MERKATO: ARTICULATING RESILIENCE by Samrawit Yohannes Yoseph

MERKATO: ARTICULATING RESILIENCE

Samrawit Yohannes Yoseph

MERKATO: ARTICULATING RESILIENCE

Author: Samrawit Yohannes Yoseph

Promotor: Bruno De Meulder

Readers: viviana dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;auria Vincent Chukwuemeka

Image 1 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Image 1- Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience 6

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: articulating resilience Chapter 1: Market and the city Introduction original city and market Early settlements of Addis Ababa 1886-1939 1939-1945 An Italian Plan cities Developments during italian occupation 1954 Abercrombie 1965 LE. De. Marien 1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan 2002 ORAMP Addis Ababa growth Reality vs planned development 2018 Draft structure plan of Addis Ababa The “ethiopianzation’’,nationalization,Free economy Chapter 2 Evolution of Merkato The terra system Evolution of the Market system Rapid evolution Forms and norms Containment Italian shops Market hall department store the mall Mimicry Microcosm Temporality Chapter 3 Re thinking Merkato Infrastructure and flow strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure Strategies

MERKATO: ARTICULATING RESILIENCE Samrawit Yohannes Yoseph

Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning Promotor: Bruno De Meulder Readers: viviana dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;auria Vincent Chukwuemeka

Academic Year 2017-2018 Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning

ÂŠ Permission for Use of Content: The authors herewith permit it that the present dissertation be made available for consultation; parts of it may be copied, strictly for personal use. Every other use is subject to strict copyright reservations. Particular reference is made to the obligation of explicitly mentioning the source when quoting the present dissertationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s results. Leuven, 2018 All images presented in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors.

ÂŠ Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promoters and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to dept. ASRO, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 1/2431, B-3001 Heverlee (Belgium). Telephone +32-16-32 13 61 or via e-mail to secretariaat@asro.kuleuven.be. A written permission of the promoters is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

Acknowledgment This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment for a Masters of Urbanism and strategic planning at the department of Architecture faculty of engineering in KU Leuven. I would like to extend my gratitude to everyone who have helped me through this great and deeply reflective part of my academic and general life.I Would also like to extend my gratitude to the Roger Dillemans fund which enabled me to continue my education in department of Architecture faculty of engineering in KU Leuven. First and foremost I would like to thank my promoter Bruno de Meulder,for all his efforts, academic feedback and overall generous treatment throughout the thesis period and the last two years in KULeuven. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family,my mother and sisters for their unwavering emotional support without them none of it would be Possible. Including all the friends who have supported me through this journey.

Chapter 1 MARKET AND THE CITY

Abstract Merkato is the biggest open market in Ethiopia On average five hundred thousand people use the market per day (AngĂŠlil, Marc, and Dirk Hebe 2016).and it has been said it contributes 65% to the cities GDP. Its historical development has been forged by a number of plans ranging from 1937 to 2013, relocating Merkato once and confirming its gridded layout over time. The latest development wave, though precarious in nature, threatens Merkatoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nature at many levels and is challenging its inclusivity and resilience, both of which deserve significant support.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 2 - Arada Market- Source: Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007)

Introduction Addis Ababa was founded in 1886 a young city compared with other settlements and cities in Ethiopia, yet it is by far the most connected and open to the outside world The political stability gave rise to commerce and diplomacy, which eventually prompted the need for stable settlements and a strong political center. For this role, Addis Ababa, the present capital, was favored in particular, by the Emperor s wife Queen Taitu. (Angélil, Marc, and Dirk Hebe 2016)The royal compound was located on the highest hill for military strategy while the other hilly sites were allocated to nobility and high ranking military officers while, the rest of the settlement pattern reflects the feudal system of the era. Essentially the city was clumps of camps (sefers) with different three distinct classes nobility,community and occupation. These settlements were thought to be Temporary thus infrastructures such as roads and bridges came much later resulting in distinct street patterns and neighborhoods. As Ethiopia s economy is growing in recent years, according to the world bank the growth averaging to 10.3% a year for the last decade. Comparing to the region and Neighboring countries a growth of averaging 5.4%.Yet this double digit growth came suddenly after many decades of economic stagnation. Thus the growth was a long time coming with little to no infrastructure to support It. Addis ababa the capital of Ethiopia is also experiencing a rapid urbanization, with its history of being the central place for the market of the whole nation,its now burdened with a rapid economic activities. Ethiopia is still has a very low urbanization as only 20% of the country is urban while it is projected according to the world bank by 2038 30% of the population will be Dwelling in the urban areas. This indicates high population increase and rapid urbanization. Even though there are large cities and urban centers Addis Ababa takes on the larger burden taking in most of urban population and migration from rural areas.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 2 - Arada Market- Source: Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007)

Original city and market

Most early urban settlements in Ethiopia had served as centers for political and military control.Terefe, H. (2005). The central market of Addis Ababa also known as Arada was located on a flat area, ‘The central market was originally known as the Arada market and it was located in the old core of the city known by the same name.’Terefe, H. (2005), The market was there every day of the week except on Sundays, Saturday was a more popular day since the emperor was in his residence which is quite close to the market. The possibility of seeing the king brought people in droves. This open market named ‘arada’ was the biggest market in the nation, it was basically an open field where rows of people set their goods on the ground according to the ‘terra’( each good was sold in its own designated place). Mainly the goods were grains, spices,pepper, gold ,cotton and imported goods such as silk and cloth from India, England and north America. The market was more than a place of trading it was also where social justice, entertainment, meetings where held. “The only permanent features being two little thatched sentry Boxes perched on poles, where the Negadi Ras (Negadras) or chief of the merchants, and his assistants, sit on market days to Settle disputes, punish thieves, and generally superintend the fair” (ibid. p.48). Terefe, H. (2005).

