A Working Taxonomy of 7 Axis Robotic Projects

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Material Taxonomy SUBTRACTING

Laser

James Bond Machining

Greg Lynn Machining

gsd robotic design group

Sweep

Material Undergoes Change

gsd robotic design group Machining

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Sweep

RMIT University workshop Machining

C. Robeller, S.S. Nabaei, and Y. Weinand (EPFL)

Machining

Robotic Woodcraft

Machining

Robotic Woodcraft

Sweep

variable carving volume casting

Sweep

Carrara Robotics

Melting

ADDING

Greyshed

Machining

Quarra Stone/Howeler Yoon

Machining

Robotic Woodcraft

Machining

Angewendte

Pick and Place

Gramazio Kohler, New York

Pick and Place

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Pick and Place

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Looming

Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart

Pick and Place

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Extruding

Francois Roche

Extrude

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Extruding

archolab

Pick and Place

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Sweep

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Extrude

IAAC

Extrude

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Extrude

IAAC

Extrude

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Looming

Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart

Pick and Place

gramazio kohler

Extrude

MIT MEDIA LAB

Extrude

Ji Shi, Xun Liu, Ruihua Luo, Yuqi Cui

Extrude

Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart

Extrude

MIT Digital Structures

Extrude

Gramazio Kohler, Palais de Tokyo

Extrude

MX3D

Looming

CHOREOGRAPHING

MIT MediaLab

Extruding

new-territories

Automation

ABB Automation

Thomas Freundlich "Actuator"

Automation

Get Robo

Automation

KUKA Robotics

Automation

KUKA Robotics

Automation

nagoya Automation

Material Undergoes Zero-Sum Change

MakrShakr

Automation

ABB

Automation

Creators Project

Automation

IAAC

Automation

Conrad Shawcross

Automation

SupraStudio

Automation

IAAC

Simulation

José Augusto Ribeiro Costa

Simulation

KUKA Robotics Simulation Plotting

MANIPULATING

Bob White

Bending

gsd robotic design group

Push and Pull

gsd robotic design group Folding

SupraStudio SupraStudio DADA 2015 Conference, in cooperation with Tongji University and FabUnion

Forming

DADA 2015 Conference, in cooperation with Tongji University and FabUnion

Bending

Matter Design (Brandon & Wes McGee)

2016

Forming 2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

Folding

2001

KUKA Robotics SCI-Arc

Plotting

2000

School Of Form in Poznań.

Looming


Tool Taxonomy

MISCELLANIOUS

Lazer Cutter

James Bond Beer Bottle

ABB

Surfboard

José Augusto Ribeiro Costa

Humans

KUKA Robotics Thomas Freundlich "Actuator"

Nothing

Get Robo

Ping Pong Paddel

KUKA Robotics

Police Light

nagoya

Ramen Soup Vinyl

KUKA Robotics Fountain pen

SCI-Arc

Steel Dowel

gsd robotic design group

Plaster Trowel

archolab

Composite Wing

SupraStudio ABB

Katana Sword

IAAC

Light Emmitting Diode

MakrShakr

Modified Cocktail Shaker

Creators Project

Plasma Screen Pen

A. Kissling, Strukt, and INDAT Conrad Shawcross

Bulb

IAAC

Construction Light Paintbrush

Bob White KUKA Robotics

Humans Dimond Band Saw

Robotic Woodcraft

Router

Robotic Woodcraft

Router Router

C. Robeller, S.S. Nabaei, and Y. Weinand (EPFL) Quarra Stone/Howeler Yoon

Dimond Band Saw

Robotic Woodcraft

Router

Angewendte

Router Suction

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Brick Pinsir

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich Brick Pinsir

gramazio kohler

MIT MediaLab

Carbon Fiber on Inflatable 3-D Printed Head 3-D printed head and casket Extrude Biomaterial

IAAC

Pressurised - Multiple feed Four Headed Extruder

MIT Digital Structures

Motorised Filament

MIT MEDIA LAB

Pressurised Biomass

new-territories

Multi-Coloured Filament Pressurised Cement

Heated Element

Slack Wire Cutter

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich Greyshed

Wax Melting

variable carving volume casting

Wire Scallop

DADA 2015 Conference, in cooperation with Tongji University and FabUnion

Steel Poker

MX3D

Arc Welder

WELDER Metal Clamps WIRE CUTTER Heated Element PICK + PLACE

Angle Sections

gsd robotic design group Matter Design (Brandon & Wes McGee)

Robot Holds Tool

Pressurised Cylinder

IAAC

Gramazio Kohler, Palais de Tokyo

EXTRUDER

Dynamic Concrete Formwork

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart

Ji Shi, Xun Liu, Ruihua Luo, Yuqi Cui

Loom

Carbon Fiber on Steelframe

Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart School Of Form in Poznań.

