Atlas of the Trajectories of Things Sanaa Degani
Table of Contents
2
1.
Approaching Hashima
6
2.
Creation/Abandonment of the Island
8
3.
Multiplication of the Concrete Buildings
10
4.
Floor Heights of the Concrete Buildings
11
5.
Life on Hashima Before Abandonment
14
6.
Walking Through Hashima
18
7.
Emergence of Flora
20
8.
Fauna on Nearby Islands
21
9.
Re-imagination of Hashima - 2014
22
10.
Things Left Behind
26
11.
Block 65
27
12.
Hashima Hospital
28
3
13.
Hashima School
29
14.
Nikku Company Flats
30
15.
Mining Area
31
16.
Material Decay Under Various Circumstances
34
17.
Materials, Things, Trajectories and Assemblages
36
18.
Hashima in 2014 Before Interventions
38
19.
2014 - Subtracting
40
20.
2024 - Holding
42
21.
2034 - Strangling
44
22.
Life in Hashima After Abandonment
48
23.
Bibliography
52
“Now desolate and forgotten, Hashima guards the entrance to Nagasaki Harbour like a strange, dead lighthouse, attracting little more attention than the visits of tired seagulls and the curious stares of people on passing ships.� ~ Brian Burke- Gaffney (Professor at Tokyo University)
II - 1
Approaching Hashima
6
Port of Nagasaki Nagasaki City
1.5
Hashima Island
err
hou
rs b
yF
Takashima Island
y
Japan
Nagasaki Peninsula
7 Hashima Island, commonly called Gunkanjima (meaning Battleship Island), is one among 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki, Japan.
I-1
Nagasaki Prefecture about 15 kilometers from
10m
Creation/Abandonment of the Island
Historical Island Expansion
8
Topography
1897
0.0m
1899
2.0m
1900
9.0m
1907
31.0m 42.5m
Restricted Area/ Open
Restricted Open
9
Building Conditions
Residential
Collapsed
Public Facility
Retained
Industrial
Existing Routes
Historical Route Tourist Route
Ground Conditions
Area covered in green Area covered in rubble
II - 2
Building Types
Multiplication of the Concrete Buildings
10
69
Date
Type
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 12 No. 13 No. 14 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 20 No. 21 No. 22
1936 1950 1959 1950 1936 1953 1919 1925 1967 1941 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1954 1953
Wooden / 1 Floor RC / 3 Floors RC / 4 Floors Wooden / 2 Floors Wooden / 2 Floors Wooden / 2 Floors RC, Wooden / 3 Floors Wood / 3 Floors RC / 4 Floors RC / 5 Floors RC / 9 Floors RC / 9 Floors RC / 9 Floors RC / 9 Floors RC / 7 Floors RC / 5 Floors RC / 5 Floors
9 20 1 4 3 12 15 66 54 50 45 26 15 12
No. 23 No. 25 No. 26 No. 30 No. 31 No. 39 No. 48 No. 50 No. 51 No. 56 No. 57 No. 59 No. 60 No. 61 No. 65 No. 66 No. 67 No. 68 No. 69 No. 70 No. 71
1921 1931 1966 1916 1957 1964 1955 1927 1961 1939 1939 1953 1953 1953 1945 1940 1950 1958 1958 1958 1970
Wooden / 2 Floors RC / 5 Floors Prefab / 2 Floors RC / 7 Floors RC / 6 Floors RC / 3 Floors RC / 5 Floors Steel Frame / 2 Floors RC / 8 Floors RC / 3 Floors RC / 4 Floors RC / 5 Floors RC / 5 Floors RC / 5 Floors RC / 9 Floors RC / 4 Floors RC / 4 Floors RC / 2 Floors RC / 4 Floors RC / 7 Floors RC / 2 Floors
6 6 8 140 51 20 40 6 8 17 17 17 317 48 -
A: small park for children B: public park for children c: playground D: swimming pool E: water tank F: shopping market G: shore protection opening H: salt spray street I: “Stairway to Hell” J: “The 50 steps away” K: green promenade L: dolphin pier M: the harbour N: tunnel walk O: company office P: winch turrent Q: tennis court R: intake
Living Spaces
Use
68
C