Early settlements of Addis Ababa 1886-1939

Stream Road Local chiefs' residential areas Palace Livestock house

Merkato: articulating resilience

Arada market Residence for palace servants Mule house Workshop Addis Ababa

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Figure 1 - Addis Ababa - Source: - Based on the maps by Mahiteme, Y. (2007) Illustrated and edited by author.

When we see the first development of the Addis Ababa during the Menelik and Taytu’s rein we can understand the significance of socio political division among the feudalist system Thus making the mental plan of the empress more like a territorial division rather than a set plan of a city.This led to dividing some parts of the city to different chiefs by providing buffers in each territory to alleviate forthcoming conflicts. After 1896 the type of administration employed by the king and queen can be seen as a polycentric approach leaving most of the responsibility of the administration for each Chief. This formed overlapping of responsibilities and confusion for administering the city as a whole entity thus the 1907 intervention by *nâgâdrâs Wolde-Georgis aided by foreign and local advisors helped shaping the city with a municipality structure.(nâgâdrâs-chief of market)

*nâgâdrâs-chief of market- Part of the imperial government incharge of all markets, collects taxes and settle disagreements in the market. 16

Merkato: articulating resilience

1939-1945 An Italian Plan Even though during the Italian occupation the city of Addis Ababa was seen as a difficult city to be the center of the Italian colony for the its physical features which sparked many debates during the time. Addis Ababa did not qualify to be the center for the vision they had. Even the vegetation of eucalyptus was seen as a danger for the Italian occupiers but it was Mussolini who insisted on the capital to be Addis Ababa reasoning its status as a way to show the Italian power. Even if its location was Maintained the plan was to form a new city with a new plan.

POLITICAL CENTER STREET-LEVEL BUILDINGS WITH INTENSIVE CHARACTER BUILDINGS NOT FLUSH TO THE ROAD WITH AN INTENSIVE CHARACTER SINGLE HOUSES WITH GARDENS TERRACED HOUSES WITH VEGETABLE PATCH AND GARDEN INDIGENOUS QUARTER INDUSTRIAL ZONE RAILWAY AREA AIRPORT AREA PRIVATE PUBLIC PARKS EXPANSION FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND PARK ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION TO MOVE AND TO BUILD

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Figure 2- Italian master plan for Addis Ababa,ca. 1939 - Source: - Gresleri, G., Massaretti, P. G., & Bortolotti, A. (2008)

The land use plan designed by the Italians had a clear colonial intention in it effort to segregate the locals from the occupiers. By using natural physical features like rivers they planned to make hierarchy and division for the occupiers and the local people. This involved evicting local residents of the area reserved for itlainas and creating another quarters where all the locals can settle. The design also focued on renaming the major routes of AddisAbaba in the names of known boulevards of Italian roads but all the effertos done by the designers of the land use could not be completed to full extent thus only some parts of the city have relics of the 1939-45 urban planning schemesuch as Merkato where it was partially completed and grew to be part of the cities core.

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Map1- outlines of the Italian master plan showing major functions in the city - Source: - Author 2018

1- Merkato 2-Indigenous quarter including Merkato 3- Previous Market changed to European market 4-public parks separating Indigenous 5-Political center 6- European quarter(single houses with gardens) 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

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cities Developments during italian occupation ‘‘The Italian master plan failed to transform the city into ‘a beautiful modern East African colonial town’, as imagined by the Designers of the master plan. In general, Addis Ababa became characterized by both its former structure and the superimposed colonial plan of 1936–1941’’ Mahiteme, Y. (2007) In the process the Italian plan implementation, the native population was moved ‘indigenous quarters’ preventing the market to be held every day until 1937 when the market was moved to the newly constructed Merkato with shops and courtyards.

Stream Road Airport Green area Houses with garden Industrial area Indigenous market Indigenous settlement Mixed residential area Old city centre Old palace Planned but not developed Political centre cultural centre

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Figure 3 - cities Developments during italian occupation- Source: - Based on the maps by Mahiteme, Y. (2007) Illustrated and edited by author.

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Map2- outlines of the Addis Ababa during the italian occupation forming differently from the masterplan Source: - Author 2018

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1- Merkato 2-Indigenous settlement 3- Previous Market changed to European market 4-public parks 5- Political center 6-single houses with gardens 7- Central train station

1954 Abercrombie Sir Patrick Abercrombieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan was stated in 1946 and was officially completed in 1956, besides considering the italian plan as a practice from a fascist planning era and criticizing the grid street pattern which is the main character of merkato as â&#x20AC;?an embarrassment to a modern logical system of road communicationsâ&#x20AC;? Terefe, H. (2005) yet merkato was to be kept in its position.still there was a phasing plan of moving out wholesale commercial activities completely outside the center. The rest of the city was mainly organized through green belts that were also parkways(ring roads),neighbourhood units and open spaces.this was also not fully implemented but used as guidelines for the next masterplan.

Railway Road network Stream Commercial zone Cultural zone Green area Industrial zone Market area

Figure 4 - Abercrombies master plan- Source: - Based on the maps by Mahiteme, Y. (2007) Illustrated and edited by author.

