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Editorial
Editor-in-chief Sanel Delić Managing editor Adna Kljajić Art editor Abdulmalik Begović Copy editor Ervin Habibović Print Štamparija “FOJNICA”, Fojnica Contributors Assist. Prof. Dr. Sanela Klarić Abdulmalik Begović Adisa Selim Ahmed Delić Dalila Salkanović Firdevsa Jelovac Ilma Jašarević Lejla Kargić Mersiha Mustafić Mihreta Fetahović Velida Krajinić Yahya El Shanawany
Email: art.architecture.club@ibu.edu.ba Bank account: Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia 186 000 104 404 6041 KM International Burch University Address: Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Editor’s letter Welcome to the second number of concept, magazine about art and architecture of International Burch University’s architecture students. After successfully completing the first number, in this number we will continue to deliver great stories of art and architecture from all over the world. The focus of the magazine is to bring closer the art and architecture to the everyday life of ordinary readers. The aim of the magazine is not only to spread the word of architecture, but also to raise money for the charity in our local community. We invite you to support our work. Enjoy the reading!
Special thanks to Assist. Prof. Dr. Sanin Džidić and DSF Invest d.o.o. Bihać
Contents
Vol 1, No 2, February 2015
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Archtivities 5 achievements in 2014
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Architectural Style Renaissance
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History Florence Cathedral
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Art Renaissance art
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Architect Filippo Brunelleschi
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Cultural Heritage Forgotten treasures
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Country Canada
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Typology Embassy buildings
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Interior vs Exterior Middle East
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Sustainability Sustainable structures
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Engineering Bridges
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Smart Solutions Energy saving
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BiH architecture
Medieval Cities
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How to... ...use (re)use your old stuff?
Cover: Pisa Tower
ARCHITIVITIES
TOP 5 IN 2014
Shigeru Ban, The Pritzker Award Laureate
“
Shigeru Ban is a tireless architect whose work exudes optimism. Where others may see insurmountable challenges, Ban sees a call to action. Where others might take a tested
Author: Firdevsa Jelovac, First Year Master of Architecture
path, he sees the opportunity to innovate. He is a committed teacher who is not only a role model for younger generation, but also an inspiration.” — Pritzker Jury 2014
World Architecture Festival
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his year World Architecture Festival (WAC) was hold in Singapore where have been named the finest buildings in the
world and title Building of the Year was awarded to The Chapel in Vietnam, designed by a21studio.
Institute Honor Award for Interior Architects
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he American Institute of Architects’ (AIA) have selected nine projects for the 2014 Institute Honor Award for Interior Architecture.
Recognized as some of the most “outstanding building interiors created by architects licensed in the United States,” these projects were
honored at the AIA 2014 National Convention and Design Exposition in Chicago.
SoHo Loft / Gabellini Sheppard Associates LLP (left) Marc by Marc Jacobs Showroom / Jaklitsch/Gardner Architects PC
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The top Architectural Design Products of Milan Design Week 2014
O
ne week in April (7th13th) marked the 53rd edition of the Salone Internazionale del Mobile in Milan. Hundreds of exhibi-
The Washington Skeleton and Skin by David Adjaye for Knoll
tors showcased an endless display of the latest international design products and home-furnishings. Most of them included a variety of
Gemini by UNStudio for Artifort
designed items envisioned by some of our favorite architects.
Sofa ‘BOTAN’ by Benedetta Tagliabue for Passoni Nature
Year 2014 was marked as successful and important for many building projects
Aga Khan Museum
House of Music, Aalborg
Location: Toronto, Canada Architect: Fumihiko Maki Type: Museum of Islamic Art and Culture
Location: Aalaborg, Denmark Architect: Coop Himmelb(l)au Type: Concert Hall
Dr. Chau Chak Wing Building Location: Sydney, Australia Architect: Frank Gehry Type: Business School building
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STYLE
Santa Maria Novella
The Italian Renaissance Author: Lejla Kargić, First Year Master of Architecture
The atmosphere of glorifying knowledge, exploration, explosions of creativity, art and innovation that struck the 15th century Italy can only be compared to the flourishing of science and exploration at the era of Ibn Sina and Ibn Arebi. After the Dark Ages and numerous absurd that it brought with itself, distracting people from learning and discovering the world around, in service of growing power of the Church, there comes a movement called the Rebirth (Rinascimento, Italian) or, commonly known as the Renaissance which will soon spread throughout Europe. Its core was quite the opposite of the Medieval values where religion, or to be more accurate the Church, was in focus. Now, Man was in the center of attention. Man was the measure, the cause and the subject of art and creation.
