concept
Chief editor: Sanel Delić Design: Abdulmalik Begović and Sanel Delić Copy editor: Ervin Habibović Print: International Burch University Contributors: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sanela Klarić Melika Ašćerić Sumeja Dizdarević Šefko Hadžić Adisa Selim Lejla Kargić Adna Kljajić Ilma Jašarević Selvira Heldovac Mersiha Mustafić Yahya El Shanawany Ahmed Delić Velida Krajinić Abdulmalik Begović
Email: art.architecture.club@ibu.edu.ba Bank account: Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia 186 000 104 404 6041-KM-Burch University Address: Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Editor’s letter: Welcome to the first number of concept, magazine about art and architecture of International Burch University’s architecture students. In this, and future numbers, we are going to write about many different topics related to the art and architecture around the globe while focusing on those topics that are less known to the readers. The target groups are not only architects or students of architecture. We want to make the magazine even more interesting to the ordinary readers. The aim of the magazine is not only to spread the word of architecture, but also to raise money for the charity in our local community. We invite you to support our work. Enjoy the reading!
Special thanks to: International Burch University and D.O.O DSF Invest, Bihać
student activities history architectural style architect
typology country interior vs exterior sustainability urban planning engineering smart solutions how to... BiH architecture
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-Interior design workshop -Professor Laurent Mesbah’s lecture on Climate change -Professor Elma Durmisevic’s lecture on Dynamics Regenerative architecture
Aya Sophia
Bauhaus
Selman Selmanagić
Minimalistic houses
Azerbaijan
Japanese interior and exterior
Sustainable housing
Public spaces
Skyscrapers
Multifunctional furniture
...use colours in home?
Dvor
student activities
Interior Design Workshop Department of Architecture, together with “Inside by Ećo” company and the center for Specialists’ Education “Format”, have started the Interior Design Workshop for architectural Master students on 17th of December. Workshop is conceived as a part of the Master course “Architectural Design VI” being held by Dr. Nermina Mujezinović, Head of Department of Architecture, and is launched within the framework of recently signed Agreement on Cooperation between the International Burch University and “Inside” Company, as well as Protocol signed by the Department and “Format”. The fi rst part of the Workshop took place in “Format” premises, where students were welcomed by interior designer and architect Mrs. Elma Rahmanović, on behalf of the company “Inside”. Mrs. Narcisa BašićGaković, project manager at “Format”, has addressed the guests on behalf of the Center, presenting its activities and profi le. Presentation by Mrs. Rahmanovic was to introduce the students with interior design profession. In continuation, the detailed guidance on the scope and
4 concept | january 2015
aim of the workshop, as well as on particular task was provided by both instructors, and the discussion followed. Advised by instructors, each student has ultimately chosen the topic to work on, which will be one segment of their project developed within the course Architectural Design VI. The fi rst part of the workshop has been closed by visiting a showroom of the company, where all participants continued discussion in relaxed and friendly atmosphere. Second session took place at Burch University within the regular AD VI classes, held by the same instructors - Mrs. Rahmanović from “Inside by Eco”, and professor holding the course, Dr. Mujezinović. Being the fi rst project of Department realized in collaboration with “Inside” and “Format”, the Workshop is regarded as the beginning of the long – term collaboration within which different projects can be launched, and cooperation in terms of students’ internship enhanced.
“Climate Change: global and local challenges and opportunities for the 21st century” On Tuesday, 16th December 2014, Professor Laurent Mesbah from American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina (AUBiH) held a seminar about the climate change to master students of the Department of Architecture. Professor Mesbah’s seminar was consisted of presentation in the fi rst part where he talked about the climate change, what is it causing, and how we are affecting it. Second part was reserved for the discussion with the students about the topic “What can be done in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to prevent it?”. The conclusion was that we all should start the changes from our own “micro world” and these small positive changes can change the world. Important to mention is that this lecture is continuation of cooperation between academic staff of International Burch University and American University in Bosnia and Herzgovina, as professor Sanela Klarić from Department of Architecture, gave a presentation for students of AUBiH a week earlier.
Prof.Dr. Elma Durmišević from University of Twente, Netherlands, held a seminar on Dynamic Regenerative Architecture on 25th December 2014. Aim of the lecture was to make the audience understand the gravity of current situation concerning usage of materials in construction, to encourage students to think about the effect of the buildings before, during and after their lifetime and to drive them to use recyclable and reusable materials as much as possible. Audience included a variety of Architecture students, professors and teaching assistants, who joined the discussion after the presentation about awareness or unawareness of architects on this subject. The lecture was very successful and resulted in broadened horizons of young future architects.