Shrine 67 Employee housing Employee housing (for management, with baths) Mine manager’s residence 66 70 Employee dormitories H B 65 Employee clubhouse 71 Communal bath (1st floor) / Employee housing 61 Employee housing Town housing (for teaching staff) 16 6 7 60 J Employee housing (central housing) 14 15 57 56 Employee housing G 59 17 18 Employee housing 11 19 Employee housing 16 10 1 21 Employee housing 17 Employee housing Police dispatch post (1st floor) / Miners’ housing 51 18 Senior citizens’ club (1st floor) / Town Hall (2nd floor) / 23 34 2 ‘Kamome-so’ town housing (for civil servants) 19 R 22 24 K Housing (1st floor) / Senpukuji Temple (2nd floor) Lodgings (1st & 2nd floors) / Employee housing 48 20 14 Subcontracted employee housing 3 26 Former miners’ housing (subcontracted housing) 35 25 21 Communal bath (basement) / post office (1st floor) / Miners’ housing 39 Community center 13 5 22 Miners’ housing (Pachinko hall etc. in basement) 37 50 Showakan’ Cinema 12 Miners’ housing 8 37 38 23 40 Employee housing 6 Shop (1st floor) / Miners’ housing L Shop (basement) / Miners’ housing A 39 7 Shop (basement) / Miners’ housing 29 Communal bath basement) / Miners’ housing 42 Miners’ housing / Rooftop kindergarten 31 43 Miners’ training camp (Keimei-ryo) 25 26 44 Miners’ training camp (single dorms) 45 Quarantine ward 30 Hashima hospital Hashima school 47 N 49 Gymnasium 48 55
58 61 D
59
50
56 57 60
53
54
M
II - 3
No.
Floor Heights of the Concrete Buildings
11
(M) 50
basement or semibasement
45
evacuation floor from where residents can pass horizontlly to the passage on the rock
40
piloti possible to pass through
35
different structural building added above the roof
30
roof gardens
25
roof garden connecting the rock head through bridges
20
extension partially built on the roof garden
15
10
5
30 51 48 51 59 60 61 66 67 65 65 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 50 57 25 12 13 14 56 2 3 5 6 7
(Building No.)
8
II - 4
0
“The island used to be Japan’s future.” ~ Doutoku Sakamato (Former resident of the island)
II - 5
Life on Hashima Before Abandonment
14
Hashima was abandoned and left behind. The first Reinforced Concrete building in Japan built on Hashima. Larger E shaped apartment block for the increase in the number of workers Two Shaft Mines installed at Hashima.
1838
Nagasaki gained importance as a port leading to the demand of coal.
1890
Hashima island was sold to Mitsubishi Corporation.
1894-1905
Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War led to the further demand of coal.
Land Reclamations at the island with slag from the mine giving it a name: Gukanjimas (Battle Ship).
1907
Only place in Japan where construction of apartment blocks continued during WW2.
1916-1941
Produced 410,000 tons of coal in WW2 with a growing population of 3000 people including Korean and Chinese prisoners.
Now begins the non-human political economy of ‘things’ or quasi objects that make up the abandoned island. Hashima contained all the facilities and services necessary to become a self-sufficient political economy for humans.
1959-1963
Population of Hashima peaked to 5259 people making it the highest density in the world.
Each of these things have their own trajectories that affect each other due to the change (decay) in the materials that they are made up of.
1974-1984
Petroleum replaced coal in Japan.
1994
15 Hashima was a coal mining facility in the period 1887-1974 and the most densely populated town in the world. During its 84-year career under Mitsubishi, the island produced 16.5 million tons of coal. In the beginning, this island was only a hill in the sea but II - 7 II - 10 II - 13
II - 8
II - 6 II - 9
it into a self-sufficient entity (480mx160m)
II - 12
through repeated expansion humans made for their mining purposes. The first concrete building in Japan was built on the island in order to house the vast number of inhabitants of Hashima. More than 30 buildings were built on the island serving various purposes tunneled deep into the sea bottom, the build-
II - 11
to meet the demand of coal. Thus the miners ers carefully utilized every precious square meter of island property, and the islanders made valiant efforts to lead a comfortable and dignified life. But few, if any, of these people included the closing of the mine in their plans.
the mine shut down in 1974 and this resulted
I-2
in the abandonment of Hashima.