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Santa Maria del Fiore
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he style that began as a spiritual movement in Italy in 14th century and triumphed over the Gothic style, based on ancient, classic models, originated from an intellectual sparkle and that was inevitable to emerge from the oppression in the Medieval Ages. Furthermore, it was Italy which was fertile land for such a movement. It was the place where the Ancient Roman heritage was the most influential, obvious and where feudalism had never gained its full power. Italian cities – states and municipalities had the competing spirit which pushed forward the flourishing of cities' architecture. Yet, it was the change in people's minds that triggered the global change. The phenomenon of homo universale is specific for this period. Its prominent art-
Tempietto Santa Maria del Fiore
ists were successful goldsmiths, sculptors, engineers, architects, painters, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Brunelleschi. Some of the most famous art works from the era are not yet completely understood: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Architecture The architecture of Renaissance was mainly characterized by interesting forms, great importance paid to facades and fine stucco work. Pillars were often used, as well as clearly visible horizontal divisions on facades, where the lower floors would have a more rough material and the upper the floors were, they were more refined; a division known as piano rustico
Vitruvian Man
and piano nobile. The palaces usually had interior courtyards and column arcades. The principle respected in terms of building proportions was the Golden ratio. One of the rare exceptions, Alberti's masterpiece, is the Santa Maria Novella, located on one of the prominent squares in Florence, designed in ratio 1:2. The Renaissance had an important influence on discoveries and achievements other than the arts. The commerce was heavily improved and the feudal system continued declining. The importance of the Renaissance value and heritage is reflected even in its influence on modern civilization (at least what its postulates are, if not the reality we are living) - scientific thought delight in beauty, technology and personal freedom.
Main cities: Florence – symbol of love of art and beauty; Rimini, Mantua, Rome, Venice Main objects by function: palaces, council halls, monuments, fountains, villas Masterpieces: Dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore, Church of San Lorenzo, Pazzi Chapel, Tempietto, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, David, Palazzo Rucellai Key artists: Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Donato Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Andrea Palladio
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HISTORY
Santa Maria del Fiore
Florence Cathedral It is one of the greatest engineering masterpieces of all time. A miracle made of brick and mortar that helped inspire the renaissance.
Author: Adisa Selim, Third Year Bachelor of Architecture
he Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore is the main church of Florence, Italy. The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Domo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. The three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic center of Florence. The construction begun in 1296 in the Gothic
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style by the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. Nearly 140 years of construction. Amazing, isn't it? The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica, having a wide central nave of four square bays. The dimensions of the building are enormous: length 153 m, width 38 m,
width at the crossing 90. The height of the arches is 23 m. The height of the dome is 114.5 m. The Cathedral was completely covered by colored marbles. Two architects, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi won the competition although he was the latter who actually built the dome, showing a great mastery of technical knowledge, in 1436.
The most eloquent example of 14th century Gothic architecture in Florence
Giotto’s bell tower
Facade
Giotto’s bell tower It is one of the four principal monuments on the Piazza del Duomo. 84.7 meters tall, it is the most eloquent example of 14th century Gothic architecture in Florence, combining a strong vertical thrust with the principle of sound solidity, its corner buttresses rising the full length of the tower to the projecting terrace at the top. Clad in white, red and green marble like the cathedral adjacent to it, the majestic square bell tower, considered to be the most beautiful campanile in Italy and probably designed more for decorative than for functional purposes, was begun by Giotto in 1334. By the time Giotto died in 1337 he had completed only
the first part of his bell tower, up to the hexagonal panels which form a kind of figurative narrative carved by Andrea Pisano to Giotto’s design. Facade The facade of the Cathedral that we can see today is the only decorative part that is not original in the entire square. The facade in red, white and green marble, the statues, rose windows, mosaics of Gothic inspiration are the fruit of the historic and romantic tastes of the architect, Emilio de Fabris, if not a masterpiece, at least something that created a dignified match between the three buildings of the holy complex: the Cathedral, Giotto’s Belltower and the Baptistery.
