculties from ISNT Pune Chapter were : Mr. Chintamani M Khade( VT and Career In NDT) Mr. Uday B Kale (Course Director and PT) Mr. Christopher Jayraj (RT) Mr. B B Mate (UT) 3. Workshop on NDT for Government Polytechnic, Kolhapur was conducted on 30th and 31st May 2016. This workshop was attended by about 25 working students who are taking Diploma in Government Polytechnic, Kolhapur. This workshop was taken under initiative of “Dhatu Tantra Prabodhini “ which is meant for students working in and around Kolhapur. The faculties from ISNT Pune Chapter were : Mr. Kalesh Nerurkar PT and Course Director Mr. Sunil Gophan (UT) Mr. Parag Pangare (RT) Mr. B B Mate (VT) Mr. Sudhir Phansalkar ( MT) 4. There were 2 EC meeting conducted during this period. a. 5th EC meeting on 2nd March 2016 b. 6th EC meeting on 15th April 2016

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com.

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History The Thiruvananthapuram chapter of ISNT was started as Trivandrum Section of Nondestructive Testing Society of India (NDTSI) on September 21, 1978, by the efforts of a small group of scientists and engineers of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. Since then, the chapter has grown in strength and substance. In the early nineties, the two leading professional bodies in the area of non-destructive testing namely, NDTSI and Indian Institute of Nondestructive Inspection Engineering IINDE, merged together to form a single professional body named ISNT and this section has transformed in to the present Thiruvananthapuram chapter of ISNT.

Testing. The chapter is very active and has consistent performance every year since its formation.

Growth It has spread its activities in various ﬁelds ranging from academic interaction, industry interface, active participation in NDT working groups, creative innovations in NDT for aerospace, friendship and warmth in conducting national seminars and workshops and above all providing a consistent track record in the propagation of the science and technology of NDT in the realms of the chapter year after year. National seminar 1998 (NDE 98) was conducted at Trivandrum by the Chapter. It has also taken up the conduct of national seminar in 2003 (NDE 2003) successfully at the request of the NGC within a short span of time.

ISNT Trivandrum chapter received the Best Chapter award in the years 2002 and 2012 from among 19 chapters within the country. The chapter has its own website www.isnttvm.org which is also up to date

Chapter Activities The chapter conducts every year the M. R. Kurup Memorial Lecture in honor of Sri. M. R. Kurup, who was an eminent scientist and founder of the chapter. This will be followed by Annual Technical Meet lectures. Both these lectures are delivered by eminent personalities. The chapter has conducted a number of National Seminars, Workshops and Refresher Courses in the ﬁeld of NDT with very good participation from industries, R&D institutions and educational institutions. A series of lectures on NDT have been conducted in various colleges of Kerala to promote the science of NDE among students. The chapter has successfully conducted Level II certiﬁcation course in Ultrasonic Testing and Radiographic

To promote interest among young engineers in the ﬁeld of NDT and related areas and also to promote opportunity for them to contribute to chapter activities, ‘Young Engineers Forum’ was formed. Frequent lectures are arranged by this forum on different topics by young Engineers. Our chapter brings out an in-house quarterly magazine “Image” regularly. The magazine has details about chapter activities; latest technical articles in NDE, membership details etc. and is circulated to all members, head ofﬁce and industries in and around Trivandrum.

Future Plans NDE 2016 The major activity in near future is NDE 2016, which returns to Thiruvananthapuram after a gap of 13 years. The seminar and international exhibition is scheduled on 15- 17th December, 2016 at Al Saj Convention Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. The chapter is bustling with preparatory works related to the seminar. First announcement has been already made and brochures have been distributed to various stakeholders of the conference. We started receiving inquiries also for the exhibitions stalls. The website has been made ready and is ready to use. We hope with the active participation and contribution of Team ISNT spread across the country and NDT fraternity across the world, this event will be a huge success and a bench mark for the upcoming seminars. On behalf of team NDE 2016, we welcome you all to Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of God’s own country, Kerala. For more information, please visit our website www.nde2016.com

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CHAPTER FOCUS

CHAPTER FOCUS : THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CHAPTER

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In the frenzy of NDE 2016, the chapter resolved to continue focus on other regular activities like technical lectures by Young Engineers’ Forum, Image publishing, Workshops, EC meetings, Membership growth, Industry visits etc.

We try our best to have a monthly lecture program under the aegis of Young Engineers’ Forum and the last one was conducted on 05th May. January issue of Image has been released and the next one is also getting ready. Membership addition has been consistent over the last year and is continuing satisfactorily.

CONTACT US:INDIAN SOCIETY FOR NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING Thiruvananthapuram Chapter Web: www.isnttvm.org Email: isnttvm@gmail.com Mob: 08129002676 C/o. PRG, TERLS Area, VSSC, ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 022

Chairman: Shri..G. Levin, GD, PRG, VSSC Phone: 0471-2563854 (O), 9496050075 Email: g_levin@vssc.gov.in Secretary: Shri..A.Shunmugavel, QCM, VSSC Phone: 0471-2562690(O), 9249562486 Email: a_shanmugavel@vssc.gov.in

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CHAPTER FOCUS

Other Activities

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SUCCESS STORY

ANIL JAIN,

Proprietor IXAR

“

Business is all about making decisions. So,

Founded in 1969, INDUSTRIAL X-RAY &

it wasn't a challenge at all to take over the

ALLIED RADIOGRAPHERS (I) PVT. LTD., had a

company.

humble beginning in the ﬁeld of Radiography.

”

You were perceived 'not as' competent to handle

We had the privilege to chat with ANIL JAIN,

the large business your father created. You

the face behind IXAR.

took over when IXAR was mainly operating in India, today you have substantial international

How did you get into the business? What were

presence. How did you grow so rapidly?

the challenges you faced at that time? As dad was a big ﬁgure in NDT, so this question I remember it was 25th Feb, 2003, my ﬁrst day at IXAR in the seat. I followed my father's acumen closely. Started doing business at young age of 23, father loved me taking my own decisions, so it made it very easy when I came to IXAR where I was taking my own decisions, and business is all about making decisions. So, it wasn't a challenge at all to take over the company.

would always arise how he'll handle the business, the situation! When dad allowed me to take over, certain group business, it was just like a cakewalk for me”. Initially it was just about taking a grip over everything, eventually it became a passion. Spending long hours in the ofﬁce & enjoying it. Worked with the determination & forced my way through to prove people wrong that things will not go the other way, so it allowed me to put in more efforts & took it as a challenge. It all

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asset needs maintenance. This area was raw.

Selling accessories & MV XRAY- Selling & repairing

So, we got into this.

of Xray machine. Currently merged IQM with Industrial Xray. IXAR is spread internationally across Oman, AbuDhabi, Nigeria & Qatar. So, what got the spark to go on?

Manpower & training was the biggest challenge as people in India were not trained so we had to send them abroad for training. Tied up with foreign company for AUT hand holding, maintaining equipments, knowing technology, procedures &

Though people pulled me back saying Abu Dhabi was a tough market & that I wouldn't be able to succeed, I just followed his father's dream of starting up in Abu Dhabi. To live his dream. 15 years ago IXAR was predominantly in RT, today you offer the latest NDT techniques &

knowledge. Backward integration, Calibration blocks, procedures & emphasize on modiﬁcation as per our environment on these equipments were key challenges we overcame. One job that was a challenge & how did you manage?

equipment. What were the challenges that you faced in evolving your organisation?

It was just 6 months in organisation. In 200304. There was a huge gas pipeline project, a one

Yes, it was predominantly RT, there were lot of changes coming up in the service industry when I got in. Projects were getting squeezed, time frame was not there. So, had to come up with new techniques where time frame, welding & NDT could go simultaneously. So ventured into new techniques like AUT (Automatic Ultrasonic Testing). Then slowly into Phased Array for maintenance of plants where all big assets had to go into shut downs. Heat exchanges are heart of these assets & they were failing so we brought in eddy current technique where we could inspect the tubes. 1st job was from NPCIL which was a beginning even for my client to use new technology. Subsequently we ventured into oil & gas & now we have 20-30 equipments doing these services. IXAR was the 1st to bring in this service. Shut down periods are smaller in plants & more cost effective. Labour is expensive so, clients want smart tools for inspection, scanning to know problem faster. Eddy current, LRUT, corrosion mapping were not taken seriously 15 yrs back unlike now. Any

of it's kind with 42” diameter x 22mm thick, 600 km pipeline. X70 & X 80 material used in India for 1st time. I went to the first client & did not know how things worked & no knowledge whatsoever on costing. Went to a customer & was offered a particular price & just went for it. When came back everyone said you cannot do this, you have done blunder by taking up this project. But, I fortunately, happened to be trained in repairing & maintainance of crawler from Holland where they used generator for pipeline to do crawler jobs. That clicked & we build our own crawlers to carry on the job. Because buying them would be expensive & we would incur losses. It took a month to design the crawler with hardly any cost. It worked for us. Unbelievably, we made 60-70% profit on that first job. That was the start of our organization. Just picking up from there. So it was a journey from potentially losing money to making good profit. So much of challenge. We were able to match welding speed with our production. This was the DVPL Dahej Vijapur Pipeline. 480 kms.

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SUCCESS STORY

started off, with training institute IQM, XMC-

JNDE JUNE 2016

Let's Hear from You What's New covers Technical Talk, Technical Papers / Articles, Press Releases & New Product Information related to NDT Community. JNDE invites you to write in and send your contributions / submissions to isnt. jnde@gmail.com at least 2 months before Publishing date of JNDE.

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What advice do you have for those wishing to

proﬁt.

take up NDT as a career option?

After this went right, we did another offshore

NDT offers an opportunity to all grades of qualiﬁed

'Barge job'. Said yes to an Iranian company. A

personnel. From operator level to decision maker,

special crawler was needed which traveled

one decides his options & destination. This

to three pipes & return. Not knowing this

career offers one of the best compensation.

requirement for the barge we said yes for the job. Went on the gut feeling of guys working in my company, having experience with crawlers.

How do you balance your time between work commitments & personal life?

So, ﬁrst day in job, my crawler did not perform

Work is my personal life. I am living it 24 hrs. I

as expected. The Barge with 200 people on board

stay back if there's work & leave if there isn't.

had come to a standstill. As per client contract

I am happy getting my 7 hours of sleep every

I could potentially loose the $50,000 deposit

day.

if I failed. In 2003, it was a big amount. I was

“

in tears that day, sitting across my table. But that whole night our team was working & put

”

Work is my personal life. I am living it 24 hrs.

What inspires you?

everything on track. We ﬁnished 1st season of 40 kms in 40 days. Then when we returned back we put all new equipments in & completed 280 kms job working for 5 seasons. The client liked

Challenges. What are the challenges the NDT service provider faces & the outlook for future?

our work so much that they took us to Qatar on the same barge for another 64 kms job. This was the second lift where I made good proﬁts & our turnover doubled that year, in 2005. These 2 jobs I can never forget in my life. It was a good experience.

“

NDT is always going to be challenging as it is heavily dependent on skilled manpower. We are dealing with man, material & money. All 3 things to set is very difﬁcult. Future as far as India is concerned, it's going to

”

I was in tears that day, sitting across my table.

What is the outlook for NDT techniques application in the Indian scenario. How do you plan to meet these requirements?

be very good. At least for a decade, 10 years. But it will be challenging how everyone handles it. I have seen people not investing in newer techniques. Key will be to be able to perform jobs using newer techniques & meet the industry requirements.

Scenario in India will be very challenging as far as NDT is concerned as projects are fewer,

“

lot of competition & changes. Indian clients

to be very good. At least for a decade, 10

want faster inspection with with automation

years.

& scanners, documentation to reduce reliance on human interpretation & application of newer

Future as far as India is concerned, it's going

”

Anil Jain as interviewed by Rajul Parikh, Gopal Parmeshwar & Rachna Jhaveri.

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SUCCESS STORY

From potentially losing money to making good

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S.K.Lalwani1,a, G.D.Randale1, T.V.Shyam2 and P.Jyothi1 1

Electronics Division, BARC, Mumbai, India Reactor Engineering Division, BARC, Mumbai, India a E-mail: skl@barc.gov.in 2

Abstract Weld joints in Austenitic steel are very difficult to inspect using conventional UT technique employing piezoelectric transducers. EMAT (Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) based UT technique is more suited for such applications by generating Shear Horizontal (SH) wave mode. Due to lower efficiency of EMAT, ultrasound is focused using multiple elements for increasing the SNR. A four element phased array EMAT system is under development at BARC, Mumbai. Two constituent units of this system i.e. 4-channel phased array control and 4-channel high gain amplifier have been designed and developed at Electronics Division, BARC. The control section generates four sets of square wave tone burst signals for the pulser. It is based on four synchronously operating DDS chips, which facilitate user programmable precise frequency (up to 10MHz with 1Hz resolution) and phase control (in steps of 2Ð/4096) of the output bursts. Programmable features include precise relative delay between the four trigger signals in steps of 1ns, signal frequency, no. of cycles in the burst, PRF and pulse height control. The amplifier section has four independent programmable gain amplifier channels with instrumentation amplifier (10MHz BW) input stage, protection up to +/-300V, On board HP/BP filter on each channel and Programmable gain of more than 100dB. Both the control and amplifier section have been implemented on a USB based unit which works with a GUI based software. The unit has been tested and interfaced to a four channel high current tone burst type pulser and excitation signals for the EMAT sensors have been generated. Amplifier section has been tested using low level

Introduction Ultrasonic inspection of Austenitic steel by conventional ultrasonics is a formidable task due to skewing and scattering of ultrasonic beam due to columnar structure of grains in Austenitic steel. Horizontally polarized shear wave is a mode which is uniquely produced by EMATs in PPM (Periodic Permanent Magnet) configuration. The horizontally polarized shear waves have the advantage of propagation of beam in Austenitic steel without skewing and further there is no mode conversion at interfaces especially is dissimilar weld joints. The EMAT transduction is highly inefficient phenomenon. To reinforce energy of the beam it is required to operate the EMATS in phased array configuration. The angle of propagation for the individual EMAT element is decided by the track wavelength of the PPM and frequency of excitation of the EMAT coil. Track wavelength

Fig. 1 : Four element EMAT based phased array UT system components

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TECHNICAL PAPERS

Design & Development of 4-channel Phased Array Control & Ampliﬁer for EMAT based Phased Array UT System for Weld Joints

JNDE JUNE 2016

is the distance between two adjacent magnets in PPM. The phased array EMAT probes have the advantage of reinforcing beam in forward direction when EMAT segments are fired with stipulated delay time. A four element phased array EMAT based UT system is under development at BARC, Mumbai for any angle weld inspection in reactor components. Fig. 1 shows the system components. 4-channel phased array control and 4-channel high gain amplifier components of the system have been designed and developed at Electronics Division-BARC; 4-element EMAT sensors at Reactor Engineering Division-BARC and 4-channel high current pulser (EMAT driver) at M/s. Point R Technologies, Thane. This paper deals with the design and development of the control & amplifier unit and result of its testing. Description of 4-Channel Phased Array Control & Amplifier Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the four channel phased array control and amplifier unit. It comprises of two distinct blocks of 4-channel phased array control section and 4-channel high gain amplifier section.

4-Channel Phased Array Control Section: The EMAT driver needs a pair of square wave tone burst signals, for each channel, to generate the desired excitation signals for the four EMAT sensor elements. The two signals of the pair are shifted by half cycle with respect to each other. This section generates four sets of such signals for the driver. It is based on four synchronously operating DDS channels. Each DDS channel can be programmed by the user for desired frequency and relative phase with respect to other channels. This facilitates user programmable precise frequency (up to 10MHz with 1Hz resolution) and phase control (in steps of 2Ð/4096) of the output bursts. Each DDS channel comprises of a DDS chip to generate required frequency & phase sine wave, ﬁlter to remove harmonics, ampliﬁer to improve slew rate and comparator to generate square wave from the sine wave signal. FPGA collects the continuous square wave signals and generates gated pair of bursts with user programmable number of cycles in the burst. These bursts are generated either on the internally generated PRF trigger or an external trigger input. The tone burst signals thus generated are galvanically

Fig. 2 : Block diagram of 4-channel phased array control & ampliﬁer unit 30 | ————————————————————————JOURNAL OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING & EVALUATION

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b) Suitable connectors have been provided for implementing add-on hardware for on board DAQ. GUI based Control Software: Windows based control software has been developed for control of all the features on this board. Fig. 4 shows the screen print of the GUI. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Fig. 3

: Photograph of 4-channel phased array control & ampliﬁer board

isolated and converted to LVDS type before sending them to the EMAT driver. Other control signals for the driver include pulse height control, arm etc. The pulse height control signal is in the form of a user programmable frequency, which is generated in the FPGA. EMAT driver provides its status on the status lines to this unit. Optoisolators have been provided for sensing these lines by FPGA.

Phased Array Control: No. Of Channels :4 Frequency Range : 1 kHz to 10 MHz (1Hz Step) No. Of cycles : 1 to 32 Relative Delay : Upto 255us (in steps of 1ns) Pulse Output : 4 pairs of tone burst signals Output signals : LVDS PRF : 1Hz to 1KHz Pulse Height Control : 50V to 500V in steps of 10V

4-channel high gain amplifier section: The output of the four receiver (Rx) sensor elements are connected to this section. The four channel amplifier section has four independent programmable gain amplifier channels with instrumentation amplifier (10MHz BW) input stage, protection up to +/-300V, On board HP/ BP filter on each channel and Programmable gain of more than 100dB. The first stage of the amplifier is a programmable gain amplifier with software gain control. The second stage is configurable fixed gain amplifier, the gain of which is hardware configured as per the requirement. Both the above sections i.e. 4-channel phased array control and 4-channel amplifier have been incorporated on a single PCB with USB interface to PC/laptop. There is galvanic isolation between the two sections on the PCB. Fig. 3 shows the photograph of this board. Other features on this board include:

a) Generation of clock and trigger signals for the interface of external 4-channel DAQ hardware: Provision has been made to interface two different DAQ boards available commercially. For this purpose LVPECL as well as 1Vpp clocks are generated on this board.

Fig. 4

: GUI based software for 4-channel phased array control & ampliﬁer unit

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Ampliﬁer: No. of Channels Gain Bandwidth Filter Interface Power supply Dimensions

: : : : : : :

4 40dB to 100dB 4MHz Highpass / Bandpass USB2.0 230VAC 19” x 3U x 350mm

Testing and Results The 4-channel phased array control & amplifier unit has been tested for generation of the required control signals for the EMAT driver. Fig. 6 shows trigger command pairs generated by the unit which are used to drive the high current pulser. The amplifier section of the unit was tested using a signal generator, converting the single ended output of the signal generator to differential signals and the output of the amplifier was observed on an oscilloscope. Fig. 7 shows

Fig. 5 : Photograph of 4-channel phased array control & ampliﬁer unit

ampliﬁer output with about 100dB gain when a continuous sine wave of 1MHz was applied at input. The unit has been interfaced with the high current pulser designed and developed by M/s. Point R Technologies. Four trigger pair commands were generated with other necessary control signals and applied to the pulser. The frequency, number

Fig. 6 : Trigger commands generated by phased array control & ampliﬁer unit for driving the high current pulser. a) Pair of tone burst signal for one channel, b) two pairs of the control signals generated on two of the four channel outputs with relative delay between the two, c) two control outputs (only one signal from each pair) with 50ns relative delay, d) four control signal outputs of 700kHz and two cycles with relative delay of 200ns each at 100Hz repetition rate. z input low level signal and 100dB gain 32 | ————————————————————————JOURNAL OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING & EVALUATION

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Fig. 7 : Ampliﬁer output with 1MHz input low level signal and 100dB gain

Fig. 8 : four excitation signals generated at the output of high current pulser

of cycles in the burst, PRF and relative delays were varied and the four outputs of the pulser were monitored. Fig. 8 shows four excitation signals generated at the output of pulser and applied to four EMAT sensor elements. The high power signals were stepped down before applying to the oscilloscope for measurements.