II - 14
After petroleum came to the Japanese market
“There are ghosts there for sure. And there is something not right about the place. There is nothing pretty about it. There’s nothing beautiful about it. The whole place is just death and decay.� ~ Thomas Nordanstad (Hashima documentary film maker)
II - 15
18
II - 16
Walking Through Hashima
19 At first sight Hashima reveals clusters of unpopulated high-rise buildings pressing up against a man-made sea wall. What used to be a pathway is now covered with concrete and wood debris. The cracks inside some of the buildings make them seem so fragile that they might not last the next typhoon season. Walking through the maze of buildings one always gets surprised at the change from empty concrete to the sudden wall or carpet of wild, green foliage that has started enveloping the place almost like white lilies on a coffin. The smell of sea-salt and decay makes the ruin more putrid than aesthetic and one does not get used to it with time. A series of staircases connect parts of the island together to a battered shrine on top of the steep, rocky cliff. Climbing the staircases one goes back into the footsteps of the miner who lived there for whom this was a daily ritual. On reaching the shrine the smell of decay vanishes leading to sea breeze and a splendid view of neighboring islands and birds flying overhead.
Emergence of Flora
20
Ivy
Devil Tree
Japanese Sago Palm
Japanese Mock Orange
Hairy Fig
Japanese Forest Grass
Easter Lily
II - 17
Ficus, Banyon Tree
Fauna on Nearby Islands
Japanese Wood Pigeon
Brown-Eared Bulbul
II - 21
II - 20
II - 25
Red- Tailed Tropic Bird
II - 24
Bonin Island Petel
II - 23
Black Footed Albatross
II -22
Intermediate Egret
II - 19
II - 18
21
Oriental Greenfinch
Buff-Bellied Pipit
Re-imagination of Hashima - 2014 Since I have not been to Hashima, understanding the site through the reconstruction of its elements with temporally based models was important for me. When and why was each of its buildings built and what was the fate of that building after abandonment were the crucial first steps to deciphering what the things on the island consisted of. I walked through the Google Walkthrough of Hashima multiple times until I could imagine the island as the thing it was built to be and the way it is in its current metamorphosis. Other than the buildings the pathways that existed before were now covered with either debris or shrub and grass. Through the understanding of the space I could catalogue the various photographs of objects that people had taken into where they might be found. The time that these pictures were taken was one of the key elements through which I could understand the rate of change of the materials on the island. After an in-depth study I remodeled the site, with the model itself becoming the site for me.
22
23
“The well-being and flourishing of human and nonhuman life on earth have value in themselves (synonyms: intrinsic value, inherent value). These values are independent of the usefulness of the non-human world for human purposes.” ~ Arne Næss and George Sessions
II - 26
Things Left Behind The island was built as if an object was manufactured, piece-by-piece until it became a complete thing that changed with its own macro-trajectory after abandonment like the things inside it.
26
Block 65
27
You are in block 65, a 9-storey high construction containing 317 apartments. If you stand outside the block and look to your right you see a ‘Salt rain crossing’. People had to wait under this crossing until the waves caused by typhoons calmed down before they could go built in 1945 during the World War II and it was the only building in entire of Japan to be built during this period. Looking around Block 65 you see various objects left behind by the miners; some too heavy to carry back to mainland, a few forgotten and others too insignificant. The child must have wailed on I-3
the ferry for the forgotten doll on the floor.
II - 27
to the markets and shops. This building was
28
II - 28
Hashima Hospital
Now you reach the Hashima Hospital, alongside which there is also a quarantine ward. The hospital was very important due to the frequent accidents that the miners had at work. It contained state-of-the-art equipment for operations and a small dental clinic. Also, during World War II when mining reached its peak and people were dying due to lack of food the hospital became one of the most important buildings on the site. The quarantine ward was mainly used for the prisoners that were shipped to the island to work on the mines.
Hashima School
29
You are currently standing inside the Hashima School. A 7-floor building that was the home of education and children on Gunkanjima island and the last building to be built there. The ground to the 4th floor held primary high school. The 7th floor also contained a gymnasium and a theater. Towards the end of the island’s populated years, in 1970, a lunch hall was installed along with the island’s only lift. On March 31st 1974 the school closed for the final time. Other than books, tables and chairs you can see the names of the teachers fading chalk on the blackboard.
