Dissertation - Enhancing the Functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

ENHANCING THE FUNCTIONALITY OF DERELICT AND LIMINAL SPACES THROUGH PLACEMAKING

Samruddhi Jitendra Sawant MA Architecture and Urbanism

COPYRIGHTS © 2022 Manchester, United Kingdom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manchester School of Architecture Manchester Metropolitan University (Student ID: 21388182) University of Manchester (Student ID: 11011026) Copyright reserved by Samruddhi Jitendra Sawant MA Architecture and Urbanism

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The compilation of this dissertation would not have been accomplished without the help and support of my tutor Sandaru Weerasinghe. Her constant encouragement and feedback motivated me to achieve consistent benchmarks and produce this document successfully.

ABSTRACT The constantly changing needs of the city in the recent decades have caused the urban fabric to become disorganised creating social and economic inefficiency. Due to the loss of function, spaces become derelict and fall prey to adverse conditions impacting the surroundings negatively. There is a need to uplift these spaces for public benefit through urban renewal and

I would like to thank the highly qualified teaching staff of MA Architecture and Urbanism for

placemaking as a strategy for revitalisation. Several forms of placemaking are defined and

giving me this opportunity and my peers and classmates for their valuable inputs.

studied to address the function, sociability and economy. Gentrification as an impact of

Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my friends and family for believing in me and keeping my

placemaking and an attempt to achieve a balance between the two is crucial. The study analyses

spirits high during my study.

two case studies based on the defined characters and makes a comparison to gain findings. It is observed that different types of placemaking strategies come into play cohesively to make the spaces multifunctional, diverse and adaptive to different circumstances. An essential balance between placemaking and gentrification is studied and analysed for further implementation in similar public spaces. The main objective remains to create successful and liveable public spaces by using the tool of placemaking and enhancing their functionality for the greater good.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5. Conclusion 5.1. Limitations 5.2. Recommendations

1. Introduction 1.1. Aim

6. Bibliography

1.2. Objectives 1.3. Research Questions

2. Literature Review 2.1. Definitions 2.2. Placemaking 2.3. Forms of Placemaking 2.4. Analysing abandoned spaces 2.5. Impact of Gentrification

3. Methodology

4. Empirical Work and Discussion 4.1. Case Studies A. Canary Wharf B. Bryant Park 4.2. Methods of Analysis A. Mapping B. Typo-morphologic C. Rhythm D. Mental Maps 4.3. Application in Case Studies A. Mapping: History and Urban Context B. Typo-morphologic: Placemaking Strategies C. Rhythm: Activity and Sociability D. Mental Maps: Representation and Approach 4.4. Summary

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 31: Activity mapping of Bryant Park Figure 32: Mental map of Canary Wharf Figure 33: Mental map of Bryant Park

Figure 1: Public Space fostering human connections Figure 2: Placemaking

Table 1: Comparison of Case Studies for the types of Placemaking

Figure 3: Qualities of Placemaking Figure 4: Representation map of abandoned areas in Aberdeen Figure 5: Typological map of Castlegate Figure 6: Rhythm Analysis of Castlegate Figure 7: Aberdeen mental map Figure 8: Resources and renewal along the abandoned railway, Jhangjiakou Figure 9: Maps showing the location of Canary Wharf in London, United Kingdom Figure 10: Canary Wharf Masterplan Figure 11: Arial view of the estate Figure 12: Events in Canada Square Park and Montgomery Square Figure 13: Green cover in Jubilee Park (left) and Harbour Square Park Figure 14: Public art and open space in Westferry Circus and Columbus Courtyard Figure 15: Cabot Square Figure 16: Activities along the harbour Figure 17: Location of Bryant Park in the United States Figure 18: Seating in Bryant Park Figure 19: Landscape and cafes in the park Figure 20: Seasonal horticulture in the park Figure 21: Bryant Park in Christmas Figure 22: Activities and sports in the park Figure 23: Types of Placemaking and their connection with indicators Figure 24: Factors of placemaking for case study analysis Figure 25: The old docklands Figure 26: History of development, Canary Wharf Figure 27: Timeline of Bryant Park (Bryant Park, 2011) Figure 28: Modes of access and landmarks, Canary Wharf Figure 29: Modes of access and landmarks, Bryant Park Figure 30: Activity mapping of Canary Wharf Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

1. INTRODUCTION Public spaces are the most important components of the city since they provide an opportunity of breathing within the chaos. They provide a platform for leisure, interaction, community living and thereby help in building a wholesome environment. They improve the mental and physical health of citizens. They enable unbiased interaction and gathering of all kinds of people without any barriers and liberate individuals to be their own selves. Figure 1 shows the fostering of human connections in a public space and their inter-relationship.

Growing urbanisation has resulted in the sprawling of settlements in an unending pattern failing to recognise the potential of liminal and derelict spaces. These spaces often remain underused and neglected. They not only degrade the space where they prevail but also its neighbourhood and the city on a larger scale. Derelict spaces invite illegal activities and hamper the urban fabric. In an attempt to activate these spaces for public use, social interaction, economic exchange and enhance the quality of life, placemaking strategies can be implemented.

Placemaking can have several approaches right from healthy environmental concerns to policymaking. It can be via cultural means, urban art forms, principles of design and many more.

Figure 1: Public Space fostering human connections (Pintos, 2020)

Ståhle (2018:1) states, ‘Cities all over the world are growing and transforming through processes of densification and sprawl. Open spaces, private and public, are being turned into buildings, infrastructure and new landscapes of public spaces, parks, plazas, playgrounds and natural areas are emerging. These spatial structures define the cultural, social, economic and political functions of cities. In the processes of urbanization, public space plays a crucial role in the creation of social and economic value for neighbourhoods, cities and regions. Planning and design of public space are critical to sustainable urban development.’

Haas and Mehaffy (2019) say that there is an urgent need for the revival of public open spaces considering their qualitative and quantitative decline at an alarming rate. They are important for creating social, economic and environmentally beneficial environments. According to many critics, urban design has been focused on developing the built rather than the unbuilt and requires a place-led or placemaking approach. Public spaces should be free, accessible and barrier-free demonstrating the inclusion of all without any race, caste, sex, gender or ethnicity preference thereby creating a socially just society.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

‘Public spaces offer the capacity to support a complex agenda of liveability and

1.1. AIM:

sociability, economic prosperity, community cohesion, social justice, and overall sustainability for cities’ (Haas and Mehaffy, 2019:3).

The aim of the research is to explore the potential functionality of liminal and derelict spaces in the urban fabric through placemaking strategies.

Despite their importance, public spaces are poorly integrated into the built fabric affecting the economy, social and environmental value of the place. They must be treated as an essential asset in line with others like transport, infrastructure and services. The world is realising the

1.2. OBJECTIVES:

need for re-urbanisation and there are several examples of the same. Many Asian cities are

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To study derelict and liminal spaces and understand their potential and shortcomings.

proceeding towards pedestrian-oriented places, reviving abandoned spaces, regenerating

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To define placemaking and its approach towards community participation, social and

riverfronts and creating energy-efficient and self-sustaining environments. For instance, in Mostar, Botswana war-torn areas have been developed into vibrant public spaces for

economic aspects.

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reconciliation. The river Ganga in India is under a massive urban riverfront upliftment project

To emphasize the impacts of gentrification, culture and adaptability of the community towards derelict spaces.

to reinstate its cultural and religious importance and give a celebratory public space to the locals and tourists.