Dynamics Regenerative Architecture
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5
student activities
Trip through the eyes of an architect Author: Melika Ašćerić, Sumeja Dizdarević, Šefko Hadžić, Third year Bachelor of Architecture
Milano We arrived in Milano, the city of fashion, design, all kinds of worldwide famous festivals and meetings. First impressions were clean wide streets, tall and well organised buildings with balconies with coloured wooden shutters which remind you that you’re in Italy. Renaissance is born in Italy which is mostly reflected on residential buildings dating from that period, one of most amazing and breath-taking examples is Galleria Vittorio Emanuele. There is a touristic custom to spin clockwise while standing on left heel symbolising returning to Milano. As all streets in Milano lead or circulate Dumo di Milano our next stop was Piazza del Dumo, where second largest Italian cathedral is located. Dumo di Milano one of the most representative gothic object in the world, second largest gothic cathedral in the world. Its construction lasted from 14th until 19th century and in some way is not finished yet, since there are construction works still going on. Interesting fact is that the cathedral was dedicated to noble and working class of that period which previously suffered from tiranian rule. It has huge number of sculptures which look uncountable but going on top of the building is possible for tourists from where you can see the whole city.
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Barcelona After long drive while having beautiful view on Spanish rural areas, we were most excited about seeing Barcelona city. As we arrived we felt how streets welcomed us. City had its story for us that day, actually it seems like it has new interesting story every day. Barcelona is famous for having no less than 130 hectares dedicated to pedestrian zones so it makes you walk them and feel the city. It has high buildings in blocks but with diagonal or round connection on end of every block, having small squares on every corner making city warm without sharp edges. Interesting fact is that most walked street in Spain is in Barcelona and approximately 3500 pedestrians walk down Portal de l’Ángel in hour.
Wherever you look you can see beautiful building or notice contrast of old and new architecture design. We were impressed by Casa Batlló, one of Gaudí’s masterpieces with modernist colourful bonelike facade which invites you to discover architectural surprises and has some special new dimension of beauty.
Dream Park Surely, beside Sagrada Familia, sand beaches and green areas, Antonio Gaudi’s Park Guell is one of the most famous Barcelona’s landmarks. It is one of the most impressive public parks in the world and it really is breath taking, because of the colourfulness and playful shapes which tell a story.
In magic maze of a slope columns, arches and stairs, in the middle of main stairway a smiling dragon stretches. Children love colourful dragon but also together with all that magic unusual structures Dragon succeeds to wake up grownup’s imagination and dreams. Every part of Barcelona makes you enjoy the life
Park was intended to serve Guell’s private city, but world population is lucky to have such an opportunity to let their mind experience Gaudi’s imagination. It is rest for mind and body, since it is surrounded by longest continuous bench with its entire surface mosaicked with colourful randomly arranged ceramic pieces. The stone bench is actually comfortable since Gaudi had a workman who sit in soft plaster to record the correct anatomical curve. concept | january 2015
7
history
Hagia Sophia One of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia keeps rich collection of artistic components and values. It is a building that has been used 921 years as a church and 481 years as a mosque and it has a great importance for both religions. Author: Adisa Selim, Third Year Bachelor of Architecture
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he Hagia Sophia was constructed in 530 AD as a Greek Orthodox Church. It is a remarkable building as it has survived many earthquakes, and because of that she needed some large repairs. It is a beautiful and ornate structure, built of stone and marble, topped by a golden dome. An extremely difficult engineering challenge for that time, the dome has collapsed sev-
8 concept | january 2015
eral times during its existence. Later on the Ottomans added 4 minarets, marking it one of the important mosques of the world. This masterpiece, old nearly 1500 years, was once the center of Byzantine faith, later reborn as the predominant mosque of the Ottoman Empire, and today has found a new purpose as one of the world’s most popular museums.
One of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia keeps rich collection of artistic components and values. Its interior is decorated with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. Even though it has impressive mosaics, nothing can compare to the building’s dome.
It is a true architectural wonder and it is found in the List of Byzantine inventions representing the main interest of many art historians, architects and engineers. Measuring in at 55 meters in height and 32 meters in diameter, with 40 windows that allow in abundant light, this dome was by far the largest ever attempted when it was constructed. An extremely difficult engineering challenge for the time, the dome has collapsed several times during its existence. Especially with the two half-domes which exaggerate its size, the dome creates an illusion of immense space. Standing down at ground level, looking up, it’s hard not to feel insignificant. Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave. This effect was achieved by insert-
ing forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the placing of the windows in the dome structure lowers its weight. The unique character of the design of Hagia Sophia shows how this structure is one of the most advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity. Hagia Sophia and its mysteries have been heard all around the world. It is a building that has been used 921 years as a church and 481 years as a mosque and it has a great importance for both religions. That’s why this unique building includes a lot of mysteries in itself as the Sweating pole. It is a marble column, which has sections covered with cooper, which stays moist during both winter and summer months. This still stays as a mystery as scientist can’t explain the reason for this.
Hagia Sophia has a well in the center of the main hall. People used to believe that this well cured heart illnesses. Those with a heart disease used to visit this well on Saturdays, three times in a row and drink a glass of water from this well. On the south section of Hagia Sophia, there is a large door that you can access through a narrow corridor. When Fatih Sultan Mehmet conquered Istanbul, the Greek Orthodox bishop was praying in front of this door. He escaped from this door when Ottomans entered the church and no one could open the door after this day. The Hagia Sophia isn’t just the best known tourist attraction in Istanbul, or one of Europe’s most characteristic landmarks… it’s one of the greatest buildings in human history.