I-4
who taught in the school are still written in
II - 29
school while the 5th to 7th had middle/junior
Nikku Company Flats
30
company flats for miners, built after World War I from reinforced concrete, standing at 9 stories high and holding 241 rooms. The complex was constructed on a sloping rock at the center of Hashima and became for a time the tallest building in Japan. This was where many of the miners lived on the island and is thus where many personal possessions have been left behind by them, for example: this old typewriter sitting on a desk by the window with a splendid view of the sea. It almost feels back any moment.
I-5
like time has frozen and the miners will be
II - 30
You stand now on the 4th floor of the Nikku
Mining Area
II - 31
31
In front of you along with a weathered and torn old bicycle, stand the equipment for transferring and refining coal. Coal would be carried along to a storage on the conveyor belt which these braces held up, before the coal ships would collect it. The coal was collected bed around Gunkanjima .
I-6
from long shaft tunnels underneath the sea
“Within any physical system, different bodies impede the ability of other bodies to move in an unobstructed fashion or trajectory precisely because they are affecting those others.� ~ Agency of Assemblages 2010, Jane Bennett
II - 32
Material Decay Under Various Circumstances
CHANGE DECAY
34
SUNLIGHT/RAIN
FIRE
EARTHQUAKE/ LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI/ TYPHOON
ANIMALS/ INSECTS
NUCLEAR DISASTER
30 days
less than 1 day
1 day
7 days
60 days
less than 1 day
- bleach - moss growth - thermodynamic expansion/contraction
- ash - charred
- debri - splinters
- fuzzy wood - marine growth - algae
- termites - swarms - fungi
- smithereens - ignition/combustion - charring
- mold - moss growth - creepers
- fractures - melting
- cracks - breakage
- cracks - algae
- flys
- blown to bits - radiation: point defects, density/dimensional changes
CLOTH
- bleach - moss growth - mold
- ash - charred
- torn - soiled
- torn - algae
- holes: moths - soiled - tears
- blown to bits - tears
PLASTIC
- mold - moss growth - discoloration
- semi-burnt - melting
- cracks - breakage - soiled
- cracks - algae
- soiled - colonies - spiders
- blown to bits - radiation: discoloration, density/dimensional changes - melting
BUILDING MATERIALS DERIEVED FROM STONE
- discoloration - moss growth - mold
- Cracks, Density changes - expansion - charred - breakage
- soiled - breakage - cracks
- frost action - volume change - marine growth
- bats - colonies - spiders
- smithereens - radiation: discoloration, density/dimensional changes - charring
WOOD
GLASS, CERAMICS
PLASTIC
CHANGE DECAY
- mold - moss growth - discoloration
- semi-burnt - melting
- cracks - breakage - soiled
- cracks - algae
- soiled - colonies - spiders
- blown to bits - radiation: discoloration, density/dimensional changes - melting
SUNLIGHT/RAIN
FIRE
EARTHQUAKE/ LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI/ TYPHOON
ANIMALS/ INSECTS
NUCLEAR DISASTER
30 days
less than 1 day
1 day
7 days
60 days
less than 1 day
- bleach discoloration - moss growth - thermodynamic expansion/contraction mold
- ash Cracks, Density changes - expansion - charred - breakage
- debri soiled - splinters breakage - cracks
- fuzzy wood frost action - marine volume growth change - algae marine growth
- termites bats - swarms colonies - fungi spiders
- smithereens - ignition/combustion radiation: discoloration, - density/dimensional charring changes - charring
- mold rust - moss growth - creepers cracks
- fractures dimentional change - melting
- cracks - breakage - soiled
- cracks rust - algae -bend
- flys ants - beetles - spiders
- blown to bits - radiation: point defects, dimensional changes changes - density/dimensional melting
LEATHER CLOTH
-- hardness bleach -- fading moss growth -- mold mold
-- cracks ash -- charred charred
-- soiled torn -- storn soiled
-- damaged (soaked) torn -- hardness (on drying) algae - algae
-- bed bugs,silverfish holes: moths -- holes: soiled moths -- soiled tears
--blown blownto tobits bits --thermal tears radiation: hardness
RUBBER PLASTIC
-- mold mold -- swelling (water retention) moss growth -- hardness (in cold) discoloration
-- charred semi-burnt -- melting melting
-- soiled cracks -- torn breakage - soiled
-- swelling cracks (water retention) -- algae algae - elasticity changes (warm water)
-- crickets soiled -- rubber eating beetles colonies -- soiled spiders
-- blown blown to to bits bits -- radiation: radiation: dimensional discoloration,changes density/dimensional changes - melting
BUILDING MATERIALS DERIEVED FROM STONE
- discoloration - moss growth - mold
- Cracks, Density changes - expansion - charred - breakage
- soiled - breakage - cracks
- frost action - volume change - marine growth
- bats - colonies - spiders
- smithereens - radiation: discoloration, density/dimensional changes - charring
WOOD BUILDING MATERIALS DERIEVED FROM STONE
METAL GLASS, CERAMICS
35
Materials, Things, Trajectories and Assemblages The things on Hashima are made up of a economy (political: how things affect each range of materials that can be categorized other, economy: behavioral aspects that act into: wood, metal, plastic, concrete/stone/ as frameworks of analysis). The island of brick, glass/ceramic, rubber, leather and cloth. Hashima is thus a perfect study of assemThese categories are important to study the blages without humans that are not looked at change in the things through the process of
from a point of view of cultural importance
decay of the objects. A matrix of this change but in the interaction and change (decay) of in different conditions (sunlight/rain and its constituent materials. disasters) helped in the study of how materials react with the environment.