Political centre Railway station Residential zone Sport Centre Old palace

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1- Merkato 2-Proposed Market 3- Previous Market/Commercial zone 4-Green area 5-Political center 6- Residential zone 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

Map3- while Merkato grows the plan was to move outside the city center - Source: - Author 2018

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1965 LE. De. Marien After 10 years of completion of Sir Patrick Abercrombie’s plan, the city had a new masterplan by a French architect L. de Marien,’Even though this master plan was formulated based on the revision of the previous master plans, it was prepared in the absence of a systematic evaluation of the socio-economic problems of the city and other weaknesses of the previous master plans.’Mahiteme, Y. (2007) Railway Stream Road network Administrative zone Expansion area Green Zone Handcraft zone Industrial zone Low density high density Sport field airport Old palace

Figure 5 - LE. De. Marien master plan for Addis Ababa - Source: - Based on the maps by Mahiteme, Y. (2007) Illustrated and edited by author.

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1- Merkato 2-Handcraft zone 3- Previous Market 4-Green area 5-Political center 6- Residential area 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

Map4- The lack of understanding about the socio economic situation led to total disregard to Merkato and a new larger area adjacent to Merkato was dedicated to handcraft Source: - Author 2018 20

Merkato: articulating resilience

1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan The Addis Ababa Master Plan of 1986 was a finalized by ethiopian team and italian planners Techeste and Ceccarelli, this plan was quite different as it had a socialist ideology,â&#x20AC;&#x2122;As a general objective the master plan sought to transform the city into a modern urban system and, of course, into one that could reflect the image of a socialist country.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Terefe, H. (2005), Merkato was planned to expand and eventually included in the CBD of the city.By the time the master plan was approved to be implemented the city had grown organically essentially rendering the plan irrelevant.

LEGEND Existing residential areas Project residential areas Government offices and Military installations Private direction Merkato Directional public Industries and crafts Transport Industry centers University Primary viability

Figure 6 - he Addis Ababa Master Plan of 1986 was a finalized by ethiopian team and italian planners Techeste and Ceccarelli Source: - Terefe, H. (2005).

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1- Merkato 2-Industry center 3- Previous Market 4-Green area 5-CBD 6- Residential area 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

Map5- In this plan Merkato was recognized as an important part of the city,indicating for Merkato to grow.unfortunately the plan was a little too late - Source: - Author 2018

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Primary project viability

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2002 ORAMP

Figure 7- Addis Ababa Master Plan published a revised master plan Source: - TAddis Ababa masterplan revision project office

In 2002 the Office for the Revision of Addis Ababa Master Plan published a revised master plan, mekrato was identified as a primary central market over 46 formal and informal markets in the city.the issue of accessibility and standard were indicated in the study.the proposed solution included upgrading secondary open air markets, redevelop Merkato, build a bridge and roads to connect to the ring road and establish acceptable levels of informal trade and production. In the attempt of redevelopment in merkato was in progress,Â&#x2019;with the intention of turning Mercato into a business and shopping district, an infringement from the outside hinting at a new form of domination.Â&#x2019;AngĂŠlil, M., & Hebel, D. (Eds.). (2016)the first reaction by businessmen and shop owners resulted in rethinking in the process of development.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Early settlement (1888-1935)

Merkato: articulating resilience

Addis Ababa growth

Italian period(1935-1941)

Figure 8- Growth ofAddis Ababa Source: - Addis Ababa masterplan revision project office edited by author.

The Derg era(1974-1991)

Post-Derg era(1991-2013)

Even though the city had almost seven masterplans, each seem to have come a little too late, by the time the plans have been approved the city would have already grown.Instead of working with the existing situation each new administration preferred to start from scratch and propose a new masterplan.yet Merkato is an ambivalent space of formal and informal, which was its strength to endure many plans.

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Reality

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1939-1945 An Italian Plan

Italian period(1935-1941)

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1- Merkato 2-Proposed Market 3- Previous Market/Commercial zone 4-Green area 5-Political center 6- Residential zone 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

1954 Abercrombie Post Italian period(1941-1974)

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1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan

1- Merkato 2-Industry center 3- Previous Market 4-Green area 5-CBD 6- Residential area 7-Central train station 8-Old Palace

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2018 Draft structure plan of Addis Ababa

Figure 9 - Draft structure plan of Addis Ababa - Source: - Addis Ababa masterplan revision project office

After a failure to reach an agreement with the surrounding cities of Addis Ababa, the integrated plan was scraped and a new structure plan was made.The concept of the current plan is a guide to connect the existing with the future of the city.It takes into consideration the rapid development and integration.currently Addis Ababa has 1,300 wholesaling and 49,800 retail establishments,one third of of these business are found in and around Merkato, this is not including the informal commercial activities.thus the new plan considers the recent developments of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;mall-typeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; buildings as an oversight of the former planning practice, as the italian colonnade shops and the open and semi open market are a fading character of the market.