‘Despite the numerous successful examples, the need for public spaces has not been

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

given the attention that it deserves, in terms of policy and action in developing

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What are derelict and liminal spaces?

countries. Cities must recognize the role that quality public spaces can play in meeting

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What is placemaking and how does it affect the social and economic value of the

the challenges of our rapidly urbanizing world’ (Kim, 2015: online).

Several factors govern the utilisation and function of public spaces. Gentrification, signifying

space?

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How does gentrification, culture and community impact derelict spaces?

low-income neighbourhoods being populated by wealthier residents, has an impact on public entities. Gentrified spaces commonly receive more public and private resources for development and are aesthetically appealing and differ in their use. Parks in the early stages have been seen as common grounds to socialise and interact. Gradually, the authorities realised that they not only serve the purpose of leisure but also health benefits by encouraging sports, walks and fitness through playgrounds, jogging tracks and much more. With this realisation, many cities like New York are striving to achieve the concept of having a park within a tenminute walking radius (Evers et al., 2013). Community and culture are two important social factors which derive from the use of public space. They derive a sense of ownership and belonging. Different cultures involve different patterns of utilisation and community participation makes the space lively. A flexible design of the public space invites temporary and permanent activities allowing it to adapt to the user preferences. An inclusive public space, welcoming people from all walks of life makes it democratic.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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Placemaking: It focuses on fostering connections between people and places to fulfil their needs and aspirations by activating or improving the functionality of derelict

Public spaces are a valued asset to the cities to embrace a vibrant and positive environment for

spaces. The research will study the social and economic approaches to placemaking

the communities. Every potential space should be seen as an opportunity to connect with the people forming a sense of togetherness. After a varied study of all the related aspects, I would like to limit my research to the liminal and derelict spaces and improve their functionality through placemaking strategies.

along with connectivity, use and comfort which give an identity to the place.

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Functionality: Function refers to the activities which enliven the place. They can be social and economic aspects, social meaning more of cultural, gathering and leisurely activities and economic studying the impacts of gentrification, its benefits and larger public good.

2.1. DEFINITIONS: Liminal: It is derived from the Latin word limen meaning ‘threshold’ which signifies transitional spaces like hallways which often become abandoned after their hours of use. Due to their in-between nature, they are associated with feelings of nostalgia and eeriness and create a forlorn atmosphere due to the absence of stimulus or movement. (Sullivan et al.,2020).

Derelict: ‘Areas which have suffered a significant downturn, with declining or abandoned industries, closed businesses and houses, vacant storefronts, a degraded environment and virtually empty streets at night. Some derelict areas are also contaminated and can be considered brownfield sites. Derelict areas are a major cause of environmental stress in urban areas’ (European Commission-Joint Research Centre, 2004: online).

Placemaking: ‘Placemaking means creating places and focuses on transforming public spaces to strengthen the connections between people and these places. Placemaking is a process centred on people and their needs, aspirations, desires, and visions, which relies strongly on community participation’ (Moreira, 2021: online).

Functionality: According to the Cambridge dictionary, ‘functionality’ is defined as the quality of being useful, practical, and right for the purpose for which something was made.

Definitions of the same as per my understanding and for the purpose of the research are: •

Liminal spaces: Transition spaces between two destinations or developments which are abandoned or underdeveloped are termed liminal. The absence of people and appropriate infrastructure creates a forlorn atmosphere here.

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Derelict spaces: Abandoned or deserted places which are in a bad state of repair and been neglected are termed derelict. Brownfields are an example.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

1.1. PLACEMAKING: ‘Placemaking inspires people to collectively reimagine and reinvent public spaces as the heart of every community. Strengthening the connection between people and the places they share, placemaking refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value’ (Project for Public Spaces, 2007: online).

Community participation and involvement not only strengthen public bonds but also enable the creation of quality spaces which make them content and lively. It gives them a sense of ownership to reimagine and develop places as their own.

‘Placemaking is both a process and a philosophy. It is centred around observing, listening to, and asking questions of the people who live, work, and play in a particular space in order to understand their needs and aspirations for that space and for their community as a whole’ (Project for Public Spaces, 2007: online).

Stakeholders, designers and communities should together be in cohesion for making development procedures easier thereby benefitting all parties. Placemaking is not just Figure 2: Placemaking (Project for Public Spaces, 2018)

associated with the physical attributes of the place but with the social connection to provide a barrier-free environment for people from all walks of life who in turn maintain and create a unique identity. Moulding the activity and fabric of the place to root community and sustainable values remains the key planning element. Community liveability is another term coined from urban design practices to reinvent people and public space relationships (Grabow, 2015).

Figure 2 is a demonstration of this relationship and the flexibility of the space to cater to many activities and requirements. Finally, the upliftment of these spaces will not only enhance their activity but also draw investments for growth, businesses, employment and creativity making way for a prosperous living. Developing already existing or abandoned spaces rather than building new from scratch escalates durability and strength (Vey, 2019).

Cities are undergoing constant change and with this emerges the presence of disused and abandoned lands as changing needs of the people. Technological advancement will always cause places to lose function and they would need to be evolved and developed with time.

These wastelands have immense potential for public use. Neglecting these spaces would instigate crime and improper use and therefore they rather have a positive impact by being developed for the community good.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Graner (2017: online) says, ‘Urban wastelands provide us with the opportunity to make cities denser, so that they can accommodate the rising number of people moving to urban areas seeking opportunities and a better life. In cities all over the world, abandoned buildings and plots of land can be reconstructed into occupied and lively urban space.’

Population decline and recession are faced by an increasing number of cities causing spaces to be unused. South Korea has several such places which are being revitalised for the community and the environment. Residents are involved to maintain the public places and deriving strategies with the help of urban management facilities for their benefit. Leisure activities, urban farming, harvesting, exercising and pursuing hobbies, these spaces served all these purposes. Lee (2020) mentions Jangyang as a place in South Korea facing a degradation in its local industry and reducing population numbers. Unused sites were converted into farming and vegetable gardens to which the owners had the benefit of reduced property tax. One of the sites dilapidated after a fire and the Korean War was used as a roller-skating rink. Attempts have been made to use these spaces for environmental, social and economic benefits. Philadelphia has adopted a strategy involving the reuse of abandoned sites by greening them and generating employment through these self-initiated programs. They have successfully stabilised the landscape. Such programs and strategies have contributed to livening social spaces for people.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

1.1. FORMS OF PLACEMAKING Furthermore, placemaking is a strong tool for public engagement and space activation of urban voids. Four of its criteria are access and linkages, image and comfort, uses and activities, and sociability as illustrated in figure 3. The leftover space of Rod El Farag Flyover in Shoubra, Cairo is a neglected urban open space in the need of revitalisation. The different forms of placemaking for its analysis are standard, strategic, creative and tactical.

‘Placemaking has proved its aptitude for renovating existing spaces or creating newly liveable, and meaningful places that offer various activities, through creative design and landscaping. This technique depends on a fundamental principle ‘Community is the expert’ to promote the social involvement’ (Gawad et al, 2019:968).

Making observations, finding connections with the people and their needs and responding to them and in the meantime deriving an emotional understanding and value for the people is all a crucial part of the process. Cairo has various waste spaces created by flyovers which are underutilised. Despite having a high traffic volume around the Rod El Farag flyover with its squares, the pedestrian movement in this area is restricted due to a lack of pedestrian facilities hindering access to the site. Uncleanliness, the population of the homeless and insufficient seating facilities along the waterfront promenade classify it as an uncomfortable and unsafe place. The poor design has made it lose value and no activities are making the space feel dead.