I started working with detailed scientific graphs after this to diagrammatize my under-
Not only was the island as a whole left behind standing of the change that took place in but also the things used by the humans that Hashima with respect to the materials that inhabited the island were left behind by them the various things were made up of. I could in a hurry to leave Hashima. Thus the island plot the trajectory of the material up to the and all the things in it form an assemblage current time and then speculate the trajectory where in the things are undergoing a constant of the material for the next 100 years under metamorphosis and creating an agency of their own. Plants and insects that previously did not exist on the island have also become a part of this assemblage of things with their own trajectories that attract and repulse the other things in the assemblage. The environment also acts in its own trajectory affecting the things inside the island. These trajectories are not seen as hierarchical but as their own entities affecting each other. This assemblage of things creates its own non-human political
the natural conditions on Hashima.
36
37
Strangling Banyan Tree
2034
Holding Ivy Creeper
2024
Subtracting Concrete Holes
2014
2010
2034 2024 2014 2010
Hashima in 2014, Before Interventions
38
As per my research and findings, every new
List of material % in 2014 concrete 50%
element or thing that is added to an assembly
wood 20%
GRAPH OF CHANGE UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS ON HASHIMA VIS-A-VIS EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF NATURE
metal 20% glass 10%
of already existing things will lead to a change
plastic 2% rubber 1.5%
in the way the assembly works as a whole
cloth 1% leather 0.5%
due to the constant attraction and repulsion with other things. Thus in the timeline I
flo ra
dust
added three interventions at different times that affect the assembly of Hashima. These
weathering
graphs show how different materials (hence soiled
trajectories of the interventions.
change
trajectories change due to the change in the
deform/ bend
growth of flora
things) interact with each other and how their
cracks/ holes/ splinters/ tears/ rust mold
metal
plant growth lea
the
bits & pieces 1974
1984
1994
2004
2014
2024
r
rub
be
wo
r
od
2034
stone/co
clo
plastic glass
ncrete/b
th
2044
time
2054
2064
rick 2074
2084
2094
2104
39
2014 - Subtracting
40
The first intervention is called ‘subtracting’
List of material concrete
where I remove material from the existing
wood
GRAPH SHOWING THE SUBTRACTION ON CONCRETE INTERVENTION IN HASHIMA
metal glass
things in 2014 and map the change. Due to
plastic rubber
this most of the materials and hence things
cloth leather
transform more rapidly in their trajectory. flo
ra
dust
weathering
deform/ bend
growth of flora
change
soiled
cracks/ holes/ splinters/ tears/ rust mold
metal
plant growth
subtracting
clo
th
bits & pieces 1974
1984
1994
2004
2014
2024
lea
the
r w rub oo be d r 2034
plastic glass
conc
rete
2044
time
2054
2064
2074
2084
2094
2104
41
2024 - Holding
42
The second is called ‘holding’ where I increase
List of material concrete
the amount of ivy on the island in 2024 and
wood
GRAPH SHOWING THE CHANGE DUE TO CREEPERS HOLDING THE THINGS IN HASHIMA
metal glass
map the change. This slows down the rate of
plastic rubber
change because ivy holds the decaying archi-
cloth leather flo ra
tecture together. dust
Ivy takes upto 10 years to scale 25m. and due to its capability to hold onto the wall of
weathering
a building it prevents the walls of buildings from breakage. These are already growing on
soiled
growth of flora/climbers
change
the island in small quantities. deform/ bend
cracks/ holes/ splinters/ tears/ rust mold
pers
cree
plant growth
l wo eath od er
th
clo
bits & pieces 1974
1984
1994
2004
2014
holding 2024
rub
plastic glass
concrete
be
2034
r
2044
time
Ivy
metal
subtracting
2054
2064
2074
2084
2094
2104
43
2034 - Strangling
44
The third called ‘strangling’ affects the assem-
List of material concrete
bly in 2034 in the form of Banyan trees.