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9
architectural style Which, almost 100 years old style, still feels amazingly fresh and modern? Which school successfully connected two sides, art and industry, which are usually in war? What was Wassily Kandinsky influenced by the most? Which school was closed by the Nazis in 1933? What made Mies van der Rohe stay in Germany and fight for?
The Bauhaus Author: Lejla Kargić, First year Master of Architecture
T
he idea that led Bauhaus, movement that enlightened 20th century, forward, was “creating objects so that we do not have to throw them out of the window.“ (Mies van der Rohe says to Rosenberg, Nazi minister of culture after Gestapo closed the school). This vivid description by its last director explains it at its best, along with Mies’ famous words “Less is more“. However, Bauhaus was not an expression of minimalism. Furthermore, despite being very different from ornamented styles from the previous centuries, Bauhaus is also a celebration, but a celebration of function over decoration.
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Bauhaus literally means “Building House“. It was founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany, as an art school, influenced by modernism, the English Arts and Crafts movement, and the Constructivism. In Bauhaus, they believed in translating the will and the spirit of the epoch they were living in into the space through art and architecture and not giving mere homage to the Ancient styles. Au contraire, only giving the true expression of “now“ can become a worthy heir to the glorious past.
Bauhaus building, Gropius 1925 Photo by: Oliver Scharff
Most prominent representatives and teachers at Bauhaus were Gropius, its founder, Rohe, architect and Bauhaus director, Marcel Breuer, furniture designer and architect, Herbert Bayer, graphic designer, photographer and sculptor and painters Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian and Paul Klee. Bauhaus ideas, architects, products and buildings had significant impact on art and architecture throughout Europe and the world. There were several schools inspired by Bauhaus that brought up important architects and masterpieces, as well as institutes which are famous and successful even today. In Bauhaus, everything is true to itself. Forms, materials and colors are the way they are and not hidden by other means. Steel is widely used and, unlike before, exposed and visible, even in furniture. Furthermore, it is an expression of both form and function, since it is a structural framework for the chair and its main decorative focus.
Babelsberger Atelier in 1908. In this picture are: Mies van der Rohe, Adolf Meyer, Max Hertwig, Bernhard Weyrather, Jean Kramer and Walter Gropius (holding the plan). Source: C. Arthur Croyle
Marcel Breuer’s Wassily Chair (1925), famous for use of tubular steel in interior furniture Source: Malik Gallery
The purpose and message of Bauhaus was creating artistic, usable, delightful and affordable design of- more or less- everything, for any class of person. Design is in service of function, never the other way around. Bauhaus heavily relied to industrial development and rationality of geometry, as well as idea of universal language that would reconcile the world after World War I.
Seagram Building
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11
architect
Bosnian Bauhaus architect
Selman Selmanagic
One of the most talented Balkan designers of 20th century A man with a fascinating story Life changed in a train coupe Extraordinary contribution to art and architecture Fighter against Nazism and Fascism
12 concept | january 2015
Author: Lejla Kargić, First year Master of Architecture
B
osnian and Herzegovinian writers, painters, scientists and scholars have always been worldwide renowned. However, the only architect, urban planner, designer, production designer and teacher from this part of Europe who has got his diploma on the famous Bauhaus Dessau School of Architecture is Selman Selmanagić. The fascinating story of this outstanding talent starts in 1905 in Srebrenica, where, on a part of his family–owned land today lays the Memorial complex Potočari. He was born in a family of ten children, of Bosnian father and mother of Egyptian origin. After finishing carpentry school in Sarajevo, he moves to Ljubljana to attend higher craft school,
where he obtains a title Master of building and furniture carpentry. Looking for a better future and job as a carpenter, he moves to Germany at the age of 24. However, in his destiny there were greater plans written for him. Sitting in a coupe in a train going to Berlin, Selmanagić meets a Bauhaus architect who introduces him to the ideas and work of this school in Dessau. Selmanagić, enchanted by what he heard, decides to change his trip plans and goes to Dessau. There, he grasps ideas that were new to him and spends a lot of time with famous artists, which enriches his good crafts knowledge with artistic ideas and approach to design.
After graduating from Bauhaus, in class of Mies van der Rohe, Selmanagić moves to Berlin, where he works for Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus. Some of his achievements are remarkable and innovative, such as design of chairs of compressed wood veneer with special focus on hand stands and sitting comfort. He worked also on urban planning of Berlin. Under the Nazi pressure upon the Bauhaus followers (due to their suspects of Bauhaus being connected to the Communist Party), Selmanagić leaves Germany and settles in Istanbul. Afterwards, he travelled the world, with the spirit of ancient travelers and discoverers, creating most of his significant works in Jerusalem. He stayed there until the World War II, when he moved back to Berlin and led the antifascist movement. Just like Mies van der Rohe, Selmanagić was ordered by Nazi to design in Nazi style, which he decisively rejected and focused his work on production design. Later, he became teacher and Dean of the Technical University of Berlin. He passed away in Berlin, in 1986, while his grave is in his hometown, Srebrenica. Three of his daughters are architects, through whom his ingenuity lives on.
