HOW TO INCREASE DURABILITY OF FOUNDATION? A foundation is that part of a structure which is directly in contact with ground. Hence, foundations are subjected to several attacks like by chemicals in soil, water and by mechanical wearing and erosion. The extent of deterioration depends on the concentration of chemicals, the level and fluctuations in the ground water or the variation in tidal and river level or on climate conditions. The only way to rise the durability of the base is to protect the foundation material from the above mentioned attacks. There are 4 types of material commonly used as foundation material:
Timber Metal Concrete Brick work
Here we discuss methods of protecting different foundation material from deterioration. 1. Protection towards Timber Foundation Timber piles are liable to attack by fungal and termites, if kept in wet conditions. The protection of timber is best achieved by pressure treatment with coal tar of the copper arsenic type waterborne preservative. Molluscs and crustacean borers that inhabit saline or brackish water, attacks on timber piles in marine structures. Protection could also be given by concrete before jacketing piles in driving, or by mortar after installation. 2. Protection towards Metal Foundation
Steel piles could be given impervious coating of bitumen, coal tar pitch, and synthetic resins. These coatings are not effective and get somewhat stripped off. Generally, sufficient crosssectional area of steel must be provided to permit for wastage over the important life of the structure while leaving enough steels to keep the working stresses within safer limits. In severe condition; it might be necessary to adopt a system of cathode protection.
3. Protection towards Concrete Foundation Concrete foundations below ground level are liable to attack by sulphates in the soil or ground water. In sea water due to the extreme effect of the chlorides the sulphates do not cause an expansive reaction to normal Portland cement concrete. But, it is good practice to use sulphate resisting cement in reinforced concrete structures immersed in sea water. High alumina and super sulphate cements give protection in acid grounds where pH values could be as low as 3.5. But, high alumina cement concrete cannot be used where alkalis are present in strong concentrations. In conditions of exposure, a dense concrete mix must be used with water-cement proportion, of less than 0.5. If the ratio is in between 0.5 to 0.6, there is a risk of frost attack and above 0.6 the risk becomes greater. 4. Protection towards Brick Work Foundation High absorption bricks are subjected to frost disintegration. They can absorb sulphates or other aggressive substances from the soil or from filling in contact with the brick work. In sulphate bearing soils or ground water, the brick work mortar must be a 1:3 (cement: sand) mix made with sulphate resistance cement or in extreme conditions with supersulphated cement.
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