B r u n e l l e s c h i ’s solutions were ingenious. A circular masonry dome, such as that of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul can be built without supports, called centering, because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression. In Florence, the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level, a feature that would hold the dome up eventually, but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet. Brunelleschi used a herringbone brick pattern to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome. Constructed of over 4 million bricks, weights over 40.000 tones it is the largest masonry dome the world has ever known. And the method used to build it remains a mystery. Built 60 years before Columbo sailed the Atlantic, without the use of modern machines and materials the dome is still the largest of its kind in the world. It is in a shape of pointed arch with eight sides rising to a central point.
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ART
David // The David is one of the most significant sculptures ever made. It is the embodiment of Renaissance art: the topic – the human, its beauty and power; precision in cratfwork; refined expression of details; grandeur in scale, the approach – humanistic, not religious, ... Author: Lejla Kargić, First Year Master of Architecture
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he David is one of the most significant sculptures ever made. Michelangelo worked on it between 1501 and 1504. It is the embodiment of Renaissance art: the topic – the human, its beauty and power; precision in cratfwork; refined expression of details; grandeur in scale (the sculpture is 410 cm tall!), the approach – humanistic, not religious, ... Sculpting the David, Michelangelo accepted a challenge that many an artist took before him. Yet, he is the first one who did not focus on the victory, but showed David in moments just prior to the combat. This way, Michelangelo got the reason to impeccably represent each of his muscles, not in full power, but fully prepared. David's look is focused, which re-
David's look is focused, which reflects the concentration of his mind.
”
flects the concentration of his mind. He controls his emotions, surpasses his fear, controlling the enemy this way, since his role is to defend himself and his people. This Renaissance sculpture was purified from the religious effects and gets a whole new character. Michelangelo's David surpasses the Davids before, since he relies onto himself, his will and skill. When observing the statue and analyzing Michelangelo's skill, it is impossible not to notice an exquisit knowledge on human anatomy. It is said that Michelangelo was “attacking“ the stone, violating it to save his ideas and thoughts from its cold mass. In the same time, he loved it, since it was the only medium good enough to keep his passion and works timeless.
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ARCHITECT
Santa Maria del Fiore
Filippo Brunelleschi
the mystery of the Florence wizard
There are only a few stories as captivating as that of Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446), originally a goldsmith, sculptor and a clock-maker, building one of the world's most famous domes, Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, with no experience in architecture.
Author: Lejla Kargić, First Year Master of Architecture
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Despite being the most famous for his Duomo, Brunelleschi's life depicts the spirit of Renaissance – art, exploration, innovation, devotion.
Linear perspective Being disappointed at a certain job, issue or a project does not always have to be a negative experience. Filippo Brunelleschi's design of the Florence baptistery bronze relief door was rejected. He lost to another famous Renaissance sculptor, Ghiberti. This triggered a wish to start architecture and his first interest was in linear perspective, which he applied to the streets of Florence. This technique spread throughout Europe among the painters who could represent three-dimensional reality, using only two dimensions.
The Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, one of the biggest cathedrals, needed an extraordinary and unique dome. This was the time of competition between Italian cities in the grandeur of their
representative objects. Therefore, around 1300, when the city of Florence was building the cathedral, they were striving for more. The bigger, the better. However, this means more trouble for the dome designer in the century to come. Constructing an eight-sided dome, instead of a semi-circular one that was the most often type at the time, based on an irregular octagon was a true challenge. Brunelleschi created a magnificent plan. He proposed construction of two domes held together by brick and stone arches. However, Brunelleschi's project did not finish here. The time of the construction of this masterpiece is set in 15th century. No sophisticated cranes, right? Brunelleschi had that covered as well! He himself invented construction machines that could lift heavy loads to the heights necessary for the dome construction. Now, this is what devotion and accepting
a challenge truly means. The self-supporting masonry system he used amazes engineers even today. However, the building technique, i.e. placing the bricks in correct place is still unknown. There are a few theories, such as using ropes or wooden templates. What Brunelleschi used to diminish the effects of the gravity on the masonry walls of the dome? Since Brunelleschi left no drawings of the construction, this remains a mystery. What is known is that the completion of dome took 16 years. Whichever technology did he used, he used it so successfully that the dome, the world's largest masonry dome up to now, still stands, even 500 years later and admires visitors, passers-by and art-lovers. Brunelleschi died in 1446, in Florence and lays below the edifice that took most of his talent, energy and love for his lifetime.