wood
GRAPH SHOWING THE CHANGE DUE TO FICUS TREES HSTRANGLING THE THINGS IN HASHIMA
metal glass
Banyan trees protrude through materials mak-
plastic rubber cloth
flo r
a
ing them weaker and increasing the rate of
leather
change of the other materials on the island. dust
Banyon trees take upto 10 years to scale 15m. and their ariel shoots/roots are known to
weathering
trees are already growing in some parts of the
growth of flora/climbers/stranglers
envelope and break building structures. These soiled
change
island. deform/ bend
cracks/ holes/ splinters/ tears/ rust mold
an
ny
ba
es
tre
pers
cree
plant growth
subtracting
clo
gla
l wo eath od er
th
1974
1984
1994
2004
2014
holding 2024
er bb ru
bits & pieces
strangling 2034
ss con
cre
2044
time
Ficus, Banyon Tree
metal
te 2054
2064
2074
plastic 2084
2094
2104
45
“There are no objects, no subjects but only events.” ~ Bruno Latour
47
Life in Hashima After Abandonment
48
Due to the interventions on Hashima the flora on the island would increase dramatically leading to the emergence of fauna like the migration of birds from nearby islands making Hashima a sanctuary for them. This new trajectory into the assembly at Hashima is due to the changes and the interactions of the other trajectories. Hence Hashima
The first Reinforced Concrete building in Japan built on Hashima.
after being abandoned by humans does not become a lifeless space.
Larger E shaped apartment block for the increase in the number of workers
Through my research I have realized how the trajectories of things in the island provide Two Shaft Mines installed at Hashima.
constant movement, exerting a power. The island is due to and made up of a series of events that were with humans before aban-
Land Reclamations at the island with slag from the mine giving it a name: Gukanjimas (Battle Ship).
Only place in Japan where construction of apartment blocks continued during WW2.
donment and things after. 1838
1890
1894-1905
1907
1916-1941
Thus to design a space one does not need to think about only building new architecture but it is in the interaction and movement of every element of the space including the human that walks through it which leads to its becoming. This design is not stagnant but adapts and changes at every moment in time due to the trajectories of the things that encompass it.
Nagasaki gained importance as a port leading to the demand of coal.
Hashima island was sold to Mitsubishi Corporation.
Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War led to the further demand of coal.
Produced 410,000 tons of coal in WW2 with a growing population of 3000 people including Korean and Chinese prisoners.
49
a
flor
Hashima was abandoned and left behind. Now begins the non-human political economy of ‘things’ or quasi objects that make up the abandoned island. Each of these things have Hashima contained all the their own trajectories that facilities and services affect each other due to necessary to become a the change (decay) in the self-sufficient political materials that they are economy for humans. made up of.
1959-1963
Population of Hashima peaked to 5259 people making it the highest density in the world.
1974-1984
Petroleum replaced coal in Japan.
s
ree
nt
ya
n ba
pers
cree
subtracting
1994
2004
2014
holding
2024
strangling
2034
2044
2054
2064
2074
2084
2094
2100
2044
An island, sea swept, A forest island, Of concrete and things, With eternally colliding trajectories.