Waltjungen Stadium
concept | january 2015
13
typology
Schroder House (De Stijl)
Transparent House
Minimal Housing Author: Adna Kljajic, First Year Master of Architecture
C
oncerning architecture, minimalism became popular in the late 1980s in New York and London. It was greatly influenced by traditional Japanese design, with its simplicity and clean forms. Another predecessor of minimalistic architecture is considered to be De Stijl movement in Netherlands. The major principles advocated by this movement are simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and
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Definition of the term ''Minimalism'' would be, as the word itsef implies, a minimum of something. It is about designing with minimal usage of decorative objects, stripping down the design to it's core, presenting beauty in simplicity, which reflects the strive for a simpler way of living. Minimalism was first concieved as an art form in post- World War II Western culture, best portrayed by American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s.
use of only primary colors (including black and white). De Stijl sought to express the new ideal of harmony and order, which was a reaction to the turmoil caused by World War I. These ideals became even more needed in the time of it's successor, after the World War II, not long after. Architect Ludwing Mies Vand Der Rohe and his famous quote ‘’Less is more’’ are the most important mentions of minimal-
istic architecture. It is no exaggeration to say that in addition to being a key figure in minimalism, he is also one of the fathers of modern architecture with its clean forms. Van der Rohe aimed for simplicity and clarity, manifested in his works. His greatest contribution to minimalistic housing is the famous Farnsworth house, designed and constructed in the period between 1945. and 1951.
Sosnowski Residence
The Farnsworth House addresses basic issues about the relationship between the individual and his society. His answer to the issue is to accept the need for an orderly framework as necessary for existence, while making space for the freedom needed by the individual human spirit to flourish. His work was a stepping stone for further development of the style and an inspiration for future architects. Today, so called ‘’Contemporary Minimalistic Housing’’ is a popular form, widely demanded in the industry. Presumably, people feel the need for such design for their homes because of today’s ‘’fast way of living’’, chained by stress and chaos, and as a reply minimalistic home gives a dose of order and relaxation, it provides a path to their peace of mind. ‘’ Minimalism is a tool that can assist you in finding freedom. Freedom from fear. Freedom from worry. Freedom from overwhelm. Freedom from guilt. Freedom from depression. Freedom from the trappings of the consumer culture
Wilton Pool House
we’ve built our lives around. Real freedom.’’ – The Minimalists. Sosnowski Residence By Chen & Suchart Studio This fantastic house has been designed by the talented Chen+ Suchart studio architects which is sympathetic to its urban situation. The use of wooden cladding soften the design, perfectly complimenting the landscape. Esher House By Wilkinson King Architects This minimalist house design in the south east of England is a straightforward and clean. It has won design award in a variety of categories including Winner of one–off dwelling Category, Architect of the Year Award. 2005 and Winner: Best Residential Design, Daily Telegraph Home Building and Renovation Award, 2005. Wilton Pool House By Hariri & Hariri The architecture of the pool house hovers over a 48’x20’ pool like a vessel in the water. On the North there is a spa and
an outdoor/indoor shower, and on the south there is a roofed veranda acting as an indoor/outdoor dinning area with a large opening on the wall framing the landscape beyond. The area around the pool becomes a sunken courtyard paved in travertine with steps and walls of stone. Transparent House By Sou Fujimoto Architects This Tokyo house by Japanese architect Sou Fujimoto has hardly any walls and looks like scaffolding. The few walls that do exist are mostly glass, making certain spaces secure without adding privacy. The Keret House By Jakub Szczęsny The installation designed by Jakub Szczęsny for Israeli writer Etgar Keret in the Wola district of Warsaw competes in Architecture + Living Small. It is built on a triangular plane, with its widest side taking up 152 cm and the narrow end stretching over only 92 cm – thus claiming fame as the world’s narrowest house.
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15
country
Azerbaijan Author: Ilma Jašarević,Third year Bachelor of Architecture
T
his miraculous land, placed in the Caucasus region, situated at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia has been known as one of the most ancient sites of humankind. According to modern etymology the name Azerbaijan is derived from Atropates, name of ruler of that area (through centuries it has evolved to Azarbaydan) and which means “The land of Holy fire”. It’s interesting that it still has the name of Land of Holy fire, or just Land of Fire because throughout Azerbaijan, numerous fires have been burning since antiquity and these were reported on by historical writers such as Marco Polo in the 13th century.This phenomenon of spontaneous fire is caused by gas seepage and it is actually possible to visit some of these places in there and with hot cup of tea spend some nice time observing this natural miracle. In Azikh Cave, the largest cave in Azerbaijan, as scientists assume, 700,000 to 500,000 years ago the first known fireplace and construction in human history was built. Speaking about nature, it is actually very characteristic for Azerbaijan being able to comYanar Dag,The burning mountain, Baku mend themselves about their unlimited resources. Except the fact that they are one of the oldest oil producer (as the world’s first oil field was drilled in 1846 in Azerbaijan) and generally rich in mineral resources, Azerbaijan also owns some beyond beautiful views.