Sociability is a factor which determines the involvement of people from all caste and creeds in community participation. The promenade, with its objective of bringing people to the Nile, failed in its attempt. The solid fences were an obstruction and the area was more maleFigure 3: Qualities of Placemaking (Project for Public Spaces, n.d.)

dominated than females and children. Previously the leftover space provided activities for entertainment, boating, theatre and cafes but now the connection between the river and its edge needs to be restored. Landscape strategies along with seating, street lighting, etc. need to be incorporated to make the space attractive. Social engagement and volunteering should be encouraged through the planning of appropriate infrastructure and accessibility. The Nile should be maintained and used as an important asset for waterfront development (Gawad et al, 2019). Integration of forms of placemaking, standard to uplift the liveability; strategic to boost the economy; creative to add cultural and social value; and tactile for temporary activation of public spaces for short term, is necessary for a cohesive urban form and character.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

2.2. ANALYSING ABANDONED SPACES: ‘Abandoned spaces often represent an image of historical architectural ruins related to military, industrial or political remains. The value of such buildings and spaces, especially where they embody important cultural and social value, has been recognised and should form part of the strategy to revitalise urban areas’ (Zecca and Laing, 2020:3).

The city of Aberdeen was taken as a case to revitalise derelict areas by subdividing them into non-places, empty places and fragmented urban voids. Non-places lacking local character and function, empty being derelict and out of order and fragmented meaning liminal spaces without an active use respectively. An urban analysis was conducted through the methods of mapping, typo-morphology, rhythm and mental maps. A macro and micro-level mapping were conducted to study the relationship of the identified sites with their surrounding context. This was done using digimaps and the historical evolution was derived. Morphology involved the analysis of Figure 4: Representation map of abandoned areas in Aberdeen (Zecca and Laing, 2020)

voids and built forms to understand the fabric and typology, character and scale both natural and man-made. One site in the city was chosen as a sample and landmarks, orientation, green spaces and mobility were analysed. Additionally, it studied factors like modes of accessibility and different layers of development and investigation over time.

Figure 5: Typological map of Castlegate (Zecca and Laing, 2020)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Rhythm studied the activities and use of the spaces at different times of the day through photographs and observation. This enabled in understanding the frequency of footfall, complexity of the urban void and its current response. It is understood that the day activities are more predominant and a balance of day and night activity might be crucial in the regeneration of the space. The mental map represents the problems and image of Aberdeen in one picture graphically. It shows the lack of green spaces in the city centre in contrast to the periphery and the presence of landmarks which lose value in the dense urban fabric. This method of urban analysis was beneficial in identifying the problems, categorizing the areas and creating a stimulus for the design teams to propose appropriate solutions for the same (Zecca and Laing, 2020).

Figure 6: Rhythm Analysis of Castlegate (Zecca and Laing, 2020)

Figure 7: Aberdeen mental map (Zecca and Laing, 2020)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Old railways have lost function with the high-speed transit system gaining momentum in most cities.

‘The reuse of abandoned railways provides a way to rebuild urban public transit based on the traditional tracks and is also a way to transform towards urban regeneration of the surrounding neighbourhood’ (Zhang et al, 2020:104).

There are various possibilities for this transformation including new transit systems, tourist and commercial hubs and a green corridor.

Zhang et al. (2020:104) also mention, ‘The abandoned railways are often located in urban centres and might have negative effects on the urban environment. They impact land development, traffic flow, the ecological environment, and quality of life.’

Due to the ignorance of these areas, they become drivers of negative activity and decay their surroundings in terms of property values. Firstly, they can retain their function and contribute to an alternative transport system to serve the neighbourhood and solve the problems of congestion and urban transportation like that in the Tianjin city of China. Another example is that of the Hijaz Railway line in the Middle East which was repurposed to uplift its historical and commercial value for tourism along the entire linear stretch. Similar interventions have taken place on the Qianmen Street in Beijing and the Virginia Creeper Rail Trail in the United Figure 8: Resources and renewal along the abandoned railway, Jhangjiakou (Zhang et al, 2020)

States and have thereby boosted the economic outcome. Furthermore, these derelict spaces can also thrive as urban public spaces for the communities. Along with ecological and landscape features, they can be used for jogging, walking, cycling, etc. The High Line in New York City is the most celebrated example of urban regeneration of the railway into a pedestrian parkway accelerating the development and estate values around it. Lastly, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway in China has caused its surroundings to face a decline after it closed. Dilapidated housing and poor maintenance have led to the rundown of the neighbourhood. The railway line has a changing character and location along its entire path. It connects the major traffic zones and passes through the city centre. Its renewal can benefit the public transport to a large extent.

It also goes through the abandoned industrial district with immense cultural significance. Next is the waterfront which can be developed as an ecological corridor with a view of the river.

Besides, it can act as a feeder connecting the other open public green spaces along with it.

‘Urban public activities such as ice and snow sculpture festivals, railway cultural exhibitions, Winter Olympics-themed city tours, and temple fairs in the railway business

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

and tourism area could be planned along the newly designed line to encourage more outdoor

intentions may be, it often alienates locals, provokes fears of gentrification, and

activities’ (Zhang et al, 2020:114).

increases the feeling and experience of exclusion. This kind of project-led or design-

The varied character enforces different approaches to placemaking and reuses to trigger urban regeneration and social inclusion.

led development ignores the primary function of Placemaking–human connection’ (Project for Public Spaces, 2015: online).

Placemaking should be used as a tool to empower diverse communities and supplement their needs and aspirations to unite them rather than divide them. The challenge lies in maintaining

2.3. IMPACT OF GENTRIFICATION:

the culture of local communities while facilitating growth for change. There is a need to achieve a balance between placemaking and gentrification. Placemaking is about inclusion and it

With placemaking comes the idea of gentrification.

‘By common definition, gentrification refers to the social, cultural, and economic

should overlook the disadvantages of gentrification in making public spaces more accessible and democratic.

“upgrading” of a neighbourhood, and the displacement of existing residents and businesses as a result’ (Kahne, 2015: online).

Not only does it impact the neighbourhoods but also the city at large leading to the displacement of existing residents as a result of high property values. The dilemma, therefore, lies between the need for public spaces to boost the health, economy and social life of the citizens and the impact of these spaces to cause gentrified neighbourhoods. The question arises whether these improvements are beneficial for the people or just merely accelerating the process of gentrification. Multiple investments in the area uplift the general economy making it unaffordable for local citizens and segregating communities.

‘Gentrification not only affects people and their communities, but it affects the physical and cultural landscape of a place. This can also be greatly impacted by poor public space design’ (Kahne, 2015: online).

Mature gentrification leads to privatisation unless developed in consultation with public opinions. Many local government bodies portray developments to aim at recovering economic and social decline and help to increase land values through regeneration, but the main target seems to be to attract a new population for financial goals. Creating a pleasing environment all becomes a part of a marketing strategy to attract a wealthy society. ‘Rehabilitation, revitalization and restoration of a neighbourhood’s physical environment can also make it more attractive for gentrifiers’ (Belanger, 2007:2). In other words, an area which does not make the community feel at home accelerates the process of gentrification.