Electronics division; Shri K. Madhusoodnan, Head, Reactor Coolant Channel Section, Reactor Engineering Division and Shri Gopal Joshi, Head ACS Section, Electronics Division - BARC for their encouragement and guidance for this development. Authors are also thankful to M/s Point R Technologies, Thane for providing support during testing of the unit.

Conclusion A 4-channel phased array control and high gain amplifier unit has been designed and developed at Electronics Division, BARC for development of EMAT based 4-channel phased array UT system. The control & amplifier unit provides LVDS compatible trigger commands and control signals for the high current pulser for generation of precise frequency and phase delays between the excitation signals for the 4 EMAT sensor elements. The control section employs four synchronously operating DDS channels which facilitate user programmable precise frequency and phase control of the output bursts. The amplifier section has four independent programmable gain amplifier channels for amplifying the weak signals from the receiving EMAT sensors. This USB based unit has been tested and interfaced to a four channel high current tone burst type pulser and excitation signals for the EMAT sensors have been generated.

References 1.

C.F.Vasile and R.B. Thompson; “Excitation of horizontally polarized shear elastic waves by electromagnetic transducers with periodic permanent magnets”; J. of Applied Physics, 50(4), April 1979.

K. Sawaragi et. al; “Improvement of SH-wave EMAT phased array inspection by new eight segment probes”; Nuclear Engineering and Design 198(2000), 153-163.

S.K. Lalwani, G.D. Randale, P. Jyothi and S.S. Pandey; “Development of USB based integrated Tone Burst Generator, Receiver Ampliﬁer & 100MSPS Digitizer for Ultrasonic NDT and other applications”; Proceedings of National Symposium on Nuclear Instrumentation (NSNI2013), Nov 19-21, 2013 organized at Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.

‘All about Direct Digital Synthesis’, Analog Devices Inc., http://www.analog.com/library/ analogDialogue/archives/38-08/dds.html

S.K. Lalwani, Reetesh Chaurasia, Alok Agashe and V. M. Joshi; ‘Development of USB bus based compact Tone Burst Generator/Receiver’, proceedings of IINC-2005 held at IIT, Bombay from 20-21st Dec. 2005.

Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to Shri C.K. Pithawa, Director E&I and A&M Groups; Dr. P. K. Vijayan, Director, Reactor Design and Development Group, Dr. T.S. Ananthakrishnan, Head,

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TECHNICAL PAPERS

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Estimation of Elastic Constants of super alloy Su718 through Ultrasonic Measurements M.R.Vijaya Lakshmi1*, Swati Biswas2, S. Ramachandra3, B.V.Ravi Dutta1, Sreelal Sreedhar1 1

Quality Assurance Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Bangalore, INDIA Materials Application Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Bangalore, INDIA 3 Systems Engineering Group, Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Bangalore, INDIA E-mail : *vijayalakshmi_mr@gtre.drdo.in (M.R.Vijaya Lakshmi), swati@gtre.drdo.in (Swati Biswas), ram@gtre.drdo.in (S. Ramachandra), ravidutta@gtre.drdo.in (B.V.Ravi Dutta), sreelal@gtre.drdo.in (Sreelal Sreedhar) 2

Abstract Ultrasonic velocity measurements (both longitudinal and shear) were carried out at different locations on samples of super alloy Su718 in solution treated condition and solution treated and precipitation hardened (aged) condition. Modulus of elasticity was calculated using velocity data. Analysis of this data revealed considerable increase in the Young’s modulus of the material after aging heat treatment. The microstructure revealed ﬁne precipitation of γ’Ni3(Al, Ti) and γ’’ Ni3(Nb) intermetallic precipitates after aging which was attributed to the improved elastic modulus. It proved that ultrasound measurements could be effectively used for estimation of elastic constants in super alloy Su718 and shear wave velocity is an effective parameter for material characterization compared to longitudinal velocity. Therefore, the overlap of multidisciplinary aspects of Non-Destructive Evaluation and Materials Science can be advantageously applied to study the change in material microstructure and mechanical properties non-destructively. Keywords: Ultrasound, Longitudinal velocity, Shear velocity, Young’s modulus, Microstructure

1. Introduction

Table 1 : Chemical composition of Su718

Su718 is a precipitation-hardenable nickelchromium alloy containing signiﬁcant amounts of iron, niobium, and molybdenum along with lesser amounts of aluminum and titanium. It combines corrosion resistance and high strength with outstanding weldability, including resistance to post-weld cracking. The alloy has excellent creep-rupture strength at temperatures up to 6500C. Hence this alloy is a candidate material for hot end components of aero engine like last stages of compressor blades, diffuser casing, turbine disk, turbine shaft etc. The Chemical composition of Su718 in % is given in Table 1 [1].

Elements

Weight %

Chromium

17-21

The above aero engine components are subjected to high rotating speeds and temperatures. These components should possess high fatigue and creep properties and hence are manufactured by forging route. The forgings are thereafter subjected to 100% ultrasonic testing with minimum acceptable aerospace standards [2]. Ultrasonic testing is the most amenable and reliable method of inspection of forgings. It is

Nickel Molybdenum

50-55 2.8-3.3

Niobium

4.75-5.5

Titanium

0.65-1.15

Aluminum

0.4-0.8

Cobalt

1 (max)

Iron

Balance

routinely employed for detection of internal defects during as forged, semi-machined and fully machined conditions and for detection of surface defects during life-cycle of the components. However, the capabilities of ultrasonic testing extend much beyond defect detection and have been adequately described elsewhere [1]. It has been established that ultrasonic wave velocity is the essential parameter indicative of material degradation and also characterization parameters were optimized using statistical techniques for Su718 [5].

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temperature within ±150C for a time not less than 1 hour and cool at a rate equivalent to air cool or faster.

Sound does travel at different speeds in different materials. This is because the mass of the atomic particles and spring constants are different for different materials. The mass of the particles is related to the density of the material, and the spring constant is related to the elastic constants of a material [6]. The general relationship between the speed of sound in a solid and its density and elastic constants is given by the following equation:

2. Precipitation treatment: Heating to 720– 760±100C, holding for approximately 8 hours, cooling at a rate of 50–600C per hour to a temperature within the range 620-650±100C, hold for 8 hours and air cooling

V= √(C/ρ) where C= elastic constant and ρ =material density.

These specimens were then used for ultrasonic velocity measurements.

This equation will take different forms depending on the type of elastic constants and ultrasonic velocity.

The following probes measurements:

Young’s modulus, E is the proportionality constant between uniaxial stress and strain and measures the resistance of a material to elastic deformation under load. It is the measure of stiffness of a material and resistance to deflection and vibrations. In engineering design they appear in calculations for load deflection, residual stress, thermo-elastic stress, fracture toughness and elastic instabilities such as buckling and jamming [7].Resistance to deflection under aero-dynamic loads and high natural frequency are the desirable properties of materials used for manufacture of aero engine compressor blades and disks. This inherently means that the hardware should possess high Young’s modulus. In the present work, Young’s modulus of elasticity is estimated from ultrasonic longitudinal and shear wave velocity measurements for solution treated and aged specimens of Su718 which is used extensively for the manufacture of blades and disks. The studies indicated the feasibility of using ultrasonic measurements for estimation for Young’s modulus and were in fair agreement with literature values [8]. 2. Ultrasound measurements on samples of Su718 Two specimens of size 40 mm x 30 mm x 20 mm were extracted from forged bar stock of Su718 in solution treated condition. Further machining was carried out to obtain parallelism of 3° and surface finish of 3 μm as specified in ASTM Standard E494 – 00, Volume 03.03 [9]. One specimen was then aged. The heat treatment cycles [9] were as follows:

1. Solution treatment: Heating to a temperature within the range 925 0– 1010 0C and holding at the selected

were

used

for

the

1. 5MHz, φ10mm straight beam probe for longitudinal velocity 2. 5MHz, φ10mm Y-cut crystal probe for shear velocity Thickness of the specimens was measured to precision with a micrometer of least count 0.001mm. Time of ﬂight data was obtained for both the samples from RF Waveform using Physical Acoustics Material Characterization equipment. 12 grids of size 10mmx10mm each was marked on the samples for the purpose of uniform coverage of the entire area for ultrasonic measurements. The schematic of the equipment is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 : Schematic set up of Ultrasonic Material Characterization equipment

The accuracy of the measurements were <10ns peak to peak. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the RF waveforms obtained from aged and solution treated samples respectively using 5MHz straight beam probe. Density was obtained from standard literature values. Density for solution treated and aged sample was 8.246 g/cc and 8.235 g/cc for solution treated sample.

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Fig. 2 : RF waveform of solution treated sample obtained for Longitudinal Velocity

Fig. 4 : Comparison of Longitudinal Velocity at various locations on the sample

Fig. 3 : RF waveform of aged sample obtained for Longitudinal Velocity Fig. 5 : Comparison of Shear Velocity at various locations on the sample

3. Results and Discussions Longitudinal and shear velocities are given by the equation: V=2d/t

(1)

(2) [9]

Where d is the thickness of sample and t is the time-of-ﬂight

Where E is the Modulus of elasticity ρ is the density and VL & VT are Longitudinal and Shear velocities respectively.

Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the values of longitudinal and shear wave velocities and their comparison for solution treated and aged samples. The stress strain relationships for anisotropic crystals vary with the direction. Thus velocity of ultrasonic wave varies with the direction of propagation of wave and mode of polarization [11]. The above ﬁgures establish this fact very clearly. Subsequently, Young’s modulus of elasticity was calculated by:

This procedure was repeated and Young’s modulus was calculated at twelve different locations on each sample. The corresponding values and their comparison are shown in Figure 6. From Figure 4 it can be inferred that there is no direct relation between longitudinal velocity and Young’s modulus. However, ﬁgures 5 and 6 indicate that Young’s modulus is related to shear wave velocity. Further studies have to be carried out to establish the type of relation. Hence it

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Fig. 8 : Microstructure of solution treated sample Fig. 6 : Comparison of Young’s modulus for solution treated and aged samples

can be concluded that shear wave velocity is an effective parameter than longitudinal velocity for material characterization of Su718. It is known that sound velocity is affected by both grain size and microstructure. However, more generally, there will not be a oneto-one relationship between the microstructural feature sensed by the ultrasound and those controlling the mechanical properties and empirical correlations which are restricted to particular situations must be utilized. The relationship between non-destructive measurements and material properties is shown in Figure 7 [12].

Fig. 9 : Microstructure of aged sample

microstructure obtained from Solution treated and Aged specimens respectively.

Fig. 7 : Overlap of Multidisciplinary Couplings between NDE and Materials Science

To further validate the inferences drawn through ultrasonic measurements, it was decided to carry out micro structural examination of both the samples 3.1 Microstructure Evaluation The test specimens were subsequently ground, mirror polished and etched [13]. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out to on the etched surfaces to reveal the microstructure. Figure 8 and 9 shows the

Figure 8 shows grain boundary acicular carbides typical of solution treated Su718 alloy. Figure 9 clearly revealed the presence of g’ Ni3(Al, Ti) and g’’ Ni3(Nb) intermetallic precipitates. The micro structural examination clearly showed the precipitates formation and phase transformation after ageing. 4. Conclusions

1. Young’s modulus of elasticity can be reliably estimated through ultrasonic measurements for Su 718 material. 2. The higher modulus in aged sample is attributed to the increase in strength by the precipitation of a dispersed phase (intermetallics) throughout the matrix.

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JNDE JUNE 2016 Ultrasonic Material Characterization through Synergy of Statistical Techniques”, pp 81-84, Proceedings of National Seminar & Exhibition on Non-Destructive Evaluation, NDE 2009, December 10-12, 2009

3. Finally, shear wave velocity is an effective parameter for material characterization compared to longitudinal velocity. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to Director, GTRE for his immense support for carrying out this experimental work. The authors are thankful to Quality Assurance Group and Materials Group for their technical support. Finally the authors thank Prototype Fabrication Group for fabrication of the samples.

“Sound propagation in elastic materials”, www. ndt-ed.com

Nikhat Praveen and G.V.S.Murthy, “Determination of elastic modulus in nickel alloy from ultrasonic measurements”, Materials Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, April 2011, pp. 323–326

Special Metal Corporation, INCONEL alloy 718, SMC-045

Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards E494 – 00, Volume 03.03

References 1.

AMS 5383E, SAE Aerospace Speciﬁcation, May 2007

materials

AMS 2630B, SAE Aerospace Speciﬁcation, March 1995

materials

T. Jayakumar, Anish Kumar and Baldev Raj, “Nondestructive tools for Microstructural Characterization of Materials”, Workshop on Materials Characterization, World Federation of NDE Centers Dec 12-14, 2006, GE Global, Bangalore, India Swati Biswas, M.R.Vijaya Lakshmi, B.R.Sridhar, K.Jayaram and S.Ramachandra, “Evaluation of effective ultrasonic parameters to characterize aging behaviour in super alloy INCO 718”, Proceedings of National Conference on Aerospace Quality and Reliability, ReQuest 2008, Bangalore, 24 – 25 Nov 2008 M.R.Vijaya Lakshmi, Swati Biswas, C.K.Jadhav, K. Jayaram, S. Ramachandra, “Optimizing

10. Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 52.5Ni – 19Cr – 3.0Mo – 5.1Cb(Nb) – 0.90Ti – 0.5Al – 18Fe Consumable Electrode or Vacuum Induction Melted 17750F (9680C) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated, SAE AMS 5663M, June 2009 11. Dharmendra Kumar Pandey and Shri Pandey, “Ultrasonics: A Technique of Material Characterization”, pp 397-430, Acoustic Waves, ISBN 978-953-307-111-4, September 2010 12. R.B.Thompson, “Ultrasonic Measurement of Mechanical Properties”, IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 1996, pg. 735-744 13. Standard Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys, Annual Book of ASTM Standards E340-00 (Reapproved 2006), Volume 03.01

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*Kedar Bhope, Mayur Mehta and S.S.Khirwadkar Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, India *kedar@ipr.res.in

Abstract IPR has recently installed High Heat Flux Test Facility (HHTF) to simulate the thermal fatigue scenario on divertor target for ITER like environment. In which actively cooled divertor test mock up is subjected to cyclic heat loads by 200 KW Electron Gun. One of the quality control steps during thermal fatigue test of these components is the ultrasonic testing of bonded region between Tungsten and Copper alloy tube. Two no. of small scale Cu-W monoblock mock ups has been tested in HHTF for more than 200 thermal cycles of incident heat ﬂux of 20MW/m 2 at IPR and High Heat Flux testing of one sample was stopped after it got subjected to a “Loss Of Coolant Accident” (LOCA) scenario. This paper highlights the successful application of developed ultrasonic immersion C-scan imaging technique for Cu-W joints of these monoblocks before and after their thermal fatigue test. Ultrasonic C-scan results of these mock ups are compared to check the degradation of W-Cu and Cu-Cu interface joints. Ultrasonic testing results of Cu-W monoblocks are able to detect, locate and size the degradations in two sample joints. This paper presents the detailed comparison of ultrasonic test results of Cu-W mono-block divertor assembly before and after HHF Tests. Keywords: Ultrasonic Testing, Cu-W Monoblock, Thermal fatigue, High Heat Flux test, Divertor

Introduction Divertor targets are the Plasma Facing Components(PFCs), which are responsible for effective removal of heat from the divertor system and also capable to withstand the steady state heat flux up to 10 MW/m 2 for ITER like reactor [1].During cyclic operation of a fusion reactor large thermal expansion coefficient difference between tungsten and CuCrZr create the thermal stress at joint interface, it might leads to component failure and also affect the heat transfer property of the component [2]. With taking this in account, lifetime of a divertor PFC is measured in terms of number of steady state cyclic heat loads sustained by PFCs. High Heat Flux (Thermal fatigue) tests are actually simulating steady state and transient heat loads using electron beam which is faced by PFCs during operation of a fusion reactor and high heat flux (HHF) test with desirable heat loads is a crucial qualification test to check the heat transfer performance of divertor [3].In

order to do so, IPR has recently installed High Heat Flux Test Facility (HHTF) to simulate the thermal fatigue scenario on divertor target for ITER like environment. The monoblock type geometry is a most potential design for PFCs of divertor. The monoblock conﬁguration, consist essentially of armor blocks made of Tungsten (W) with a hole in which a cooling tube, made of a copper alloy (CuCrZr), is joined by different technologies. In these cooling tubes, pressurized water is used as coolant [4].The W/Cu joint quality for this type of components is particularly important. The ultrasonic testing for metal/metal joints NDT is universally accepted because of easy result interpretation. In this paper the application of developed ultrasonic C-scan testing of monoblock Cu-W joints during the mock ups manufacture and also after their thermal fatigue testing is reported. This procedure was applied on two small scale W monoblock mock ups to check the degradation of Cu-W and Cu-Cu interface joints

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TECHNICAL PAPERS

Ultrasonic Inspection of High Heat Flux (HHF) Tested Tungsten Monoblock Type Divertor Test Mock ups

JNDE JUNE 2016

that were manufactured in the NFTDC labs. They were ﬁnally tested to thermal fatigue at Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) in HHFT facility. Tungsten (W) Monoblock mock up In the frame of MOU with NFTDC [5], nine monoblock mock-ups were manufactured by Hot Radial Pressing (HRP) technology in NFTDC Laboratory, Hyderabad. The supplied monoblock divertor assembly consists of Tungsten tiles of dimension (30×30×10) mm3 thick with a central hole of diameter 17 mm. Oxygen Free High Conductive (OFHC) Cu casted in 17 mm hole of W tile to create a hollow Cu tube of diameter 15 mm and 1.0 mm thickness. Five W monoblock tiles with OFHC copper layer were assembled such that to keep gap of 0.5 mm between two subsequent monoblock W tiles during joining process. Subsequently this OFHC Cu is bonded with a CuCrZr alloy of inner diameter (ID) of 12 mm and 1.5 mm thickness using Hot Radial pressing. All the dimensions of a mock-up are as shown in Fig. 1.