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Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 3 - Open air Market Merkato- Source: Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007)

The “ethiopianzation’’ After the end of the italian occupation the emperor returning from exile had new ideas concerning market system and governance.one of the policies he was pushing for private investment which included foreign investments.This resulted in many foreign modern industries which did nothing for the local labour market , since these factories where highly mechanized and required advanced skilles.thus the majority of the local population was left to small scale industries and odd jobs. In this era informal commercial activities were bread and butter for the new migrants moving to Addis Ababa,almost all trading and informal commercial activities was held in Merkato. Nationalization In the´ derg ´ socialist regime which started in 1975 declared all land, private business and any extra holdings to be nationalized. under the slogan of distribution of land, wealth and infrastructure the nation was altered overnight. Local business were under strict state control while big industries were almost completely nationalized, creating pressure for the state to provide almost all jobs in the job market, this further accelerated the population to engage in ‘small scale trade and activities as a means to sustain their lives. “...Addis Ababa itself is not enviable.50% of the labour force is engaged on traditional forms of activities: small scale production and services, market activities and urban agriculture (Assrat 1985). With more restriction on the market it gave way to the growth of black market, Merkato had two faces in this era the one open to the public place of trade the other one where shop owners and business men dealt in back rooms to make some profit(which was not much). Free economy After the end of the socialist era the economy did not immediately convert to free trade, the policy of redistribution of economic growth had a socialist rhetoric under the name ‘revolutionary democracy’.One of the focus was Agricultural development led industrialization (ADLI). This gave focus on betterment of farmers yet was not strong enough to up lift the whole country especially urban centers, which by this time small trades and industries were a major way to survive. ‘In 1993 the market mode of land allocation was reintroduced through a new land lease policy following change of government and adoption of the structural adjustment and adaption of the structural adjustment programs.The policy removed restrictions on the size of holdings’ Terefe, H. (2005). This changed everything for Merkato as businessmen who were renting could buy their shops and own their home as well.this also opened a door for precarious development. Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 4 - View towards taxi stop in Merkato- Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 5 - Activities in Merkato- Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Chapter 2 EVOLUTION OF MERKATO

Evolution of Merkato When we see the development of the original market place in accordance with the settlement of the king and queen settlement it was an organic development of the area with a triangular shape. The different divisions of the market were made based on the type of goods sold. The movement of the market from its original location to the north west of the city shaped the market in an orderly manner division. But the new market still kept its division of tera according to the materials sold on that particular area. Military tera was one of earliest teras in the merkato it had god access on all sides of the market and mainly composed of larger shops originally used for wholesale and larger retail businesses. This tera is further divided to smaller teras with the names of the goods sold in those particular places.the name military tera originated from the type of clothing sold in that particular place that resembled like military outfits. During the occupation of the italians they wanted to develop the place for the native population more than a marketplace but a civic center integrating different functions in the area.

Merkato: articulating resilience

‘A few years after liberation, a new church (the Saint Raguel Church) was built adjacent to the mosque on the market side. Juxtaposition of a church and a mosque is unusual in the history of the country.’ Terefe, H. (2005)

Figure10 - Italian master plan for the relocated market quarter, ca. 1939- Source: Angélil, M., & Hebel, D. (Eds.). (2016). Cities of Change–Addis Ababa: Transformation Strategies for Urban Territories in the 21st Century. Birkhäuser.

Merkato: articulating resilience

The terra system 1Hay Tera 2 Key Tera 3 Tin Roofing Tera 4 Bottle Tera 5 Gas Tera 6 Butter Tera 7 Metal Tera 8Tin Roofing Tera 9Mesob Tera (Mesob is a traditional bowl with an assortment ofpatterns madefrom Raffia palm fibres for communal eating 10 Qocho Tera (Qocho is °flat bread made from banana plant, typically eaten with Kiffo steak tartare) 11 Yarn Tera 12 Vegetable Tera 13Dish Tera 14 Frankincense Tera 15 Straw Tera 16 Gesho Tera (Gehso is Rhamnus Prinoides leaf used to make traditional alcoholic beverages) 0 17Blanket Tera 18 Adere Sefer (Adere is the name of an ethnic group in Ethiopia and Sefer means neighbourhood) 19 Coffee Tera 20Ceramic Tera 21Berbere Tera (Berbere is a red pepper spice used in Ethiopian food) 22 Gima Tera (Gima is a small cup outside of Addis Ababa) 23 Meat Tera 24Bomb Tera 25Sidamo Tera 26 Paint Tera 27 Khat Tera (Khat is a flowering plant native to the horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula) 28Web Tera 29Tana Mall (Tana is the name of the building and the name of a lake in Ethiopia) 30 Carpet Tera 31 Military Tera 32Dubai Tera 33Adarash (Hall)1 34 Adarash (Hall)2 35 Gold Tera 36 Butter Tern 37 Box Tera 38 Gojam Berenda(Gojam is a province in Ethiopia Berenda means Poarch) 39 city bus station 40 Amede mall (Amede is the name of the former mayor)

38 Anwar mosque

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Evolution of the Market system Negadras( chief of the merchants) Important social standing

The Market system Before occupation

Tax collector Rest of world Community market

Regional market

Exchange

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Exchange between all parts of the nation

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Foreigners mostly Muslim yemanies traders and merchants

Open market Social

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The Market system after occupation

As there were no Ethiopian merchants ( considered not a noble job), most of the shop owners (foreigners)were absent from open market happenings

Merkato: articulating resilience

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Tax collector Rest of world Community market

Regional market

Exchange

Rest of nation Market

Exchange btween all parts of the nation

distrbution point

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open market/ closed market

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Evolution of the Market system The Market system during nationalization

State Trading Organizations

Tax collector

Regional market

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distrbution point

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Exchange btween all parts of the nation

86% of exports and 90% of imports were managed by the STOs

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Community market

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tourist

air by air

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Rapid evolution 2005-2018

New developments built 2005-2018 0

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Forms and norms The market place in the urban areas of Addis Ababa has always had a vibrant and interactive space for consumers and sellers. Historically the open marketplace has seen different people coming from rural parts of the city to bring and sell their products for the urban buyers. Following this the market has usually been based on negotiation and some banter between the sellers and the buyers. The lively dealing of the customers with the vendor’s has always been the nature of most markets in the city. In most open markets in the city the venders or shop owners have a chance to entice the passer by to visit there corner or shop. The array of product displayed in open markets like Merkato. Merkato as many other African cities and markets is full of appropriation, negotiation and contestation.This Phenomena is not only present in the business activities but visible in the spaces of the market.with its almost 80 years of existence Merkato has seen different attempts in trying to modernize and contain the market.