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HERITAGE
Tikal Temple, Mayan Civilization
Forgotten Treasures // Mayan and Indus Valley Civilizations
Author: Mihreta Fetahović, First Year Master of Architecture
Chichen Itza, Mexico
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I have always wondered, where does a thought go when it's forgotten? You know that it's there, you just can't seem to find it. There are a lot of psychological theories why do we forget and why do we remember. Why it is important to remember what happened in the past with lost civilizations and how can that memory make a change in who we are? An understanding of memory is an understanding of the role of experience in shaping our lives. Memory represents a change in who we are, in some way we are the ones who chooses what we will remember.
Dholavira, Kotada
Dholavira, Kotada
Mayan Civilization The best known classical civilization of Mesoamerica, originating in the Yucatรกn around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D. 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. It was well raised civilization who developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The civilization who teach us the cycle of rise and fall, not everything you lost can be treated as a lost. When one city fall into decline it just gave the birth of some new and better city. The religion and that special trust in their kings/rulers was the background of this continuity of change. Mayans were excellent builders, astronomy was paying an important rule in their temples and other buildings. The astronomy was connected to the Mayans rich mythology
Palenque
and the whole beautiful order in the universe can be seen in the structure of their buildings. As the time was the most important factor and aspect of their culture, these buildings preserved till today and that is just what we know, I was wondering how many cities and temples existed in their time with excellent geometry using the golden section and connected to the astronomy is hiding somewhere under the earth, abandoned and forgotten? Indus Valley Civilization The buildings, which are preserved till today can tell us something about the people who lived there. But, it is not the case with Indus Valley civilization cities. Mystery is still there, lingers somewhere between walls and streets, forgotten. Those were the city which represented gardens in desert. All we can understand
is that people who lived there were understanding well the power of the water, they were the masters of the river. It took years and years for archeologists to investigate how these masters have brought water to the city and how they manage it for over the years. Dholavira, located near Khadir Bet in the Great Rann of Kachchh of Gujarat, is an incredible example of the Indus Valley civilisation's towns. This special location which was surrounded by the sea, it was in that time the paradise in the desert. Planned city with amazing systems of drains, dams and tanks to manage the water, just the thing how they used every drop of the flood and the rain with the secret why they have separated water from the sky from water from the earth, continues to fascinate and intrigue even after five thousand years of its existence.
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COUNTRY
Toronto CN Tower
Canada “Canada is more than its hulking-mountain, craggy-coast good looks: it also cooks extraordinary meals, rocks cool culture, and unfurls wild, moose-spotting road trips.”
Author: Ilma Jašarević, Third year Bachelor of Architecture
concept 16 Aurora Village
february 2015
Alberta
Niagara Falls
Toronto Skyline
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anada is a country in North America consisted of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, and it is the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Its common border with the United States forms the world's longest land border. Practically, it's not possible to mention all the things one should see, experience in Canada, starting from Niagara Falls, Alberta, Aurora Village, city skylines and much, much more. It is a country of amazing national parks and forests, turquoise lakes, boreal forests, rushing rivers, rolling grasslands and prairies, but it is also a country for architecture lovers.
Canada's geography is highly diverse and obviously there are some important differences in architecture. However, the Canadian climate needs to be taken into account when talking about architecture. Buildings need to be well insulated to protect their inhabitants against the cold of winter while also being able to withstand the heat of summer thus constructing in different regions of Canada can be an interesting challenge for architects. It is a very rich country when it comes to culture and diversity, which also applies to architecture of Canada that is closely related to the techniques and styles developed in Canada, Europe and the United States. Canada has it all: from early inhabitants of the First Nations that lived in wigwams, through European and American settle-
ment, then Georgian, Victorian and Gothic architecture up to the modern office glass buildings that enrich economical and political centers such as Toronto and Ottawa. Canada possesses many classic architectural pieces by some of the most famous architects in the world, such as Habitat 67 by Moshe Safdie, Gallery of Ontario by Frank Gehry, Toronto-Dominion Centre by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and many more. Interesting thing is that there are many preserved examples, even those from early stages of Canada’s development, up until the new and exciting contemporary architectural masterpieces, which just adds to the list of things to see in Canada, beautiful diverse skylines alongside all those breathtaking natural beauties‌
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TYPOLOGY
//
Sweden embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Embassies Embassy buildings are much more than a simple work of architecture. Being often a foreigner’s first point of contact with one particular country, they speak about their nations abroad as official images and seats of formal representation. Author: Dalila Salkanovic, First Year Master of Architecture
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hat's why a design of embassy building at every level is challenged by requirements of contributing to the existing fabric and fitting within urban context of the host country on one hand, while at the same
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time utilizing original symbols and features, evoking national identity of the country which it represents. Another difficult task that embassy buildings meet conceptually is representing two diametrically opposed
concepts: privacy and openness. The private spaces are designed to provide high quality working environments with mental, environmental and social health in mind, while also providing secure facilities.