‘When local officials, developers, or any other siloed group prescribe improvements to a place without working with the community, no matter how noble those groups’ Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

3. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

ANALYSIS The analysis is solely based on secondary data. A comparison is made to identify common and diverse grounds of study. A four-step analysis namely, mapping, typo-morphological,

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

rhythm and mental maps is found to be relevant with the access to limited data and gives a scope for graphical interpretation of the background and outcomes. Digimaps has

My first step towards the study has been to conduct background research about derelict and liminal spaces through journal articles, archives and research papers. A similar comprehensive reading went into the process of understanding placemaking and its various aspects. This enabled me to define these terminologies in context to my dissertation. In order to have a comprehensive study, the literature review describes different forms of placemaking used in a variety of case studies, all having a derelict use of different form. These spaces impact the growth, development and economy of the

provided the historical data for the United Kingdom. Google street views is an important tool used for real time images and an understanding of the public space with relation to the built form. Documentaries and videos of the sites enabled the study of activities, frequency and footfall. Further, this enabled in categorising the spaces under the established categories of placemaking. A wholesome study of both the positive and negative points along with the functionality and neighbourhood impact is conducted on the basis of all available data.

neighbourhood. Gentrification, placemaking and its inter-relationship is crucial since it affects the social and economic aspect which forms a major focus of the research. All examples have a unique context and approach to regenerate derelict land for public good.

CONCLUSION

The literature will enable us to review various aspects and implement them in the dissertation.

EMPIRICAL WORK

The conclusion talks about key findings and deriving design strategies from the analysis to be implemented on derelict sites. It emphasizes the importance of reviving these spaces for public use through placemaking. It mentions the limitations of the study and gives a

CASE STUDIES

summary of a balance needs to be achieved between placemaking and gentrification to have a cohesive and inclusive environment for communities.

Case studies are an important base for doing a comprehensive study of the background, identifying appropriate data to answer the research question and then proceeding to a conclusion or approach for the same. I have chosen two case studies for comparison, the Canary Wharf in London and the Bryant Park in New York. Both are different with respect to the scale, history, context and impact. Bring located in two of the largest cities in the world, their timeline and development in relation to their setting is diverse. Both have a socio-economic impact on its neighborhood and there is a scope for investigating the balance between placemaking and gentrification, along with the other strategies which make the public spaces functional. Their relevance to the research aim is thoroughly established through a step by step and comprehensive analysis giving an impetus to design outcomes.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

4. EMPIRICAL WORK AND DISCUSSION

4.1. CASE STUDIES A) CANARY WHARF, LONDON A massive urban-renewal project has transformed London’s Canary Wharf from a derelict Figure 9: Maps showing the location of Canary Wharf in London, United Kingdom (google, 2022; digimaps,2022)

dockland to a thriving business district. The site was operational as a harbour and warehouse district in the 19th century but eventually closed in 1890. This brownfield was left derelict and fell prey to waste and poverty. Efforts for redevelopment began by turning it from light industrial development into a massive economic and social district which it now stands to be as shown in figures 10 and 11 (Olin, 2008).

The inspiration for the design was the streets and squares of London. All the learnings from building the city were incorporated into the design with valid solutions from the same. The aim was to make the entire site a natural part of the city through extensive landscaping, careful selection of trees and shrubs native to the climate and planting them on the structures with the necessary structural technology. Making a naturally built environment in the dense city fabric was a challenge. The landscape was a vital element in achieving comfortable and active spaces (Olin, 2008). A few of the features are:

Figure 10: Canary Wharf Masterplan (Canary Development, 2020)

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Landscaped gardens, squares and parks form a majority of the space for citizens to read, rest, walk, exercise and enjoy nature at its best.

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Trees and shrubs have been imported from all over the world and it marks a successful revitalisation of previously underutilised urban spaces.

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It offers various flexible spaces for street food markets, sporting events, open-air film screenings and music performances.

Figure 11: Aerial view of the estate (Canary Wharf, 2014)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

The Canary Wharf provides a diversity of public spaces as shown in the aerial view 11. Several placemaking strategies come into play providing contemplative and interactive spaces all over the district. While designing the master plan for the estate, there was a desire to create a beautiful, green and memorable space with open spaces for public use. The various public spaces in the property with their respective activities and placemaking agendas are: •

Canada Square Park and Montgomery Square

Canada Square Park is one of the green spaces hosting a variety of cultural events and giving a platform for public gatherings through vibrant performances and movie displays as shown in Figure 12: Events in Canada Square Park (left) and Montgomery Square (right) (Canary Wharf, 2014)

figure 12. Both areas have various restaurants and bars lined alongside. Street food markets and sporting events are the highlights of Montgomery Square (Canary Wharf, 2014).

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Jubilee Park, Bank Street Park and Harbour Park

These are open spaces with extensive tree cover and lawn providing tranquillity for a peaceful moment from the stress and basking in the sun as displayed in figure 13. They host various events and sports activities and children often come together to play (Canary Wharf, 2014).

Figure 13: Green cover in Jubilee Park (left) and Harbour Square Park (right) (Canary Wharf, 2014)

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Westferry Circus and Columbus Courtyard

As shown in figure 14, both are places of public art and sculptures but are different in their ways of placemaking. The Westferry circus is a serene environment from the city life whereas the Columbus courtyard is a lively place to catch up with friends (Canary Wharf, 2014).

Figure 14: Public art and open space in Westferry Circus (left) and Columbus Courtyard (right) (Canary Wharf, 2014)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

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Cabot Square

It is one of the landmarks of Canary Wharf featuring a fountain in the centre and a public space around it overlooking different styles of architectural buildings and a restaurant chain (Canary Wharf, 2014). Figure 15 shows these vibrant public spaces and their use.

•

Harbour Quay

The harbour quay provides a close to the beach kind of lifestyle with picnic spots and jogging tracks along the water. It gives a refreshing waterfront environment all year long for exercise Figure 16: Cabot Square (Canary Wharf, 2014)

and fitness (Canary Wharf, 2014).

Sociability and Economy: The Canary Wharf strives to improve the lives of the residents around it by engaging the communities in events and building strong, vibrant and inclusive environments. The staff aims at involving them in volunteering events, and social services and to keep the stakeholders informed about their development plans in the near future. This builds faith and a sense of ownership in the communities. The economic benefits from the development activities are channelled to help residents enhance their skillsets, participate in cultural and sports activities for social cohesion and make the best of the public spaces. It aims as boosting public confidence Figure 15: Activities along the harbour (Canary Wharf, 2014)

in the social realm thereby eliminating poverty (Canary Wharf Group PLC, 2018).

Being one of the largest business districts of its kind, it has a considerable impact on the economy of the city. It provides employment opportunities to a plethora of people and supports innovative start-ups. Local people from the surrounding neighbourhoods should be able to take advantage of these jobs and the amenities provided by the estate. Retail, leisure and tourism in the public spaces generate a large part of the income thereby providing jobs and contributing to society's benefits. Apart from finance and technology, the Canary Wharf fosters a diverse range of businesses having a large contribution to London’s economy. There are innumerable small businesses along with the top ones in the world which give it the reputation it has.

Residential spaces are in demand in the district to shorten the commute for employees and therefore create a wholesome commercial, residential and leisure hub (Proper Local, 2019).

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Impact of Gentrification: Besides being one of the largest urban regeneration projects, it is as impenetrable as the docks were. The area would be revolutionised with the best amenities and leisure opportunities but it overshadows the basic ambitions of the common neighbourhoods. People living around the edge find it far superior and smart for them to engage with the space (Martinson, 2018).