PICK + PLACE

Brick Pinsir

Gramazio Kohler, New York

Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart

Machining

Router

Greg Lynn Carrara Robotics

Rotational

gsd robotic design group

High Tension Clay

Francois Roche

Heated Suction Pad Metal Clamp

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Six Point Suction

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Six Point Suction

Gramazio Kohler, ETH Zurich

Nail

Miscellanious

University and FabUnion University and FabUnion

Robot Holds Material

0002

1002

2002

3002

4002

5002

6002

7002

8002

9002

0102

1102

2102

3102

4102

5102

6102




Metal Sky Design and production Design Robotics Group, GSD of a highly customized, 2011 parametrically varied sheet

metal ceiling. The integrated

Categorization: design to robotic fabrication No Change/Manipulating /Bending/ process involves the Forming

development of a custom automation tool developed for a Tooling Technique: Metal Clamps parametric computational design environment.

Manipulating -- Bending


Flowing Matter Extrusion process combined Design Robotics Group, GSD with CNC controlled robotic 2012 wire-cutting would allow for the

production of serialized mass

Categorization: customized ceramic elements, Change/Subtracting /Sweep/Forming Tooling Technique: Wire cutter / high-tension clay

whose shape would be defined by ruled geometries.

Subtracting -- sweep


Metal Sky Produces custom ceramic Design Robotics Group, GSD bricks/louvers by setting a 2011 variable pin mold, then extruding

clay, and milling.

Categorization: Change/Adding /Subtracting/ Geared towards producing Manipulating highly customized ceramic Tooling Technique: shading elements, can be massClay extruder and endmill

customized with only slight variations of the same process.

Adding -- extrusion // Subtracting -- machining


Pylos The material results obtained IAAC through the development of 2013 the first phase of this research

project are extremely promising

Categorization: a new, more than 96% based in Change/Adding /Extrude/Printing

soil, material that has 3 times higher tensile strength from Tooling Technique: industrial hard clay.

Extruder / pressurized cylinder

Adding -- extrude


Robotic Camera Programmed cinematography of Ainara Elgoibar, IAAC a motorcylce on a rotating island. 2013

“An industrial robotic arm that

Categorization: has been programmed to film No Change/Choreographing / something which was produced Automation/ Filming

with a pre-robotic sensitivity, and a sculpture installation for a Tooling Technique: DSLR Camera history without a monument.�

Choreographing -- filming


Machinic Conversations An LED acctuator is attached. IAAC Tool paths generated as 2013 parametric lines in grasshopper.

Robot’s movements

Categorization: photographed with a long No Change/Choreographing / exposure camera creating light Automation/Performance

trails.

Tooling Technique: LED

Adding -- extrude


Bridge A bridge printed by welding MX3d beads of steel in space, without 2015- a sustrate/scaffold. 3D printing Categorization: Change/Additive /Weld/ in space

with structural materials.

As a proof of concept, MX3D plans to use two robots to build Tooling Technique: a bridge, in situ, over a canal in spot welder / steel Amsterdam.

Additive -- weld


Robotic Spider Robot is deploying a yarn-like Mediated Matter/ MIT Media Lab thread on prearranged hooks. 2012 MIT researchers say that

material will soon be replaced

Categorization: by a moist nylon substance Change/Adding /Looming/Scaffold

that hardens as it dries. Subsequently, that substance Tooling Technique: will be replaced by some sort of spool of thread / scaffold of hooks sticky composite created from the remains of MIT researchers.

Adding -- looming


Long Distance Art Two machines, in two different A. Kissling, Strukt, and INDAT locations, reproduce drawings 2014 in real-time, as they are being Method: Choreographing

created by the artist.

Imitation

Purpose: Performance

No Change -- Choreographing


IDC / ITKE Research Pavilion The machine lays pre-preg Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart carbon fiber on a surface in 2014 space, in this case an inflatable

that serves as guide and

Method: formwork for the pavillion. The Adding Extrusion

project also involves structural analysis and path optimization.v

Purpose: Surface Extrusion

Change -- Adding


IDC / ITKE vResearch Pavilion The robotic arm “weaves� Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart carbon and glass fiber with resin 2012 onto a frame, which is mounted

on a rotating table. This process

Method: of weaving produces surfaces Adding Looming

Purpose: Woven Structure

between the metal frames to generate the envelope of the pavilion.