New Swiss Embassy in Yaoundé, designed by Matteo Cainer Architects Concept of the time-piece mechanism. The passing of time is represented by the constantly changing patterns of shadows that are cast across the internal wall and floor surfaces.
US embassy in Jakarta Attack on US embassy in 1983 in Beirut, lead to stringent security standards, resulting that embassy facilities have become massive, fortress-like buildings surrounded by high walls and/or fences, with forbidding entrance pavilions.
// US embassy in Athens, architect Walter Gropius Gropius’ famous design was in the characteristic simple Bauhaus form, inspired by the architecture of the Parthenon.
Sweden embassy in Riyadh, architect Khaled Asfour, won Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Example how two different countries can find common language in design, are definitely bay windows traditionally used in sharp Sweden climate, dramatically inverted in order to adapt to hot Arabian climate.
US embassy in New Delhi Creating ‘’homes away from home’’, adapting the climate and traditions of the host country. One of the more successful examples of that was US embassy in India.
Spaces where public interface occurs, however should be welcoming, reflect an understanding of common local customs, local public behavior patterns, and human needs. One important fact related to public spaces is that many countries in the world have significantly different attitudes regarding the use of public facilities by their citizens.
For people in some countries, personal privacy is a key issue when engaging in diplomatic services. Putting visitors into request to line up in places where they are visible from public streets can compromise their sense of personal privacy, and even their sense of personal safety. Given such differences among countries, behavior patterns need to be well-seen by designers so as to create appro-
priate design strategies at the points of visitor contact with the embassy. Blending all these requirements together architects must be well aware of complex challenge they meet while designing embassy buildings in order to develop a positive image of one country and for delivering a successful embassy project, with a functional, attractive, and welcoming volume.
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INTERIOR VS EXTERIOR
One of the central concepts of Islamic architecture is that of privacy, and for this reason it is often called as "architecture of the veil." Author: Mersiha Mustafić, First Year Master of Architecture
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Marrakesh, Morocco
The Hidden Beauty A house designed along Islamic principles may appear undesigned on the exterior. However, the interior of the house will usually reveal a much more extravagant design approach. There is a huge contrast between the interior and exterior of the buildings. There is a clear line of privacy present in the design of buildings. In Middle Eastern countries, they tend to hide the beauty. Houses are typically built around a central courtyard that is invisible from the outside but provides an outdoor space inside. A long hallway separates the front door from the courtyard to discourage visitors from peeking through. The Courtyard is usually decorated with a water fountain and foliage, turning it into a cool, quiet and private family center. Here you'll find colorful tiling, fountains, fruit trees and flowers.
Middle East architecture institutes a design of colorful, intricate, geometric patterns called arabesque. These patterns represent the infinite and expansive nature of creation and express an Islamic spirituality without the depiction of the human form. Various styles of Islamic calligraphy frequently decorate the walls, ceilings and columns of structures. Interior is characterized by intricate carvings, arched doorways, and colorful fabrics.
Architecture of the veil Houses were built to provide maximum privacy without depriving the residents of enjoying the comfort of their home. Islam advocates plainness in appearance. This ap-
plies to architecture as much as it does to the color of external faรงades and the use of more basic materials such as brass and wood in decorative arts. The outside of the building doesn't reveal anything about the mechanical structure of the house. This may seem very unorganized and unpleasant to the eye, but the true beauty and aesthetic is hidden behind the plane walls. The only decoration you'll find on the exterior is around the entrance door. Wooden doors were usually painted in blue color and carved with many ornaments. Windows were also covered with ornate screens to provide privacy while still maintaining their function. This type of creating buildings gives a touch of mystery and desire to reveal the beauty hidden behind these walls.
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SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable structures // The trend and need of modern time is flexibility. All the big and fast changes such as globalization, increased mobility, technological changes, information flow, etc. affect architectural thought and requirements. Architecture today is supposed to be flexible and allow for constant changes and adjustments. Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sanela Klaric, dia
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uildings today experience constant changes faster and more often than they did in the past, and all those changes require great costs. Costs are especially increased in case of existing buildings, which were built compactly and were finalized without the possibility of alteration. Construction of a building is not finished at the moment of work completition; completition of a building is only the beginning of our work. Sustainable structure is a flexible structure which is designed to allow simple changes and adaptations of the building in economical way, by using local natural materials which do not harm the environment and conserve energy, while still having high esthetic and shaping values and harmony with particular location.