Common problems are: •

Gentrification due to the influx of capital has led to economic and physical transformation thereby changing the character of the space.

•

Inequality is increasing as more gentrification occurs.

•

Canary wharf is fuelling poverty further with increased house prices and inflation.

•

The idea that constant gentrification needs to occur to benefit the city’s economy needs to be compared with eliminating inequality for more accessible and involving urban spaces (Gentrification in Canary Wharf, 2019).

Brown (2021) in his article talks about the future of Canary Wharf after the impact of the pandemic and Brexit. The estate has an image of being a business hub with people commuting long distances for work and bustling through the leisure and shopping centres more during the weekdays rather than weekends. With the work from home culture being established, there is now a need to create residential neighbourhoods to respond to the need of the future. An environment friendly for work and living needs to be created to eliminate social and physical barriers. Residential developments have already been initiated in the vicinity like the Wood Wharf and the North Quay. From transforming into a financial district from the derelict docklands, it now has a potential for a residential community living and drives towards making this a success.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

B) BRYANT PARK, NEW YORK Bryant Park is a public park in New York City with a long history of change. From being an area of wilderness to witnessing infrastructure developments around it like the public library and transit facilities, it has had a significant impact on the city. Sixth Avenue overshadowed the park and it fell prey to crime and illegal activities. Several renovation proposals failed due to lack of funds and those which were implemented were at low cost involving the planting of trees and lawns for public use and outdoor events and music concerts. Eventually, it Figure 17: Location of Bryant Park in the United States (google,2022)

deteriorated due to improper maintenance and was forced to close due to the danger it posed from drug dealers and murders (Peltzer, 2002; Olin, 2008).

During the late 20th century, Bryant Park became one of the models for park restoration after having deplorable conditions. An effort was made to reverse this condition by returning the park to public use. The Park was made more physically accessible by adding free circulation through ramps, stairs and several entrances thereby increasing the footfall right from tourists to office workers and residents. In addition, seating spaces, public restrooms and entertainment zones were planned which transformed public life in Manhattan (Olin, 2008).

Features and facilities managed by the Bryant Park Corporation are: •

The seating used in the park has become an icon of the city with the level of comfort they offer. They are made available for sale for their versatility as a memory of the park that the visitors can take home.

Figure 18: Seating in Bryant Park (Peltzer, 2002)

•

The landscape of the park was revitalised to define hardscape and softscape, pointed out in figure 19, encouraging users to walk around on the pathways and stroll through the park. Refreshment facilities were a part of the infrastructure. Fountains, street lighting, cafes and florists enhance life in the park (The Party in Bryant Park, 2000).

Figure 19: Landscape and cafes in the park (Peltzer, 2002)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

•

Horticulture on the site involves a lot of colourful plants and flower shrubs which bloom seasonally making the environment vibrant as expressed in figure 20 alongside.

•

Wide and prominently marked pedestrian crossings mark easy access to the park. A parking lot is provided down the street.

•

Excellent signage helps the visitors orient their way to and through the park. It even has its subway stop.

•

Despite most parks being closed during the winter months, Bryant Park offers a Christmas vibe with the ice rink and other events inviting people into the park seen in

Figure 21: Seasonal horticulture in the park (Peltzer, 2002)

figure 21 (The Party in Bryant Park, 2000).

•

Activities like yoga, chess and other games are organised by the management to involve the community in diverse learning and interaction to offer sufficient reasons and excitement to visit the park and benefit themselves (Peltzer, 2002)

Sociability and Economy: ‘Urban planners believed the parks would improve public health, relieve the stresses of Figure 22: Bryant Park in Christmas (Peltzer, 2002)

urban life, and create a democratizing public space where rich and poor would mix on equal terms’ (Sherer, 2003:6).

Urban parks uplift the economic benefits of the surrounding neighbourhoods by facilitating an increase in the property values thereby causing eco-gentrification. Most residents are willing to pay more to live near them for the health benefits and community living. It certainly adds to the quality of life. The revenue generated from these property taxes goes towards developing them. Bryant Park has positively impacted its surroundings such that the commercial space rents have skyrocketed. Public events in such places foster local businesses like restaurants,

Figure 20: Activities and sports in the Park (Peltzer, 2002)

cafes, etc. and generate money to help shape public life and induce pride among residents (Corbett, 2016).

Furthermore, it has many social benefits for the residents. They imbibe a liveable environment with community participation, interaction, opportunities for recreational activities for children from all backgrounds, indiscriminate communication and health advantages. It helps in making the environment safe and reduces the crime rate. The surrounding neighbourhoods using the park are more likely to develop stronger social ties which each other via the means of this public platform. Trees help in reducing pollution and invite people outdoors. Generally, urban

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

parks can strengthen urban communities and improve the neighbourhood’s quality of life.

‘Quality of life is a determining factor in real estate values and economic vitality’ (Sherer, 2003:18). Corbett (2016) describes public spaces as the focus of blending different cultures and backgrounds but also expresses how it is important to retain low-income people from displacing into farther neighbourhoods as a result of gentrification.

Impact of Gentrification: Gentrification involves the moving out of lower-class citizens to be replaced by the wealthier ones as a result of the city's transformation. Its effects on parks are less known and studied.

Parks in gentrified neighbourhoods are likely to receive more funds than those in the nongentrified ones. Despite being a public space, Bryant Park is run by a private not-for-profit management company called the Bryant Park Corporation. All funds are raised from the events held in the park, the cafes and restaurants and other public involvement activities. Privatisation causes marginalisation. It creates an invisible barrier for the unprivileged people to enter the space due to its high profile and gentrified facilities thereby destructing the meaning of ‘public’ in a public space. Bryant Park restricts the entry of homeless people from using the park facility (Evers et al., 2013). There is an urgent need to blur the boundaries between public and private run urban spaces to have an inclusive and barrier-free environment to dwell. In his research, ‘Social Exclusion and Space’, Ali Madanipour explains how our world is divided by physical, economic, and social barriers.

One's ability to move freely through spaces gives one a sense of pride, while ‘The fragmentation of the social world, where some members of society are excluded in the “mainstream” and where this exclusion is painful for the excluded and harmful for society as a whole’ (Madanipour, 1998:159).

Public parks are significant in thriving the social life in a neighbourhood and give a sense of place to the community.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

4.2. METHODS OF ANALYSIS A) MAPPING: Mapping involves the study of the site and its surroundings in terms of the urban fabric and evolution (Zecca and Laing, 2020). A macro and micro-level analysis of the context is necessary to derive social and economic patterns including gentrification and its impact. A mapping exercise of the history will help in understanding the transition of the space, the change in use, the reason for abandonment and the scope for further design. The Canary Wharf is located amidst the curve of the Thames River, once a dock and now a business centre whereas the Bryant Park is an open green oasis in New York located amid a dense urban fabric. Both have been selected due to their varied context yet derelict nature.

Figure 23: Types of Placemaking and their connection with indicators (author's own, 2022)

B) TYPO-MORPHOLOGIC: This method is useful in identifying the characteristics of the public space which define it.

Since placemaking talks about enhancing the place for public use, exploration and living, all of its indicators can be analysed namely, access and linkages, image and comfort, uses and activities, and sociability. Placemaking is further categorised into strategic, creative and tactical. Strategic focuses on the location of the place and its economic benefit, creative promotes cultural activities to uplift social inclusion and tactical talks about the temporary activation of a place without the allocation of a permanent function. All these layers of study enable doing a thorough analysis. Not only does it focus on the individual public space but also its relationship with the surroundings. It investigates complex urban relations by making use of a lot of instruments, both critical and practical. Morphology is about the identity and ability to resist change and it aims at identifying the potential for progressive development.