Change -- Adding


IDC Research Pavilion Two robotic arms holding either Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart the top or bottom of a polygon 2013 frame translate and rotate to

guide the flow of resin-coated

Method: glass or carbon fiber through Adding

the corresponding pegs on the frame’s perimeter. The oncedisconnected polygons are Purpose: Woven Panel woven together and become one piece of the double-skin structure. Looming

Change -- Adding


Curved-Folded Wood Pavilion The machine is used to guide a C. Robeller, S.S. Nabaei, Y.Weinand variety of tools through precise 2014 tool-paths for machinning these

wood pannels and achieving the

Method: desired joints. This project is also Subtracting Machining

derived from structural analysis.

Purpose: Joinery

Change -- Subtracting


Single-Point Incremental Forming Using a heated metal tip, the DADA Conference machine forms a sheet of plastic 2015 by “incrementally� tracing the Method: Manipulating

tool-path onto the material.

Forming

Purpose: Plastic Shaping

Change -- Manipulating


Curved-Folded Wood Pavilion A centrally located robotic Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich arm constructs a radial brick 2011 wall by picking up bricks and

laying them on the specified

Method: location. In doing so, it also Adding Pick and Place

uses a scanning system for selforientationl

Purpose: Brick Laying

Change -- Adding


Smart Dynamic Casting This process involves slip Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich forming, in which concrete 2012 is continuously poured into

a delimited formwork, which

Method: moves by the use of hydraulic Adding Extrude

Purpose: Slip Forming

jacks at a speed set according to the hardening rate of the concrete.

Change -- Adding


Mobile Robotic Tiling The machine carries out the Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich tiling process by both laying 2013 the adhesive and the tile. This

highly precise, industry-oriented

Method: method aims to increase Adding Pick and Place

productivity while maintaining quality standards.

Purpose: Laying Tiles

Change -- Adding


Additive Robotic Fabrication In this project, the machine Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich handles piece after piece of 2012 timber and manages the precise

interaction between the material

Method: and other machinning tools. It Adding

also carries out the assembly of parts. The use of the robotic arm automates a multi-layered Purpose: Assembling Form process. Pick and Place

Change -- Adding


Spatial Wire Cutting The machine is used to achieve Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich single-shot, double curved hot 2013 wire cutting of foam. In this case,

two robotic arms collaborate to

Method: machine a still piece of material. Subtracting Sweep

Purpose: Complex Foam Cutting

Change -- Subtracting


Sequential Structure The machine intervites in Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich different stages of this multi2010 step project, from picking and

placing to the application of

Method: adhessive, and the assebly Adding

of parts. The pavilion was discretized into arches to allow for their independent, Purpose: Laying Parts automatized assembly. Later, each component was annexed to the whole. Pick and Place

Change -- Adding


Pike Loop A moveable trailer transports the Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich robotic arm along a horizontal 2009 axis as it assembles a pick and Method: Adding

place, woven brick wall.

Pick and Place

Purpose: Laying Parts

Change -- Adding


Stacked Pavilion The machine is employed to Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich precicely stack wooden parts in 2009 order to create a set of repeating Method: Adding

modules.

Pick and Place

Purpose: Laying Parts

Change -- Adding


Irridescence Print The machine is used to extrude Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich colored fillament in space, to 2015 construct a thickened surface

layer by layer, simulating a space

Method: frame. Adding Extrude

Purpose: In Space

Change -- Adding


Mataerial This anti-gravity object modeling IAAC ethod of robotic arm extrusion 2013 allows for creating supportless Method: Adding

objects from 3D curves.

Extrude

Purpose: In Space

Change -- Adding


Balance Bending The robotic arm is used Matter Design (B. Clifford / W. McGee) to precisely handle steel 2015 extrusions. This includes picking,

placing, rotating, and moving,

Method: in order to transform them with Manipulating Bending

another (also programmed) tool.

Purpose: Forming

No Change -- Manipulating


SLAM Research This two-part fabrication Digital Structures / MIT process uses the machine to mill 2014 a formwork of load paths onto a

disposable stock, where it then

Method: extrudes fillament. The resulting Adding Extrude

structure is removed from the formwork.