Of course, natural resources are not the only quality that adorns this beautiful country. Its magnificent art and architecture are breathtaking and so various that you cannot simply put it in some specified categories of architectural style for it has been accumulated over a long period of time and now it is consisted of very colorful style, shapes, function and values. In one very short architectural line you can see Islamic architecture, Soviet, Russian Imperial, Late Modernism and Post Modern and many more transition phases.
The Ismailiyya Palace, Baku
This country combines very subtly elements of East and West and especially architectural image of the country’s capital is enriched in some very interesting projects, such as the building of the historical Ismailiyya Palace, (today office of the Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan) that was built in venetian gothic tyle by Józef Plośko. On the other side, Azerbaijan, as city in very hastily development, largely influenced by flourishing of oil producing, owns some of the most modern projects nowadays that are going to change city’s skyline in close future. Some of interesting projects under constructions are: Baku White City, Baku National Stadium, Full Moon Hotel, Baku Hilton Hotel, The Crescent Development project etc. By all odds, Azerbaijan nowadays is becoming the country that can cope with UAE but also wants to take a leading role in contemporary construction and we’re just about to see what else they have to offer…
The Flame Towers, Baku Photo by: Shahin N.
The Crescent Development Project, Baku (under construction) Source: Ilk Contstruction (the main contractor).
interior vs exterior
Japa
interior J
apanese interior design is based on Zen philosophy, clean lines, minimalistic design, natural elements and nature derived colors that all create peaceful design. Despite the fact that Japanese interiors can sometimes appear too geometric and minimalistic, the design is actually rich in symbols and originates from history.Therefore, every piece of furniture is in its place according to a story. Photo: Rikard Lund
Author: Selvira Heldovac, First year Master of Architecture
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hen you approach a Japanese home, you will encounter a welcoming garden, usually with water element and stones. In the very entrance to the house, you will face genkan, the area that will greet you. Additionally, you will have to take your shoes off and get indoor slippers which will take you to pleasant story of indoor oriental space. In Japan, an interior design is considered succesful if it is flexible. Economical use of space is much appreciated. Multi-functional rooms are often seen in Japanese homes. Sleeping areas are often used in different ways during the day. On the other hand, privacy is on high level as well.
18 concept | january 2015
Shoji are traditional screens that separate parts of room. However, they allow intake of light in the same time. Shojis are used to ensure privacy in meditation and prayer spaces. Fusuma are sliding doors, an element very appreciated in Japanese interior design, which highly enhances flexibility of spaces. As emphasized through Japanese exterior design, nature is the origin of creation of forms and spaces. Same principle is valid for the interior. Natural materials are, therefore, incorporated into furniture design. Fine woods, bamboo, silk, rice straw mats and paper can be seen in Japanese houses in different forms.
Light is very important element in architecture. In Japanese designs, light is diffused, again, in order to imitate the natural sources. Shoji screens are used to both let lights penetrate into spaces, but soften them in advance. Japanese aesthetics principles are very different from the European ones. Wabi Sabi is traditional approach which, shortly, claims that beauty lies in imperfection. This is implied to furniture design through preservation of basic material characteristics. Peculiarities of Japanese lifestyle are „living on the floor“. For this purpose, tatami is widely used, especially for japanese tradition of drinking the tea.
nese
exterior
A
part from the famous English and French gardens, that are based on geometry and organic shapes, Japanese gardens continue to fascinate with their simplicity, tranquility, irregular paths and subtle incorporation of nature into their concept, as well as importance of colours. Plants, water and stone are landmarks of Japanese exterior design.
Photo: Julian, Deviantart
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apanese people are considered the most hardworking ones on the planet. However, they do know the art of relaxation. Both interior and exterior design are in function of enhancing relaxation of body, mind and soul. Plants and colours play the key roles in obtaining harmony of gardens. Bamboo, Japanese maple and bonsai trees are most commonly used. Plants are chosen according to the symbolism, e.g. pine- longevity and love, cherry tree- eternal
youth and spring, maples- cycle of life and death etc. When relaxing, Japenese love drinking tea; therefore, tea gardens, or take significant place in their traditional exterior design. Karesansui gardens predominantly use stone as key element, which symbolises mountain (playing a significant role in Japan) and in some cases even considered sacred. Number and position of stones is also important. If used in groups of three, stones symbolize the tri-
ad of heaven, earth and man. These gardens are often used by monks, since they enhance meditation techniques. Tsukiyama is the third main garden type. Tsukiyama literally means „nature in the small“. Water elements are inevitable, especially in this type of garden, which makes the space visually larger. In Japan, water is another sacred element that symbolizes nature, new life, energy.