Zecca and Laing (2020:9) say, ‘This method may be considered as both an interpretation and a guide for urban development and transformation considering all levels of complexity within the urban forms and the architectural features.’

Figure 23 illustrates the connection between the types and indicators of placemaking.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

C) RHYTHM: ‘Rhythm defines a mode of experiencing spaces and places within the city with direct implication for the urban design. In this sense, observing how the areas are experienced by the users helps to encompass the sense of the places and their intrinsic uses’ (Zecca and Laing, 2020:9).

The indicators of uses and activities and sociability can be tested through this method. The relationship between space, time and society can be studied along with the complexity of the space in terms of interactions and mobility. The interpretation of this rhythmic analysis will help in making design decisions and alterations.

D) MENTAL MAPS: Interpretative diagrams to summarise the analysis and understand the relevance of features for future design prospects are the major outcomes of using this method (Zecca and Laing, 2020).

A comparison of the positives and negatives can be drawn for further reference. All perceptions and common elements of design can be captured schematically to define a collective idea.

A combination of all the above four methods of analysis, mapping, typo-morphologic, rhythm and mental maps has been used to study the impact of placemaking strategies and their contribution to increasing the functionality of derelict and liminal spaces. Figure 24 conceptualises the different indicators used to analyse the specific case studies.

Figure 24: Factors of placemaking for case study analysis (author’s own, 2022)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

4.3. APPLICATION IN CASE STUDIES A) MAPPING: History and Urban Context The Canary Wharf and Bryant Park, both have different contextual settings and transitions of development. With one being developed as a major business district supporting economy, leisure and a variety of public spaces, the other is a sole green space development housing flexible activities all on the same ground. Their histories can be compared as two major processes of uplifting abandoned lands for the public good. Their growth and ambitions were different yet successful in achieving a good quality urban environment.

The history of Canary Wharf dates to the 1200s during Medieval times when it used to be called Figure 25: The old docklands (History of Canary Wharf, 2020)

the Stephany Marsh due to the presence of farmers and fishermen. It later came to be known as the Isle of Dogs. There was a change in landscape from the 16th to the 18th century when the corn grinding windmills were replaced by factories along the river Thames to allow the unloading of ships, and thereby was the beginning of the shipping industry. The opportunity for building docks was recognised and the West India Docks came into existence as shown in the figure above. A thriving dock industry prevailed with the import of goods and ships sailing from all over the world generating employment for a large number. In the 1940s during the second world war, the docks were destroyed by bombings and fire. Post this, there were unable to cope with the new technology of their peers and by the early 1970s, most of the docks were closed on account of massive disinvestment (Shikhar, 2017). G Ware Travelstead, an American

1890

1920

1950

property developer, had the vision of developing this land into a back office for all the growing companies in London. Due to insufficient funding, it was taken over by a Canadian company Olympia and York in 1988. The contract was signed and the foundation work began after the light railway started running. The first building was completed a few years later and gradually railway and tube connections were developed. Restaurants and public spaces start developing inviting more opportunities into the business district with the opening of large firm offices like Citibank and HSBC. By 2002 the working population increased rapidly and the financial estate has only been growing with its changing skyline and unending expansion (History of Canary Wharf, 2020). Figure 26 shows the development timeline.

1970

1990

2000

Figure 26: History of development, Canary Wharf (digimaps, n.d.)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

On the other hand, the Bryant Park was designated as a public space by Thomas Dongan in 1686 after which it was turned into a potter’s field following the defeat in the battle of Long Island. Post-war, there was a proposal to build a reservoir adjacent to the land and turn the massively thick walls surrounding the man-made water body into a public promenade. Along with being a source of fresh water to New York, it provided excellent views of the city. A park was formed in 1870 which immediately a year later underwent renovation and the reservoir 1847

Potters field

was destroyed. With the building of the New York Crystal Palace on the reservoir square in 1851 and the Latting Observatory in 1853, the park was used for leisure and recreation with people visiting these structures. Both were destroyed by a fire. During the Civil war years, it was used as an encampment for the army. All through the 19th century, many suggestions were made for the development of this space. Finally, in 1884 it was named the Bryant Park in the remembrance of a romantic poet, long-time editor of the New York Evening Post, and civic

1853

Drawing by F.F. Palmer of the Crystal Palace

reformer, William Cullen Bryant. The construction of the New York public library was approved around the same time and the first building was completed in 1911. On account of the construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) subway tunnel the park was closed to the public in the 1920s and remained the same for a long time. The Federal Hall was built and destroyed within a year from April 1922 (Peltzer, 2002). Finally, in 1934, a competition was announced to redesign the Park.

1870

Overhead view of the croton reservoir

‘The winning submission came from Queens-based architect Lusby Simpson and was a classical scheme of a large central lawn, formal pathways, stone balustrades, allées of London Plane trees, and at the west end, an oval plaza containing the Josephine Shaw Lowell Memorial Fountain’ (Peltzer, 2002: online).

The plan was executed and opened to the public in 1934.

‘The Park fell into disrepair for much of the latter half of the 20th century. Drug

Burning of the New York Crystal Palace

dealers and other unsavoury elements used the park for illegal activity. In 1980s a group of businessmen created the Bryant Park Restoration Corporation began the task of overhauling the park and turning it back into a place where the public congregated for leisure and events ’ (Miller, 2011: online).

1920

Construction of the IRT underground subway tunnel

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Figure 27 portrays the vivid timeline of the park. With all the efforts the park came back to life with all its activities and events, casual gatherings, concerts and other modes of recreation. It gradually became one of the most important public spaces of the city with the plethora of platforms it offered to the New Yorkers and tourists.

1937

Bryant Park

Present day Bryant Park Figure 27: Timeline of Bryant Park (Bryant Park, 2011)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

B) TYPO-MORPHOLOGIC: Placemaking strategies Morphology involves the analysis through the layering of different aspects like accessibility, levels, landmarks, image and comfort, etc. Most importantly, it establishes a connection with the surroundings and its impact on the public place. Figure 28 displays the plan of Canary Wharf and points out the layers of study for further analysis.

The Canary Wharf is an area in East London located on the Isle of Dogs and in between the River Thames, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The major access routes are located around the district as shown on the adjacent map. The Westferry Circle on the west and the Trafalgar Road on the east mark the major entrances to the estate. The further circulation is through internal roads along with pedestrian and cycle routes giving convenient access to all buildings and public spaces. The entire estate has several layers of levels with the underground tube system and the light rail overhead. The Westferry Circus even has parking underneath.

Promenades and bridges offer scenic access along the water with pedestrian-friendly infrastructure. A variety of social and economic aspects thrive at different parts along with a change in the character of the spaces in terms of the scale, surrounding built form and architecture.