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Prefabricated wooden construction used in prefabricated housing is characterized as flexible, assemble-disassemble construction which allows adaptations and adjustments without great damage to the structure and with low amount of waste. Due to their flexibility these structures possess additional characteristics of sustainability. Construction elements Each construction element, besides flexibility, should possess certain characteristics to be considered sustainable. Special attention is paid to connecting construction elements into a whole. Energy efficient connection of all construction elements, while ensuring maximum sealing and
reduction of energy loss, is especially notable in the joints between elements. Critical connections are: roof to wall, slab to wall, window and doors to wall, etc. The following figure shows critical positions where special attention should be paid. Construction elements of prefabricated structures have advantage in sealing and proper joining, because those joints are precisely planned and prepared in the factory. In the places of joining it is very important to properly embed insulation materials or elements, without cutting off and creating critical locations of energy loss; so called thermal bridges. These characteristics of construction elements and their joining are a major influence on the internal climate and quality of the structure.
Shape of the building Besides construction elements, the loss of energy and CO2 emissions are influenced by the shape of the building. It is advised to ''break'' the
structure as little as possible, unless necessary, because the compact form provides additional savings. The following figure shows losses and required additional insulation respectively, for certain changes in the shape of the building.
Orientation
Size and properties of windows
Optimization of a building is influenced by its orientation on the site as well. Philosophy of green buildings is that they are at the most oriented towards south, with glass walls set in front of covered terraces. Covered terraces provide shade over glass walls in the summer while in winter, according to different angle of sun motion, the building gets enough sunlight and heat through south facade. North facade in most cases does not contain any openings to reduce losses. Openings on the east and west facades are optimized according to the needs of functions within the building, and in accordance with sun motion. Softwares for building simulation are connected to meteorological databases and are able to provide exact optimal orientation of a building for any location in the world. In our country the data exists, but it was never officially standardized nor connected with the official world database.
Windows are construction elements which have their own properties and laws. They are elements which can cause the greatest losses or overheating unless they are produced in high-quality manner and properly installed. Size of windows is determined according to needs for natural lighting in the room. Besides that, size of a window depends on orientation for which it should be adjusted as well. In order to avoid energy losses or overheating, it is advised to embed protective elements into windows. U-values of classic windows were between 2,0 and 2,5 (W/m²K). That value receded over time and in today's market we can find windows with 0,06 W/m²K U-value. This value puts this constructive element into the category of insulation element. With such characteristics a window represents very good insulation, and in the process of embedding we should take care that the window is installed as continuation of insulation material. Only in that way we can achieve optimal optimization of envelope and avoid thermal bridges.
Schematic representation of the object with the scheme of losses and optimizing orientation
The place of installation of windows on the wall should be along the insulation
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ENGINEERING
Queensboro Bridge, NYC; Cantilever Bridge
Old Bridge in Mostar; Arch Bridge
Bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstructions, for example, valleys, harsh landscape or water bodies by crossing those snags with natural or artificial materials. They first started to be utilized as a part of old times when first modern civilizations began rising in the Mesopotamia. Author: Yahya El Shanawany, Second year Bachelor of Architecture
Danyang窶適unshan Grand Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge; Suspension Bridge concept february 2015 24
Bridges //
Vasco Da Gama Bridge
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nitially bridges were extremely simple structures. Revolution in the bridge development came in Ancient Rome whose architects found that crushed out volcanic rocks can serve as an incredible material for making mortar. This development empowered them to construct a great deal more sturdier, capable and bigger structures than any civilization before them. Seeing the power of streets and connections to faraway lands, Roman architects soon spread over the Europe, Africa and Asia, building bridges and streets of high quality. Bridges by Structure Arch bridges – These bridges uses arch as a main structural component (arch is always located below the bridge, never above it). Beam bridges – Very basic type of bridges that are supported by several beams of various shapes and sizes. Truss bridges – Very
popular bridge designs that uses diagonal mesh of posts above the bridge. The two most common designs are the king posts (two diagonal posts supported by single vertical post in the center) and queen posts (two diagonal posts, two vertical pots and horizontal post that connect two vertical posts at the top). Cantilever bridges – Similar in appearance to arch bridges, but they support their load not trough vertical bracing but trough diagonal bracing. They often use truss formation both below and above the bridge. Tied arch bridges – Similar to arch bridges, but they transfer weight of the bridge and traffic load to the top chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge foundation. They are often called bowstring arches or bowstring bridges. Cable-stayed bridges use deck cables that are directly connected to one or more vertical columns. Cables
are usually connected to columns in two ways – harp design (each cable is attached to the different point of the column, creating harp like design of “strings” and fan design (all cables connect to one point at the top of the column). Suspension bridges use ropes or cables from the vertical suspender to hold the weight of bridge deck and traffic. Golden Gate Bridge Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in North America and entire world. Built by the designs of the architect mastermind Joseph B. Strauss, this bright red bridge towers over the strait of Golden Gate that is located between city of San Francisco and Marin County to the north. Contraction of this 2.7 km long bridge lasted between 1933 and 1937, making it the largest bridge in the world for decades to come.
