AUTOCAD 2D THEORY AutoCAD is a software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting — available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app, autocad mobile app is currently marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 having been purchased a year prior in its original form by Autodesk founder John Walker. The software is currently marketed in its eighteenth generation. The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg.
AutoCAD interface details
Application Button - This button displays commands for printing, saving, drawing utilities and other non-drawing tools. Quick Access Toolbar - This is for quick access to common commands like New, Open, Save, Plot Filename - The name of the current file you are working on. Search Bar - Search for text in your drawing or search the help files. Ribbon - The Ribbon has most of the commands/tools that you will use while you are working. Tabs - A series of Tabs make up the Ribbon (Home, Insert, Manage, etc) and organize the Tools into common groups. Panels - Contain a group of tools Tools - These are the icons that start the commands you use to draw, modify, etc. Tool Tip - If you hover your mouse over a tool, a tool tip will appear to give you more information. Hold it longer for more info. Drawing Space - These is where you draw your designs. Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and tell you where you are in the command. Watch this line while learning. Status bar - This allows to see and change different modes of drawing such as Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc. You can right click this area to toggle between icons and text for this area.
Coordinate system Entering Points in AutoCAD You can enter points directly on the command line using three different systems. The one you use will depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will get you used to this. The three systems are as follows: ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES - Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y. RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X,Y. This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point. POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @L<A. In this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw a line 10 units straight up from the first point. The three ways of entering coordinates shown above are the ONLY way AutoCAD accepts keyboard input. First decide which style you need to use, and then enter as shown. Remember that X is always before Y (alphabetical). Don't forget the '@' symbol when you are entering relative points. Any typing error or omission will give you results you don't want. If you make a mistake and need to see what you typed, press F2 to bring up the text screen and check your typing. (press F2 to get back to your drawing.) NEW file Start AutoCAD and a new drawing by pressing the Application Button (top left corner) and pressing the new button to reveal the flyout. Once you see the fly out, click on Drawing.
There are 3 ways to start a new drawing. The fastest is to press CTRL+N, but you can use the two icons shown in the image above. Any way you do this, you will see a dialog box open that asks you to select a template drawing to use (as shown below):
COMMAND
SHORTCUT KEY
CLASSIC MENU
SAVE
CTRL+S
FILE-SAVE
OPEN
CTRL+O
FILE- OPEN
APPLICATION MENU QUICK ACCES TOOLBAR-SAVE QUICK ACCES TOOLBAR-OPEN
Drawing toolbar LINE Command
Keystroke
Location
Result
Line
Line / L
Home > LIne
Draw a straight line segment from one point to the next
Location
Result
The following steps are done to draw line 1. Select LINE 2. Specify first point 3. Specify second point or give dimension
CIRCLE Command
Keystroke
Circle
Circle / C
Home> Circle Draws a circle based on a center > Center, point and radius. Radius
The default method of drawing a circle is to specify a enter point and a radius..You can also choose to create a circle based on diameter, circumference or area. The following option is provided while you draw circle. CENTER, RADIUS (1.specify a center 2. specify radius) CENTER DIAMETER (1.specify a center 2. Specify diameter) 2P [TWO POINT] (1.specify one point/specify one point and one diameter) 3P [THREE POINT] (1.specify two point/specify one point and one diameter) TAN TAN RAD (specify two tangent lines and give a radius) TAN TAN TAN (specify three tangent lines)
ARC Command ARC
Keystroke ARC / A
Location Home> ARC
Result Draws a circle based on start center end, radius length, angle etc.
To create an arc you can specify combination of center, start, end point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction values. Arcs are drawn counterclockwise from the start point to the end point.
The following options are displayed while you take arc 1. Select ARC 2. Select the required option from the option displayed. (Points are taken according to the option names.E.g. for the option START, END, RADIUS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; specify first the START point then specify END point and at last enter a radius) The following are the options available options in ARC 3 point (specify three point) Start center end (specify first point as start of arc, then specify center of arc, and then specify end of arc) Start center angle (specify star point of arc, then specify the center and then specify the angle required) Start center length (specify start point of arc, then specify the center and then specify the length of chord) Start end angle (specify start point of arc, then specify the end and then specify the angle required) Start end radius (specify start point of arc, then specify the center and then specify the angle required)
Center start end (specify center point of arc, then specify the start and then specify the end) Center start angle (specify center point of arc, then specify the start and then specify the angle) Center start lengths (specify center point of arc, then specify the start and then specify the length) Continue (while selecting continue the last selected arc option will continue from the last drawn arc).
Ellipse Command
Keystroke
Location
ELLIPSE
EL
Home> ELLIPSE
Result Draws an ellipse with the major and minor axis.