Ultrasonic immersion C-scan test procedure An ultrasonic pulse-echo method using high frequency side looking probe of 20 MHz and normal incidence of the ultrasonic beam to the joint interface have been developed [6]. In this method, reﬂected echo amplitude is used for CuCu alloy de-bond detection and reﬂected echo phase is used to detect de-bond between Cu and W. Monoblock divertor assembly placed in a water immersion tank on a circular rotating table is shown in Fig. 2 (a). UT probe is placed inside the monoblock through index axis (Z-axis) to detect the de-bonding as viewed from sideways. Water path distance is maintained such that ultrasonic beam focused on interface. To examine the entire circumference (è Scan) monoblock assembly is rotated by a rotary table and index in Z-direction. In order to precisely identify the location of the defect on C-scan, W tile assembly has been divided in four different faces viz., Face 1, Face 2, Face 3 and Face 4. Each face contained an angle ranges from 0°- 90°, 90°-

Fig. 1 : Monoblock mock-up geometry with 5 tiles

Fig. 2 : (a) Ultrasonic C-scan setup for Cu-W Monoblock (b) Marking on Mock-up to locate the defect 40 | ————————————————————————JOURNAL OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING & EVALUATION

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Table 1 : UT Test Parameter Technique technique

Pulse-echo immersion C-scan

Probe

Side looking V3343, 20MHz, 0.125’’FPF, F0.5’’

Static gain

55.00 dB

Range

4 mm

Immersion medium

Distilled water

Scan length & resolution

360 °, 0.1°

Index length & resolution 65mm, 0.1mm Water path

4.7mm (±1.6 mm)

Acquisition mode

RF (Synchronized)

Instrument

OMNISCAN MX

180°, 180°- 270°, 270°-360° respectively and each W tile is marked with numbers as shown in Fig.2 (b). Calibration of the ultrasonic ﬂaw detection system carried out by detecting four Flat Bottom Holes (FBHs) of 2mm dia. at depths from 0.75 to 2.55 mm with 0.5 mm step. C-Scan is calibrated by detecting the 0.5mm FBH at Cu-W interface and the same defect is used as reference defect. Ultrasonic test parameters used for inspection are represented in Table 1. Thermal Fatigue (High Heat Flux) Testing Two small scale W monoblock targets named as “Test mock-up-I” and “Test mock-up-II” were

Fig. 3 :

tested in the HHTF at Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), India. The main part of the facility is 200kW electron gun with an acceleration voltage of 45kV with 10 kHz scanning frequency of circular electron beam. PFCs up to 1 meter length can be loaded in the system. The cooling supply of the facility allows a cooling water flow up to 85 liter per minute at an inlet pressure of 18 bars and inlet temperature of 20° C. One infrared camera, two pyrometers and 4 thermocouples are installed as diagnostics to monitor surface temperatures, mock up temperature and cooling water temperatures. Three tiles with total area 900 mm2 of the Test mock-up-I was exposed to incident heat flux 19 MW/m2 (Corresponding 20kW power on 30 mm X 30 mm area) for 15 sec ON & 5 sec OFF. When test was reached to the incident heat flux 22 MW/m2, LOCA condition was occurred. Before LOCA condition ~ 200 cycles of thermal cyclic test were completed on Test mock-up-I. LOCA was occurred due to absence of coolant flow in heat sink tube of the test mock-up-I. Three Tiles of Test mock-up-II with total area 900 mm2 was cyclically loaded with incident heat flux 19 MW/ m2 for 15 sec ON & 5 sec OFF. Thermal fatigue tests for 15 sec ON time & 5 sec OFF time performed on the test mock-up-I and test mockup-II are summarized in Table 2.

Photographs of samples: (a, c) Before HHF Test (b, d) After HHF Test

Fig. 4 : Ultrasonic C-scans of Test mock-up-I Before HHF Test at (a) Cu-Cu joint & (b) Cu-W joint

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Table 2 : HHF test details of both test mock-ups Test mock up-I

Test mock up-II

I n i t i a l Initial Screening up to 19MW/m2 Screening up to 20MW/m2 200 cycles at 20 MW/m2 MW/m2

165 cycles at 20

LOCA occurred at 22MW/m2 --

Ultrasonic Inspection Results and Discussion Ultrasonic testing of Test mock-up-I and Test mock-up-II has been carried out before and after HHF test to check the integrity of the Cu-W bonding area as well as to monitor health of the samples [7]. Fig. 3 indicates comparison of sample face before and after HHF test. It clearly shows that middle tiles of both samples are affected. UT Results of Test mock-up-I. Ultrasonic image as shown in Fig. 4 was used to decide which face can be possible to take for HHF test for investigate the performance of mock-up. It clearly resembles that face 3 contained less defects and it is to be used for HHF test. On the basis UT results, an HHF test performed on the sample. Comparing the ultrasonic C- scan images for before and after HHF test, it is noted that defects are increased rigorously on region other than face 3. Investigating the HHF test parameter, LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) was found responsible to increase the defects as shown in Fig. 5(a,b). White dashed marked region in the Fig.5 (a) represents zone of interest and the good region on face 3 after HHF test. Bluish-white region shows good bond in Cu-Cu alloy C-scan. However, Bluish color in Fig 4 (b) and Fig.5 (b) is due to 22% echo height (i.e. acoustic impedance mismatch reﬂected amplitude) shows good bond at Cu-W joint. Area other than face 3 for all tiles found red because de-bond present at Cu-Cu alloy

interface which hide the information about Cu-W joints. Fig. 6 represents the B-scan at white marked region which gives clear idea about the defect depth at indicated region. Tile no 1 and 5 are less affected heat regions and contained segregated isolated defects. Figure 5(b) shows C-scan at a depth of Cu-W interface, signal amplitude greater than 60% (of FSH) at location of WT 5 on face 2 in C-scan indicates the presence of defects. B-scan as represented by Fig.7 shows de-bonds at Cu-W interface from 90°-180° scan length. Corresponding A-scan also shows reflected echo phase change. Visual examination of sample were carried out before and after HHF test which reveals that bending occurred in sample and gap between W tiles get slightly increased. UT Results of Test mock-up-II. On the basis of UT inspection conducted prior to HHF test as shown in Fig.8, Face 2 of the test mock-up was identified to be used for carrying out the HHF tests. A thermal cycle with incident heat flux as mentioned in table 2 was applied on Test mockup II. In this sample attention has been made to study the response of defects which are present at WT 2, 3, & 4 before HHF test. Fig.9 represents C-scan image of sample after HHF test with white mark region of interest. As it can be seen by comparing the C-scan images, no appreciable deterioration could be observed in Cu- Cu joint and Cu-W joint. An irregularity at inner wall of tube observed at WT4 in test mock up-II before HHF test. Fig.10 shows C-scan, B-scan and surface morphology of tube inner wall and this type of defects does not reflect ultrasonic beam in the direction of the probe. These inner wall defects were kept in observation for before and after HHF test but at applied thermal cyclic load conditions does not make change in size of this defect as presented in Fig.8 (a) & Fig. 9 (a).

Fig. 5 : Ultrasonic C-scans of Test mock-up-I After HHF Test at (a) Cu-Cu joint & (b) Cu-W joint 42 | ————————————————————————JOURNAL OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING & EVALUATION

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Fig. 6 : B-scan image of WT 2 at 22 mm

Fig. 7 : B-scan image of WT 5 at 52 mm

Fig. 8 : Ultrasonic C-scans of Test mock-up-II Before HHF Test at (a) Cu-Cu joint & (b) Cu-W joint

Fig. 9 : Ultrasonic C-scans of Test mock-up-II After HHF Test at (a) Cu-Cu joint & (b) Cu-W joint

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Fig. 10 : Effect of inner wall damage on results (a) C-scan (b) B-scan & (c) Inside view of mock-up II

However, For both test mock-ups it has been noticed that C-scan images after the HHF test (Fig. 5 & 9) the amplitudes of the received ultrasonic signals are smaller than the amplitudes before the HHF test (Fig. 4 & 8); this reveals micro structural changes in copper and copper alloy layers that give place to ultrasonic attenuation increment but does not affect on defect detection. For Test mock-up-I, % defective area is increased ~50% due to LOCA while for Test mock-up-II no appreciable defect increased in assembly. Fig.11 shows summary of % defective area.

with incident heat ﬂux of approx 20MW/m2 and successfully withstands 20MW/m2 heat loads with acceptable defects while test mock-upII is unfortunately subjected to LOCA and as a result of that defective area is increased ~50%. Bending occurred in Test mock-up-I and gap between W tiles get slightly increased after HHF test. Inner wall damage in Test mock-up-II were kept in observation and found unchanged after HHF test. It has also been noticed that after HHF test micro structural changes in the copper and copper alloy layers producing an ultrasonic attenuation increment but does not affect on ultrasonic results. Acknowledgement The authors would also like to thank all members of High Heat Flux Test Facility of Institute for Plasma Research for their support during various activities involved in this work. The authors would also like to thank scientists, engineers and technical staff of NFTDC, Hyderabad, India for development of monoblock type of mock ups. References 1. M. Merola et al., “EU activities in preparation of the procurement of the ITER divertor”, Fusion Engineering and Design 81(2006) 105-112.

Fig. 11 : Summary of % Defective area in both mockups

Conclusion Ultrasonic testing of HHF (High Heat Flux) tested two Cu-W Monoblock assembly was carried out successfully on Test mock-up-I and Test mockup-II. Ultrasonic testing is able to detect, locate and size the defect present at Cu-Cu alloy and Cu-W joint. Comparison of ultrasonic test results has been made between before and after HHF test. It is concluded that, in test mock-upII no appreciable defect increased in assembly

2. J. H. You et al, “Thermo mechanical Behavior of actively cooled brazed divertor components under cyclic high heat ﬂux loads”, Journal of Nuclear Materials,. 250 (1997) 184-192 3. J. Linke et al., “High Heat ﬂux testing of Plasma Facing materials and components-Status and perspectives for ITER related activities “, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 367–370 (2007) 1422– 1431. 4. Selanna Roccella et al.,”Development of an ultrasonic test method for the non-destructive examination of ITER divertor components”, Fusion Engineering and Design, 84 (2009) 1639–1644.

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JNDE JUNE 2016 5. MOU with NFTDC on “DEVELOPMENT OF FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY AND PROTOTYPES OF DIVERTOR TARGET ELEMENTS”, Ref. No.MOU/3/ IPR/NFTDC/2008-09. 6. K.Bhope et al., “Simulation Study and Development of Ultrasonic Inspection Technique for Cu-W

Monoblock Divertor Assembly”., Preceding of Asia Paciﬁc Conf. on Non-Destructive Testing- 2013,2125 November, Mumbai, India. 7. Rafael Martínez-O˜na et al., “Ultrasonic techniques for quality assessment of ITER Divertor plasma facing component”, Fusion Engineering and Design 84 (2009) 1263–1267.

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TECHNICAL PAPERS

JNDE JUNE 2016

Pulse Distortion in Guided Waves and its Impact on Flaw Resolution S. Adalarasu1a, M. Ashok2c and S. Saratchandran1b 1

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India.2NITT, Tiruchirapalli, India s_adalarasu@vssc.gov.in , bs_saratchandran@vssc.gov.in, cashokm@nitt.edu

ABSTRACT Guided waves are used to detect mainly corrosion on long pipe lines and subsequent evaluation is done using bulk waves. When guided waves are used for flaw detection and evaluation, one of its characteristic features, the pulse distortion, affects the defect classification and puzzles the disposition decision while conducting the test. This pulse distortion in guided waves is unique and a contrasting features that will appear in dispersive systems. Here the distortion happens both in pulse amplitude and pulse width. The pulse distortion on the reflected pulse from discontinuities and the back wall are found to enlarge the echo pulse influence zone and reduce the resolving capability of the testing method. It is also observed that both temporal and spatial distortion is increasing when the distance between the reflector and the sensor is increased. However the pulse distortions at a distance along the beam axis and along an oblique axis do not differ much provided the oblique axis is within the 6dB beam spread. The peak amplitude of the pulse is not symmetric and the non symmetry increases with increase of the distance between probe and the reflector. Pulse distortion is discussed with screen shots and its impact on flaw detection is explained in this paper. Keywords: ultrasonic, guided waves, characteristic features, flaw detection, resolution, dispersion

Introduction A As guided wave testing covers longer distances tthan conventional bulk wave testing, it will be a rapid and economical testing if it is used for flaw detection in products like tubes, pipes fl and sheets. But in flaw detection there are acceptance criteria based on which disposition of tthe tested part has to be decided. This requires defect classification for which good resolving capability is expected in testing technique. A testing method with high resolution only can decipher a multiple defect. In bulk wave testing this classification is not so difficult. In guided wave testing, due to pulse distortion, to classify whether the reflected pulse is from a single defect or a multiple defect time of flight data alone may not be sufficient. Pulse width and the rate of pulse width change with distance are also to be accounted. Due to amplitude distortion, as the defect signal will have more than one peak and not symmetric about the peak amplitude of the pulse, defect size estimation with respect to

a threshold will be puzzled. Due to pulse spatial distortion resolving the reﬂected signals from two defects which are very close to each other becomes distance dependent. If the defects are beyond certain distance from the sensor the reﬂected signals will merge together and indicate as a single defect. However the merged signal pulse width will be wider than the normal width. In this study, for easiness, piezo electric crystal probes are used in pulse echo mode . The dispersive nature of guided wave is the reason for its multimode and pulse distortion. The dispersion in guided waves can be analysed from the wave equation. Wave equation & Numerical Solution For a linear, elastic, isotropic plate of thickness 2h the phase velocity dispersion curves are constructed with the roots obtained by solving the following dispersion equations [2] tan(qh) / q + 4k2p tan(ph) / q2 – k2 = 0

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Fig. 1 : S0 &S1 mode phase velocity X-axis = frequency x thick (mhzmm) Y-axis = velocity in mtr/sec

Fig. 2 : S0 &S1 mode group velocity X-axis = frequency x thick (mhzmm) Y-axis = velocity in mtr/sec

Fig. 3 : A0 &A1 mode phase velocity X-axis = frequency x thick (mhzmm) Y-axis = velocity in mtr/sec

Fig. 4 : A0 &A1 mode phase velocity X-axis = frequency x thick (mhzmm) Y-axis = velocity in mtr/sec

for symmetric modes

a frequency bandwidth the generated guided waves will be encompassing multi modes. When this dispersive wave propagating in pulse form, the pulse propagation is complicated as its phase velocity and group velocity are different. Since the pulse contains many frequency components, they propagate at different phase and group velocities. Hence some frequency component will be fast and some will be slow resulting in an increased pulse width.

q tan(qh) + (q – k ) tan(ph) / 4k p = 0 for anti-symmetric modes 2

Here p & q are given by p^2 = (ω/cl)^2 - k^2 q^2 = (ω/ct)^2 - k^2 The wave number k is numerically equal to ω / Cph, where Vph is the phase velocity and ω is circular frequency. The phase velocity is related to the wavelength by the simple relation Vph = (ω /2*π)*λ. When plotting the dispersion curves, we are interested only in real solutions of equations. Hence the equations are rewritten as above so that they take on only real values for real or pure imaginary wave numbers k. The aluminum tube used in this study is of thickness 3mm to 3.4mm, diameter 59.5mm ID and 65.7mm OD, length 2685mm. The possible guided waves modes in this tube using 1MHz frequency are theoretically computed. The phase velocity curve and group velocity curves are plotted as shown in ﬁgures 1-4 that show the possible symmetric and anti symmetric modes. In this study, guided waves are generated by phase tuning with 1MHz central frequency probe. As the probes will have

Pulse distortion Distortion from the original shape is unwanted and so it is to be minimized. In some cases distortion may not be possible to eliminate and hence it is desirable to understand the effect of such distortions on ﬂaw detection. A noise-free “system” can be characterized by a transfer function, such that the output y (t) can be written as a function of the input x as Y (T) = F(X (T)). When the transfer function comprises only a perfect gain constant A and perfect delay t, y(t) = A.x(t – T). The output is undistorted. Distortion occurs when the transfer function f is more complicated. If f is a linear function the signal suffers linear distortion. Linear distortion does not change the shape of a single sinusoid,

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but changes the shape of a multi-tone signal [5]. Thompson and Elsley proposed a Fourier integral for propagating pulse that contains many frequencies.

Another model proposed by Garrett and McCumber known as the time model is given below (B)

Where us(t,x), ut(t,x) are the displacement ﬁelds and x is the propagation distance, k is the wave number, ω is angular frequency As(k) and At(ω) are the functions relating to the band width of spatial frequency k and temporal frequency ω respectively. In this study another model for estimating the distortion is proposed.

Replace will become

then the equation

3.1.2. Analytical Model In simple case let the two waves that forms guided waves be u1 and u2. Let

and

The distortion in propagation direction is not a constant as the wave number of a wave packet is not exactly one value. Hence as the distance increases the pulse width increases and hence the resolution is reduced. Amplitude distortion

Let k1 + k2 ≈ k & ω1 + ω2 ~ ω

(A)

Fig. 5 : Pulse distortion in bulk waves

Hence the spatial distortion

Amplitude distortion occurs when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under speciﬁed conditions. For dispersive wave propagation the angular frequency is related to wave number by dispersion relation governing wave propagation. f(ω,k) ≈ 0. This relation is typically non linear, often implicit

Fig. 6 : Pulse distortion in guided waves

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Fig. 7 : Echo pulse inﬂuence

and multivalued (3). Since the velocity of guided wave is not a linear function of frequency alone the received pulse is will be distorted.

Fig. 8 : Edge echo from a tube at a distance of 1340 mm

Group delay distortion This sort of distortion can be found only in dispersive media. In guided waves the propagation velocity varies with frequency. In a filter, group delay tends to peak near the cut-off frequency, resulting in pulse distortion. As guided waves encompass multi modes, the received pulse will be distorted as shown in figures 5,6. The received pulse consists of more than one peak amplitude and that causes an ambiguity whether the reflector is a single defect or a multiple one. Secondly to define the defect in terms of its amplitude, it is required to measure in dB for which one peak has to be identified. In bulk waves this problem doesn‘t arises as the amplitude distortion is very minimal as shown in figure 5. From the wave propagation equation it can be derived that

k =wave number 2π/λ, t = time, A= amplitude, ω = angular frequency=2Πf &K is elastic constant, F is the force. This indicates the dependency of velocity on frequency and the media through which it propagates. This dependency is not a linear dependency because of the factor K which is the elastic characteristic of the medium. Due to this pulse distortion happens. Since k is a function of frequency ω, multiple modes of wave propagation exist as multiple values are there for k. Hence it is a dispersive system and group delay distortion occurs. Due to distortion the echo pulse inﬂuence zone en (shown in ﬁgure 7)

Fig. 9 : Edge echo from a tube at a distance of 2100 mm

Fig. 10 : Edge echo from a tube at a distance of 2680 mm

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will be increased. This means that the limit of the range behind an echo indication in which second echo amplitude is influenced by the first echo by more than 2dB [8] is increased. DAC method of flaw evaluation in this zone will have an error of 2dB in amplitude and requires correction for accuracy. Resolution in flaw detection Resolution can be explained as the ability of the flaw detecting system to resolve two defects which are very close to each other and display the reflected pulse as a two separate flaw indication.