Purpose: Surface Extrusion

Change -- Adding


Water-Based Robotic Fabrication The machine is used to extrude MIT / Media Lab - Mediated Matter variable concentrations of a 2014 water-based, biodegradable

material with a specific pattern

Method: onto a surface. After curing, the Adding Extrude

“printed� pattern gains a spacial dimension.

Purpose: Printing

Change -- Adding


Collier Memorial The multiple-axis robot arm was Howler Yoon / Quarra Stone / MIT used to machine each individual, 2015 digitally modelled granite block

into each part of the memorial,

Method: within a tolerance of 0.5 Subtracting Machining

milimeters.

Purpose: Forming

Change -- Subtracting


Makr Shakr Interfacing with an app, the MIT Senseable CityLab robot makes a cocktail as part of 2013 a performance. Categorization: No Change/Choreographing/ Automation/Performance Tooling Technique: Miscellanious/Modified Cocktail Shaker

Choreographing--Automation


The machine extrudes 4 filaments simultaneously in free space to trace a line while imitateting the structure of a spider thread in what is called a Categorization: spindle knot like motion trail.

Robotic Extrusion Ji Shi, Xun Liu, Ruihua Luo, Yuqi Cui, Princeton University 2014

Change/Adding/Extrude/In Space Tooling Technique: Extruder Four /Headed Extruder

Adding -- Extrude


Linking Hot-Wiring and Assembly This project usese a hotwire to RMIT University workshop shape custom foam pieces and 2013 place them precisely after beign

cut. The tool on the robot uses

Categorization: suction, but the wire implement Change/Subtracting/Sweep/Forming

is static in the room .

Tooling Technique: Heated Element/Wire Cutter

Subtracting--Sweep


Addition Pavilion For the purpose of creating Robotic Woodcraft custom joinery, this robotically 2014 controlled machining processes

subtracts the ends of some

Categorization: lumber. This leads to manual Change/Subtracting/Machining/ assembly of the pavilion. Joinery Tooling Technique: Machining/Router

Subtracting -- Machining


Wooden Structures Coating an MDF board and Robotic Woodcraft plotting at an angle (5 axis?) to 2014 raster an image defined by the

contrast in color of the otop coat

Categorization: and the impression of depth. Change/Subtracting/Machining/ Plotting Tooling Technique: Machining/Router

Subtracting--Machining


Wood Milling Tests Using a machining end effector, Robotic Woodcraft the robot subtracts and shapes 2015 a vertically oriented block of Categorization: Change/Subtracting/Machining/ Forming

wood.

Tooling Technique: Machining/Router

Subtracting--Machining


Variable Carving Volume Casting Hot knife cutter scallops foam to Volumetric Robotics, Andrew Manto, produce formwork for casting. Patrick Little, Nazareth Ekmekjian 2014 Categorization: Change/Subtracting/Sweep/Forming Tooling Technique: Heated Element/Wire Scallop

Subtracting--Sweeping


Kuka Weaving Multi tool process that both School Of Form in Poznań drills holes for pegs to be placed 2015 in wood base, and then weaves Categorization: Change/Adding/Looming

string around the pegs.

Tooling Technique: Loom/3-D Printed Head

Adding -- Looming


Randomized Identities Tool combines an ability to Angewendte machine holes and hold dowels 2015 to run through a table saw and Categorization: -Change/Subtracting/Machining/ Forming -“..�/Adding/Pick and Place/ Inserting

plug them into the holes.

Tooling Technique: -Machining/Router -Machining/Circular Saw Subtracting--Machining


Katana Fighting Choreographing between two ABB roboots equipped with Katana 2013 Swords. Categorization: No Change/Choreographing/ Automation/Performance Tooling Technique: Miscellanious/Katana Sword

Adding -- Pick and Place


Beer Pouring Pincers maneuvers a glass and a ABB bottle to pour a glass of beer. 2006 Categorization: No Change/Choreographing/ Automation/Performance Tooling Technique: Miscellanious/Beer Bottle

Choreographing--Automation


Carving Stone A wire cutting robot of a large Carrara Robotics industrial scale that, thanks to 2014 being equipped with a diamond

saturated wire, can cut through

Categorization: stone. There is also a nozzle Change/Subtracting/Sweep/Forming

to constantly spray the marble to simultaneously clean the stone Tooling Technique: and remove left over particles.