Ellipse can be drawn by 2 methods 1. Center: specify distance and direction from the center to major /minor axis.ie specify the radius) 2. Axis, end: specify first distance as full length to major /minor axis, and specify second distance half of the length.ie first give diameter and second radius) Polygon Command ARC
Keystroke
POL
Location
Result
Home> polygon
Draws a figure bounded by a closed path, composed of finite sequences of straight line segment.
A polygon can be drawn by two methods â&#x20AC;ŚCircle inscribed and circle circumscribed
The following procedures are done to draw a polygon 1. Select polygons 2. Enter no of sides of polygon 3. Specify a center point of circle (anywhere you need) 4. Specify an option (either circle inscribed or circle circumscribed) While selecting
Circle circumscribed: specify a radius from center to center of polygon line
Inscribed and circumscribed polygon
RECTANGLE Command
RECTANGLE
Keystroke
REC
Location
Result
You can specify rectangle parameter (length, width, DRAW>RECTANGLE rotation) and control the type of corners (fillet, chamber, or square).
A rectangle can be drawn by the following procedure 1) Type REC or pick rectangle from the drawing tool bar 2) Specify a point or (if you want you can specify chamfer, elevation, filet, thickness, width) 3) Then give length and breadth in the following format @ L,B{@length, breadth
Command
POLYLINE
CONSTRUCTION LINE
Keystroke
PL
XL
Location
Result
DRAW>POLYGON
You can draw a figure bounded by a closed path of straight line segments
This is used to DRAW>RAY/CONSTRUCTION draw LINE projection. These are
extended to infinity SPLINE
SPL
Revcloud
REVCLOUD
Single line
DT
Multi line
T
DRAW>SPLINE
To create curves
DRAW> Revcloud
It is a polyline used to highlight the details of the drawing
DRAW> TEXT
To create notes
The above mentioned tools can be operated by simply picking points from the screen HATCH
Procedure 1) 2) 3) 4)
Type H or select hatch from the drawing toolbar Select type of pattern according to your need Adjust angle and scale if needed To assign hatch you can use two method
ADD PICK POINTS(select a point on the screen where you need to hatch) ADD SELECT OBJECT(specify a closed bounded shape as u require)
5) Press enter 6) Select ok from the hatch box
GRADIENT
The procedure to give gradient is same as HATCH
1) 2) 3) 4)
Type H or select hatch from the drawing toolbar Select type of pattern according to your need Adjust angle and scale if needed To assign hatch you can use two method ADD PICK POINTS(select a point on the screen where you need to hatch) ADD SELECT OBJECT(specify a closed bounded shape as u require)
5) Press enter 6) Select ok from the hatch box TABLES COMMAND KEYBOARD
Table
TABLE
ICON
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
Annotation > Tables...
Creates and inserts a new table.
POINT COMMAND KEYBOARD POINT
LOCATION Annotation > Tables...
PO
to change point style GO TO format point
DESCRIPTION Creates POINTS.
style
Block and insert Command
Keystroke
Block
Bmake / B
Write Block
Wblock / W
Insert
Explode
Icon
Location
Result
Home > Block > Create
Creates a block from separate entities (internal to current drawing)
None
Creates a block and writes it to a file (external)
Home > Block > Insert
Inserts a block (internal or external)
Insert / I Explode / X
Home > Modify > Explode
Explodes a block or other compound object into its component parts
None
Start the BLOCK command by either typing B or using the pull down menu or the icon. You will see a dialog box that looks like the one shown. Enter information the same way though. Remember to approach all new dialog boxes from the top and work your way down.
To insert You will see this dialog box on the screen:
ATTRIBUTTING Command
Keystroke
Icon
Location
Result
Define an attribute
ATTDEF / ATT
Home > Block > Define Attribute
Creates an attribute definition
Edit attributes
DDATTE / ATE
Home > Block > Edit Attributes
Edits the contents of an existing attribute
Display Atts.