Along with the major landmarks leading to different public places with proper signages for orientation, several nodes are formed. Apart from the major high-rise buildings dominating Figure 28: Modes of access and landmarks, Canary Wharf (mapped by author,2022)

certain public squares, there are others with a calming, green and tranquil atmosphere. Some change character as per the need of the hour. The Canada Square Park and Montgomery Square portray multiple images with the variety of use of space they endure whereas the Jubilee Park solely allows dwelling in nature. The district offers a place for all mindsets and moods and comforts people from all walks of life. It does not have a particular focal point, it is derived from the individual’s willingness and state of mind. The estate is well connected however seems to have an overpowering impression as compared to the surrounding land. Efforts need to be made to increase its permeability with the adjoining communities and thereby give them equal opportunities to benefit from all the well-developed public places. Initiatives in design and approach need to be concentrated to uplift the estate in cohesion with its surroundings.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

The Bryant Park is a public park located in New York City right opposite the New York Public Library and is privately managed. Figure 29 shows the plan of the same. It is located between the 5th and 6th Avenue streets to the east and west respectively. To the north is the 42nd Avenue Street and the 40th to the South. These form the major vehicular accesses around the site. An underground metro station is located to the northwest forming another means of commute. The Park can be accessed by the pedestrians from all sides as pointed out in the figure. The flexible entry invites people from all sides to engage with different experiences along different paths within the park.

The immense green in the dense urban fabric of the city is what forms its image. Another interesting feature is the chair used as public furniture throughout the park and thereby forming a symbol. The variety of amenities, events and leisure activities which the park offer give a break from the routine. People from all cultures and backgrounds can engage with each other in community building giving a sense of home and comfort. The Public Library forms a major landmark and identification for the park and it also invites a lot of people due to its presence in the close vicinity. The Park has a positive impact on its surroundings, is a means of getaway for the residents and is a place to relax and be creative. Being run privately, it is biased towards the homeless in using the amenities and can be intimidating for a certain class of people. There is therefore a need to create an unbiased and non-gentrified environment for the citizens to learn and gain from each other and the city.

Figure 29: Modes of access and landmarks, Bryant Park (mapped by author,2022)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

C) RHYTHM: Activity and Sociability The data collected from the rhythm analysis is crucial in defining the occupancy and activity in the public spaces for different occasions and timings. This is crucial in understanding the flow pattern of the users and response to the design in place. It also helps in identifying any shortcomings in design for further improvements. With the help of secondary data including photographs and videos, figure 30 shows an activity mapping of the different public spaces within the Canary Wharf estate.

The Westferry circus is marked one on the map and serves as a beautifully landscaped entrance to the Canary Wharf. On the other side, it gives access to the riverfront with a walkway along it for people to enjoy the cityscape or have a cycle ride. Many public art installations have been made in the area engaging artists to make the space creative. It houses a double-storey car park below it with two roundabouts leading there. With a major road going around the circle, it functions well segregating vehicular and pedestrian activity. This public space invites a lot of people during the day to enjoy the sun and art whilst spending some time in tranquillity.

Next in line is number two which is the Columbus courtyard. Like the Westferry Circus, this also showcases famous sculptures and conceptual artworks. The restaurants along it give a chance to grab food and spend time with friends overlooking the space. Their presence enlivens the space for long hours inclusive of the evenings.

Number three is the Cabot Square featuring a central fountain as a landmark. The area around it is flexible serving as a seating overlooking the waterbody with its calming sound at some times and a spill out for the adjacent restaurants at the other. It is a major public square located at the entrance and is occupied throughout the day with some or the other activity.

Proceeding further is the Canada Square Park (four) surrounded by the major financial Figure 30: Activity mapping of Canary Wharf (mapped by author, 2022)

institutions in the district including Citibank and HSBC. With the towering skyscrapers around it providing an elite atmosphere, it is home to various music festivals and events. Movie screenings and leisure activities take place in abundance with a major footfall of people from all cultures and backgrounds. Many bars and restaurants overlook the place not only at the ground level but also from above. From basking in the sun and lunching on the lawn to dancing to the beats and enjoying the stars, it offers flexibility and moulds itself according to people’s need.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Just below the Canada Square Parks on the map (five) is the Jubilee Park with several tree

Nights are prolonged with maximum frequency at the clubs. Weekdays are different

species and cascading waterbodies giving an ambient atmosphere to enjoy the sun during the

considering the tight schedules and the use of space depends on the work patterns and breaks.

day and get some time off from the long working hours. The activity here is more predominant

Being a large estate, a wide range of strategies come into play as observed through the analysis

during the day rather than at night after office timings. Due to the presence of underground

in the map.

stations the bustle of people around the park increases during peak hours of commute. The presence of the park and the adjacent middle dock gives a refreshing and breezy environment after a hectic day.

Adjoining the park is Montgomery Square (six). It is known for the variety of outdoor activities it hosts right from sports like volleyball to food markets which offer a cultural mix of all people to come together and spend time thereby increasing sociability. The public space responds to different activities in different ways. It enables the temporary set up of infrastructure for particular events and dismantling them for a collective open space for others. It is highly frequented at all times of the day due to the diversity in use.

The last of the public spaces is the Harbour Quay numbered seven. Along with a paved promenade for a jog, it also has the Harbour Quay gardens with a plethora of fauna species. It allows for outdoor fitness and a picnic by the water. The Park has increasing visits during the day until evening when the promenade gains importance.

Apart from the public spaces, promenades such as the one near the West India Quay house several restaurants and bars with outdoor seating along the water. People jogging past the quay while some are sipping on cocktails enjoying the breeze is a common scenario. Few yachts have been converted to hotels offering high-end leisure and recreation. A similar promenade persists along the middle dock, flocked with outdoor bars, walking bridges with artsy installations and eye-catching lights. The reflections in the water, the towering skyscrapers and the view of the passing railway hold the spectators for a prolonged evening.

The Canary Wharf has several public spaces having different rhythms of use and activity thereby having different scales of sociability and economic outcomes. Some like Canada and Cabot Square show strategic placemaking to uplift the economic benefits along with creative ways to host events and boost social life. The Montgomery Square is an example of tactical placemaking since it adapts to temporary situations. The public art in Columbus and Westferry yet again is a creative platform to involve communities in contributing to developing spaces.

The rhythm of the waterfront and the weather define most of the activities. The train stations are crowded even on weekends considering the commute to other leisure centres and recreation.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Bryant Park is beautifully landscaped with trees, flower beds and lawn areas which are a major factor in attracting people to the public open space. Figure 31 shows the distribution of activities throughout the park. Many dining places and food kiosks are located strategically at the various entry points to direct people towards the inside of the park whilst they grab something to eat or drink. Florists and newspaper stands are another driving force. These are the most economically uplifting aspects of the park. The movable chairs give people the flexibility to decide and settle in the place of their comfort. These chairs have become symbolic to Manhattan with their design and abundance in use. The pathways around the park are clearly defined. The peak day hours experience a lot of frequency owing to the daylight and fresh atmosphere to meet and interact with people. Early mornings see a lot of fitness activities and jogging around the central open space. The park periphery gives shade with a variety of trees to escape the harsh sun. The fountain forms one of the landmarks on-site and is surrounded by the movable seatings which keep changing the layout and character of the place. Several monuments and sculptures adorn the park and talk about their history and presence. The carrousel, chess, ping pong and other games keep the liveliness and spirit intact. The central open space is the most diverse and flexible in terms of use. Apart from the conventional park used for leisure, relaxation and picnics, it transforms itself into a skating rink in winters, a concert arena for events and a playground for activities. Movie screenings transformed the face and footfall in the park post evenings. Public washrooms and drinking water facilities are ensured. The grass and trees are well maintained for an approachable and beautiful character throughout the year. The open space creates a dynamic visual and cultural balance for a memorable outdoor experience.

Figure 31: Activity mapping of Bryant Park (mapped by author,2022)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

D) MENTAL MAPS: Representation and Approach Mental maps graphically summarise the data to conclude the problems and identify solutions for the same.