Merkato: articulating resilience

In each different political and economic era of the nation,new forms appeared in Merkato while the everyday norms of the market appropriated to its needs.In 1937 the shops that were designed by the occupying force Italy fIg.was slowly appropriated to fit the nature or the norm of the market which includes use of circulation (verandas) as a place of vending and storage, the stairs take on many use according to the time of the day.

Image 6 - Activities in Merkato- Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Containment There were many attempts to modernise and contain the market. Going back to the origin of merkato, the central market was moved and contained in a grid plan partially, to become ambiguous spaces of colonial planning and indigenous appropriation.The appropriation and intensification of the market continued through the next decades.yet it was not completely left to the organic growth, there were several efforts to control it. Under italian occupation the move of Arada Market t o the northwest of the city, changed the essence and structure of the market f or the first time in the country’s history “ The orthogonal blocks and streets were designed to measure and contain local ambitions, diseases and perversions. It was meant to create a specific conception of control (Fligstein,2001),” Admassu, E. (2017).The new plan for the central market not only contained and controlled the indigenous population it was a plan to have a center with civic and leisure functions. The ambiguous spaces for the ingenious population which were courtyards and squares were slowly occupied with platforms which were at the time the smallest unit of exchange and commerce “...Platforms were supplied to merchants on permanent basis partly on payment and partly for ‘free’ (ibid.).3 Retailers and others were encouraged to establish permanent stalls and fixed retail outlets according to their capacity, within the framework.”Terefe, H. (2005) After the end of italian occupation the emperor of Ethiopia was determined to modernise the capital, including the market.some structures built by the italians were removed, a new market hall was constructed in the 1960s.this new way of containing the market was focused on ‘cleaning-up’ and modernising the city center not production of tradespace.the containment of the market was not out of necessity but superficiality.

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Another round of an attempt in modernising and containing the market in the era of socialism was an introduction of a department store. The first market to leave the ground floor in the history of markets in the country.Although having reinforced concrete facade with 8000 square meters of retail space should be a welcomed form in the busiest market in the city,it operated so differently from the typical merkato system it became an alien to the area.eventually converting to a stall shop system in the 1990s.

After the end of the socialist era the economy did not immediately convert to free trade, the policy of redistribution of economic growth had a socialist rhetoric under the name ‘revolutionary democracy’.One of the focus was Agricultural development led industrialization (ADLI). This gave focus on betterment of farmers yet was not strong enough to up lift the whole country especially urban centers, which by this time small trades and industries were a major way to survive. ‘In 1993 the market mode of land allocation was reintroduced through a new land lease policy following change of government and adoption of the structural adjustment and adaption of the structural adjustment programs.The policy removed restrictions on the size of holdings’ Terefe, H. (2005). Since 1991 merkato experienced the biggest change, affecting all levels of commercial activity, buildings with more than 2 levels began to appear intensifying 2005-2015.This was a result of political change, government policy and the global market.It seems the containment this time is unorganized, with no real intention of modernizing but fulfilling an imaginary view of the market participated by the architect, planner and even the merchant. On each attempt of containment the market fights back, it flows out into the streets undoing all the efforts of cleaning, modernising and ordering.

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Merkato: articulating resilience

Italian shops ca.1937

Image 7 - Italian shops Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

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Market hall ca.1964

Image 8 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Departement store ca.1980s

Image 9 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Mall ca.2005

Image 10 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Location

Mall

Departement store

Market hall

Merkato: articulating resilience

Italian shops

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Italian shops ca.1937

Image 12 - Merkato - Source: Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007)

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 11 - Merkato - Source: Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007)

Image 13 and 14 - Merkato - Source: Author’s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Italian shops ca.1937

Merkato: articulating resilience

Originally designed as a courtyard, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s now covered appropriated as a storage area.

The circulation (veranda) is appropriated as a fluid area where it is used as temporary storage and space for vendors.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Market hall ca.1964

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 15 and 16 - Merkato - Source: Author’s image, 2018

Folded concrete roof

Thin glass window

Rectangular columns

Masonry skin

Retailing platform

Source: Knebel, N. (2013).ADDIS MODERN Re-discovering the 1960s Architecture of Africa‘s Capital City. EiABC 86

analytical isometric drawing of the building‘s parts

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 17 and 18 - Merkato - Source: Author’s image, 2018

Market hall ca.1964

Merkato: articulating resilience

The market hall functions as designed as the idea of the building was to clean up the market and house it in a hygienic and orderly manner.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Departement store ca.1980s

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 19 and 20 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Image 21 and 22- Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Departement store ca.1980s

Merkato: articulating resilience

Initially designed as a department store,it later changed to stall shops which better suited the market. The open plan also made it easy to divide the area to small stall shops

Merkato: articulating resilience

Addis Mall ca.2005

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 23 and 24 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Image 25 and 26 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Addis Mall ca.2005

The new malls are designed without the consideration to its environment and the market, it mimics the malls around the world ill fitted for Merkato.This can be seen in its use of space, as floors above 2nd are used as storage space, yet designed as retail space.