ATTDISP
Home > Block > Retain Display
Hides or shows attributes
Extract Attributes
EATTEXT
Insert > Linking & Extraction > Extract Data
Extracts attributes using the wizard
there are particular steps involved when you work with attributes. 1. First you have to define (or create) the attribute. 2. Next you will create the block with attributes. 3. Finally, when you insert the block you will give it the specific information
MODIFY TOOLBAR Command
Keystroke
Location
Erase
Erase / E
Modify > Erase
Procedure 1. .select object
Move
Copy
Stretch
Mirror
Rotate
Fillet
Chamfer
lengthen
Move / M
Copy / Co
Stretch / S
Mirror / MI
Home > Modify > Move
1. select object 2. specify a base point 3. specify a point where you have to move the object
Home > Modify > Copy
1. select object 2. specify a base point 3. specify a point where you have to move the object
Home > Modify > Stretch
Home > Modify > Mirror
Rotate / RO
Home > Modify > Rotate
Fillet / F
Home > Modify > Fillet
Chamfer / CHA
Home > Modify > Chamfer
1. select half of the object 2. specify a bas point and then show direction
1. select object 2. specify a base point 3. Show direction and left click
1. select object 2. specify rotation angle or pick direction
1. select radius 2. specify radius 3. select first and second line 1. select distance 2. specify first line distance 3. specify second line distance 4. select first and second line
Home > Modify Can be used instead of trim or > lengthen extend
1. press enter 2. select line to be trimmed
Trim
TRIM / TR
Extend
EXTEND / EX
Offset
explode
Home > Modify > the following options also done for Trim trimming.iefence crossing project edge undo Home > Modify > Extend
OFFSET / O
Home > Modify > Offset
Explode/x
Home > Modify > explode
1. Select object 2. Specify offset distance 3. Select line arc or circle at pick direction
1. Select a polyline 2. Press enter
1. Select a point(selected point will be taken as first point of break) 2. Select second point
Break break/BR
Home > Modify > break 1. Select object 2. Specify a point to break
Break at point Blend curve
1. . press enter 2. Select line to be extended
Home > Modify > Blend curve
To draw curve on line
ARRAY 1. Command: AR ARRAY 2. Select objects: <ENTER> 3. Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] <Rectangular>: <ENTER>
Rectangular Associative = Yes Select grip to edit array or [ASsociative/Base point/COUnt/Spacing/COLumns/Rows/Levels/eXit]<eXit>: COL Enter the number of columns or [Expression] <4>: 3 Specify the distance between columns or [Total/Expression] <0.7500>: .75 Select grip to edit array or [ASsociative/Base point/COUnt/Spacing/COLumns/Rows/Levels/eXit]<eXit>: R Enter the number of rows or [Expression] <3>: 2 Specify the distance between rows or [Total/Expression] <0.7500>: .75 Specify the incrementing elevation between rows or [Expresson] <0.0000>: <ENTER> Select grip to edit array or [ASsociative/Base point/COUnt/Spacing/COLumns/Rows/Levels/eXit]<eXit>: <ENTER>
4.Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] <PAth>: <ENTER>
Select path curve Select object Select an option to edit array or [ASsociative/Base point/Items/Rows/Levels/Align items/Z direction/eXit]<eXit>:
5.Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] < POlar >: <ENTER>
Select object Specify center point of the array Select grip to edit array or [ASsociative/Base point/Items/Angle between/Fill angle/Rows/Levels/ROTate items/eXit]<eXit>:
DIAMENSION TOOLBAR
The Linear Dimension Commands Command
Toolbar
Location diamension > linear
linear
command DIMLINEAR
As the name suggests the Linear dimension commands are used to dimension along straight lines. There are five linear dimension commands, namely: DIMLINEAR, DIMCONTINUE, DIMBASELINE, DIMALIGNED and DIMROTATED. The DIMLINEAR command is probably the most common dimension command you will use You can use this command to generate horizontal and vertical dimensions Creating a linear dimension is easy. All you have to do is start the command, specify the two points between which you want the dimension to be drawn and pick a point to fix the position of the dimension line. Consider the diagram (right) whilst working through the following examples\ The Continue Dimension Command Command Toolbar linear
Location diamension > linear
keyboard DIMLINEAR
You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions. In the illustration above the "36mm" dimension has been continued from the "64mm" dimension. NOTE: There is no prompt for the first line origin; AutoCAD automatically selects the second line origin of the previous dimension to be the first of the new dimension. There is also no
prompt for the dimension line position, AutoCAD automatically matches up with the previous dimension
Using the Continue command you can very quickly generate a string of dimensions which align perfectly. In the example above, the "34.41" dimension was drawn with the DIMLINEAR command; all the other dimensions were drawn using the DIMCONTINUE command and simply picking the four points, one after the other. You can only continue a dimension in a single direction. To generate the "26mm" dimension in the previous illustration, you will need to use the DIMLINEAR command and pick P3 and P4 or enter at the first prompt and pick the line The Baseline Dimension Command
You can use this command to generate a series of dimensions from a single base point. You must already have created the first dimension in the sequence using a command such as DIMLINEAR. The DIMBASELINE command then creates further dimensions in a similar way to the DIMCONTINUE command. All the user has to do is pick point. Command
Baseline
Toolbar