As discussed earlier the

But the angular velocity ω = kCph. Hence it is inferred that the rate of change of x with t (pulse widening) depends on spatial frequency and phase velocity. As the propagating wave is dispersive, a pulse of this wave will be widening as the x and t increases (Figures 8-10). The dispersive pulse propagation is convoluted because the phase velocity and group velocity are different. Also the pulse may contain many frequency component travelling with different speed than the wave pocket. Some frequency component may be faster than the other resulting to pulse widening.. The combined effect of pulse distortion and pulse widening reduce the ﬂaw resolution. The resolution can be classiﬁed in to two types explicitly temporal resolution and spatial resolution. Temporal resolution

(c) Inferences derived by comparing equations A&C are that with multi mode the pulse is shifted with changed amplitude by

times, distorted

spatial frequency and angular frequency due to translation and period alteration by and

respectively. From equations B&C

the rate of pulse widening with respect to time can be computed as

Temporal resolution refers to the precision in measuring time of flight of the reflected flaw signals that are located in line one after the other with a very small distance of separation. In case of pulse echo technique the reflected energy from first defect and the second defect will be displayed together if the separation distance is less. However in bulk wave testing the temporal resolution dependants on pulse repetition rate. For pulse repetition rate of 1000 kHz, when straight beam testing is carried out on a material in which the sound velocity is 5000 mtrs/sec the obtainable resolution will be 5mm. But in guided wave testing, the temporal resolution is very much influenced by the pulse width. Hence if the distance of the defects from the sensor is too

Fig. 11 : Echoes from three VDH of SS Fig. 12: The reﬂected echo from VDH Fig. 13 : The reﬂected echo from VDH on SS plate (VDH are in plate. Probe is at a distance on SS plate (VDH are in 16mm offset to left of beam of 1250mm from edge 16mm offset to the right axis) of beam axis)

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Fig. 14 : Edge echo from a tube at a distance of 1340 mm

Fig. 15 : Edge echo from a tube at a distance of 2100 mm

Fig. 16 : The indication of one pair of VDH at 1496mm from probe. (25mm spacing)

Fig. 17 : Defect separated by 25mm sensed at a distance of 2494mm from the probe

long then the pulse widening will happen and that reduces the temporal resolutions.

which are close to each other we may get two different signals from a short range. But when the same defect is sensed at a longer distance due to pulse widening the reﬂected signals may merge with one another and shown as single defect.

Spatial resolution The spatial resolution is the capability of a testing system that can resolve the flaws which are located very closely. In guided waves the pulse width widening reduces resolution. As guided waves are generated by using a piezo electric crystal probes there exist a frequency band. Due to this frequency band the fd value will not be a constant and will have a range. Hence the guided wave generated will have a composition of waves with different phase velocities. Since the guided wave consists of few modes with different phase velocities, the time of flight for the modes will be different. As the travel distance is more the time of flight differences between existing modes are also increasing. Hence the received pulse will be widened as the distance of the reflector from the sensor increases. Suppose if we get two reflected signals from two defects

Fig. 18 : The indication of one pair of VDH at 1496mm from probe. (25mm spacing)

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Fig. 19 : Defect separated by 25mm sensed at a distance of 2494mm from the probe

Fig. 20 : The indication of one pair of VDH at 1496mm from probe. (45mm spacing)

Fig. 21 : Amplitude of D1 (D2 is aligned) Vs Distance

Fig. 22 : Amplitude of D2 (D2 is aligned) Vs Distance

Fig. 23 : Pulse width of D1 (D2 is aligned) Vs Distance

Fig. 24 : Pulse width of D2 (D2 is aligned) Vs Distance

Fig. 25 : Sensor 510mm away axially from D2

Fig. 26 : Sensor 670mm away axially from D2

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Fig. 27 : Sensor 850mm away axially from D2

Fig. 28 : Sensor 980mm away axially from D2

Experiment

pulse width may be widened. The reﬂected signal from the edge of the aluminum tube at different distances were sensed and presented as ﬁgures 14 and 15. From this it can be inferred that as the distance between the defect and the sensor increases the amplitudedistortion and group delay distortions are also increasing. More than on peak is seen as the sensing distance increases. Also the pulse peak is not symmetrical about the pulse as the distance increases.

To study impact of the pulse distortion and pulse width widening, few experiments were carried out. One of the test specimens used was an aluminum tube having ID59.5mm and OD 65.7mm. Few sets of vertically drilled holes (VDH) of 2mm diameter and 1.0mm depth were made. Thickness of the tube wall is 3.3mm average. The VDHs are along the periphery in a circle. The VDHs are separated by a peripheral distance of 20mm, 25mm and 40mm. Another test specimen was a SS sheet of 1300mm length, 300mm width and 2mm thick. In this sheet three VDHs of 2mm dia and 1mm depth were made on a line at the centre (width wise) of the plate. The VDHs are separated by 400mm and 500mm. The third VDH was 100mm away from the sheet edge. Using Sonotron flaw detector and 1 MHz frequency probe guided waves were generated. The VDHs were sensed in pulse echo technique. In the SS sheet the VDHs were sensed by keeping the probe in line with the VDHs. Then the probe was kept at an offset of 16mm on either side of the axial line of the VDHs and sensed. In aluminum tube the pairs of VDHs were sensed at different distances by keeping the probe on the middle line of each pair. Also the each pair of VDHs is sensed by keeping the probe in line with one VDH of the pair. The screen shots are presented showing the resolution. Results and Discussion The reflected signals from the VDHs of the SS plate at a distance of 1250mm are shown in figure 11. These holes were also sensed by keeping the probe at a lateral offset of 16mm on either side of the VDH axial line. The corresponding screenshots are shown as figures 12 and 13. It is seen that if the defects are well separated then the impact of pulse distortion are negligible as the indications on the screen are well resolved. But sensing a defect at an offset will not affect its detectability but the

However for measurements it is preferred to take the peak pulse as measurement datum. As the pulse distortion increases the pulse influence zone also extended and hence appropriate corrections are to be applied when flaw evaluation with respect to a primary threshold in terms of dB is carried out within this zone. The screen shots of the VDHs pair with separation distance 25mm and 40mm sensed at two different distances are shown as figures 16 to 18. Though the VDHs pairs with separation 25mm and 40mm are well detected with good resolution at 1.5mtr distance, the VDH with 40mm separation could not be clearly detected at 2.5mtrs. This indicates that the when a single probe is used in a pulse echo technique using guided waves, if the defects are not within the useful sound zone(6dB zone) the defect could not be detected. Also it is seen in figure 16 and 17 that as the distance increases from 1.5mtr to 2.5mtr due to pulse distortion, the resolution is decreased. Amplitude of the reflected pulses from the VDHs are reduced at increased distances due to attenuation. The sound attenuation from 1.5mtr to 2.5mtr is smooth and slow exponential decay. The VDHs pair separated by a distance of 25mm was sensed by keeping the probe in line with one VDH (D1) at different distances. The amplitude and pulse width of both the VDHs are noted. The experiment is repeated by keeping the probe in line with the other VDH (D2). The screen shots and the data are presented in figures 21 to 26. Comparing fig 21 and fig 22 it is observed that

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the amplitude of D1 is comparatively less than that Of D2 because D1 is at off set of 20 mm. However as the distance increases the amplitude decays exponentially for D1 and D2. Fig.23 and 24 reveals that the pulse width of D1 is more than D2 at same distance. Fig.23 and 24 reveals that the pulse width of D1 is more than D2 at same distance. This is because D1 is at an offset axis. As the distance of the sensor increases, in both the cases the pulse width also increases exponentially. This data indicates the effect of pulse distortion on spatial resolution on curved tubes. If the defects spatially separated by a distance which falls within the useful zone(6dB) of beam spread the defects can be detected. As the sensor distance from the defect increases the reflected pulse width from the defect also increases. But this pulse width increase is more comparatively for the defect which at an offset with respect to sensor. Hence a pair of VDH with 25mm separation is sensed at different distances. The screenshots of the reflected signals from the VDHs are shown as figures 25 to 28 . From the figures it is obvious that the defect is well resolved at a distance of 850mm and starts merging beyond 850mm. It is to be noted that in fig. 19 it is seen that the same pair of VDH is detected well resolved at 2.5mtr distance. Here the signal is sensed by keeping the sensor in the midway line of the VDH pair whereas in fig. 28 the signal of D1 is captured with an offset of 20mm. The reason for this observation is the combined effect of curvature and effect of offset. Conclusion This study highlighted the impact of pulse distortion on resolution. By an analytical model it is sown that pulse distortion and pulse widening will be increasing with increase of propagating distance. Due to increased pulse width the pulse influence zone also increased where defect size estimation based on dB will have an error of ±2dB. The spatial and depth resolution is found to be un affected if the separation distance is 25mm or more when L(0,2) is generated. The resolution on curved surfaces like tubes and small diameter pipes are affected by the combined effect of curvature and defect location offset. As the pulse energy decay with respect to distance is exponential DAC method of flaw detection and evaluation is possible in short range testing. Acknowledgements The author expresses his sincere thanks and acknowledges the help and support rendered

by Director VSSC, Deputy Director MME, Group Director QCG-MM of VSSC, Prof T. Balasubramanian and Prof. S. Sastikumar of NIT Trichy. Above all the author cherishes the lord almighty for completing this study that will serve an industrial purpose. References 1.

J.Krautkramer and H.Krautkramer ,”Ultrasonic Testing of Materials”, Springer Verlag, Newyork. U.S. a revised edition1987.

Tribikram Kundu, “Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation: Engineering and Biological Material Characterization” CRC press, USA

Joseph L. Rose “Dispersion Curves in Guided Waves”, Materials Evaluation/January 2003

Joseph L. Rose “ Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media”, Cambridge university press, U.K

Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the federal standard 1037c and Wikipedia articles incorporating text from mil-std-188

Concepts of Physics, VSSCWIKI, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ronald. A “Non Destructive Characterization of Composite Materials” Kline Technomic publishing co, USA

Udo Schlengermann “The Ultrasonic Testing of Materials” , M/S Krautkramer GmbH, Cologne

“ASM handbook”, Vol 21, 2001, p400.

10. S. Adalarasu etl “Investigation into the Interactions of Guided Waves in Plate Testing”, NDE-2001, ISNT Seminar, Lonavala, India. 11. Graff K.F,” Wave Motion in Elastic Solids”, Dover publications. Inc, 1973. 12. Moon ho Perk etl “Ultrasonic Inspection of Long Steel Pipes Using Lamb Waves” NDT & E International, Vol 29, No1, 1996. 13. D. N. Alleyne etl “Rapid Long-range inspection of Chemical Plant Pipe Work using Guided Waves” Insight, Vol 43, Feb 2001, p 93-96. 14. Hee don Jeong etl, “Detection of Defects in a thin steel plate using Ultrasonic Guided Wave” 15th WCNDT, ROMA 2000. 15. Loe, M.J.S (1995) “ Matrix Techniques for Modeling Ultrasonic Waves in Multilayered Media”, IEEE Trans UFFC, Vol 42, pp 525-542 16. Adalarasu.s (2005) “Dispersion and its Implications on ﬂaw detection using Guided Waves” Insight Vol no 47 No 5, May 2005 17. Adalarasu etl “The Dispersion and Resolution in Guided Wave Testing” NDE 2003, ISNT Seminar, Chennai. 18. Yan Li “Application of ultrasonic guided waves to the characterization of texture in metal sheets of cubic and hexagonal crystallites” Iowa State University Digital Repository,

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Surendra Mungel Insight Global FZE, U.A.E.

Introduction Ultrasonic testing is one of the important methods of Nondestructive Examination. Ultrasonic examination is generally used to identify discontinuities within the material. The examination is done with the help of ultrasonic waves. These waves are mechanical waves or vibrations. The waves are characterized by their frequencies and modes. Human beings can hear frequencies from 20 Hz (hertz) to 20 kHz (20,000 Hz). Frequencies above 20 kHz are termed ultrasonic. Typically, frequencies much higher than these are used – around 200 kHz to 25 MHz (25,000 kHz). Principle Ultrasonic waves (or ultrasound) partly transmit and partly reflect when they encounter a change of medium. This boundary of two dissimilar materials is termed interface. The reflected wave is used to identify or locate a discontinuity or depth of material. The Ultrasonic Waves The waves can have various modes; Longitudinal (compressional), Transverse (shear), Surface (Rayleigh), and Plate (Lamb). Longitudinal and Transverse waves are employed for general examinations. They have fixed velocity within a given material, but within a material transverse waves have about half the velocity of longitudinal waves. The velocity of a longitudinal wave within a material will depend on the density and elasticity of the material. The relation between frequency and wavelength of a wave is given by

, where λ is the

wavelength, v the velocity and f the frequency

The size of the discontinuity identiﬁable by a wave is indicated by As velocity of a transverse wave is lesser than that of a longitudinal wave, it can detect smaller discontinuities than a longitudinal wave of same frequency. Also, if higher frequency probes are used, smaller discontinuities can be located (sensitivity is more).

When incident waves enter from one medium to another, they enter the other medium with a change in the projected path. This is refraction. The angle of incidence and the angle of refraction are measured from a perpendicular drawn to the interface. These angles are related by Snell’s law, , where i=angle of incidence, r=angle of refraction, v1 is the velocity in the medium from which the wave is incident and v2 is the velocity in the medium where wave is entering. The same equation holds whether the waves are longitudinal or transverse. When the angle of incidence is 0o, that is when it is normal incidence, there is no refraction. When a longitudinal wave is incident from one material to another, it undergoes mode conversion, that is, gets split into two waves, a longitudinal and a transverse wave. Both have their separate angles of refraction. When entering from a lighter medium into metal, the refracted longitudinal wave is nearer the surface than the transverse wave. When the angle of incidence is increased, a stage comes where the angle of refraction for the longitudinal wave is 90o. This incident angle is called the first or lower critical angle. If further increased, the longitudinal wave is no more in the metal. At a further increase in incident angle, the angle of refraction for the transverse wave becomes 90o. This incident angle is called the second or upper critical angle. A surface wave is generated at this stage. Probe The scanning (checking) of the material is done by a probe. A probe has a piezoelectric crystal (transducer) within. This crystal generates mechanical vibrations or waves when supplied with pulsed electric voltage. The probe can be built to generate a particular frequency when coupled to the ultrasonic flaw detector equipment. A type of probe can transmit waves in a material and also receive the reflected waves, converting them into visible signal on the monitor of the machine. Probes can be built to generatewaves

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ULTRASONIC TESTING – BASIC PRINCIPLES

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perpendicular to itsscanning surface or at an angle to it. Couplant Air is a bad conductor of ultrasonic waves. When the waves come out from the probe, the layer of air between the probe and the material will offer a large resistance. Hence we use a couplant in between. It is generally a liquid or a paste which will replace the air and facilitate entry of waves in the material due to its low resistance. The Equipment When scanning, the circuit inside an ultrasonic flaw detector equipment generates a base line on the monitor or CRT (cathode ray tube). This is the time base, on the x axis. Any reflected energy (waves) is made to deflect the time base line in the y direction, thereby generating the signals or pips. The location of the pip on the x axis gives the depth of the discontinuity. The amplitude (height) of the pip is proportional to the amount of reflected energy. The clock or timerco-ordinates the generated pulse, x axis and y axis. The reflected signals are very weak and need amplification to be able to show on the CRT. This display is termed as A-scan display. Acoustic Impedance Acoustic Impedance offered by a material to the waves is the product of the material’s velocity and density. This is expressed as z= v. How much of the energy of the waves will reflect back from an interface is expressed as a reflection factor R given by

where z1 and z2 are the

impedance of the two media. If the impedances differ a lot, reﬂection is more. Near zone and Far zone Waves generated at the crystal surface interfere with one another more and hence for some distance from the surface the intensities of the waves have a lot of ups and downs. This means indications of discontinuities nearer to the probe surface are not very reliable. This zone is called near zone or Fresnel zone. After this zone we have the far zone or Fraunhofer zone where the indications become reliable. The near zone distance from the crystal surface is given as

where D is the crystal diameter and λ

is the wavelength of the waves.

Probe characteristics The probe characteristics dictate the applicability. A high frequency probe gives more sensitivity and resolution, has a lesser beam spread. A low frequency probe gives more energy penetration. A larger diameter probe spreads the beam lesser and supplies more energy. Techniques There are two test methodsin Ultrasonic Testing; contact testing and immersion testing. In contact testing, the probe and the material are separated by a thin layer of couplant. In immersion testing, a thick layer of couplant separates them, like immersing the material and probe in a water tank. The generally used systemin Ultrasonic Testing is the pulse echo system. In this, a single element (crystal) probe generates and send waves in the material in pulses, that is, intermittently. The inbetween period is used to catch or receive any reflected signals. Another type of probe used is a TR probe, where the transmitting element and receiving element are different but mounted in the same probe. This arrangement helps in better detection of near surface discontinuities. In through transmission system, two separate probes, one transmitter and one receiver, are used on opposite faces of the material to detect the presence of discontinuities. The transmitted signals may be partly reflected by a discontinuity thereby attenuating its energy which is caught by the receiver. This reduction in signal indicates the presence of a discontinuity, but does not indicate the depth or position of the discontinuity. Hence this is suited for bond testing. Calibration Calibrating the ultrasonic flaw detector equipment requires use of a standard calibration block with known reflection surface with known distances. One may use IIW V1 block or V2 block for this. Reference standard blocks are available for comparison of discontinuities sought. Applications Ultrasonic Testing is used in a wide range of industry and sectors like manufacturing, fabrication, automobile, aerospace, nuclear, power plants and in-service inspection.

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It can be used to detect discontinuities in forgings, some castings, plates, bars, tubes, welds, bonds etc. Coarse grain material scatters the waves more and are not very suitable for Ultrasonic Testing.

Subsurface discontinuities can be identiﬁed. One side access to the material is sufﬁcient. Automation is possible. Portability.

00 or normal probes or straight beam probes scan perpendicular to the probe surface and are useful for checking for laminations in plates, for example.

Limitations:

Angle probes are generally 450, 600 and 700, and are used for checking welds, for example.

Advanced techniques

Thickness measurements is an important application of Ultrasonic Testing. This is widely used in in-service inspection. Advantages and limitations Advantages: Ultrasonic Testing can be used on metals and non-metals. 1.

Requires skilled operator for performing examination as well as interpreting indications.

Ultrasonic Testing is one branch of NDT which overtook the others as far as development is concerned. The basic UT progressed to Automatic UT, Phased Array, Time of Flight Diffraction, Long Range or Guided Waves UT etc. all these new techniques are much in use.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1.

ISO 9712 :2012

Qualiﬁcation & Certiﬁcation of NDT Personnel

ISO 18490:2015

Non-destructive testing -- Evaluation of vision acuity of NDT personnel

ISO 2400:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Speciﬁcation for calibration block No. 1

ISO 7963:2006

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing --- Speciﬁcation for calibration block No. 2

ISO 10375:1997

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic inspection -- Characterization of search unit and sound ﬁeld

ISO 12710:2002

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic inspection -- Evaluating electronic characteristics of ultrasonic test instruments

ISO 12715:2014

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Reference blocks and test procedures for the characterization of contact probe sound beams

ISO 16809:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic thickness measurement

ISO 16810:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- General principles

10.

ISO 16811:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Sensitivity and range setting

11.

ISO 16823:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Transmission technique

12.

ISO 16826:2012

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Examination for discontinuities perpendicular to the surface

13.

ISO 16827:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Characterization and sizing of discontinuities

14.

ISO 16828:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Time-of-ﬂight diffraction technique as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities

15.