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SMART SOLUTIONS
Energy Saving // How to spend less and maximize the consumption of energy? Saving energy means decreasing the amount of energy used while achieving a similar end use. There are several ways to spend less energy/money. Author: Ahmed Delić, Third year Bachelor of Architecture
Everything that surrounds us is based on energy consumption. People used various types of energy for centuries such as chemical, electrical, solar, mechanical, nuclear which can be from renewable and unrenewable sources. Each of these ways have different level of destroying the nature. Generating energy
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requires precious natural resources, therefore, using less energy helps us to preserve these resources and make them last longer in the future. These are the times of the highest amount of energy used in history because of large population of people on the planet and because of large production that sutisfies the needs
of people and because of large amount of energy consumed by people though different ways of use. Energy is one of the most important asset for living in our households. Each household uses different energy sources and spends different amounts of energy but electrical and thermal energy are most used.
It would be difficult to imagine our daily activities without consuming energy. Actually discovery of fire was the starting point of using energy. Today we have improved versions of that invention and we are improving each day because energy is all around us. Still we didn't reach all possibilities of energy consumption. Today and in the future we will try to use more of clean energy that will not harm nature and will be cheaper to produce. But the major problem is that big corporations which earn money from energy production don't have interest in investing in energy sources that will decrease their profit. In that way they have monopoly over energy so they can dictate costs of energy. This problem is often solved with political actions by imposing new regulations and improving current technology but without the concious citizens it is difficult to implement those regulations. Especially in countries like B&H where people are not conserned about nature while consuming energy. In B&H there is large consumption of wood and coal used
for heating which increases the air pollution significantly. There are several ways to spend less energy/ money. First option is to change our habits and sacrifice some pleasures of consuming energy. We will go to bed earlier in order to use less light, decrease the number of hours of watching TV or use of computer. We will need to take a shower less number of times throughout the week in order to heat less water. Second option is to change energy sources in our households. If we use gas in order to heat the space and water maybe it is cheaper to heat it by wood but it requires more time to spend using wood. Maybe it is better to use wood briquettes because that technology does all the work automatically and doesn't produce ash. We can also buy technology that will produce energy from renewable sources such as solar panels that produce electricity, solar collectors that heat the water etc. Third option is to install technology that will automatically turn on and off energy consumers. In that way light will be automatical-
ly turned off in spaces that we don't use or similar so we will save small amounts of money day by day but considering long term benefits it would be surely successfull investment. Good way to spend less on heating is insulation of our home. Last and the best option is to consider best energy sources and the best technology that will save our money. In that way we may install solar panels and collectors in order to produce energy by ourselves and even sell remaining electricity to electical distribution companies. We will also install technology to use the energy automatically so we can avoid needless energy consumption. Our goal is to become independent from them and produce energy by ourselves. Doing that we will reduce the pressure on electric or gas distribution companies to produce more energy, save nature avoiding cutting trees, reduce carbon emissions or other harmful actions and save our precious time. We need to care about our planet because it is the only planet we live on.