Machining/Dimond Band Saw

Subtracting --Sweep


Blob Wall On-Surface milling for precision Greg Lynn FORM purposes to fit pieces together. 2009 Categorization: Change/Subtracting/Machining/On Surface Tooling Technique: Machining/Router

Subtracting -- Machining


Bridge A bridge printed by welding MX3d beads of steel in space, without 2015- a sustrate/scaffold. As a proof of

concept, MX3D plans to use two

Categorization: robots to build a bridge, in situ, Change/Additive /Weld/ in space

over a canal in Amsterdam.

Tooling Technique: spot welder / steel

Additive -- weld


Robotic Spider Robot is deploying a yarn-like Mediated Matter/ MIT Media Lab thread on prearranged hooks. 2012 MIT researchers say that

material will soon be replaced

Categorization: by a moist nylon substance Change/Adding /Looming/Scaffold

that hardens as it dries. Subsequently, that substance Tooling Technique: will be replaced by some sort of spool of thread / scaffold of hooks sticky composite created from the remains of MIT researchers.

Adding -- looming


This project explores the possibilities of Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) and Double-Sided Incremental Forming (DSIF) as a faster way to produce custom forms for Method: architectural skins.

An Investigation of Robotic Incremental Sheet Metal Forming as a Method for Prototyping Parametric Architectural Skins / UMICH / SCIARC 2014

Manipulating Forming

Purpose: Metal Shaping Change -- Manipulating


This project investigates the precise use of the robotic arm with a band-saw as effector in order to produce aggregatable out of non-standard stocks of Method: wood.

Bandsawn Bands Ryan Luke Johns and Nicholas Foley Princeton / Greyshed 2014

Subtracting Machining

Purpose: Wood Milling

Change -- Subtracting


With the developing of a tool inspired by the bead rolling process and it’s structural benefits, this project tries to bridge a industrial fabrication Method: method with direct testing and Manipulating evaluaton of prototypes.

Robotic Bead Rolling Jared Friedman, Ahmed Hosny and Amanda Lee / GSD 2014

Bead Rolling

Purpose: Metal Shaping

Change -- Manipulating


Using a hot wire as main tool, this project succeeds in “carving� out all the different components of a light foam vault, dissimilar in both shape Method: and porosity.

Performative Tectonics Philip F. Yuan, Hao Meng and Pradeep Devadass / Tongji University 2014

Subtracting Sweep

Purpose: Complex Foam Cutting

Change -- Subtracting


Digital Construction Platform This project combines a 5-axis Mediated Matter MIT Altec hydraulic mobile boom 2012-2015 arm, for gross positioning,

and a 6-axis KUKA robotic

Categorization: arm, for fine positioning and Placement/Automation/Sensing

oscillation correction. Potential applications: “fabrication of Tooling Technique: non-standard architectural Varies forms, integration of real-time on-site sensing data, improved constructionefficiency [...].� No Change -- Choreographing


Tooling Agency The robot translates the ink Robert White / MIT brush on a left-right, non zig2013 zagging motion, and produces an

image on paper as it warps due

Method: to moisture. Choreographing Plotting

Purpose: Drawing

Change -- Choreographing


KUKA Robocoaster 4-D Ski Simulation Two charis are mounted on the KUKA Robotics robot to accomodate humans 2008 and offer them an avalanche

motion-simulation, coordinated

Method: with a visuals. Choreographing Simulation

Purpose: Amusement

No Change -- Choreographing


KUKA Pring Pong Robot In order to imitate human Get Robo reflexes, this robotic arm 2008 integrates cameras and sensors Method: Choreographing

for real-time adjustments.

Automation

Purpose: Performance

No Change -- Choreographing


ARUM Two robot arms with vaccum end RoboFold / Zaha Hadid effectors pick up the pre-cut 2012 and pre-scored pieces and hold

them in place with a third vacum

Method: to precisely fold them into their Manipulating Forming

custom shapes.

Purpose: Metal Shaping

Change -- Manipulating


Synchronous Dissections LEDs are attached and moved SCI-ARC through space while a camera 2012 that is also attached to a robotic

arm takes images of the lights

Categorization: as they move in sync with each Choreography

other.

Tooling Technique: LED+Camera

Choreography -- Light Motion


Supeaerorobospatial A seminar exploring the Greg Lynn+Julia Koerner , SupraStudio possibility of using robotic arms 2014 to produce architectural motion

as a design method to express

Categorization: concepts of literal and Choreography

phenomenal motion.