Location diamension >
Baseline
command
DIMBASELINE
The Aligned Dimension Command You can use this command to generate aligned dimensions. These are dimensions along inclined lines which cannot be dimensioned with the DIMLINEAR dimension command because that command will only give a measured dimension in either a horizontal or vertical direction. However, as you can see from the command sequence below, this command works in exactly the same way Command
Toolbar
diamension >
Aligned
command
Location
Aligned
DIM ALIGNED
The Radius Dimension Command The Radius command is identical to the Diameter command except that the dimension measurement is a radius rather than a dimension and the resulting dimension text is prefixed with a "R" to indicate radius. Command
Radius
Keystroke
DIMRADIUS
Icon
Location Home >dimension >RADIUS
The Center Mark Command You can use the Center Mark command to annotate a circle or an arc with a cross at the center. The illustration above shows a center mark added to a circle after a diameter has been drawn
Command
Center Mark
Keystroke
Icon
Location
Home >dimension >CENTER MARK
DIMCENTER
The Angular Dimension Command The Angular command is amazingly flexible and can be used to indicate an angle in almost any situation. Just like the other dimension commands, all parts of the process are rubber banded so you can see the results of your actions before you make the final pick Command
Keystroke
Angular
DIMANGULAR
Icon
Location
Home >dimension >ANGULAR
Ordinate Dimensions Ordinate dimensions are not really dimensions at all in that they do not indicate a measurement. Rather they annotate known co-ordinate points. The DIMORDINATE command is used to indicate the X and Y ordinate values at any point Command
Keystroke
Ordinate
DIMORDINATE
Icon
Location Home >dimension >ORDINATE
The Leader Command The Leader command can be used to annotate any point on a drawing. Command
Leader
Keystroke
Icon
Location Home >dimension > LEADER
LEADER
Editing Dimensions The dimension edit commands, DIMEDIT and DIMTEDIT are used primarily to adjust the position of the text part of a dimension. This is usually only necessary if the drawing is quite complex and the dimension would read more clearly if it were in a different position Command
Editing
Keystroke
DIMTEDIT
DIMENTION STYLE
Icon
Location Home >dimension > EDITING
PROCEDURE
1. Start but invoking the DDIM command and press the NEW button to open the small dialog for entering the name of the style you are creating. In this example I used the name "DIMSTYLE 1". 2. Make sure that "Start with" has "Standard" as its setting. Press the Continue Button when everything is set. This will open the dialog box for settings, so just press OK to close it for now 3. Back at the "Dimension Style Manager" dialog box, you will see that the new style you created is listed at the top (left side). To modify it, select the name, then press the modify button. The dialog box opens and click on the second tab (Symbols and Arrows). 4. Start up the Text Styles dialog box by pressing the button with the ... next to the text name. Create a new textstyle using RomanS and a width of 0.8 and call it "DIMTEXT 5. In the Primary Units, you find some of the more common parameters that need to be changed. Precision is very important. First off, you usually don't need to show 4 decimal places. If you do show 4 decimals places and send your drawing off to the machinist, you are asking him to manufacture the part to within 1/10000 of a unit - which can be a very expensive mistake. 3 Decimal places is usually enough - or less for rougher jobs. Also, I have added a couple of other changes; adding trailing zeros and a suffix denoting the units. Note how angular dimensions have a separate section - make sure you don't neglect them. 6. The next tab (alternate units) is used if you want to display two different units in your dimension. For example, you can draw your drawing in imperial inches, then dimension with inches as your primary units and add the alternate units behind. Skip this tab for now and go on to the last tab (Tolerances). 7. Will set the tolerances to be +/- .05 units and display them at 80% of the primary units. Sound easy? It is. Look at the image below to see how this is done.
DIVIDE and MEASURE Command
DIV
Keystroke
DIVIDE
MEASURE MEASURE
CLASSIC MENU
Location Home >draw panel
DRAW<POINT<divide > Divide DRAW<POINT<
MEASURE
Home > draw panel >measure
COLOUR
Select required colour from the By layer seen on top of the interface of autocad.
LINETYPE LYNEWEIGHT AND LINESCALE Invoking the LINETYPE command brings up the Linetype Manager dialog box as shown below.
Instead of creating a new linetype (like you would a layer), you will have to LOAD it into your drawing. AutoCAD has many different linetypes that you can load, as well as giving you the option to create your own. To load a linetype, press the Load... button that is towards the top-right corner. When you do this, you'll see another dialog box appear (shown above).
AUTOCAD 3D HOW TO VIEW A 3D OBJECT VIEW
VIEWPORT
VIEW
NAMED VIEWPORT
When you entered points previously, you would enter them in the format: X,Y. By doing this, you let AutoCAD know that in these cases, Z was equal to zero. Entering 4,3 would be the same as entering 4,3,0. Now if you drew a line from the origin (0,0,0) to a point at 4,3,2, you would get a line that goes 4 inches to the right, 3 inches up and 2 inches towards you. The properties of this line would be this: The diagrams below, show this line from 4 different views to illustrate how things can look different in 3D. Look at each one carefully, and see if it makes sense to you.