Bibliography
52
I) TEXT: 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashima_Island 2. Brian Burke- Gaffney, Hashima: The Ghost Island, 2002, http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/7/hashima.php 3. Text adapted from: http://www.hashima-island.co.uk/ 4. Text adapted from: http://www.hashima-island.co.uk/ 5. Text adapted from: http://www.hashima-island.co.uk/ 6. Text adapted from: http://www.hashima-island.co.uk/ II) IMAGES: 1. Japan World Map-1914, https://abagond.wordpress.com/2013/11/15/
the-ten-largest-countries-by-population-1900-to-2100/
2. Image redrawn from: Xinyu Xie, Multi-Agent Enabling Platforms, http://unit13.ortlos.info/?p=983 3. Image redrawn from: Yoshitaka Akui/Hidemi Shiga, Studies on Modern Buildings on Gunkanjima Island (1916-1974), pg. 4, 1986, Tokyo Denki University 4. Image redrawn from: Yoshitaka Akui/Hidemi Shiga, Studies on Modern Buildings on Gunkanjima Island (1916-1974), g. 31, 1986, Tokyo Denki University 5. http://www.theparanormalguide.com/blog/hashima-island-aka-ghost-island 6. Gunkanjimas’s Role During the Miji Era, https://gunkanjima.wordpress.com/tag/coal-mining/ 7. Dark History: A visit to Japan’s creepiest island, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/13/travel/hashima-skyfall-island-visit/
53 8. Dark History: A visit to Japan’s creepiest island, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/13/travel/hashima-skyfall-island-visit/ 9. Japanese book “Series of Japanese geography and folk culture: Vol.13” published by Shinkosha, Hashima Apartment Building, circa 1930, http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Hashima_Island#mediaviewer/File:Hashima_apartment_building_circa_1930.JPG 10. Saiga Yugi, http://www.ne.jp/asahi/saiga/yuji/gallary/gunsu/thumbnail.html 11. Saiga Yugi, http://www.ne.jp/asahi/saiga/yuji/gallary/gunsu/thumbnail.html 12. Saiga Yugi, http://www.ne.jp/asahi/saiga/yuji/gallary/gunsu/thumbnail.html 13. http://silver-fancy.livejournal.com/235195.html 14. http://kamilamsyar.blogspot.nl/2013/10/kisah-misteri-pulau-hashima.html 15. (Hashima Island, also known as Battleship Island) 2008, Nagasaki, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashima_Island#mediaviewer/File:Battle-Ship_Island_Nagasaki_ Japan.jpg 16. Google Street View, Hashima Island, Japan, https://www.google.nl/maps/place/Hashima+Island,+Japan/@32.626756,129.739112,3a,75y,308h,90t/ data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1stS4gDbQ2m7VaQYohM0xtcg!2e0!3e5!4m2!3m1!1s0x3515469d4b782379:0xa8d331536ecbeea4 17. Google Street View, Hashima Island, Japan, https://www.google.nl/maps/place/Hashima+Island,+Japan/@32.626756,129.739112,3a,75y,308h,90t/ data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1stS4gDbQ2m7VaQYohM0xtcg!2e0!3e5!4m2!3m1!1s0x3515469d4b782379:0xa8d331536ecbeea4 18. Intermediate Egret, http://www.ozanimals.com/Bird/Intermediate-Egret/Ardea/intermedia.html 19. Black Footed Albatross, http://imgarcade.com/1/black-footed-albatross/ 20. Bonin Island Petel, http://lislegwynn.com/photography/south-pacific-odyssey-2014/
54 21. Red- Tailed Tropic Bird, http://www.bird-friends.com/BirdPage.php?name=Red-Tailed%20Tropicbird 22. Japanese Wood Pigeon, http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=692&Bird_Image_ID=9863&p=6 23. Brown-Eared Bulbul, http://www.google.nl/imgres?imgurl=http://www.birdforum.net/opus/images/1/1e/Brown-eared_Bulbul.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. birdforum.net/opus/Hypsipetes_amaurotis&h=600&w=506&tbnid=HX84qRrp5u_Y0M&zoom=1&tbnh=245&tbnw=206&usg=__LoEmKK22wKhj8p8RbXIOjZ3tE4=&docid=mTe3XqAEtKo7xM 24. Oriental Greenfinch, http://www.birdforum.net/opus/Grey-capped_Greenfinch 25. Buff-Bellied Pipit, http://www.birdskorea.org/Birds/Birdnews/BK-BN-birdnews-2010-01.shtml 26. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 27. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 28. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 29. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 30. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 31. Jordy Meow, http://www.totorotimes.com/gunkanjima-hashima-battleship-island/ 32. http://pixgood.com/ivy-on-concrete-wall.html
Advisors: Freek Persyn Heidi Sohn Special thanks to Salomon Frausto, The Berlage Family, Friends, my Parents, Aafiyah and Nishant.