The diagram in figure 32 interprets an analysis of Canary Wharf. The superiority and development of the estate overpower its surroundings making it impermeable to its adjacent districts. The green spaces within are well connected and serve all purposes however they impose a barrier to neighbourhoods in the vicinity leading to gentrification. The nodes or access points as shown in the figure should be more welcoming to all classes of society which currently create an invisible barrier for the common people by only catering to the needs of the high profile individuals. The district portrays a polished image intimidating the general class and induces a feeling of placelessness. Furthermore, the public spaces should involve communities in team building and interaction to dissolve all differences. The landmarks and connections within the site are quite evident in terms of their location and scale. The public spaces too are strategically located and could be strong catalysts to enhance the permeability of the site with its nearby context, potentially setting an example of successful placemaking.

Figure 32: Mental map of Canary Wharf (mapped by author, 2022)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Bryant Park can be called the lung for a large area around it considering the dense fabric of New York City and the lack of any such open space in close proximity. Being universally accessible it attracts a wide range of people at all times of the day. From dense trees to open lawns, it offers everything. It is well connected from all sides with sidewalks, roads and the metro link. The edges of the park are made green to make people aware of their approach to a valuable space supporting a diverse and flexible character as illustrated in figure 33. Although it provides so many benefits, the park restricts access to the homeless. Being run privately, there is a need to diminish the boundaries between the different classes of people and make the space a common ground for blurring all differences. With the excellent signages and events that take place, they should invite people from all backgrounds to make them feel a part of the larger society. Urban design initiatives and community building play a crucial role in uplifting the functionality of a public space thereby creating an impact on the surroundings and the city as a whole.

Figure 33: Mental map of Bryant Park (mapped by author,2022)

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Table 1: Comparison of Case Studies for the types of Placemaking (author’s own, 2022)

TYPE OF PLACEPUBLIC SPACE MAKING

The methods used for analysing the public spaces proved to help determine the types of placemaking strategies and their combinations as shown in table 1. The rhythm analysis of the

CANARY WHARF Canada Square Park and Montgomery Square

Jubilee Park, Bank Street Park and Harbour Park

4.4. SUMMARY

BRYANT PARK Westferry Circus and Columbus Courtyard

Cabot Square

Harbour Quay

various open spaces in the Canary Wharf helped in overlapping and distinguishing activities at different times. The morphological method, on the other hand, studied access points, nodes and landmarks which indirectly affected the footfall. For instance, the Canada Square Park and the Montgomery square fall under all three types of placemaking since they experience economic activity due to the presence of restaurants, social events for gatherings and leisure and flexible outdoor sports and seasonal stalls. On the contrary, the Jubilee, Street Bank and Harbour Park

STRATEGIC

are used for the sole purpose of relaxation, tranquillity, social meets and strolls. Next is the

CREATIVE

Westferry Circus and Columbus courtyard which cater to changing public art installations and

TACTICAL

seating for the users thereby falling under creative and tactical placemaking. Cabot Square is one of the landmarks with a central fountain and a chain of restaurants keeping it lively that is strategic and creative. Lastly, the Harbour Quay and its promenade initiate creative placemaking through seating and exercise along the waterfront. The Bryant part being a large public open space incorporates strategic, creative and tactical placemaking. The cafes, public events, games and the wide flexibility of the central open lawn make it a celebrated venue. The final method of mental maps is useful in deriving a future vision of these places after a comprehensive analysis of their present.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

5. CONCLUSION

be made more inviting and events should encourage community participation. The Canary Wharf overshadows its surrounding with its excellent infrastructure and imposes an invisible

Derelict spaces impact negatively on the image of the city and have adverse effects in the

barrier for the common people. Bryant Park restricts the homeless. Initiatives should be made

vicinity. The cycle of having these kinds of spaces is constant considering the needs of the city

to dissolve all differences and make them inclusive.

are continuously changing and spaces are meant to lose function with time. Therefore, it is crucial for these liminal places to adapt to the surroundings and revitalise for the future needs of the city. This research has discussed placemaking as one of the approaches to enhance the functionality of derelict spaces and a means of urban revitalisation. Firstly, it derives an understanding of placemaking and its definition. Several abandoned lands have been studied as a part of the literature and their outlook towards enhancing their functionality. They offer opportunities to uplift the infrastructure and economic activity of the neighbourhood by organising events, festivals, the introduction of cafes, kiosks or other games and sports.

Secondly, they should be developed for community building and social activities. Three forms of placemaking have been applied from academic literature namely, strategic, creative and tactical. Standard placemaking talks about the four aspects of access and linkages, image and comfort, use and activities and sociability. It aims at creating liveable public spaces.

The research talks about three forms of placemaking namely, strategic, creative and tactical.

Either a combination or all of these have been implemented in the examples discussed proving that they can exist in cohesion as well as in isolation. It is observed that strategic placemaking goes hand in hand with creative since the economic upliftment of a place can only be brought about through social inclusion and a rise in demand. However, creative can thrive by itself with the purpose of contemplation, tranquillity and leisure enabling people to unwind individually or in small groups. Lastly, tactical placemaking caters to the flexible use and adaptability of the space to respond to different circumstances. It involves the temporary use of space for seasonal activities. It can be linked with creative or strategic placemaking individually or to both. In conclusion, there are benefits of coexistence and isolation hence it is crucial to analyse the spaces, derive an end goal of inclusion and empower the design to satisfy them and further mould itself to the constant change.

New tools to analyse data were explored including google street views which were immensely useful. After a comprehensive analysis of both the case studies through the four methods, it is observed that the Canary Wharf has a history of a dockyard which was abandoned and later

5.1. LIMITATIONS

over years taken over to be developed into the financial district that it is today. However, the Bryant Park changed multiple functions from being a potter’s field to a reservoir square, then an exhibition space to an encampment and finally after multiple attempts of restoration, the park developed to be what it is now. The Canary Wharf houses multiple public open spaces, each unique in terms of character, function and use. It is well accessible and its changing nature provides comfort to all kinds of people for the setting they wish to be a part of. Permanent and

The study was limited to secondary data due to the time constraint. Considering the accessibility to the sites and their farther locations, google street views efficiently replaced these limitations by providing real-time views for analysis. Gaining permissions for site access and documentation, ethics approval and safety concerns for documenting new derelict lands were a few other drawbacks of the short span process of the study.

flexible activities occur in these spaces and they embrace people throughout the day. On the other hand, Bryant Park is one big public open space amidst a densely built environment having a blend of social, economic and tactical nature. It is universally accessible and forms the

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

identity of the city. Along with the cafes, kiosks and fountain spaces being permanent, the

Based on the findings of the study, there is a need to achieve a balance between gentrification

movable chairs are the most important and flexible components which give the park a

and placemaking. These case studies can be used as an example to identify more areas of study

constantly changing character. The central open space too is rhythmic concerning activity and

and derive means to make them productive through placemaking. It is an opportunity for the

footfall. Mental maps of both these public spaces had a common factor of increasing

design teams and planning authorities to contribute to the revitalisation of cities and contribute

permeability to all classes of people and eliminating gentrification. All nodes to the space must

to the larger good.

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

11. Grabow, S. H. (2015) Professor and community development educator university of

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Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Samruddhi Jitendra Sawant

MA Architecture and Urbanism Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University 2021-2022

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking

Enhancing the functionality of Derelict and Liminal Spaces through Placemaking