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B&H ARCHITECTURE
Bobovac
Fortified cities of Medieval Bosnia are created in the period between the 13th and the 15th century, during the time of its state independence. Several cities arose even in the 12th century in the Central Bosnia, which remained the core of the Bosnian state up to this day. The residences of the Bosnian rulers were located in some of these cities, such as in Bobovac, Kraljeva Sutjeska and Visoko. Author: Abdulmalik Begović, Third year Bachelor of Architecture
ortified cities are fortification buildings which served for defensive purposes primarily, but chambers of feudal lords and nobles were also located there, so they represented economic and cultural centres of a certain region. Therefore, special attention was given to the
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choice of place of building-up the fort. The selected terrains were the ones which were inaccessible from at least one side. The walls were placed on cliffs and natural terrains with some interventions prevented access to the fort. These cities were placed at strategic peaks of the cliffs, river valleys, roads
and marketplaces, never away from each other more than a day of pedestrian walk. They provided security to their owners and residents, and guarded the territorial scope of the Medieval Bosnian Kingdom.
Blagaj
Most of these fortified cities were built on architectural remains from the early past. Many of them continued to serve their function throughout the reign of the Ottoman Empire in this region. Some of them existed until the first years of the Austro Hungarian Empire reign. Today, several centuries after they emerged together with other cultural and historical monuments, they still witness to the millennial history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bobovac Bobovac was the most important city of Medieval Bosnia, the seat of Bosnian kings and the place where the royal crown was kept. It was first mentioned during the war between Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić and Serbian king Dušan. Bobovac is located above the stream Trstionica northeast of Kraljeva Sutjeska and Ćatići, at the end of the slope formed on the south hillsides of the gigantic massif of Dragovske and Mijakovske
Poljice Mountains. The hill Vis stands out on the slope, with relative height of 30 m, and the boulder of five reefs lined up together, where the oldest fortification core and the royal court are located. Jajce Jajce is mentioned in written documents in 1396, although the city itself is, of course, much older. Jajce became the royal city during the reign of Tvrtko the Second. In the 15th century it became the centre of the Bosnian monarchs. King Stjepan Tomašević was crowned in Jajce in 1461. He resided there for two years, and he was also executed there in 1463. In the 15th century Jajce became major economic centre of western Bosnia. Many merchants from Venice, Split, Ston, and Dubrovnik had settled in Jajce at the end of the 15th century. The Ottoman troops seized the town in 1463, but they kept their position there for only 6 months. However, they conquered Jajce again in December 1527. During the
Jajce
Ottoman rule Turkish bazaar replaced the medieval market place and many small wooden shops and handicrafts were opened in the area between the town gates. This bazaar gradually expanded outside the gates, over the north side ramparts. Austro-Hungarian army occupied the town in August 7th 1878. Blagaj Blagaj or Šćepangrad was one of the most developed and fortified cities of Medieval Bosnia. The town Hum was located 800 metres of airline to the east. Being much smaller and less fortified, tt represented just an outpost to the mighty Šćepangrad fortress. Blagaj was the seat town of Kosača noble family. It was first mentioned in March 1423. The Ottomans occupied Blagaj in 1465 and put their crew there. In 1664, the city loses its strategic importance, and the crew was moved into the outskirts. It kept its crew until 1830.
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HOW TO...
...(re)use old stuff ? There are awesome and creative ways to recycle your old stuff that can be taken advantage of by almost anyone. Every year, when spring cleaning comes around, many of us gather up our old used stuff and simply throw it out. Author: Velida Krajinić, Third year Bachelor of Architecture
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Old ladder into bookshelf
Be aware and inform professional to make appropriate wood protection, if ladders are wooden. Put ladder on hangers, make sure that the distance between them, ladders and hangers, is enough for books storage.
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Make new innovative open wardrobe This is something new, and very innovative, and beside all that it is useful. Use your old chairs, put them on hangers, make sure it is well fixed, consult professional for different help if necessary.
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Turn a small table into a four-poster bed Need a special place for your car, and have something old, probably not useful anymore. Make sure you have enough patience, and make your pet happy, with something like this.
Upcycle old light bulbs into candles This is one of the most interesting and easiest ways to reuse old light bulbs, which we always have aside. Be careful not to let children play with it, and not to drop them while enlightened. As part of modern design, it could brighten your home in very homey way.
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Glass marbles into fence decor This is something that will make your fence very different from any other, whether old or modern fences, something very fancy and colorful, made by you. All you need is glass, or sort of transparent plastic material. Be creative, and try, as in this examples, make interesting designs, or, simply fill the holes in wooden fence, which appeared over time.
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CDs as part of very handsome mosaic
After so many CDs thrown away, and no idea what to do with them, here is one excellent idea, you can play with your children, and let them help you. As a decoration it can be used anywhere. Be aware to use appropriate glue, which will not melt your plastic.
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