Photo: Bill F. Eger
Photo: Caroline Culler
concept | january 2015
19
sustainability
Sustainable
residential buildings Sustainable residential buildings in the future should respond to the following requirements: Reducing the amount of used energy or popularly, the energy efficiency of a building. Residential building have the need for large amounts of energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, electric devices and lightening of the spaces. It is necessary to reduce the energy to the minimum. Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sanela Klaric, dia
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educe the emissions of CO2 - Researches that are currently carried out throughout the world pay special attention to the clean technologies, reduction of CO2 emissions and other pollutants of the environment. They will also provide solutions which will bring these emissions to the minimum, while not reducing the comfort and providing contemporary way of living. Buildings should be built of natural materials that create healthy living conditions. Respecting these principles, man has developed different types of buildings. The contemporary way of living includes
20 concept | january 2015
sustainable systems of residential buildings, aims for objects that represent sustainable systems that save the energy to the maximum, produce the minimum emissions of CO2 and save the environment. Residential buildings of any type should be built with the maximum contribution of local, natural and healthy materials, careful designing of optimum characteristics, choosing the most optimum methods of building and finishes. Even in the process of the planning, just as in the process of building, it is very important to build according to the state of the art methods of planning and techniques, but
also to think about economics of the project and his maintenance. With new requirements, the architecture has come to the point of the development of creative and technical thought and the development of new building types. New types of facilities are solving all the problems of living with additional requirements of sustainability, clean technologies, optimal usage of natural, local materials and energy efficiency. Buildings which preserves the environment, or so called “green� buildings are divided into:
Passive house is the object in which the comfortable inside temperature is maintained (around 20°C), without conventional system of heating and cooling. That kind of facility is called passive because most of its needs for heat it gets from “passive” sources eg: exposure to the sun, waste heat of technical devices, eat exchange etc. Rooms are supplied with additional heat through the controlled ventilation system. The thermal needs of a passive house are very low, in Europe around 15 kWh/m²/year. The overall need for primary energy should not exceed 120kWh/m²/year, including the heating and cooling, hot water and electricity. The key components that define the passive house are: compact shape and good insulation, south orientation and assessment of shadows, good air permeability of the building envelope, passive pre-heating of the fresh air, very efficient heat recovery from exhaust air, use of heat exchangers air/air, providing hot water using renewable energy sources, using energy-efficient home appliances. The design of passive houses is a holistic process of planning and implementation of a system that is self-sustaining and self-sufficient and that ultimately aims to build the facility in which the residents feel safe, have a healthy living conditions and minimal running costs and maintenance. This design approach can be used to design new buildings or for energy-efficient renovation of existing facilities.
Work scheme of controlled ventilation with heat return of exhaust air in passive house
Low energy house uses less energy than a regular house, but more than a passive house. Energy performance of low-energy facilities are
approximately twice the minimum requirements. There is no general definition for low energy house because national standards vary considerably among countries. These objects represent a transitional phase in the process of raising awareness of the population and to adapt the idea to live in a passive house, when they become passive house standard. For example in Germany, "low energy house" has a limitation of energy consumption of 50 kWh/m²/year for heating. Energy Independent house is the building that is completely independent of external energy sources. These are objects that with their projected systems produce energy from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, or a combination). Electrical power and heat are produced and stored in the micro-power plants or active solar systems in or on the building. Depending on the natural characteristics of the location of the energy, needs of the building are planned with maximum participation of natural resources to the design and sale of surplus energy to systems. These objects are the future and many states provide support for the development and mass construction of such facilities. Energy positive house is the object that is completely independent of external energy sources, and thereby produces surplus energy. They, as well as energy-independent houses, with their projected systems produce energy from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal or combination). Surplus energy is transferred into the energy systems at the regional or state level by special tariffs and regulations. Depending on the natural characteristics of the site, the energy needs of the building are planned with maximum participation of natural resources to the design of surplus and excess energy to supply large systems. These objects are the future, and their solutions offer a wide range of options. Many states provide support to the development and construction of these facilities in order to balance the influence of the housing sector to Earth pollution and reducing the negative impact in this sector. Each such object is treated and calculated separately. Green building- green-made buildings with green roofs, facades and courtyards. Modern research in addition to the facade and envelope, are treating and other factors that may affect the energy saving and CO2 emissions. Green roofs, facades and courtyards give remarkable results because they naturally store the energy of the facility.
concept | january 2015
21
urban planning
Federation Square; Melbourne, Australia
Public spaces The importance of space and its organization is emphasized in daily life. Certain way of manipulating space can make high quality amenities and in that way increase the better lifestyle. ''The measure of any great civilization is its cities and a measure of a city's greatness is to be found in the quality of its public spaces, its parks and squares.'' - John Ruskin Author: Mersiha Mustafic, First Year Master of Architecture
What is ‘’public’’? ‘’Public space’’ can be literally defined as ‘’space’’ for the ‘’public’’, yet the term ‘’public’’ is much complex since it can be interpreted in different contexts. ‘’Public’’ may refer to every single individual or the bigger amount of population. It can be presented on different lev-
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els, which makes it hard to define. Public spaces can form the dynamic of the city. It is a powerful tool in creating and shaping the heart of the city, its main activities and backdrop. It also takes part in creating the social interaction. Public spaces allow people to meet on ‘’neutral ground’’
to interact with others within the context of the whole community. People are attracted to these open spaces and squares in order to exchange information and socialize.