This is the usual view you have seen when using AutoCAD in 2D. You are looking straight down the Z axis (positive Z is pointing at your). It looks like any other line you have drawn, going from 0,0 to 4,3 - but there is a difference...
If you were to look at the line from the front, instead of the top (as shown above) you would be able to notice the elevation of 2 units in the Z axis. This is the same line as above, only viewed from a different angle. In this view, you are looking straight down the -Y axis.
Just for fun, here is the same line but viewed from the left. This would be looking down the -X axis.
Finally, here is the line as viewed in 3D space from the Southeast view. This is where viewing 3D objects on a 2D monitor gets tricky. You need to visualize the Z Axis.
What the above images show you is that you will have to get used to looking at a 3D world on a 2D monitor. In each image, the black line looks flat, but you have to use your reference points to determine where it truly is. If you don't understand this perfectly right now, don't worry. It's just an exercise to expose you to 3D viewing. As the lessons progress, you will get much more familiar to this.
VIEW View
viewport
named viewport
Coordinate system in 3d In order to work in 3Dautocad has provided two other methods of point fixing .they are relative cylindrical coordinate system and relative spherical coordinate system
RELATIVE CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM cylinder co-ordinates entry is similar to polar coordinate entry. But with an additional distance from polar coordinate ,perpendicular to xy plane. You locate a point by specifying its distance along an angle relative to the UCS X-axis and its Z value perpendicular to XY plane. In the following illustration, the coordinate @5<60,6 indicates a point 5 units from 5 units from the reference point,60degree from the X-axis in the XY plane, and 6 units along the z-axis.
RELATIVES SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM Spherical co-ordinates entry in 3D is also similar to polar co-ordinate in 2D.you locate a point by specifying its distance from the last reference point, its angle from the X-axis(in the XY plane) and its angle from the XY plane, each separated by angle bracket(<).in the following illustration, the coordinate @8<60<30,indicates a point 8 units from the last reference point in the XY plane, 60 degrees from the x-axis in the XY and 30 degrees up from the Xyplane. Viewing a 3D MODEL in AutoCADTo work in 3D model on AutoCAD, it is important to understand the convection of sides that AutoCAD follows .in the following illustration assume that you are standing on top of a rectangular model facing along the +ve Y direction, the following direction are defined. BACK
LEFT
RIGHT
FRONT
Direction
SIDE
+ve X
RIGHT SIDE
-VE Z
LEFT SIDE
+VE Y
BACK SIDE
-VE Y
FRONT SIDE
+VE Z
TOP SIDE
-VE Z
BOTTOM SIDE
ELEVATION AND THICKNESS Elevation is the default Z value above the XY plane which is used for entering coordinates. The current elevation is the Z value used whenever a 3D point is expected but only X and Y values are supplied. Current elevation is maintained separately in model space and paper space. Thickness is the distance, by which certain objects are extruded to give them a 3Dappearence.{properties THICKNESS}
MODELING TOOLBAR Autocad 3d consist of some modeling tools called BOX,WEDGE,CYLINDER,CONE,SPHERE,PYRAMID,TORUS,POLYSOLID in which we have to specify height, diameter or with of the object and also its direction in which you want that object. EXTRUDE Extrude creates solids, adding thickness to selected objects. You can extrude an abject with the help of different option in EXTRUDE..The following options are done in extrude. 1. Select an object. Press enter 2. Specify height of extrusion .{direction/path/taper angle} To give DIRECTION-specify the direction using mouse. PATH-select object- Press enter-select path- Press enter TAPER ANGLE-specify angle of taper for extrusion- Press enter-specify height of extrusion. PRESPULL This tool is used to increase the thickness of extruded object . o Select any face any pull it in the direction you need. REVOLVE Revolve creates solid by revolving two-dimensional object about an axis. o Select any 2D object-- Press enter --specify an axisâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;give revolving angle or simply pick by mouse.