Merkato: articulating resilience

New Mall ca.2013

Mimicry

Merkato: articulating resilience

In recent years the development malls in a traditionally open market type places has seen this interaction being blocked and creating an obstacle to the existing system and urban fabric. As one unit of block is a tissue in the overall urban fabric the interruption in this tissue cause a disorder. The malls built in this area might be appropriate in other parts of the city but for the population who maintained their livelihoods in this system of market it would be highly inappropriate to enforce a foreign market place where the seller is bound by the structure and the buyer is isolated from the shops that were normally accessed and seen.

Image 27 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Mimicry

Image 28 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

As new developments are in progress of construction the perimeter around the building are used as space of commerce Image 29 - Merkato - Source: Wiens, Mark. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Largest Market.â&#x20AC;? Migrationology Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Temporary vendors, use any surface they can get access to to set up shop.

Image 30 - Merkato - Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Microcosm Merkato has always had its own microcosm, it has been said ‘ ...(merkato) is thehighest expression of urban life...conveying all the theories of organizing a place or a city in actuality, be it as a network of shops, merchants or living spaces this is all here.’ Prof Dr Ing Dirk Donath expressed it in 2011 Recycling Spaces - A day in Addis Ababa’s Merkato.In this hustling and bustling cheos of the market which functions as an organism, each cell of this organism works in a hierarchy and network system in which the successful workings of the cell are essential for the organism to have a healthy life cycle. ‘Not merely a hub of trade, the quarter serves as a settlement in its own right, integrating a multitude of mutually supportive functions: it is a place where goods are sold and produced; it is likewise a place of residence,social encounter, and religious worship.’ Angélil, M., & Siress, C. (2010).A

The day officially start for theses cells at 7:00am, the commute to merkato starts much earlier for those who live in the periphery of the city, as early as 5-4 am which is most merchants and businessmen while daily laborers and porters live in close proximity in shared rooms adjacent to the central market. To reach this melting pot of ethiopian social and ethnicity, one can use minibus taxis, public buses or the newly inaugurated light railway tram. Most merchants and vendors prefer using the minibus since public transport have strict requirements of transporting goods. Wholesale Customers,middle men and porters start dominating the streets around 7:30 am with their isuzu trucks and toyota pickups.small shop owners bargain with minibus taxi drivers for a fair ride for their goods destination. Amidst the negotiation of traders and distributors the coffee ladies make their rounds offering coffee, tea, anbasha(type of bread), sambusa( fried dough filled with lentils or meat) and donuts. By mid morning the market would don another layer of customers and cells,retail shoppers would start making their way to the specific ‘terra’ looking for a good deal.Shop owners spring to action shouting to passers bys and customers if they wanted this or that item.The street vendors shout at the top of their lungs advertising their products, they will not have a lot of sales at this hour as most of their customers are working class people with 8: 30am till 5:00pm jobs. In mid day the market calms down as activities get into their groove, as deals are settled, contacted jobs are done, porters and taxi drivers take their lunch break the congested street start untangling.coffee vendors run around trying to satisfy the customary afternoon coffee habit. In the late afternoon the market is set ablaze again as retail customers arrive after end of their working hours. Street vendors completely fill the main streets using small plastic tarp as a platform to show off their product, at the meantime the taxi drivers offer a higher rate price to transport goods and people for customers, shop owners, distributors and even street vendors as they are the most flexible public transport in terms of time and haul space. As the day ends street vendors collect their merchandise some carrying them on foot while others prefer to use the minbustaxi, shop owners start closing up to head back home.This rhythm is repeated everyday, except on fridays and sundays where large part of the society takes a day to pay respect to their respective religions. As the market oscillates between formal and informal it also swings between urban and rural resulting in multicity of space and function.

Merkato: <title>

Who are these cells: The big businessmen, customers, coffee ladies,city administration, middel men , taxi , porters...

Microcosm

wholesaler

Merkato: articulating resilience

Temporary vendors

Mobile vendors Shops

Porter

Taxi driver

Middle man/ transporter

Platform vendors

Coffee vendors

customer 58

Merkato: articulating resilience

Shoe shiner Street

Merkato: articulating resilience

Microcosm

Image 30 and 31 - Merkato - Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Microcosm

Around 3:00pm as the market was in its ambgous state of rest and movement,i had a conversation with a street vendor selling mens and womens clothing.his name is Petros [age 22], he was advertising his clothe he asked me if i wanted a blouse, he would give me discount on it, the conversation took a more casual tone as he did not have customers to chase.Translated from Amharic in summary: Me: where do you come from each morning? Petros : I live in bole bulbula in a squatting neighbourhood (cherka bet) i rent with my 3 friends, I wake up early before students and people who work in offices crowd the transports, I take Anbesa bus (public transport) I arrive in merkato around 6:00-6:30. Me: are you allowed to bring your goods on the bus? Petros : there is no way they will let me in with my stuff, i store my stuff with a shopkeeper, he keeps it for me in return i help him when he is busy i port for him. It is always better keep your stuff here. It is safe in the market if i get robbed i would lose everything and i don’t have to pay for transport. Me: when did you move to Addis Ababa? Petros : just last year,i got adapted to the market quite quickly, my friends helped also. I am doing well.I started speaking Amharic without any accent in 6 months[ Amharic is the working language in Addis Ababa] i am very proud of my self some people take much longer to speak in Amharic. Me: where do you buy your goods? Petros : i have a friend who buys the clothes from a closed auction, it happens very mysteriously he wouldn’t even tell me where they have it , but I know it’s in the market somewhere.he sells it to me on a fair price and its upto me to sell it with a profit. ME:what do you think of these new constructed buildings? Petros : these buildings have always been here, i only came last year , i hear the old shopkeepers complaining but i think they are a sign of modernisation. There are no big buildings back home[rural southern ethiopia] it’s a sign of being urban.