“What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.” - William H. Whyte
‘’I believe that a successful city is like a fabulous party. People stay because they are having a great time.’’ Amanda Burden, How public spaces make cities work, TED2014
NEW TRENDS During the history public space suffered due to social and economic changes and their purposes and functions varied according to time cuts. Nowadays, public spaces are performing deeper and wider functions, starting from social aspect till the physical changes of the spaces. The best way of explaining these new purposes is with showing the right examples. One of the most famous public spaces on world would be the Federation Square in Melbourne, Australia. Federation Square provides a unifying square for Melbourne, a place to gather and meet in any occasion, from times of fun to times of protest. It is placed in the busiest intersection in central of the most prominent section of Melbourne’s busy tram network.
It is often voted as one of the ugliest places due to the deconstructivist style of the buildings. But yet it became very successful. What's the reason? Well, it offers a lot of entertainment, dining areas and free Wi-Fi. The square is always busy with people. Since opening in 2002, Fed Square has become one of the most visited attractions in Melbourne with more than 10 million visits a year. The square is incorporating an array of attractions, including fine art venues and a vibrant calendar of events which makes this place very energetic and vibrant. This square plex and ambitious construction projects ever built in Australia. This square is well planned and offers something for everyone, from young to old. It gives the city a total new spirit
and function. It creates a new social area which connects all parts of city. It has a huge capacity and can be used for any kind of public event. Space should be used in best possible way offering the visitors and citizens interesting content and providing them a daily dose of relaxation and fun. Public spaces are the heart of the cities. They should attract the people and always go a step forward offering multi-use destinations and catalysts for community development. And this is exactly what Federation Square offers. Public space can change the way you live in a city, how you feel about a city, whether you choose one city over another. Public space is one of the most important reasons why you stay in a city, why you love your city.
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engineering
Skyscrapers The way to the sky the passion to go high... Author:Yahya El-Shanawany, Second year Bachelor of Architecture
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he term “skyscraper” was coined in the 1880s, a little later the first tall buildings were constructed in the United States, but the history of tall buildings dates back hundreds of years. Since the dawn of time, the human being always had a special relation with the sky. Always gazing and raising their heads up high. The yearning to build enormous is nothing new. Enormous structures have been utilized to show off influence and riches; to honor leaders or religious beliefs; to stretch the limits of what’s possible; and even as sim-
ple competition among owners, architects, families and builders. Some of the most amazing buildings of the past include the pyramids in Egypt, the long towers going towards the sky in Italian hill towns, and the gothic cathedrals of France. These types of buildings may look very different from each other, but they are actually similar. They were built with stone walls supporting most of the weight (load-bearing walls), Because of this, the height of these buildings was limited by how massive and heavy they had to be at the base.
With steel came the first modern skyscrapers. In the Industrial Revolution, engineers started exploring different characteristics regarding new materials iron and steel. The 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago was the first tall building to be upheld by a steel skeleton of vertical segments and horizontal beams. Even with windows, the nearly separated sections and profound bars made rooms in the Home Insurance Building feel tight and cramped. Chicago Architectural Photographing Company
How do engineers design skyscrapers to resist wind?
By grouping steel sections and bars in the high rise’s center, specialists make a hardened spine that can oppose gigantic wind forces. The inward center is utilized as a lift shaft, and the outline permits heaps of open space on each one story.
In more up to date high rises, in the same way as the Sears Tower in Chicago, architects moved the segments and bars from the center to the border, making an empty, inflexible tube as solid as the center outline, yet weighing less, a great deal less.
Home Insurance Building, Chicago
Evolution|Tower, Moscow 24 concept january 2015 Photo by: Boris Bochkarev
Comparison of some world’s tallest buildings
The future’s big thing: Kingdom Tower This skyscraper is currently under construction in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at a preliminary cost of US$1.23 billion. It will be the centerpiece and fi rst phase of a US$20 billion proposed development known as Kingdom City that will be located along the Red Sea on the north side of Jeddah. The 1,000m Kingdom Tower, scheduled for completion in 2017, is the tallest building currently planned. The height of a building is measured from the walkway level of the principle passageway to the structural top of the building. By this defi nition the tallest building is the Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which was fi nished off in “Skyscraper” originally was a nautical term referring to a small triangular sail set above the skysail on a sailing ship. It is first applied to buildings of steel frame construction in late 19th century where building highrises began.
Istanbul Skyline
2009 at 828m and 160 stories; it is likewise tallest structure on the planet. Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, is the second tallest at 509m and 101 stories in 2003. The twin Petronas Towers (opened in 1997) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are the third
Dubai Marina Skyline
The Empire State Building is designed to be a lightning rod. In fact, it is struck by lightning about 100 times each year and on July 28, 1945 it survived an airplane crash.
Photo by: Onur Cepheli
Kingdom Tower
Source: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
tallest; 88 stories high and topped by twin spires, they stand 456 m tall. The Willis Tower opened 1974 in Chicago is the tallest building in the United States; its 110 stories climb 443m with an extra 77m for the TV reception on top. Empire State Building took only 410 days (less than 14 months) to build, back over 80 years ago, in 1930s as the world tallest building at a height of 381m, and it was the first building to have over 100 floors
La Défense
Photo by: Philippe Saire
The highest building in Europe is Mercury City Tower in Moscow, Russia with height of 339m.