SWEEP You can create a new SOLID or surface by sweeping an open or closed planar profile along with an open or closed 2D or 3D trajectory o Draw an abject and a path to sweep it o 2. Select the object.. Press enter select path… Press enter. LOFT Creates a 3D solid surface by lofting through a set of two or more curves o Create an open or closed curves in order that the surface or solid will pass through. o Select LOFT—SELECT cross section in lofting order—press enter two times UNION Union is used to join or unite two objects in 3D.command is UN o Select the objects together that you want to unite-- Press enter SUBTRACT Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction. Command :SU 1.first select object that you want to retain---press enter—select object that you want to subtract. INTERSECT
Intersect creates a composite solid by removing areas outside the intersection. o Select the objects together that you want to unite-- Press enter UCS o Select UCS 2 -- Press enter o Specify origin of ucs {default is WORLD} o select the side in which you want to draw object o If you want to draw a shape on the left side select left in UCS II(ie If you want to draw a shape on the left side select left in UCS II) ORBIT TOOL BAR Three types of orbit tool bars are present they are 1. CONSTRAINED ORBIT
Rotates the 3D space, but constrained to horizontal and vertical orbit only. 2. FREE ORBIT
Rotates on the basis of an arcball that appears on the screen 3. CONTINUOUS ORBIT
Rotates the view in 3D space with continuous motion
SOLID EDITING Solid editing consist of 3d tools which is used to edit solid. Union-subtract-intersect{as referred in modeling} Extrude face-move face- offset face- delete face- rotate face- taper facecolor face -copy face-color edge-copy edge Procedure (select axis for move rotate copy and offset) 1:Select face –press enter (Select color for colort faces-press ok) Imprint:it is used to print shapes or designs on a solid object Procedure--:select solid-select object to be printed-press enter-if you want to delete source of print press yes if no press no-press enter Shell:it is used to make hole in solid Procedure--select a 3d object-select face that is to be holed-press enter-give some offset thickness-press enter
DRAFT SETTINGS TOOLBAR
Command
Location
DS
TOOLS > DRAFTING SETTINGS
Application menu Command entry
DRAFTING SETTINGS contains sets of traditional drafting tools,that helps draw easily
Grid and snap SHORT KEY----GRID =F7 SNAP=F9
OBJECT SNAP(F3)
POLAR TRACKING
DYNAMIC INPUT(F12)
Snap and Grid Tab (Drafting Settings Dialog Box) Specifies Snap and Grid settings. Snap On Turns Snap mode on or off. You can also turn Snap mode on or off by clicking Snap on the status bar, by pressing F9, or by using theSNAPMODE system variable. Snap Spacing Controls an invisible, rectangular grid of snap locations that restricts cursor movement to specified X and Y intervals.
Snap X Spacing Specifies the snap spacing in the X direction. The value must be a positive real number. ( SNAPUNIT system variable) Snap Y Spacing Specifies the snap spacing in the Y direction. The value must be a positive real number. ( SNAPUNIT system variable) Equal X and Y Spacing Forces the X and Y spacing to the same values for snap spacing and for grid spacing. The snap spacing intervals can be different from the grid spacing intervals. Polar Spacing Controls the PolarSnapâ&#x201E;˘ increment distance. Polar Distance Sets the snap increment distance when PolarSnap is selected under Snap Type & Style. If this value is 0, the PolarSnap distance assumes the value for Snap X Spacing. The Polar Distance setting is used in conjunction with polar tracking and/or object snap tracking. If neither tracking feature is enabled, the Polar Distance setting has no effect. ( POLARDIST system variable) Snap Type Sets the snap style and snap type. Grid Snap Sets the snap type to Grid. When you specify points, the cursor snaps along vertical or horizontal grid points. ( SNAPTYPE system variable) Rectangular Snap: Sets the snap style to standard Rectangular snap mode. When the snap type is set to Grid snap and Snap mode is on, the cursor snaps to a rectangular snap grid. ( SNAPSTYL system variable) Isometric Snap: Sets the snap style to Isometric snap mode. When the snap type is set to Grid snap and Snap mode is on, the cursor snaps to an isometric snap grid. ( SNAPSTYL system variable) PolarSnap Sets the snap type to Polar. When Snap mode is on and you specify points with polar tracking turned on, the cursor snaps along polar alignment angles
set on the Polar Tracking tab relative to the starting polar tracking point. ( SNAPTYPE system variable) Grid On Turns the grid on or off. You can also turn grid mode on or off by clicking Grid on the status bar, by pressing F7, or by using theGRIDMODE system variable. Grid Spacing Controls the display of a grid that helps you visualize distances. NoteThe limits of the grid are controlled by the LIMITS command and the GRIDDISPLAY system variable. Grid X Spacing Specifies the grid spacing in the X direction. If this value is 0, the grid assumes the value set for Snap X Spacing. ( GRIDUNITsystem variable) Grid Y Spacing Specifies the grid spacing in the Y direction. If this value is 0, the grid assumes the value set for Snap Y Spacing. ( GRIDUNITsystem variable) Major Line Every Specifies the frequency of major grid lines compared to minor grid lines. Grid lines rather than grid dots are displayed when theVSCURRENT is set to any visual style except 2D Wireframe. ( GRIDMAJOR system variable) Grid Behavior Controls the appearance of the grid lines that are displayed when VSCURRENT is set to any visual style except 2D Wireframe. Adaptive Grid Limits the density of the grid when zoomed out. ( GRIDDISPLAY system variable) Allow Subdivision Below Grid Spacing: Generates additional, more closely spaced grid lines when zoomed in. The frequency of these grid lines is determined by the frequency of the major grid lines. ( GRIDDISPLAY and GRIDMAJOR system variables)