Merkato: <title>

Image 32- Petros[22] - Source: Author’s image, 2018

Image 33 and 34- Merkato- Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: <title>

Merkato: articulating resilience 61

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: articulating resilience Merkato: articulating resilience

Tissue/morphology/ commercial/residence/workshop

Merkato: articulating resilience

commercial

Residence

workshop

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Merkato: <title>

Merkato: articulating resilience 64

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: <title>

Temporality Activities 6:30-7:30 am in Merkato

mobile informal sellers

cars/lorries/ trucks

Porters Stationary informal sellers

formal shops/ market

Porters

cars/lorries/ trucks

Stationary informal sellers

New shops/stores

In mid day the market calms down as activities get into their groove, as deals are settled, contacted jobs are done, porters and taxi drivers take their lunch break the congested street start untangling. coffee vendors run around trying to satisfy the customary afternoon coffee habit.

formal shops/ market

mobile informal sellers

Stationary informal sellers

formal shops/ market

Porters

cars/lorries/ trucks

Stationary informal sellers

Merkato: articulating resilience

Activities 12:30-1:30 pm in Merkato

New shops/stores

Activities 5:30-6:30 pm in Merkato

In the late afternoon the market is set ablaze again as retail customers arrive after end of their working hours. Street vendors completely fill the main streets using small plastic tarp as a platform to show off their product, at the meantime the taxi drivers offer a higher rate price to transport goods and people for customers, shop owners, distributors and even street vendors as they are the most flexible public transport in terms of time and haul space.

formal shops/ market

mobile informal sellers

cars/lorries/ trucks

Porters Stationary informal sellers

formal shops/ market

Porters

cars/lorries/ trucks

Stationary informal sellers

New shops/stores 0

4KM

Merkato: articulating resilience

Activities in newly built buildings

mobile informal sellers

Merkato: articulating resilience

Porters

Stationary informal sellers

4KM

Merkato: articulating resilience

Activities around italian shops

formal shops/ market

mobile informal sellers

Porters

Stationary informal sellers

formal shops/ market 0

Merkato: articulating resilience

4KM

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 35- Merkato source:Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/ addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 36- Merkato source:Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/ addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 37 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 38 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: articulating resilience Merkato: articulating resilience

Chapter 3 RE THINKING MERKATO the challenge of supporting this market is to keep the ground floor as seamless to the street as possible, through its history and the current development the essence of the market is its fast and easy interaction between customers and shopkeepers and all the characters in between who aid and enrich the market. The main research question is how can Mekatos resilience and inclusivity be kept through this precarious developments?

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 39 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

If this precarious development continue Merkato will be filled with high rise commercial buildings which will function as it is functioning now, losing its inclusivity as more spaces(ground floor) will be taken up new buildings and congested with cars spaces for appropriation will be lost.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 40 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

To preserve the resilience and the ground floor activity,there should be a strategy to create horizontality and accessibility to all parts of the market, while keeping new developments going.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Infrastructure and flow

Merkato: articulating resilience

In the near future most goods should come through the national railway then connect to Light railway system indicated in the color red and magenta.Flow of people should also use the national railway and the existing inter city bus terminal.Within the city the system of BRT and LRT should create an efficient public transport.

BRT_LINE - BUS RAPID TRANSIT MRT-LINE (mass rapidtransit ) LRT-LINE (light rail transit line) (existing) LRT-LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT LINE (Extension ) NATIONAL RAIL WAY STREET RAIL STATION

10KM

Merkato: articulating resilience

Infrastructure and flow

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1000M

Merkato: articulating resilience

Legend Strategic five year development plan Shops and whole salers Under construction more than 5 levels Parking building Green buffer and parks City bus terminal Inter City Bus Terminal BRT_line - bus rapid transit MRT-line (mass rapid transit ) LRT-line (light rail transit line) (existing) LRT-Light rail transit line (extension ) Street

Infrastructure and flow

Legend Strategic five year development plan Shops and whole salers

Merkato: articulating resilience

Under construction more than 5 levels Parking building Green buffer and parks City bus terminal Inter City Bus Terminal BRT_line - bus rapid transit MRT-line (mass rapid transit ) LRT-line (light rail transit line) (existing) LRT-Light rail transit line (extension ) Street

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500

1000M

Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

A significant part of the city are transportation terminals they provide commuters not only as transportation hub but a place of interaction between people of the rural and the urbanite as they bring different people with diverse background to socialize. They also hold importance as a landmark in the city but they are expensive and require an abundant amount of land to realize a regional terminal in the city. Vehicle parking space in the city also plays major role in decisions making of route often the lack of this structure makes our movement to our destination.

Figure12 - modal share of Addis Ababa 2015 Source:Addis Ababa masterplan revision project office

Merkato: articulating resilience

Providing a space for transportation hub adjacent Merkato and having a landmark is one of the strategies,to have a good flow of people and goods without congesting the already congested market.