ISO 16831:2012

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment

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16.

ISO 16946:2015

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Speciﬁcation for step wedge calibration block

17.

ISO 17405:2014

Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Technique of testing claddings produced by welding, rolling and explosion

18.

ISO 18175:2004

Non-destructive testing -- Evaluating performance characteristics of ultrasonic pulse-echo testing systems without the use of electronic measurement instruments

19.

ISO 18563-1:2015

Non-destructive testing -- Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic phased array equipment -- Part 1: Instruments

20.

ISO 18563-3:2015

Non-destructive testing -- Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic phased array equipment -- Part 3: Combined systems

21.

ISO 17640:2010

Non-destructive testing of welds -- Ultrasonic testing -- Techniques, testing levels, and assessment

22.

ISO 23279:2010

Non-destructive testing of welds -Characterization of indications in welds

23.

ISO 11666:2010

Non-destructive testing of welds -- Ultrasonic testing -- Acceptance levels

24.

ISO 5817:2014

Welding -- Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) -- Quality levels for imperfections

25.

ISO 18175:2004

Non-destructive testing -- Evaluating performance characteristics of ultrasonic pulse-echo testing systems without the use of electronic measurement instruments

26.

ISO 4992-1:2006

Steel castings -- Ultrasonic examination -- Part 1: Steel castings for general purposes

27.

ISO 4992-2:2006

Steel castings -- Ultrasonic examination -- Part 2: Steel castings for highly stressed components

28.

ISO 17635:2010

Non-destructive testing of welds -- General rules for metallic materials

29.

ISO 17577:2016

Steel -- Ultrasonic testing of steel ﬂat products of thickness equal to or greater than 6 mm

30.

ISO 10893-10:2011

Non-destructive testing of steel tubes -- Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

31.

ISO 10893-8:2011

Non-destructive testing of steel tubes -- Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections

32.

ISO 10893-11:2011

Non-destructive testing of steel tubes -- Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

33.

ISO 10893-12:2011

Non-destructive testing of steel tubes -- Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes

34.

ISO 10893-9:2011

Non-destructive te sting of steel tubes -- Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the manufacture of welded steel tubes

Ultrasonic

testing

ASTM International (ASTM)

•

E114 - 15

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing

•

E127 - 15

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks

•

E164 - 13

Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments

•

E213 - 14e1

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing

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•

E273 - 15

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing

•

E317 - 11

Standard Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments

•

E428 08(2013)

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing

•

E494 - 15

Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials

•

E587 - 15

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing

•

E58803(2014)

Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method

•

E664 / E664M - 15

Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method

•

E797 / E797M - 15

Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method

•

E1001 - 11

Standard Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by the Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Using Longitudinal Waves

•

E1065 / Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units E1065M - 14

•

E1158 - 14

Standard Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy Production Material

•

E1316-16

Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

•

E1324 - 11

Standard Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments

•

E1774 - 12

Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

•

E1816 - 12

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques

•

E1901 - 13

Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

•

E1961 - 11

Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units

•

E1962 - 14

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Surface Testing Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques

•

E2001 - 13

Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts

•

E2192 - 13

Standard Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics

•

E2223 - 13

Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel Pressure Vessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics

•

E2373 / Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) E2373M - 14 Technique

•

E2375 08(2013)

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products

•

E2479 - 11

Standard Practice for Measuring the Ultrasonic Velocity in Polyethylene Tank Walls Using Lateral Longitudinal (LCR) Waves

•

E2491 - 13

Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems

•

E2534 - 15

Standard Practice for Process Compensated Resonance Testing Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts

•

E2580 - 12

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications

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•

E2700 - 14

Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays

•

E2904 - 12

Standard Practice for Characterization and Veriﬁcation of Phased Array Probes

•

E2985 / Standard Practice for Determination of Metal Purity Based on Elastic E2985M - 14 Constant Measurements Derived from Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

•

A418/ A418M-15

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

•

A531/ A531M-13

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine-Generator Steel Retaining Rings

•

A898/ A898M07(2012)

Standard Speciﬁcation for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Structural Shapes

•

B594-13

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Products

•

SA-388/SA388M

Standard Practice For Ultrasonic Examination Of Steel Forgings

•

SA-435/SA435M

Standard Speciﬁcation For Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examinations Of Steel Plates

•

SA-577/SA577M

Standard Speciﬁcation For Plates

•

SA-578/SA578M

Standard Speciﬁcation For Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination Of Rolled Steel Plates For Special Applications

•

SA-609/SA609M

Standard Practice For Casting, Carbon, Low Alloy And Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof

•

SA-745/ SA745M

Standard Practice For Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings

•

SB-548

Standard Method For Ultrasonic Inspection Of Aluminum-Alloy Plate For Pressure Vessels.

•

SE-213

Standard Practice For Ultrasonic Testing Of Metal Pipe And Tubing

•

SE-273

Standard Practice For Ultrasonic Testing Of Weld Zone Of Welded Pipe And Tubing

•

SE-797/SE797M

Standard Practice For Measuring Thickness By Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method

•

SE-2491

Standard Guide Foe Evaluating Performance Characteristics Of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments And Systems

•

SE-2700

Standard Practice For Contact Ultrasonic Testing Of Welds Using PhasedArrays

Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination Of Steel

European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 1.0.

EN ISO 9712:2012

Non-destructive testing - Qualiﬁcation and certiﬁcation of NDT personnel (ISO 9712:2012)

2.0.

EN ISO 18490:2015

Non-destructive Testing - Evaluation of vision acuity of NDT personnel (ISO 18490:2015)

3.0.

CEN/TR 15134:2005

Non-destructive testing - Automated ultrasonic examination - Selection and application of systems

4.0.

EN 126681:2010

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 1: Instruments

5.0.

EN 126682:2010

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 2: Probes

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6.0.

EN 126683:2013

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 3: Combined equipment

7.0.

EN 13304:2010

Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing

8.0.

EN 14127:2011

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement

9.0.

EN 15317:2013

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment

10.0.

EN 16018:2011

Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Terms used in ultrasonic testing with phased arrays

11.0.

EN 163922:2014

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic phased array equipment - Part 2: Probes

12.0.

EN ISO 16810:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - General principles (ISO 16810:2012)

13.0.

EN ISO 16811:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Sensitivity and range setting (ISO 16811:2012)

14.0.

EN ISO 16823:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Transmission technique (ISO 16823:2012)

15.0.

EN ISO 16826:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Examination for discontinuities perpendicular to the surface (ISO 16826:2012)

16.0.

EN ISO 16827:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization and sizing of discontinuities (ISO 16827:2012)

17.0.

EN ISO 16828:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Time-of-ﬂight diffraction technique as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities (ISO 16828:2012)

18.0.

EN ISO 16946:2015

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Speciﬁcation for step wedge calibration block (ISO 16946:2015)

19.0.

EN ISO 17405:2014

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Technique of testing claddings produced by welding, rolling and explosion (ISO 17405:2014)

20.0.

EN ISO 185631:2015

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic phased array equipment - Part 1: Instruments (ISO 18563-1:2015)

21.0.

EN ISO 185633:2015

Non-destructive testing - Characterization and veriﬁcation of ultrasonic phased array equipment - Part 3: Combined systems (ISO 185633:2015)

22.0.

EN ISO 2400:2012

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Speciﬁcation for calibration block No. 1 (ISO 2400:2012)

23.0.

EN ISO 7963:2010

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Speciﬁcation for calibration block No. 2 (ISO 7963:2006)

24.0.

BS EN 102283:1998

Non-destructive testing of steel forgings. Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings

25.0.

BS EN 10160:1999

Ultrasonic testing of steel ﬂat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reﬂection method)

SAE Standards

AMS2631E

Ultrasonic Inspection, Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet and Plate

AMSSTD2154B

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process For wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS2632B

Inspection, Ultrasonic, of Thin Materials, 0.50 Inch (12.7 mm) and Under in Cross-Sectional Thickness

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AMS2628A

Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Billet Premium Grade

AMS2636

Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Forgings Premium Grade

AMS2631D

Ultrasonic Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet and Plate

AMS2631C

Ultrasonic Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar and Billet

AMS2633B & C

Ultrasonic Inspection, Centrifugally-Cast, Corrosion-Resistant Steel Tubular Cylinders

ARP2654

Ultrasonic Thickness Testing

AMS2634B

Ultrasonic Inspection Thin Wall Metal Tubing

AMS2628

ultrasonic Immersion Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Billet Premium Grade

Bureau of Indian Standards IS 13805 : 2004

General Standard for Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel - Specification.

IS 2417 : 2003

Glossary of Terms Used in Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing.

IS 4225 : 2004

Recommended Practice for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Plates.

IS 4260 : 2004

Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Butt welds in Ferritic Steel.

IS 4904 : 2006

Calibration Blocks for Use in Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing Speciﬁcation.

IS 6394 : 2006

Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless Metallic Tubular Products by Contact and Immersion

IS 11626 : 2005

Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing and Acceptance for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Forging Quality Steel Blooms.

IS 11630 : 2005

Method for Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels and Special Applications.

IS 15404 : 2003

Recommended Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials.

IS 15435 : 2003

Recommended Practice for Measuring Thickness Using Ultrasonic Method.

IS 15452 : 2004

Recommended Practice for Flaw Sizing by Ultrasonic DGS Method.

IS 15468: 2004.

Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges

IS 15531 : 2004

Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Weld Fillets of NonLinear Joints.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

BPVC Section V, Non destructive Examination: Article 4: Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Welds and Article 5: Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Materials.

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ARTICLES

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MYSELF and KOYNA DAM M Shri. Ramesh Parikh ISNT - Past President, Lifetime Achievement Award, Honorary Fellow Founder EEC Group

t was early sixtys, Shri Kale executive engineer of Koyna project, Maharashtra Government Project contacted me for UT of the pen stocks to be laid through the western ghats & s stressed upon me the critical requirements & s its importance. it

Tender was floated, there were 2 quotes, our T bid had accepted all the requirements for supply, b iinstallation & training as advertised and of course tthe name Krautkraemer was no 1 in UT. We got the order but foreign exchange and import W llicense were not easy even for Maharashtra Govt. G IIn those days foreign exchange was hard to get. Following 2 months we got the import license F and 2 nos USIP 10 instruments were imported a by sea cargo. Air import of heavy instruments b was not thought of. Each USIP 10 weighed 18 w kkg. A big transformer, Thermionic valves were tthe only way that time. The day the cargo landed in Mumbai docks, I T was contacted by the customs officer to come w iin the evening and get the Bill of Entry cleared. The normal delay in customs clearing was 15 T days. When I went there the officer said Koyna d was the arterial project for Maharashtra and a w delay of a single minute is not permissible and he d cleared the consignment on the spot. I delivered c tthe instruments to Indian Hume Pipe’s office in Ballard Estate – they being the contractor for B the penstock fabrication and laying. My next job was to demonstrate the working of the instruments. I went to Pune factory of Indian Hume pipe and trained the operators to use UT for plate and weld testing. It was a tough job as dam engineers would not accept any echo or noise in test. I had to explain that it was no use to use high amplification and see noise. They should only concentrate on multiple reflections coming from lamination. Once that was settled, came the question of weld inspection. Only done by angle probes. The problem Vee weld and weld corners. I taught them the reflections of weld edges on top of the plates were not of significance but the reflections before them had importance

and more important – the half way reﬂection from root of the weld. Now came the problem of acceptance level. Made a number of samples and standardized them for on line checking of penstocks during their fabrication at Pune. All penstocks were 12’ in diameter and thickness of 1/2” for the initial start to 1 ¾” thickness for the end penstocks. It was not just a routine contract for Indian Hume Pipe. The water from the dam was collected in a big circular well and from there 4 penstocks were going down at 45 degree angle nearly 900’ down. Those days with limited support systems it was a job being done extremely well. It was a routine for me to be at site every few months to convince the engineer in charge that the UT system was being used properly and some times I had to persue the authorities to accept small signals. Then one day came a panic call from the Superintending Engineer at about 4 pm one day stating that I was needed there that night itself as Pandit Nehru was to inaugurate the project 10 days later and there was some serious hitch. I had no other means except taking my car and driving non stop. The riddle – It was a 1947 Standard 8 with mechanical brakes. You always had to anticipate where you want to stop No emergency braking. The car was lying at my mechanic’s garage for replacement of the silencer. I reached there in 45 minutes and collected the car without the silencer. You can imagine the noise it made. I had to have a companion for the long journey with an uncertain performing car. I straight went to Jasmine Mills – Dharavi (which was my privileged client for automation) and requested their electrical engineer Vithal Rane to give me company. Those days there were almost no communicating system except a rear telephone connection. Mr Rane sent a word to his family through one of his assistant that he was going to Koyna to return after 2 days. That’s it. That was the life.

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I had a very good engine in my car and during my few visits to Lonavala and Pune, I did not have to stop in Ghats to let the engine cool. Luckily those days trucks were few and no truck was on road at night. No seat belts. My car was running on a 6 volt battery and the headlights were dim. But I had the conﬁdence and we started at 6 pm.

ﬁll the gaps between the rock and the penstocks for a full support.

The car had miles odometer and I hit it to 60/65 MPH continuously to reach Pune by old road at 8:30 pm. I never thought of any thing but reaching Koyna via Satara. Just took 10 minutes for snack in a way side hotel and drove off. Fortunately the engine or any thing did not give trouble and we reached Koyna at 1030 pm. The Superintending engineer Mr. Murthy and executive engineer Mr Kale were nervously waiting for me.

Went down to the hill and put up the UT instrument. With 2 meg straight probe shower of signals all over the thickness.

Straight to dining canteen and was surprised with my favourite veg food made by their Goan cook who knew what I liked. They explained that the penstocks at the bottom which were divided into Y pieces of 8’ dia to feed 2 turbines were made from alloy steel were imported from Switzerland and were provided with holes so that after laying in the rock tunnels, cement slurry could be injected to

That very morning they injected cement slurry at 60 psi and found the water was oozing inside. Unbelievable for 1 ¾” thick alloy pipe. They asked me to be ready by 7:30 am next morning. And they came right time.

I had to convince them that due to alloy steel, the molecules were coarse but there were no cracks and according to me when the cement sets, it should maintain good support. No other way but to accept the same as there was no danger of any breakdown or of inundation. By lunch time there was a meeting of all senior executives and it was decided to accept my recommendation. The same evening I came back to Mumbai absolutely safe and sound through the adventure. After that day, when the power station started operation I went with friends for holidays twice in 2 years and the hospitality I received was extremely warm and unforgettable.

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ARTICLES

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S Simulation-Assisted Determination Of Probability Of D Detection (PoD) Curves: A Short Review S. Mohamed Subair and Prabhu Rajagopal Center for Non-Destructive Evaluation and Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, T.N., India prajagopal@iitm.ac.in

ABSTRACT Probability of Detection (PoD) curves are considered as an important metric to assess the reliability of NDE techniques and systems. imitations associated with the cost and time of empirical means of determining PoD curves have led to physicsbased models to assist the process. More recently, numerical modeling has also emerged as an attractive alternative which complements empirical limitations and provide results on a wide range of parametric conditions. Statistical approaches were incorporated in the numerical models and data fusion techniques were used to make the PoD curves more realistic. This paper reviews the state of simulation-assisted PoD curve generation in the recent past. Keywords: NDE, Probability of Detection (PoD), Numerical simulation

IIntroduction: A Assessment of inspection reliability of Nondestructive Evaluation(NDE) techniques is N essential, particularly in applications where safety e cannot be compromised. Probability of Detection c ((PoD) curves are widely used for assessing the NDE reliability because of their ability to naturally N account for uncertainties [1]. The statistical a characteristics of the PoD approach typically c rrequirea large number of experimental data which are tailored to capture the effects of as w many variables that can inﬂuence the inspection m outcome. Such experimental campaigns required o ffor empirical PoD assessment are expensive in terms of cost and time. Thus more effective methods to address the limitations of empirical PoD assessment been of much interest. In this regard, the Model-Assisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD) group estabilished in US in the year 2004 [2] has explored the ability of physics-based models in theoretically predicting the inspection results. As given in the Handbook for Reliability Assessment of NDE [3], MAPOD is deﬁned as methods for improving the effectiveness of POD models that need little or no further specimen testing. This group showed several demonstrations of PoD generation through MAPOD methodologies [4-5]. Similar approaches have emerged from the European continent notably the French funded project SISTAE and its follow up project PICASSO [6-8]

funded by European to develop full model assisted PoD methodologies simulated data as input. The objective of is to summarize the concepts proposed to date concerning assisted PoD studies. This paper is organized such that an overview of literature themed on Model-assisted and simulation-assisted POD methodologies is first given. Literature related to data integration are discussed later followed by concluding remarks and future trends in this area. Background: NDE reliability assessments were carried out by two related probabilistic frameworks, where the first is based on binary data in which inspection results were recorded only in terms of whether or not a flaw was found. The second approach was developed based on the signal response which has more information related to the flaw size. Hit/miss analysis Data analysis for binary NDE responses evolved originally from binomial characterization methods [1]. It is described with a generalization of a linear regression model. Link functions are used for the generalization of binary data responses. logit or log-odd function is commonly used because of its applicability for the nature of this data type and its analytical traceability.

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(1) The regression parameters, α and β are determined from the curve ﬁtting of empirical data and they have no physical interpretation related to the ﬂaw size, a in to the continuous NDE response PoD analysis (described below).

Equation (4) is a cumulative log normal distribution function with mean μ and standard deviation σ given by: (5)

Model and Simulation assisted PoD approaches: Signal response analysis In the case of continuous NDE responses, the signal response ‘’ is typically assumed to be linearly correlated with the ﬂaw size ‘a’ as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1

: Illustration of linear relationship between signal response, â and ﬂaw size, a

In most cases the log-log transformation of data has provided a better basis for such linearity. Hence, the relation between ‘’ and defect size (length or depth) ‘a’ is correlated as, (2) where, β0, β1 are parameters of linear regression on defect response scatter and δ is the random error and it follows a normal distribution with zero mean and constant standard deviation aδ. With the linear correlation of signal response and normally distributed errorPoD can be determined, , by calculating the probability of the signal response exceeds the decision threshold [1]. (3) (4)

Researchers in this area have been working broadly on two different strategies, namely, the fullmodel assisted approach. The full model assisted PoD approach aims to use hysics based models to replace experiments with simulations as far as possible. Here the factors influencing the inspection outcome are systematically identified and used with -based models to predict the inspection results influenced by those factors. In the transfer function approach, based models are used to transfer PoD data obtained for a set of experiments under specific conditions to a complex case where one or more of the conditions change. Nearly all the literature related to theme of model and simulation assisted PoD can be categorized by these two approaches and are discussed in the following subsections. Full Model assisted approach The Full Model Assisted (FMA) MAPOD approach has been illustrated through several demonstrations in the literature. Thomson et al [4] described the MAPOD methodology to estimate PoD for fatigue cracks in the fastener holes of aircraft wings using Eddy Current Testing (ET), as illustrated in Figure 2 below. In this study, the influence of hole geometry variability on inspection outcome was determined empirically and physics based models were used to predict the eddy current response of fatigue cracks growing outward the hole. Aldrin et al [5] provided a full model assisted MAPOD demonstration for PoD determination of eddy current inspection of fastener sites. Here also the input for MAPOD methodology was determined through empirical studies. Jenson et al [6] demonstrated the FMA approach through PoD estimation of High Frequency Eddy current Testing (HFET) of fatigue cracks in titanium alloys using uncertainty propagation method in a semianalytical software package CIVA [7]. In this study the statistical description of each influence factor was obtained through a questionnaire proposed to a panel of experts who practice the particular inspection technique. Carboni et al [8]

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Fig. 2

: Schematic illustration of full model assisted approach to PoD [4].

demonstrated the FMA approach through PoD determination for ultrasonic inspection of defects in railway axles. The inﬂuence of probe location on the inspection result was simulated through using CIVA. Dominguez et al [9] demonstrated the FMA approach through the example case of an automated phased array ultrasonic inspection of Electron Beam Welding on rotative parts. In addition, this study also presented statistical treatments to data which are not fulﬁlling the hypothesis of classical PoD estimation. Rosell et al [10] used Finite Element (FE) simulations to estimate the PoD for fatigue cracks in titanium alloy plates using eddy current testing. all the discussed in this section were based on the Signal response PoD analysis with the exception of Jenson et al [6], where it was performed with Hit/Miss data analysis. The authors [11] also presented the feasibility of FE simulations to predict the PoD curves for ultrasonic inspection of nuclear components. In this work, conventional angle beam pulseecho inspection of Stainless Steel plates having surface breaking notches was simulated using 2-D FE analysis. To include the effects of real time variations in the experiments, possiblesources of variability in the models were considered. Probe position relative to the notches, the

angle between the incident wave and notch, and the center frequency of the incident signal were considered as sources of variability with the assumption that all three parameters were independently normally distributed. The obtained PoD curve through FE simulations was compare with empirically derived PoDin ﬁgure 3.