Display Grid Beyond Limits Displays the grid beyond the area specified by the LIMITS command. ( GRIDDISPLAY system variable) Follow Dynamic UCS Changes the grid plane to follow the XY plane of the dynamic UCS. ( GRIDDISPLAY system variable)
Polar Tracking Tab (Drafting Settings Dialog Box) Controls the AutoTrack settings. Polar Tracking On Turns polar tracking on and off. You can also turn polar tracking on or off by pressing F10 or by using the AUTOSNAP system variable. Polar Angle Settings Sets the alignment angles for polar tracking. ( POLARANG system variable) Increment Angle Sets the polar increment angle used to display polar tracking alignment paths. You can enter any angle, or select a common angle of 90, 45, 30, 22.5, 18, 15, 10, or 5 degrees from the list. ( POLARANG system variable) Additional Angles Makes any additional angles in the list available for polar tracking. The Additional Angles check box is also controlled by thePOLARMODE system variable, and the list of additional angles is also controlled by the POLARADDANG system variable. NoteAdditional angles are absolute, not incremental. List of Angles If Additional Angles is selected, lists the additional angles that are available. To add new angles, click New. To remove existing angles, click Delete. (POLARADDANG system variable) New Adds up to 10 additional polar tracking alignment angles. NoteBefore adding fractional angles, you must set the AUPREC system variable to the appropriate decimal precision to avoid undesired rounding.
For example, if the value of AUPREC is 0 (the default value), all fractional angles you enter are rounded to the nearest whole number. Delete Deletes selected additional angles. Object Snap Tracking Settings Sets options for object snap tracking. Track Orthogonally Only Displays only orthogonal (horizontal/vertical) object snap tracking paths for acquired object snap points when object snap tracking is on. (POLARMODE system variable) Track Using All Polar Angle Settings Applies polar tracking settings to object snap tracking. When you use object snap tracking, the cursor tracks along polar alignment angles from acquired object snap points. (POLARMODE system variable) NoteClicking Polar and Otrack on the status bar also turns polar tracking and object snap tracking on and off. Polar Angle Measurement Sets the basis by which polar tracking alignment angles are measured. Absolute Bases polar tracking angles on the current user coordinate system (UCS). Relative to Last Segment Bases polar tracking angles on the last segment drawn. Object Snap Tab (Drafting Settings Dialog Box) Controls running object snap settings. With running object snap settings, also called Osnap, you can specify a snap point at an exact location on an object. When more than one option is selected, the selected snap modes are applied to return a point closest to the center of the aperture box. Press TAB to cycle through the options. Object Snap On
Turns running object snaps on and off. The object snaps selected under Object Snap Modes are active while object snap is on. (OSMODE system variable) Object Snap Tracking On Turns object snap tracking on and off. With object snap tracking, the cursor can track along alignment paths based on other object snap points when specifying points in a command. To use object snap tracking, you must turn on one or more object snaps. ( AUTOSNAPsystem variable) Object Snap Modes Lists object snaps that you can turn on as running object snaps. Endpoint Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, spline, region, or ray, or to the closest corner of a trace, solid, or 3D face.
Midpoint Snaps to the midpoint of an arc, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, region, solid, spline, or xline.
Center Snaps to the center of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc.
Node Snaps to a point object, dimension definition point, or dimension text origin.
Quadrant Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc.
Intersection Snaps to the intersection of an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, region, spline, or xline. Extended Intersection is not available as a running object snap.
NoteYou might get varying results if you have both the Intersection and Apparent Intersection running object snaps turned on at the same time. Intersection and Extended Intersection do not work with edges or corners of 3D solids. Extension Causes a temporary extension line or arc to be displayed when you pass the cursor over the endpoint of objects, so you can specify points on the extension. NoteWhen working in perspective view, you cannot track along the extension line of an arc or elliptical arc. Insertion Snaps to the insertion point of an attribute, a block, a shape, or text. Perpendicular Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, region, solid, spline, or xline. Deferred Perpendicular snap mode is automatically turned on when the object you are drawing requires that you complete more than one perpendicular snap. You can use a line, arc, circle, polyline, ray, xline, multiline, or 3D solid edge as an object from which to draw a perpendicular line. You can use Deferred Perpendicular to draw perpendicular lines between such objects. When the aperture box passes over a Deferred Perpendicular snap point, an AutoSnap tooltip and marker are displayed.