Image 4 - View towards taxi stop in Merkato- Source:Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

Image 41 - Merkato - Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

Image 42 - Merkato - Source: Wiens, Mark. “Addis Mercato - Chaos and Beauty at Africa’s Largest Market.” Migrationology - Food Travel Blog, 8 Sept. 2015, migrationology.com/addis-mercato-market/.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Activities and flow of Merkato

activities in and around Merkatoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street Merkato: articulating resilience

Open spaces in Merkato

Merkato: articulating resilience

While the market is congested with little open space, large settlements are being demolished to make way for new developments.

open spaces in Merkatos 0

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Merkato: articulating resilience

Image 43 - Addis Ketema subcity, - Source: google image, 2018 85

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato

Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

Flow of people and goods. Image 44 - Merkato subcity - Source: google image, 2018 Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

PARK

SHOPS

BUS STATION

MAIN ROAD

RIVER

TRAM GOODS STATION

Merkato: articulating resilience

INTERNAL ROAD

open ground floor creats continuous surface for pedestrians and vending movement of goods aligning with the existing grid of circulation

Merkato: articulating resilience

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strategies :expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

PARK

SHOPS

BUS STATION

MAIN ROAD

RIVER

TRAM GOODS STATION

Merkato: articulating resilience

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Merkato: articulating resilience

INTERNAL ROAD

strategies :Microcosm/ containment /temporality expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

Merkato: articulating resilience

100

Service elevators

Sidewalk

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Goods tram stop

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Sidewalk

Tram stop for people

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Boulevard

500 M

Sidewalk

SectionA:A

Merkato: articulating resilience

strategies :Microcosm/ containment /temporality expanding the ground floor through infrastructure

Building with open ground floor

Pedestrian street

Building with open ground floor

Sidewalk

since precedence is given to pedestrian activity, vehicles can use the building ground floor which to get around, thus discouraging the use of motorized vehicles. SectionB:B

Merkato: articulating resilience

Sidewalk

Taking advantage of the existing topography and the need for a transportation hub adjusent can result in pedestrian safe street with less congested streets. This also creates an opportunity for a better market organization and flow of people and goods.

Merkato: articulating resilience

Conclusion

Merkato: articulating resilience

There strategies tries to tackle the existing and coming social and economical situation by organizing the market with a type of annex to Merkato. Merkatos resilience through the years can be attributed to the kind of free movement and activity of the ground floor.This is clearly demonstrated in the analysis of this book, the four main concepts to take mind of when considering new strategies are: Microcosm- the continuity of this market in the age of e-commerce lies in its social connection and hands on communication between different agents in Merkato.By providing continuous surface (ground floor), it provides a perfect environment for the symbiotic relations to flourish. containment- In the past there has been a continuous effort to house Mekato in 3-4 archetypes of buildings, while this has been an opportunity to appropriate and improvise to make new spaces. It has pushed its resilience to its limit. Instead of throwing new forms every 5 to 10 years the solution maybe to free it.while in the strategy small buildings their maximum depth reaching 25 meters can aid and facilitate interactions in the market but having free reign in the ground floor un contains the market which would still be an aid to the existing market. Temporality- As any market Merkato has its own rhythm and pulse as seen in chapter 2.In the proposed annex it would follow the lead from the main center of Merkato.Yet this annex has two big main infrastructures providing both goods flow and people flow. thus this flow will also dictate its temporality. Infrastructure-for country such as Ethiopia infrastructure is in short supply.Providing an efficient public transport not only gives much needed connection for the city it will also positively affect the social and economic situation of the market.

Merkato: articulating resilience

ground floor

Image 45 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

ground floor

Image 46 - Merkato - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image, 2018

Merkato: articulating resilience

Reference and readings Terefe, H. (2005). Contested Space: Transformation of Inner-city Market Areas and Users’ Reaction in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Department of Urban Design and Planning. Angélil, M., & Hebel, D. (Eds.). (2016). Cities of Change–Addis Ababa: Transformation Strategies for Urban Territories in the 21st Century. Birkhäuser. Admassu, E. (2017). Echoes of a Market. Materia Arquitectura, (14), 108-111. Batistoni, M., & Chiari, G. P. (2004). Old tracks in the new flower: a historical guide to Addis Ababa. Arada books. Mörtenböck, P., & Mooshammer, H. (2015). Informal Market Worlds: The Architecture of Economic Pressure-ATLAS. nai010 publishers. Mahiteme, Y. (2007). Carrying the Burden of Long-term Ineffective Urban Planning An Overview of Addis Ababa’s Successive Master plans and their Implications on Growth of the City (No. 7). Working papers on population and land use change in central Ethiopia. Angélil, M., & Siress, C. (2010). Addis Through the Looking-Glass. disP-The Planning Review, 46(182), 8-13. Giorghis, F., & Gérard, D. (2007). The City & Its Architectural Heritage: Addis Ababa 1886-1941. Shama Books. Cerreti, C., Zagnoni, S., Gresleri, G., Massaretti, P. G., & Ciucci, G. (1993). Architettura italiana d’oltremare 1870-1940. MARSILIO EDITORI. Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview Gresleri, G., Massaretti, P. G., & Bortolotti, A. (2008). Architettura italiana d’oltremare: atlante iconografico. Bononia University Press. Gruen, V. (1964). The heart of our cities: the urban crisis: diagnosis and cure. Simon and Schuster. Wall, A. (2005). Victor Gruen: from urban shop to new city. Actar. judy Chung, C., Inaba, J., KoolHaas, R., & Leong, S. (2004). Project on the city 2, Harvard Design school guide to shopping. Decoding Transportation Policy & Practice, The State of the Nation’s Intercity Rail, 12. Knebel, N. (2013).ADDIS MODERN Re-discovering the 1960s Architecture of Africa‘s Capital City. EiABC

Merkato: articulating resilience

Merkato: articulating resilience Merkato: articulating resilience