Fig. 3

: PoD curves generated through FE simulations and experiments [11].

Transfer Function Approach The Transfer Function approach (XFM) was demonstrated by Smith et al [12] for eddy current inspection of fatigue cracks in complex engine components. In this study, physics based

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modelling was used to determine the relationship between the electric discharge notches and fatigue cracks in simple geometryurther the empirical PoD derived for notches in engine components transferred to compute the target PoD.

Fig. 4

: Schematic illustration of trasnfer function approach to PoD [4].

Harding et al [13] demonstrated the XFM approach to estimate the PoD for ultrasonic inspection of fatigue cracks around the fastener holes in aircraft wings. This study was performed using the quadrant approach in which among the various quadrants of real and artificial specimens with real and artificial flaws, the target PoD is estimated based on the linear regression model of PoD parameters for the other quadrants. Bode et al [14] also applied the quadrant XFM approach to estimate the PoD for airplane lap joint multi site defect detection using

(a) Fig. 5

ultrasonic linear array. In this case, the Hit/ Miss PoD study for retired fuselage structure with characterized in-service fatigue cracks was determined through the linear regression model of PoD parameters from the other quadrants. Carboni et al [8] applied the XFM approach to estimate the PoD for ultrasonic inspection performed by the second leg method through the empirically determined PoD for ultrasonic inspection performed by first leg method. first leg and second leg refer to direct interaction of ultrasound with the defect and the interaction of reflected echo from the inner wall. Demeyer et al [15] applied the XFM approach to compute the PoD for eddy current testing of fatigue cracks in aluminium plates based on the empirical PoD determined for fatigue cracks in titanium plates. This study used the quadrant approach which is based on the hypothesis that the signals are linearly related to the crack parameter. (6) where, y is the signal response and n is the number of observation points. In this work, the equality of variability in the signal was adapted from Harding et al [13] that the variability in the transferred signal of aluminium is equal to the variability of the experimental signal in titanium. The simulations were carried out using CIVA and the empirically derived PoD of titanium plate was used to compute the PoD for fatigue cracks in aluminium plate. A piece linear regression was observed in empirical data of titanium and in the validation

(b)

: (a) Plot of the empirical data of titanium [15]; and (b) Plot of the transferred and validation PoD curves obtained with new approach and with the classical approach [15].

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data of aluminium and corresponding PoD models were developed can be interpreted respectively as the PoD model for lower part of the transferred signals and the model for higher part of the transferred signals. The target PoD was computed as the mean of these PoD distributions with the assumption that the lower defect sizes and higher defect sizes have the equal contribution to the PoD. A generalized transfer function and corresponding PoD computation was developed for piecewise linear relationship of signal and crack parameter. The authors [16] also presented a simpliﬁed transfer function approach based on to Noise ratio (SNR) which requires only the empirical data of parent application along with the SNR value of the target application. The proposed transfer

function approach was based on the hypothesis that irrespective of the material the signals are linearly related to the crack length. In fact this is an important assumption in the classical procedure for PoD computation [1]. The new approach was demonstrated through an example case of PoD curve determination for aluminium specimen using the available empirical data of Austenitic Stainless Steel specimen. However in this study instead of empirical PoD of the parent application an improved estimate of PoD generated through the Bayesian combination of simulations and experiments [17] is considered. The measured exerimental noise is considered for the decision threshold in PoD determination. The integrated PoD curve generated for Austenitic Stainless Steel plate with EDM notches and the

Fig. 6

: The normalised experimental signal scatter plot for Stainless Steel and Aluminium specimens.

Fig. 7

: The transferred PoD curve and validation PoD curve for Aluminium.

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measured SNR value of aluminium plate is used to predict the PoD curve for aluminuim plate with similar EDM notches. The linearity of signals in normalized experimental signal scatter shows greater agreement on the hypothesis and it is shown in the Figure 6. In this approach, it was assumed that the regression parameters are equal in both cases which includes the equlaity of variability in signals similar to Harding et al [13] and Demeyer et al [15]. Thus the transferred PoD for aluminium is computed through the linearity parameters of integrated data of Stainless Steel specimen and the normalised SNR value of aluminium specimen is used as the decision threshold. For the validation purpose, empirical PoD of an aluminuium specimen identical to the Stainless Steel Specimen was computed and compared with the transferrred PoD curve. The trasnferred PoD curve nearly overlaps the experimental PoD curve regardless of the assumption of equivalance of variability in signal. It proves that the PoD relies more on the mean of linear fit rather than the variability in signal. However, equality of variability in signals is not true always and its influence has to be quantified and properly accounted for a complete framework of transfer function approach. Data Integration: Researchers have long recognized that variations in experiments cannot perhaps be fully represented by parameters in computational

Fig. 6

models. Hence, ways of combining or integrating the experimental data with simulation data using Bayesian statistics [18] were proposed. In general Bayesian methods have been proposed in several applications of empirical PoD studies. In Hit/Miss data analysis, Leemans et al [19] proposed a Bayesian approach to combine the scarce field test data to laboratory experiments. In signal response analysis, Bayesian approach was used to combine inspection data of real flaws with artificial defects in Radiographic testing by Kanzler et al [20]. In this case, the inspection data of artificial flaws were taken as the prior knowledge and the inspection data of real flaws were used as the additional evidence. This demonstration shows that the increase in the data in posterior estimate increases the confidence of the PoD estimation. In the context of combining the empirical data with simulation data, recent work by Jenson et al [21] demonstrated the application of Bayesian approach to Hit/miss data of eddy current inspection of titanium plates based on semianalytical simulations. The authors [17] also demonstrated a framework for combining sparse empirical data with large simulation data of full scale FE models using Bayesian approach. Baye's rule for updating the probability estimate can be expressed as, (7)

: PoD curves generated through FE simulations and experiments for the same number of notch height cases and integration using Bayesian synthesis (MLE method) [20].

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where, is the prior knowledge, is the likelihood function and is the updated estimate. The experiments contain the information of the signal variabilities in real time and hence the experimental data was assumed as likelihood function. FE simulations were considered for prior knowledge. In this work, Bayesian Synthesis was performed on two cases, ﬁrst case involved combination of parametrically similar experimental and simulation data, and second case involved combination of experimental data of lesser notch cases with simulation data of more notch cases. The equations involved in the calculation of posterior probability for normal distribution are shown below [22], (8)

and

(9) Discussion: In the full model assisted approach,thesimulations are carried out such that it could consider the influcencing facors as many as possible to replicate the field trials. In this case, it is important to identify the important influencing factors and their statistical charateristics. Typically, this is done with the help of expert suggestionsand welldesigned controlled laboratory experiments. The Transfer function approach can be used to determine the PoD for complex cases through the PoD generated for more ideal cases. The baseline PoD for transfer function approach can be either PoD data from previous demonstrtations or PoD derived for more ideal cases by controlled laboratory experiments. The demonstrations of the transfer function approach are based on the hypothesis oflinear correlation between crack and signal, however the changes in signal variability is not considered. The equality of variability in signals is not always true and this has to be properly accounted for more realistic PoD. The demonstrations of data integration showed a remarkable improvement in the PoD estimation. Bayesian approaches were used to merge empirically derived data and the data

from simulations. In this case, well-validated simulation data are taken as prior function and the likelihood typically contains the empirical data of real defects. The main improvement comes from the increase in data which narrows down the confidence bound. It is important to consider the evaluation of data with more effort and also it should meet the guidelines of classical PoD estimation [3]. Conclusion: A review of published literature on the theme of simualtion asissted Probability of Detection (PoD) is carried out and several studies demonstrating the methods evolved from the Model-Assisted PoD (MAPoD) methodologies are discussed. The full model assisted approach can be a feasible alternative for applications where actual experimentation is highly expensive. However the human factors has to be considered effectively since it is the major contributor for the degradation of detectability in field applications. The transfer function approach can be used for applications where the actual flaw components are not available. Bayesian integration of sparse field data with the simulation data can be a better alternative when scarce data of complex defects in in-service components are available. References: 1.

Berens A P, ‘‘NDE Reliability Data Analysis’’, Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 8th ed. ASM metals handbook Vol.17 (1976), 689–701.

Model Assisted POD working group, http://www. cnde.iastate.edu/MAPOD.

C Annis, MIL-HDBK-1823A, ‘‘Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability Assessment’’, Department of Defense Handbook, WrightPatterson AFB, USA (2009).

Thompson RB, LJ Brasche, D Forsyth, EA Lindgren, P Swindell and W Winfree, "Recent Advances in Model-Assisted Probability of Detection." Presented at 4th European-American Workshop of Reliability of NDE, June 2009.

Aldrin, J.C., Knopp, J. S., Lindgren E. A., and Jata, K. V., Model-assisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD) Evaluation for Eddy Current Inspection of Fastener Sites, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, Vol. 28, 2009, pp. 1784-1791.

F.Jenson, E. Iakovleva, N. Dominguez, Simulation supported POD: methodology and HFET validation case, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 30, 2010.

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CEA,CIVA,http://www-civa.cea.fr/en/civa-ndtsimulation-platform/1766-2/

simulation results for the determination of PoD curves, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 2012.

Carboni M and S Cantini, A Model Assisted Probability of Detection' Approach for Ultrasonic Inspection of Railway Axles, In Proceedings 18th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, April 2012, pp. 2457-2466.

N. Dominguez, V. Feuillard, P. Willaume, F.Jenson, Simulation supported POD of a Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspection in Manufacturing, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 31B, 2011.

16. S.Mohamed Subair, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, Prabhu Rajagopal, Anish Kumar, B. Purnachandra Rao and T. Jayakumar, A Transfer Function Approach Based On Signal Noise For PoD Curve Determination, in Proceedings of NDE-2015, Hyderabad, India, Nov 2015.

10. Rosell A and G Persson, Model Based Capability Assessment of an Automated Eddy Current Inspection Procedure on Flat Surfaces." Research in Nondestructive Evaluation 24(3), 2013, pp.154-176. 11. S.Mohamed Subair, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, PrabhuRajagopal, Anish Kumar, B. Purnachandra Rao and T. Jayakumar, Finite Element Simulations to Predict Probability of Detection (PoD) Curves for Ultrasonic Inspection of Nuclear Components, Procedia Engineering, Vol.86, 2014, pp. 461468. 12. K.Smith, " PoD transfer fucntion approach", Pratt & Whitney MAPOD Meeting, Feburary 4,2005. 13. C.A Harding, G.R. Hugo and S.J. Bowles, Application of model assisted PoD using a trasnfer fucntion approach, Rev. Prog. Quant. NDE, 28, 2009. 14. Bode MD, J Newcomer and S Fitchett, Transfer Function Model-Assisted Probability of Detection for Lap Joint Multi Site Damage Detection,Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 38, 2011, pp. 1749-1756. 15. S. Demeyer, F. Jenson, N. Dominquez and E. Iakovleva, Transfer function approach based on

17. S.Mohamed Subair, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, Prabhu Rajagopal, Anish Kumar, B. Purnachandra Rao and T. Jayakumar, On a Framework for Generating PoD Curves Assisted by Numerical Simulations, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 2014. 18. Morris H DeGroot and Mark J. Schervish, Probability and Statistics, Third Edition AddisonWesley, USA, 2002. 19. Leemans, D.V, and Forsyth, D., Bayesian Approaches to Using Field Test Data in Determining the Probability of Detection, Mat Eval, Vol.(62), 2004, pp. 855-859. 20. Kanzler, D., Muller, C., Pitkanen, J., Ewert, U., Bayesian Approach for the Evaluation of the Reliability of Non-Destructive Testing Methods, World Conference NDT, (2012). 21. F.Jenson, N. Dominguez, P. Willaume, T.Yalamas, A Bayesian approach for the determination of POD curves from empirical data merged with simulation results, Rev. Prog. Quant.NDE, 2013. 22. Shweta Agrawal, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, PrabhuRajagopal, Bayesian Framework for combining Simulated and Experimental Data for Improved Estimation of Probability of Detection Curves, Proceedings of the 14th Asia Paciﬁc Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Mumbai, India, Nov 2013.

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ARTICLES

JNDE JUNE 2016

Cover Photo C Tanuj Jhunjhunwala, CEO, Planys Technologies Pvt. Ltd., IIT Madras Research Part, Taramani, Chennai.

F Founded by 2014 IIT Madras graduates Tanuj Jhunjhunwala, Vineet Upadhyay and Rakesh J Sirikonda in association with the Center for S Nondestructive Evaluation Planys Technologies N iis an IIT-Madras incubated company that provides iimmersed structure inspection services using iindigenously manufactured underwater robots, also called remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). a Planys's technology spans the domains of marine P rrobotics, advanced Non-Destructive Testing ((NDT), and post-inspection analysis tools. First and currently the only OEM of ROVs in the a IIndian subcontinent, Planys is research-led, and provides novel, customized robotic solutions for p problems that were hitherto unaddressed, such p as inspection of tank ﬂoors and survey of murky a waters. The company has received enthusiastic w rresponse from industry and has conducted a job at Vishakhapatnam port and is about to conduct a pilot studies at the Chennai Port. p

Submerged and immersed structures such as storage tanks, ships and naval vessels, water and petrochemical transport pipes, dams and bridges, deep sea terminals and oil exploration rigs require regular inspection to avoid catastrophic failure and extend operational life. Today such inspection is carried out by manual operators, or by expensive and technology heavy

robotic platforms sourced from abroad. Manual inspection can put divers at risk, especially in hazardous environments such as toxic chemical, thermal or radiation condition, applications such as drain pipes, or at water depths over 15 m, and is also not robust. Robotic vehicles in the international market are mostly targeted at deep sea (300 m to 3000 m) oil exploration activities. They do not provide sufﬁcient agility, maneuverability and sensor integration capability for inspection and survey applications.

Planys ROV ‘Mike’ with which the Cover Photo was taken, addresses the above problems and is a compact electric ROV built for robust and calibrated visual inspection of offshore immersed structures. With multiple on-board HD cameras and high intensity LED illumination provide stable live visual feedback to ROV pilot & surveyor, Mike has the capability of reaching 100 m depth with unlimited endurance. The design allows for control station to be positioned at a safe on-shore/onship site and rapid assembly and operation at ﬁeld conditions. Upcoming Planys ROVs have further attractive features such as ultrasonic thickness measurement, corrosion protection inspection, spot bio-fouling cleaning, acoustic (SONAR) survey and oceanographic sampling.

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LABINO APOLLO 1.0 RADIOMETER / PHOTOMETER Labino Apollo 1.0 Radiometer/Photometer is an instrument for accurate measurement of UV-A irradiation and visible illumination. Extra engineering effort is taken to make an accurate measurement of visible light emission from a UV-A lamp by incorporating a superior band pass filter stack containing only nonfluorescent filters. The instrument provides fast measurement as it offers auto ranging and concurrent measuring of visible light and UV-A irradiation. Wireless Sensor via Bluetooth Sensor measurements and transmission of data is done via Bluetooth. This enables the user to measure from a distance of up to five meters. This feature ensures that the sensor unit is stable and no movement occurs from connecting cables during measurement. Light and Compact The Apollo Meter is ergonomic and easy to use due to its light weight chassis, wireless sensor unit and compact size. The reader unit weighs 194 grams (6.84 oz) and the sensor unit 100 grams (3.53 oz).

Easy to Operate The back light in the display comes on automatically when measuring in a dark area and it provides an auto ranging for visible light and UV light simultaneously. The meter features both hold and peak functions. Hold function: By pressing the Hold button the present value is stored. Peak function: By pressing the Peak button the sensor automatically stores the highest value measured. LABINO Website : www.labino.com

ULTRASONIC TEST ELECTRONIC MODEL DUT 31 XX The UT Test Electronic DUT 31XX is having many powerful features ideally suited for high speed Ultrasonic Inspections for On line / Offline Testing, which is managed by EECOWIN/ EECONET advanced software designed for various Ultrasonic Inspection Applications. The capabilities and flexibility of the system make it suitable for many Online / Offline applications such as Testing of Precision Tubes, Pipes, ERW Welded Tubes/Pipes, Bar Testing, Cylinder Testing, Shell Testing, Coil/Plate Testing, L-SAW/Spiral SAW welded Pipe, Various Automobile Parts Testing System like Piston, Long Stem Tulip, Crank Shaft, Transmission Shaft, Knuckles, Axle, Valve, etc. The Test Electronics is available as One Channel, 8 Channel or multiple of 8 Channel modules. We have supplied Single Channel Test System & up to 176 Channel Test System for testing Large Width Plates for Lamination. MAIN FEATURES : • • • • • •

0.5 -20 Mhz or (-3 dB) or 0.35-26 Mhz (-6dB) 20 KHz Pulse Repetition Frequency105 dB Gain Dynamic Range Low Noise <20% FSH in PC environment DAC Slope + 40dB/us (70dB dynamic) Ampliﬁer Linearity + 0.5dB Recorder Linearity + 0.5

•

Square Wave Pulser with <5 ns fall time. • Excellent near surface resolution. • 200 Mhz A/D Converter, 10-bit. • TOF/WT Resolution 5 ns • Peak Amplitude Resolution 8-bit. The Test System are designed & manufactured to meet various National & International Inspection Codes. www.eecindia.com

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WHAT'S NEW

PRODUCT GALLERY

JNDE JUNE 2016

FLIR X6900sc - HIGH SPEED MWIR SCIENCE - GRADE INFRARED CAMERA The FLIR X6900sc is an extraordinarily fast, highly sensitive MWIR camera designed for scientists, researchers, and engineers. With advanced triggering, on-camera RAM/SSD recording, and a four-position motorized filter wheel, this camera offers the functionality to stop motion on high speed events, whether they’re in the lab or on the test range. High Speed, High Sensitivity - The X6900sc captures full 640 x 512 images at 1000 frames per second, making it the world’s fastest commercial thermal camera at that resolution. Windowing allows for even faster frame rates of up to 29,134 Hz, while the output frame rate is adjustable from 0.0015 Hz to the maximum for the selected window. The cooled FLIR Indium Antimonide (InSb) detector offers a sensitivity of < 20 mK for the detection of subtle temperature changes at any frame speed. On-Camera Recording or Digital Streaming - Save up to 26000 frames of full resolution data to on-camera RAM without worrying about dropped frames. View on the camera or store to the removable solid state drive (SSD) for faster off-loading and quick declassification. For playback, analysis, and sharing from your computer, the X6900sc streams high speed 14bit digital data simultaneously over Gigabit Ethernet, Camera Link, and CoaXpress. Advanced Filtering Options - The FLIR X6900sc incorporates an easy access, four-position motorized filter wheel that permits filter exchange in any environment. Synchronization and Triggering - This camera can trigger using an external BNC; through a software trigger; or with an

IRIG-B time stamp, making it ideal for high speed, high sensitivity applications. Customize the trigger features to your needs and use an available pre-trigger buffer to capture frames leading up to an event. Key Features •

1,000 Hz full-frame high speed imaging

•

On-camera RAM recording

•

Synchronization with other instruments and events

•

Full Gen<i>Cam support over GigE and CXP interfaces

•

Four-position motorized ﬁlter wheel

www.