Tangent Snaps to the tangent of an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, or spline. Deferred Tangent snap mode is automatically turned on when the object you are drawing requires that you complete more than one tangent snap. You can use Deferred Tangent to draw a line or xline that is tangent to arcs, polyline arcs, or circles. When the aperture box passes over a Deferred Tangent snap point, a marker and an AutoSnap tooltip are displayed.
Note: When you use the From option in conjunction with the Tangent snap mode to draw objects other than lines from arcs or circles, the first point drawn is tangent to the arc or circle in relation to the last point selected in the drawing area. Nearest Snaps to the nearest point on an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, point, polyline, ray, spline, or xline. Apparent Intersection Snaps to the visual intersection of two objects that are not in the same plane but may appear to intersect in the current view. Extended Apparent Intersection is not available as a running object snap. Apparent and Extended Apparent Intersection do not work with edges or corners of 3D solids. NoteYou might get varying results if you have both the Intersection and Apparent Intersection running object snaps turned on at the same time. Parallel Constrains a line segment, polyline segment, ray or xline to be parallel to another linear object. After you specify the first point of a linear object, specify the parallel object snap. Unlike other object snap modes, you move the cursor and hover over another linear object until the angle is acquired. Then, move the cursor back toward the object that you are creating. When the path of the object is parallel to the previous linear object, an alignment path is displayed, which you can use to create the parallel object.
NoteTurn off ORTHO mode before using the parallel object snap. Object snap tracking and polar snap are turned off automatically during a parallel object snap operation. You must specify the first point of a linear object before using the parallel object snap. Select All Turns on all object snap modes. Clear All Turns off all object snap modes. Dynamic Input Tab (Drafting Settings Dialog Box) Controls pointer input, dimension input, dynamic prompting, and the appearance of drafting tooltips. Enable Pointer Input Turns on pointer input. When pointer input and dimensional input are both turned on, dimensional input supersedes pointer input when it is available. ( DYNMODE system variable) Pointer Input Displays the location of the crosshairs as coordinate values in a tooltip near the cursor. When a command prompts you for a point, you can enter coordinate values in the tooltip instead of in the Command window. Preview Area Shows an example of pointer input. Settings Displays the Pointer Input Settings dialog box. Enable Dimension Input Turns on dimensional input. Dimensional input is not available for some commands that prompt for a second point. ( DYNMODE system variable) Dimension Input Displays a dimension with tooltips for distance value and angle value when a command prompts you for a second point or a distance. The values in the dimension tooltips change as you move the cursor. You can enter values in the tooltip instead of on the command line.
Preview Area Shows an example of dimensional input. Settings Displays the Dimension Input Settings dialog box. Dynamic Prompts Displays prompts in a tooltip near the cursor when necessary in order to complete the command. You can enter values in the tooltip instead of on the command line. Preview Area Shows an example of dynamic prompts. Show Command Prompting and Command Input near the Crosshairs Displays prompts in Dynamic Input tooltips. ( DYNPROMPT system variable) Drafting Tooltip Appearance Displays the Tooltip Appearance dialog box. Quick Properties Tab (Drafting Settings Dialog Box) Specifies the settings for displaying the Quick Properties palette. Enable Quick Properties Palette Depending on the object type, you can enable or disable Quick Properties palette. Quick Properties palette can also be turned on or off by clicking Quick Properties on the status bar or by using the QPMODE system variable. Palette Display Sets the display settings of the Quick Properties palette. See Quick Properties for more information. All Objects Sets the Quick Properties palette to display for any selection of objects. Only Objects with Specified Properties Sets the Quick Properties palette to display only for objects that are defined in the Customize User Interface (CUI) editor to display properties.
Palette Location Sets the display position of the Quick Properties palette. Cursor-Dependent Sets the Palette Location mode to Cursor-dependent. In cursor-dependent mode, the Quick Properties palette displays in a location relative to where you selected the object. ( QPLOCATION system variable) Quadrant: Specifies the relative location to display the Quick Properties palette. You can select one of the four quadrants top-right, top-left, bottomright, or bottom-left. Distance in Pixels: Sets the distance in pixels when Cursor is selected under the Palette Location modes. You can specify values in the range of 0 to 400 (only integer values). Static Sets the location mode to Static. ( QPLOCATION system variable) Palette Behavior Sets the behavior of Quick Properties palette. Collapse Palette Automatically Enables the Quick Properties palette to display only a specified number of properties in the idle state. Minimum Number of Rows: Sets the minimum number of rows for the Quick Properties palette to display in the collapsed idle state. You can specify values in the range of 1 to 30 (only integer values).