Tooling Technique: Movement

Choreography--Motion


RoboCoaster Designed as an attraction at KUKA Epcot called the Sum of All 2009 Thrills, the simulator creates

a 4d experience through 3d

Categorization: robotic motion and “wind� by Simulation

controlling air movement to create a simulated experience Tooling Technique: involving high wind speeds and Motion quick directional changes.

Simulation -- Motion


Human Interface “Contemporary dance for Thomas Freundlich humans and industrial robots� 2012 This performance features

humans freely moving across

Categorization: the strage and robotic arms Choregraphy

attached to the floor. The performers freedom to change Tooling Technique: thier performance and the pre Motion and Dancing programmed nature of the robots creates a juxtaposition between man and machine. Choreography -- Dancing


Robot DJ The robotic arms here are used KUKA to pick and sample different 2009 vinyl records on a turntable,

and on the fly. Their movement

Categorization: allows them to precision sample Choreography/Sound

moments on the album in order to mashup a song. The Tooling Technique: performance uses two robotic Vinyl Placement arms to improve the layering of sounds.

Choreography -- Sound


The Box This project explores the Creators Project synthesis of real and digital 2013 space through projection

mapping on moving surfaces.

Categorization: It is a culmination of multiple Choreography

technologies - large scale robotics, projection mapping, Tooling Technique: and software engineering.

LED screens/ Projection Mapping

Choreography -- animation


Robotic Compound Fabrication This machine was developed to Mediated Matter, MIT combine different functions that 2010-2011 normally would all be done on

stand alone machines. It was an

Categorization: experiment to test the benefits Additive/Subractive/Formative Tooling Technique: Milling/Printing/Sculpting

and drawbacks of a integrated manufacturing platform.

Multiplatform -- Additive/Subtractive/Formative


FlexBrick This robot-based facade system Gramazio - Kohler / ETH Zurich manufacturing combines in-situ 2008 assembly with digitally informed

processes. The application the

Method: adhessive on each brick allows Adding/Automation Purpose: Stacking

for the wall to perform under tension.

Change -- Adding


Introduction to Industrial Processes


The application of robotics in an industrial setting can inform potential uses in architecture and design. The main lesson from these settings is that their purpose is to get close to to their target, but to compensate for this by allowing the fine tooling process to complete the majority of the work, locally. In these cases, the end effector acts as an apparatus to deal with the precision tasks.

uncommon for industiral manufacturers to manually set up the actions for the robots. That is, the robot is manually moved bit by bit in order to deconstruct the necessary actions and these are then translated digitally in ordered to be programmed to the machine, in effect reverse engineering.

Precision - repeatability, will always return very close but not necessarily on where the In the case of the automobile target you wanted was industry, for example, the Accuracy - on target but not arm will come close to the as consistent. door and lock itself on it so the end effector can perform its task without stressing the machine and in the end negatively affecting the quality. It might seem counterintuitive to the precision process performed by architects through programming the machine digitally, but it’s not


Categorization: Adding Tooling Technique: Nozzle + Metering System

Dispensing systems for bonding, gasketing, molding, and sealing applications are enhanced by robotic automation especially with respect to consistent volume dispensed per part. Positive piston displacement driven by servomotors ensures precise metering and is commonly used in dispensing applications.

Industrial Applications -- Dispensing


Categorization: Change / Pick and Place Tooling Technique: Pick + Place / Adaptive Gripper

Machine tending involves feeding parts in and out of an industrial machine through robotic automation. Examples of processes range from presses to injection molding. These operations generally require the design of custom end effectors based on the part being manipulated. Adaptive Grippers permit greater flexibility.

Industrial Applications -- Machine Tending


Categorization: Change/Adding Tooling Technique: Vision System + Torch

Robotic cells can be programmed to perform a range of welding processes. The automotive industry was the first to employ vision systems for seam tracking during welding operations. Sensorial capabilities like an image processing system gathers data about the weld geometry to calibrate the toolpath.

Industrial Applications -- Welding


Categorization: Pick and Place Tooling Technique: Pick + Place / Adaptive Gripper

Operations like fixing, press-fitting, insertion, and disassembly typically involve force torque sensors, tactile sensors, and vision systems both for part location, identification and quality control. A vast range of applications exist from the assembly of individual nuts and bolts to the manipulation of 700kg cylinder blocks.

Industrial Applications -- Assembly





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