PORTABLE HARDNESS TESTER HT-7 Optel’s HT-7 is an advanced hand held Hardness Tester characterised by its high portability wide measuring range and simplicity of operation. It is a multi scale Hardness Tester usable on various materials for in situ hardness measurement. This impact (rebound) type Hardness Tester can measure hardness in any direction and it also converts hardness value to strength of materials. It displays hardness value in various scales like HL, HRC, HRB, HB, HV, & HSD. HT-7 is suitable for testing the hardness of metals and alloys and is widely used in many industrial ﬁelds such as petroleum and chemical plants, heavy machinery, electric power industries, etc. OPTEL’s HT-7 is a light weight compact battery operated instrument which we ‘MAKE IN INDIA’.

OPTEL 110, Nirmal Industrial Estate, Near Sion Fort, Sion (E), Mumbai – 400 022. India. Email : pulsecho@vsnl.com Website : www.pulsecho.com

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SIGMATEST® 2.069 SIGMATEST® 2.069 is a FOERSTER, Germany make portable eddy current instrument that measures the electrical conductivity of non ferromagnetic metals based on the complex impedance of the measuring probe. The measuring range for the instrument is established by calibration. When unknown test pieces are measured, the instrument converts the complex impedance value to an electrical conductivity value. The electrical conductivity value is indicated on the instrument’s LCD display. MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS :

FEATURES AND APPLICATION :

•

Fast and reliable determination of electrical conductivity at high accuracy.

•

Large measuring range from 0.5 to 65 MS/m (1% to 112% IACS).

•

Distance correction up to 500 μm (0.02 inch) for maintaining high accuracy when measuring on painted, coated, or dusty surfaces.

•

Probe design ensures high measurement accuracy close to the edge of the material.

•

The probe and probe cable can be replaced separately.

•

Correction of electrical conductivity values as a function of variations in the test piece temperature is possible using either an internal or external temperature sensor and a user deﬁned temperature coefﬁcient.

SONATEST - PORTABLE PHASED ARRAY AND MULTISCAN INSTRUMENT THE VEO+ Retaining the best features of the established VEO line, the new VEO+ is designed to meet the needs of today and tomorrow making the VEO+ a smart and futureproof asset for your business. Key design elements considered in the development of the VEO+ are user and performance focused which include superior digital technology with a new 32:128PR board and four available PA configurations 16:64PR, 32:64PR, 16:128PR or 32:128PR, the ability to upgrade in the field makes the VEO+ user experience a winning one. The VEO+ enclosure has also been designed to withstand the toughest of environments and has been successfully tested in the field for 5 years. Its enhanced wide sunlight readable LED-back

Measurement of electrical conductivity of non ferrous materials. • Monitoring the condition of highly stressed parts. • Sorting of metals/alloys and material mix testing. • In process inspection in industrial , metallurgical plants. • Aircraft maintenance. • Determination of extent of thermal treatment, metal purity and homogeneity. • Determination of phosphorous content in copper. www.

light display gives the technician the ability to see and interpret results with ease and efﬁciency. Finally, the VEO+ is a portability champion with batteries giving a minimum of 6.6 hours’ autonomy and more with its fantastic hot swappable concept for continuous use. For more information, please contact: NDTS India (P) Limited 619 & 620 The Great Eastern Galleria, Plot No. 20, Sector 4, Nerul, Navi Mumbai - 400 706 Tel.: + 91 22 6138 0600, 2770 3913/23 Fax: + 91 22 2770 3903, Email: info@ndts.co.in www.

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EVENTS

JNDE JUNE 2016

LIST OF INDIAN / INTERNATIONAL EVENTS CALENDAR 2016 JULY 2016

22-23: Workshop on Aerospace NDE

4-8: 5th International symposium on Laser Ultrasonics and Advanced Sensing

Venue: The Realto Hotel, No 20-21, Sheshadri Road , Bengaluru – 560009 Contact: Shri. P. Vijayaraghavan (Chairman ISNT - BNG)

Venue: Linz, Austria Web: lu2016.at 4-8: 13th Quantitative Infrared Thermography Conference (QIRT 2016)

RR Takt, No 37 Bupasandra Main Road , RMV second stage extension Bangalore – 560 094 Web: isntblr@gmail.com, pvrvan@gmail.com

Venue: Gdansk University of Technology, Poland 25-26: Digital Imaging 2016.

Web: www.qirt2016.gda.pl 5-8: 8th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2016) Venue: Spain, Bilbao Web: www.ewshm2016.com 14-20: Advanced Training Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation in Civil Engineering This training aims to provide basic and cuttingedge knowledge on the latest development of instrumentation, principles, automation, signal processing, problem-solving techniques and case studies across multiple NDT&E-CE’s disciplines. Venue: BAM - Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Berlin/Germany. Web: www.ndte-training.bam.de/en/home/index. htm 15-16: Refresheer Course on Radiation Safety For Radiation Professionals, Radiology Professionals, QA, QC & Non Radiation Personnel. Venue: Indian Society Testing, Chennai. India.

for

Non-Destructive

Venue: Foxwoods Connecticut, USA.

Resort,

Mashantucket,

Contact: ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518, USA. Tel: +1 614 274 6003; Fax: +1 614 274 6899; Email: conferences@asnt.org; Web: www.asnt. org 27-29: Ultrasonics for NDT. Venue: Foxwoods Connecticut, USA.

Resort,

Mashantucket,

Contact: ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518, USA. Tel: +1 614 274 6003; Fax: +1 614 274 6899; Email: conferences@asnt.org; Web: www.asnt. org SEPTEMBER 2016 5-7: 11th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics. Co-sponsored by BINDT.

Web: isntheadofﬁce@gmail.com

Venue: University of Exeter, UK.

16-22: Review of Progress in Quantitative Non-destructive Evaluation (QNDE 2016) Venue: Georgia Tech Hotel and Conferenec Center, Atlanta,USA. Email: pkbackst@iastate.edu; qndeprograms.org

For suppliers and users of digital and radiographic imaging.

Web:

Contact: The British Society for Strain Measurement (BSSM). Tel: +44 (0)7756 915295; Email: info@bssm.org; Web: www. bssm.org

www.

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7-9: 32nd European Conference on Acoustic Emission Testing (EWGAE 2016). Venue: Prague, Czech Republic. Contact: CNDT – EWGAE 2016, Brno University, Czech Republic. Tel: +420 541 143 229; Email: cndt@cndt.cz; Web:www.cndt.cz/ewgae2016 12-14: 55th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, 2016 Venue: East Midlands Conference Centre and Orchard Hotel, Nottingham, UK. Contact: Rosalyn Assistant

Behan

Marketing

Newton Building, St George’s Northampton NN2 6JB, UK

Avenue,

Tel: +44 (0)1604 89 3841 Fax: +44 (0)1604 89 3861

OCTOBER 2016 4-6: 12th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components Venue: Dubrovnik, Croatia; Email: 12thnde@12thnde.com; www.12thnde.com

Web:

24-27: 75th ASNT Annual Conference. Venue: Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, California, USA. Contact: ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518, USA. Tel: +1 614 274 6003; Fax: +1 614 274 6899; Email: conferences@asnt.org; Web: www.asnt. org

Email: rosalyn.behan@bindt.org

25-27: 16th International Exhibition of Equipment for NonDestructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics.

12-16: 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation.

Venue: Crocus Expo, Moscow, Russia

Venue: City of Oulu, Finland.

Contact: 190000, Russia, St. Petersburg, Yakubovich st., 24A, Russia. Web: www.ndtrussia.ru/

Contact: Esko Juuso, President, EUROSIM. Email: ofﬁce@automaatioseura.ﬁ; Web: www. eurosim.info

NOVEMBER 2016 25-28: ENDE 2016 Workshop Venue: Lisbon, Portugal. Contact: Helena Geirinhas Ramos and Artur Lopes Ribeiro, Portugal. Email: ende2016@lx.it. pt

26-28: ACNDT 2016, IC-WNDT-MI'16 Venue: Oran, Algeria Email:wndt16@csc.dz / wndt16@gmail.com DECEMBER 2016 15 -17th – NDE 2016 Venue India.

Alsaj Convention Centre, Trivandrum,

Web: www.nde2016.com

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EVENTS

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ISNT Day Celebration - Hyderabad Note on ISNT Day Celebration Following the precedent set last year, this year also, Hyderabad Chapter celebrated ISNT Formation Day on 21-04-2016 at Minerva Grand Hotel, Secunderabad in a befitting manner. About 60 members of ISNT-HC participated in the celebration and made it a grand success. Sri P Mohan, Chairman of the Chapter welcomed the Chief Guest Padmasri Dr Chaitanyamoy Ganguly, Invited speaker of the evening Dr Vasudha Rani and the members and explained the reason behind the celebration and how different it was from other ISNT programs. Dr Vasudha Rani, an educationalist and a renowned Certified Diabetes Educator gave an excellent talk on curing diabetes just by changing life style which included food habits & exercise. The presentation was simple, straight and emphatic. Speaking on the occasion, Chief Guest Dr Ganguly appreciated the efforts being put in by ISNT, especially in the area of providing qualified, certified and competent NDT professionals for

the industry. Connecting the talk on diabetes control with living in harmony with nature, he succinctly brought out the salient steps for being healthy without resorting to medicines. ISNT-HC felicitated with a shawl & a memento to the past Chairmen and secretaries who had contributed immensely and brought the Chapter to its present standing. These included Dr C Ganguly, Sri RN Jayaraj, Sri B Laxminarayana, Sri RN Ray, Sri J R Joshi, Sri P Mohan, Sri TB Harikishan Rao and Sri MNV Viswanath. Sri G Suryaprakash, Vice- Chairman of the Chapter, who received Government of India’s Golden Trophy for his Company’s skill development initiative, was also felicitated on this occasion. Sri Mohan honored the Chief Guest Dr C Ganguly and the invited speaker Dr Vasudha Rani for gracing the ISNT Day Celebration and giving inspiring & informative talks. While Sri BS Rama Rao compered the program, Sri MNV Viswanath proposed vote of thanks. This simple celebration ended with fellowship dinner.

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ASNT Dignitaries visit Mr. Kevin Smith, President, Dr. Arnold Bereson, Executive Director and Mr.James Bennett of ASNT were in Mumbai during the period 24.5.2016 to 26.5.2016. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is the world's largest technical society for non-destructive testing (NDT) professionals. ASNT was founded in 1941 (under the name of The American Industrial Radium and X-Ray Society) and currently boasts a membership of more than 15,000 including over 600 Corporate Partner affiliated companies. Like ISNT, ASNT is a non-profit organization. The ASNT team was in Mumbai to discuss matters about Technical Co-operation between ASNT & ISNT through seminars, conferences, exchange of articles, journals, research studies, workshops, Conduct of ASNT examination and finalization of MOU points between ASNT-ISNT.

Secretary, Mr.Rajul Parikh, Dr.M.T. Shyamsunder, Chairman NCB, Mr. Diwakar D.Joshi, Vice President and Mr. Paritosh Nanekar, Secretary NCB. President Mr.D.J.Varde felicitated ASNT dignitaries and presented them with shawls. Mr. D.J.Varde in his welcome speech stated that ISNT has been associated with ASNT for over 30 years and their visit to India gave us a new momentum to strengthen our partnership in the area of Training & Development. Dr. Bereson expressed complete satisfaction on the current activities of ISNT and assured to further enhance their services to ISNT in the ﬁeld NDT. Both the sides deliberated on various aspects of the training and examination needs of ISNT.

Besides meeting the Core Team members, the delegation met On 24th they attended a training selected members of the Mumbai & Pune chapters. program conducted by Mumbai Later on, President, Mr.Varde and past President, Mr.Dhilip chapter. Takhbhate took the visiting team for a Mumbai Darshan, including On 25th they visited ISNT Ofﬁce a visit to Elephanta Caves. and were given a warm welcome The ASNT team was impressed by the hospitality extended to by the Core Team members them by ISNT team and immensely thanked all members for consisting of past President, making their Mumbai visit a memorable event. Mr.Dilip Takbhate, General

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JNDE JUNE 2016

REFRESHER COURSE ON

RADIATION SAFETY FOR RADIATION PROFESSIONALS, RADIOLOGY PROFESSIONALS, QA, QC & NON RADIATION PERSONNEL 15-16 JULY 2016 ORGANIZED BY INDIAN SOCIETY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

INTRODUCTION Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon and natural source of radiation are features of the environment. Radiation and radioactive substance have many beneficial uses, ranging from power generation to application in medicine, industry and agriculture. One of the oldest established industrial applications of radiation is the use of radiography for the nondestructive testing and diagnostic applications in medicines. The radiation risks to the workers and the public that may arise have to be assessed and controlled. Safety measures and security measures must be designed and implemented in an integrated manner so that security measures do not compromise safety and safety measures do not compromise security. This is a refresher course for the radiation professionals and for the non-radiation workers, it provides radiation detection, measurement, protection and other safety related aspects. OBJECTIVE The course intends to provide a holistic overview of radiation detection, measurement, protection principles with emphasis on regulatory aspects of industrial radiography, radio therapy, diagnostic radiology, radiation hazard evaluation and control, operational limits, transport of radioactive materials, radiation accidents in industrial radiography, emergency response plans and preparedness (mockup demo), & radiation detectors and monitors. Faculty for the course are experienced personnel being drawn from IGCAR, BARC and AERB. WHO SHOULD ATTEND This is a unique and first of its kind refresher course designed exclusively for the Radiation Safety Officers in industrial radiography, radiation therapy, diagnostic radiology, QA personnel, industrial radiographers, site In-charges, QA & QC executives and managers, & industrial safety executives. FIELDS RELATED TO THE COURSE Nuclear, Oil & Gas, Pressure vessels and Boilers, Aerospace, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing, Diagnostic Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Therapy, Industrial Radiography, Ionising Radiation Safety.

COURSE FEE *Industrial Person: Rs. 7500/*ISNT Members: Rs. 7000/*Bulk Booking 3 and more – 10% discount Service Tax applicable at 15% Extra VENUE 15-16 JULY 2016 Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing Modules 60 & 61, 3rd Floor, Readymade Garment Complex, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai – 600 032, Tamilnadu, INDIA Ph: 044-2250 0412/4203 8175 Email: isntheadofﬁce@gmail.com For further details: www.isnt.org.in COURSE DIRECTOR: Dr. B. Venkatraman, Vice-President – ISNT Associate Director, Radiological Safety Environment Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu - 603102, INDIA. Tel: 044 - 27480352

and

COURSE COORDINATORS: Mr. S. Subramanian Hon. Treasurer, ISNT Mr. S. Viswanathan, Senior Scientific Officer and Radiological Safety Officer (RSO), RSD, IGCAR, Kalpakkam - 603 102 ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing Modules 60 & 61, 3rd Floor, Readymade Garment Complex, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai – 600 032, Tamilnadu, INDIA Ph: 044-2250 0412/4203 8175 Email: isntheadoffice@gmail.com COURSE IS LIMITED TO 25 FOR EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION ON FIRST COME BASIS

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REGISTRATION FORM

Refresher Course on Radiation Safety for Industrial Radiation Professionals & Non Radiation Workers 15-16 JULY 2016 Personal Details Name Organization Designation Mailing Address

Following are the details for wire transfer to the course: Date by which the amount has been transferred: Transaction ID: *KINDLY XEROX THIS FORM FOR MULTIPLE NOMINATIONS. Current Account Details for Fund Transfer Account Name

INDIAN SOCIETY FOR NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Name of the Bank :

State Bank of India

Branch Name

Guindy Branch

Address

No 66, G.S.T. Road, Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai – 600 032

Account No

34616653904

MICR Code

600002072

IFSC Code

SBIN0000956

SWIFT Code

SBININBB227

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WORKSHOP ON AEROSPACE NDE (NON DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION) 22 & 23 JULY 2016 ORGANISED BY INDIAN SOCIETY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING BENGALURU CHAPTER

ISNT Bengaluru chapter ,is conducting workshop on AEROSPACE NDE on 22 & 23 JULY 2016 Bengaluru is the hub for the Aerospace Industries in India. ISNT Bangalore Chapter is taking the lead to conduct this workshop for the beneﬁt of Inspection Engineers, technician, Design, material ,and process personnel, in Manufacturing Industries and MRO (Maintenance Repair and Overhaul ) and NDT service providers.

ACCOMMODATION & TRANSPORTATION Candidate shall arrange their own accommodation & transportation for their stay in Bangalore and to reach venue for attending the workshop. COURSE FEE AND REGISTRATION ISNT Members *: Rs 6000 + Service Tax 15% Others : Rs. 6500 + Service Tax 15%

Convener for The workshop - Shri. P. Vijayaraghavan, Senior Manager (retired) M/S Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bengaluru.

ISNT Members to quote Life Member (LM) or current membership Number and chapter afﬁliation.

TOPICS COVERED

PAYMENT

• •

The mode of payment will be by local cheque or DD in favour of “ISNT Bengaluru Chapter” Payable at Bengaluru and to be sent to the following address.

AS 9100 (Aerospace Quality Management ), NADCAP (National Defence Contractors Accreditation Programme ) • NABL (National Accreditation Board for Laboratories per ISO TEC 17025) NAS 410 ( National Aerospace Standards - personnel certification) DGAQA (Director General of Aircraft Quality Assurance) Approvals DGCA (Director General of Civil Aviation) Approvals • Calibration and process control checks in RT UT MT PT MRO of the aircrafts, • NDE of composites, Panel Discussion. *Speakers are experts in the field from various reputed organizations and Government agencies. VENUE The Realto Hotel, No 20-21, Sheshadri Road, Bengaluru - 560009. (Land mark : Ananda Rao circle, SRS Bus office, Less than one kilometer from Bengaluru city Railway station and BMTC Kempegowda bus stand) info@rialtohotel.in www.rialtohotel.in. Mention ISNT workshop to get discount for this hotel booking. Also Within a radius of one kilometer from the venue, Hotel accommodation is available ranging from 500 to 8000 Rs per day.

Electronic transfer details Bank Name

: State Bank of India 29/4 Race Course Road, Bengaluru – 5600001.

IFS Code

: SBIN0006198.

Account No

: 10363894885

Ac. Holder Name :

ISNT Bengaluru Chapter

Please furnish wire transfer payment details along with the registration form. COMMUNICATION / SEND NOMINATION FORMS at Shri. P. Vijayaraghavan (Chairman ISNT -BNG ) RR Takt, No 37 Bupasandra Main Road, RMV second stage extension Bangalore – 560 094 Email : isntblr@gmail.com, pvrvan@gmail.com Ph: + 91 9980255932 Mr, Shashidhar Pallakki, Secretary+91 9448060717 Mrs. Danielle, Treasurer - 0880- 2553 5561

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REGISTRATION FORM

Workshop on Aerospace NDE 22 & 23 JULY 2016 1. Name 2. Designation Organization 3. Address for Correspondence :

4. Telephone

Off :

Mobile :

Email : 5. Fees

ISNT Members * : Rs 6000 + Service Tax 15% Others : Rs. 6500 + Service Tax 15%

*ISNT Members to quote Life Member (LM) / current membership Number and chapter afﬁliation . Enclosed DD/Cheque No.____________________________ Drawn on. _______________________________ Bank Name _______________________________________________________ Dated. ___________________for Rs. _______________________ Cheque /DD to be drawn in favour of “ISNT Bengaluru Chapter” payable at Bengaluru. Provide Electronic/wire Transfer ( Refer under payment) details on separate sheet, and attached to this ﬁlled form. Date: Signature: Cheque / DD to be sent at

Shri. P. Vijayaraghavan (Chairman ISNT -BNG) RR Takt, No 37 Bupasandra Main Road, RMV second stage extension Bangalore – 560 094.

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55th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) 12th September - 14th September, 2016 REGISTER TODAY AND HELP SHAPE THE FUTURE OF NDT! Registration is now open for the 55th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, taking place from Monday 12 to Wednesday 14 September 2016 at the East Midlands Conference Centre and Orchard Hotel, Nottingham, UK. To view the provisional programme for this prestigious event, visit www.bindt.org/events/NDT-2016/ndt2016-programme-11-12-september/ Register online before 19 August 2016 to receive your early registration discount by visiting www.bindt. org/events/NDT-2016/ndt-2016-registration/ NDT 2016 offers a unique opportunity for experts from industry and academia worldwide to meet, discuss and develop innovative solutions and present the latest developments that will shape the future of NDT. The conference includes a range of presentation forums, including plenary papers, and a discussion/ panel session as well as an invited international session on the research being conducted at the Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (IZFP). The NDT 2016 programme is already full, with over 80 technical presentations scheduled across the threeday event, attracting papers in many related ﬁelds, covering areas such as ultrasonics, electromagnetics, applications, reliability and human factors in NDT, phased array, novel techniques, digital radiography, oil, gas and pipes, aerospace, theoretical modelling and composite materials. On Monday 12 and Tuesday 13 September over 50 companies are expected to exhibit at the NDT 2016 table-top exhibition of NDT-related products, which will run alongside the conference. The exhibition is a great opportunity to keep up-to-date with the changing landscape of technology within the NDT industry, compare products and services, meet with knowledgeable and helpful exhibitors, network with industry colleagues and gain new ideas, solutions and inspiration, all under one roof! Full-time registration includes attendance at all conference sessions, entrance to the table-top exhibition, proceedings CD-ROM and all meals and evening functions, including the conference dinner. Meet industry’s key players and learn about the very latest NDT technology and services available from around the world at the 55th Annual British Conference on NDT from 12-14 September 2016. NOTES FOR EDITORS About BINDT The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) is a UK-based professional engineering institution working to promote the advancement of the science and practice of non-destructive

testing (NDT), condition monitoring (CM), diagnostic engineering and all other materials and quality testing disciplines. Internationally recognised, it is concerned with the education, training and certification of its members and all those engaged in NDT and CM and through its publications and annual conferences and events it disseminates news of the latest advances in the science and practice of the subjects. For further information about the Institute and its activities, visit http://www.bindt.org What are NDT and CM? Non-destructive testing is the branch of engineering concerned with all methods of detecting and evaluating flaws in materials. Flaws can affect the serviceability of a material or structure, so NDT is important in guaranteeing safe operation as well as in quality control and assessing plant life. The flaws may be cracks or inclusions in welds and castings or variations in structural properties, which can lead to a loss of strength or failure in service. The essential feature of NDT is that the test process itself produces no deleterious effects on the material or structure under test. The subject of NDT has no clearly defined boundaries; it ranges from simple techniques such as the visual examination of surfaces, through the well-established methods of radiography, ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle crack detection, to new and very specialised methods such as the measurement of Barkhausen noise and positron annihilation spectroscopy. Condition monitoring (CM) aims to ensure plant efficiency, productivity and reliability by monitoring and analysing the wear of operating machinery and components to provide an early warning of impending failure, thereby reducing costly plant shutdown. Condition monitoring originally used mainly vibration and tribology analysis techniques but now encompasses new fields such as thermal imaging, acoustic emission and other non-destructive techniques. The diagnostic and prognostic elements, in addition to increasingly sophisticated signal processing, is using trends from repeated measurements in time intervals of days and weeks. CONTACT FOR PRESS ENQUIRIES AND IMAGE REQUESTS: The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing Rosalyn Behan Marketing & PR Assistant Newton Building, St George’s Avenue Northampton NN2 6JB, UK Tel: +44 (0)1604 89 3841 Fax: +44 (0)1604 89 3861 Email: rosalyn.behan@bindt.org

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The National Certiﬁcation Board is an extended arm of Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing with an objective to train and certify personnel engaged in NDT as per BIS standard IS-13805. NCB continued to organize the certiﬁcation examinations directly and through the Chapters of ISNT and Accredited Centres. ISNT being the NSO of ASNT conducts the ASNT Level-III exams at different venues in India. ISNT Level-III examinations are also conducted in various methods. In addition, Level-I & Level-II Courses and Examinations under IS - 13805 & SNT - TC-1A.

Meeting Schedule / Updates NCB Meeting - 24th September 2016 NGC Meeting - 25th September 2016 Venue - ISNT HO, Chennai NATIONAL GOVERNING COUNCIL MEMBER'S LIST (NGC) 1. Shri D.J. Varde President, ISNT M: 9821131522 president@isnt.org.in 2. Shri Rajul R. Parikh Hon Secretary M: 9820192953 secretary@isnt.org.in 3. Shri R.J. Pardikar President Elect, ISNT M: 9442613146 r.j.pardikar@gmail. com 4. Dr. B. Venkatraman Vice President – ISNT M: 9443638974 qadbvr@gmail.com 5. Diwakar Joshi Vice President, ISNT M: 9689928561 diwakarj@gmail.com 6. Shri Samir K. Choksi Hon. Jt. Secretary ISNT M: 9821011113 choksiindia@yahoo.co.in 7. Shri P. Mohan Hon. Jt. Secretary ISNT M: 94901 67000 metsonic@sify. com / mohanp45@ rediffmail.com 8. Shri S. Subramanian Hon. Treasurer M: 9444008685 nricsubramanian@ gmail.com

NGC/NCB Meeting - 14th December 2016 Venue - NDE Hotel arranged by Trivandrum Chapter AGM - 16th December

9. Shri P.V. Sai Suryanarayana Cell: 9490142539 pvss@shar.gov.in / sai895956@gmail. com 10. Shri V. Pari Cell: 9840104928 scaanray@vsnl.com / pari@scaanray.com

MEMBERS Shri. S. Adalarasu Shri. Anil V. Jain Shri. D.K.Goutham Shri. Ambresh Bahl Shri. Mandar Vinze Shri. S.N.Moorthy Shri. Mukesh Arora Shri. Bhausaheb K. Shri. Pangare Shri. B.Prahlad Shri. Sadasivan N. Shri. R.Sampath Smt. Sarmishtha Palat Shri. B.K.Shah Shri. Shashidar Pallaki Shri. A.K.Sing Shri. A.K.Singhi Shri. R.Sundar Shri. Sunil Gophan Shri. Vivek Rajamani Shri. N.V.Wagle Shri. R.B.Bharadwaj Shri. M.N.V. Viswanath Shri. Bikash Ghose Shri. Anilkumar Das Shri. Jaiteerth Joshi Shri. T.Kamaraj Shri. R.G. Ganesan Shri. Sreemoy Saha

PERMANENT INVITEES Prof. S. Rajagopal Shri G. Ramachandran

PAST PRESIDENTS Shri V.R. Deenadayalu Shri Ramesh B. Parikh Shri Dr. Baldev Raj Shri K. Viswanathan Shri Dilip P. Takbhate Dr. P. Kalyanasundaram

Shri Shri Shri Shri Shri

K. Balaramamoorthy A. Srinivasulu Shri D.M.Mehta S. I. Sanklecha K. Thambithurai

AND ALL CHAPTER CHAIRMEN AND SECRETARIES

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION BOARD MEMBER'S LIST (NCB) 1. Dr.B.Venkatraman Mobile : 9443638974 Email : bvenkat@ igcar.gov.in / qadbvr@gmail.com 2. Dr. M.T. Shyamsunder Mobile : 0'9880508266 Email : mt.shyamsunder@ ge.com / controller. exams.ncbisnt@ gmail.com 3. Shri P.P. Nanekar Mobile : 0'9892161750 Email : pnanekar@ barc.gov.in / paritoshn@yahoo.com 4. Shri B. K. Shah Mobile : 0'9969190618 Email : bks0490@ yahoo.co.in

5. Shri T. Loganathan Mobile : 9442121839 Email : loganath@ igcar.gov.in 6. Shri S.K. Bandyopadhyay Mobile : 0'9433070529 Email : Subrata1950@gmail. com 7. Shri R.J. Pardikar Mobile : 0'9442613146 Email : r.j.pardikar@ gmail.com 8. Shri N.V. Wagle Mobile : 0'9821888658 Email : ulhaswagle@ yahoo.co.in / nvw2011@gmail.com

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NGC-NCB

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION BOARD (NCB)

TRAINING

JNDE JUNE 2016

QUALIFICATION OF NDT PERSONNEL ISNT/NCB Certified NDT Personnel Level I, Level II, Level III T The certificate of competence is issued in a accordance with IS: 13805 or other international s standards as the case are. Notes: 1) The details here are incomplete and are likely to be in gross error. The information will be updated after receiving feedback from Certificate holder. 2) The certificate holders whose name is not appearing here are requested to please inform to us at offc@isnt.org 3) The names of the certificate holders which are not valid currently will be removed in three months time if no information is received from the certificate holder. 4) The organization is at the time of certificate 4 issue and it quite likely the person may not be with the same organization General information about levels G Abstract from IS 13805:2004 A

He shall not be responsible for the choice of the test method or technique to be used nor for the assessment of test results, 3.3 NDT Level II An individual certified to NDT level II is qualified to perform and direct non-destructive testing according to established or recognized techniques. He shall be competent to choose the test techniques to be used, to set up and calibrate equipment, to interpret and evaluate results according to applicable codes, standards and specification, to carry out all duties for which a level I individual is qualified and to check that they are properly executed, to develop NDT procedures adopted to problems which are the subject of an NDT specification, and to prepare written instructions, organize and report the results of non-destructive tests. He shall also be familiar with the scope and limitations of the method for which he is qualified, and able to exercise assigned responsibility for on the job training and guidance of trainees and NDT level I personnel.

3. LEVELS OF COMPETENCE 3 3.4 NDT Level III 3.1 Classification 3 An individual certified in accordance with this A standard shall be classified in one of the three s levels depending upon his respective level of competence. One who has not yet attained c certification may be registered as a trainee. c 3.2 NDT Level I An individual certified to NDT level I is qualified to carry out NDT operations according to written instructions. He shall be able to set up the equipment, to carry out the tests, to record the results obtained, to classify the results in terms of written criteria; and to report the results. He shall receive the necessary instruction and/ or supervision from level II or level HI personnel.

An individual certified to NDT level III shall be capable of assuming full responsibility for a test facility and staff, establishing techniques and procedures, interpreting codes, standards, specifications and procedures to be used. He shall have the competence to interpret and evaluate results in terms of existing codes, standards and specifications, a sufficient practical background in applicable materials, fabrication and product technology to select methods and establish techniques and to assist in establishing acceptance criteria where no standard practices are otherwise available, general familiarity with other NDT methods, and the ability to guide and train level I and level II personnel.

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JNDE JUNE 2016

Feedback from Readers... Congrats Excellent work ! Dilip Takbhate Pulsecho Systems (Bombay) Pvt Ltd. Thank you for JNDE March, 2016 Issue, It is not a mere NEW LOOK, but with good technical articles and presentation. CONGRATULATIONS. With Best Regards, S. I. Sanklecha - ISNT Past President sis@ferroflux.com Great new look and presentation of the journal ! I see this as ‘heralding a new era‘ for our forum! It is time for the young, liberated, innovative professional talents to take over ! Let the ‘EXPERIMENT‘ begin ! Because there is more value of ‘experiment‘ than ‘the experience‘ ! Because ‘experience‘ can limit but ‘experiment‘ liberates ! There is substitute for the ‘mind with experience‘ but There is no substitute for the ‘mind which can experiment‘ ! That is the need of the hour ! Welcome GenNext. Let this ‘RENAISSANCE‘ spread to all the areas of management of our forum. Thanks and Best Regards, Deepak Parikh Director – MODSONIC Today , I could go through the New JNDE and really it has come excellent. Congratulations for making it happen. I could go through soft copy also and it is also giving satisfaction to the reader. I will try to get feed back from some Corporate companies and will send it to you. Thanks and with best wishes, Diwakar Joshi - Director Insight Quality Services Many Thanks for the information for which we have been waiting. Pl. convey My Hearty Congratulations to my friend Mr. Rajul and his team for the great work done in this regards. Regards, P.V. Sai Suryanarayana Dy. General Manager (Member, NGC / ISNT) The issue has come our very well. All the best for the future issues. With best regards R. Vivek Electro Magfield Controls & Services

Received the JNDE after a decade. Thank you and appreciate Rajul and team for bringing out JNDE in a new look and made it reachable to all. Regards Sarmishtha Principal Scientist, NDE & MM Group, It is really a proud moment to bring back the JNDE with a new look. The content and look of JNDE deﬁnitely will appeal to the intended users. With warm regards, Bikash Ghose, Scientist Defence R & D Organisation My compliments to you and the Editorial Board for a new fresh look journal with interesting content and style. Looking forward to taking the journal to greater heights and making it an internationally sought after journal by the NDE and Inspection Community. Regards, Shyam, GE Global Research Greetings, and thank you, I have also received a copy of the journal and it does look very promising with the new look. Best regards, Dr Prabhu Rajagopal Associate Professor, IIT-Madras, Chennai, T.N., India Infact, when I rec'd my copy, initially I could not recognise as the format registered in my mind was different. Thank you very much for design of new outlook of our journal. I am sure this is a good initiative to take this journal for greater heights. Kind regards and best wishes, M.Arumugam Group Head, QCIG, LPSC, ISRO & Chairman, Exhibition committee, NDE 2016 Really good and sincere efforts !!! Vijay Mali Unit Manager QAC and Welding (ESM) B. E. (Mech) We thank you for the same. We wish to congratulate you to for the “New look” of JNDE. The new look is very impressive and greatly very user friendly. Our accounts department who are not associated with NDT thought that this is an NDT issue of some oversees publications. Only when they saw the map of India they realize that this is an Indian Magazine. This incidence speaks about the new look and does not require further comments. We congratulate you and hope that the high standard will be maintained in future too. With Best Regards, For FerroChem NDT Systems, A.L.Datar

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e are an “Association of NDT Services Organisation of India” called as “NANSO”, formed in 1985. This Association supports those NDT Organisations who are involved in Non-destructive Testing (NDT) in India, be it the NDT Service Provider or NDT Product Manufacturers, Suppliers or Dealers.

All these years NANSO focused on industry problems and in ﬁnding solutions by networking more effectively with other zonal members, Information on new technologies and requirement of educational qualiﬁcations is shared more effectively by working together. We are a National Association having as on date 362 Organizations as members with 531 representatives. Our members are mainly the NDT Service providers, NDT Equipment &amp; Accessories manufacturers, Suppliers, NDT Training Institutes etc. NANSO is recognized by AERB and BRIT, Division of M/s. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. NANSO comes out with a newsletter every quarter covering lots of NDT, inspirational and interesting articles. Hard copies of these newsletters are sent to all the advertisers and to all our 362 NANSO members. Soft copies are sent to all 531 NANSO representatives and also to around 500 individuals comprising of our well-wishers from both Indian and foreign organizations connected with NDT.

NANSO organizes a full day gathering of all zonal members, Customers, Clients, and Inspection Agencies etc. with a Business Meet program. There are four such programs in a year, one in each quarter preferably at different zones of NANSO. The main objectives of such business meets are that, the participants get a chance to come across latest developments in NDT and its applications &amp; also raise funds for the smooth running of the Association activities. Topics covered are: - New NDT Equipment, Products and Accessories, Applications and Services, Training &amp; Qualiﬁcation programs on NDT, Radiation Safety etc. Annual Day Celebration with Exhibition are conducted with the main objective of spreading fellowship on National level by getting our members together and developing a better understanding and building healthier relation amongst all members. Provide a stage for members to come across latest developments in NDT and its applications. Program helps generate income to support the future endeavours of the Association as NANSO at present has no income generating activities. Also develop good rapport among its zonal members. Our Motto: Intentions”

“We

work

only

with

Perfect

Nishad Sam (Secretary) Mob. No.: 9820137300 nansoindia@gmail.com

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SPECIAL FEATURES

NANSO …an NDT ASSOCIATION

ADVERTISER'S INDEX

JNDE JUNE 2016

Advertisers Electronic & Engineering Co. (I) Pvt. Ltd Labino AB Bluestar Engineering & Electronic Ltd Pradeep Metal Treatment Chemicals P. Ltd Pulsecho Systems (Bombay) Pvt Ltd Vsan Technology Pvt Ltd P-Met High Tech Co.Pvt Ltd Hi Tech Imaging Pvt Ltd Suvidha Inspection Methods & Systems Electro Magﬁeld Controls & Services Eastwest Engineering & Electronics Pvt Ltd Electronic & Engineering Co. (I) Pvt. Ltd Insight Quality Service Flir Systems India Pvt Ltd NDTS India (P) Ltd Quality NDT Services Topax NDT Solutions LLP Olympus Medical Systems India P. Ltd Ferrochem Omega Pipe Inspection & Services Pvt. Ltd. Radiotech NDT Testlab Ltd

Page No. Front Cover Inner Back Cover Page Back Cover Inner 2 5 6 26 8 9 10 10 10, 18 12 15 17 18 20 22 24 26 28

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