Burj Khalifa has the longest single running lift (140 stories) and it the fastest with 10 m/s. Midtown Manhattan
Photo by: Massimo Catarinella
smart solutions
Multifuctional furniture Space is a constraint that is beginning to hit us these days. It is most valuable asset disposed by each architect. Urban areas are expanding quickly and more and more people inhabit large cities, with an ever rising population, the demand for space is only bound to increase with time. Examples of such cities can be recognized in New York, Hong Kong, and Beijing etc. These are cities with more than 20 million people. Because of huge demand for residential buildings, apartments are becoming smaller and prices are increasing. In this articles we feature some intelligent space saving furniture that would be ideal for small space living. Author: Ahmed Delic, Third Year Bachelor of Architecture
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ith properties getting smaller and smaller, what solutions are out there to free up the floor area? In each apartment we need to put furniture that can serve the functionality of the space to satisfy our human needs, so designing interiors with small area becomes very challenging task for each architect. There are various ways to save our precious space and several different approaches in creating an ingenious space saving furniture for a home of modest proportions. Lack of space forced a group of architects to think differently so they introduced new type of furniture. Multipurpose furniture let you squeeze out every inch of usable space at home and would come highly recommended for people struggling with floor space and those looking for ways to improvise.
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In my opinion, idea of multipurpose/ transformative furniture is a great solution because, why would someone want to lose space with huge bed at the time when he doesn’t sleep? Or why would someone need big dining table for family gatherings when they happen very rare? The level of sensibility and innovation that goes into creating multi-functional units is truly remarkable and well worth the quirky surprise when you realize your workstation is also your bed! These pieces can make the difference between living well in a perfectly compact studio and having to pay extra rent for that 1 bedroom apartment. Here’s another quick alternative, featuring a concert in a design, which you can hide into other pieces of furniture like wall units. In many homes, where floor space is limited, it is often the dining table that is the first large item of furniture to be subtracted from the scheme. A dining set still holds a huge appeal to many who value family mealtimes, so what can be done to facilitate a full sized eating area when the desire is bigger than the place it’s meant for? We’ve put together a collection of extending, foldable and dual-use dining table solutions to suit just about any space. The most cunning of space saving dining tables have got to be those that appear as if from nowhere, with drop-down mechanisms that are fitted directly into walls no one even knowing its there. Another example of such space saving strategy is bed that appears behind table where we do our business tasks, school homework or university assignments. When we finish using the table and we want to sleep, by simply folding the table and dragging the bed, it is ready for use.
In most cities space is usually limited. So designing homes in major cities takes a lot of creativity and space saving techniques. Considering all the advantages, this type of furniture is surely the future in designing interior spaces.
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how to...
...use colours in home? Author:Velida Krajinić,Third year Bachelor of Architecture
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ool off in the summer with colder colour. Along the same lines as warm colors in the fall, cool colours, especially blue, can make your home seem fresh, cool and clean during the summer. A white exterior with blue trim is a popular choice for summer homes and painting projects. Calming, relaxing and healing. Not as sedating as indigo. Also the colour of communication. Any rooms except those used for physical activity or play.
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oncentrate in your home office with green. Green inspires concentration in a home office setting. After all, the faster you get your work done, the more time you will have to spend with your family. In addition to a green plant, try painting the room with a light green. However, do not turn your home office into a jungle. Over doing it can be distracting. Any painting contractor will tell you green is one of the most popular colours being used right now in home design. Balancing, harmonising and encourages tolerance and understanding. Depending upon the shade, green can be used for most areas. Use it with other colours as well to avoid the balance and harmony becoming more like total inactivity and indecision.
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rust orange for a sick room or asthmatic child’s room. Orange is often associated with improved lung function as well as increased energy. It works well in any workout room, a mild orange can be very helpful for those are recovering from illness or with lung problems. Warming and energizing colour, can stimulate creativity. Orange is the colour of fun and sociability. It could be applied for any activity area and creative areas, not ideal for bedrooms or areas of possible stress.
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lack is not just for a teenager’s room. Black can be a tough nut to crack if used to paint your walls. The problem with black is that it gives the illusion of tight space. If you would like to satisfy teenager’s cries for a black room, consider a black ceiling with a few stars. If you want to go all out, you can decorate with a nighttime landscape theme across the room. Black colour is not ideal as a single colour, but when used with care, it can enhance and complement other colours in almost any situation.Black used with another colour enhances the energy of that second colour. Black gives us the space for reflection and inner searching.
BiH architecture
DVOR
Luxury Apartments 7 floor DVOR Luxury Apartments building is adding a new light to fast developing Sarajevo Center and financial district. With 42 apartments, ranging from 59 up to 116m2, 57 garages located in 2 underground floors, and commercial units on ground floor, it represents a new way of living in the heart of the City Center. Project has been nominated for Mies van der Rohe Award 2015. Author: Begovic Abdulmalik, Third Year Bachelor of Architecture
Location: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Size: 6 000 m² Investor: SEIC (South European Investment Company) Arhitect: ahA+knAp Architects, Sarajevo, BA Construction Company: STRABAG
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DVOR is located in heart of Sarajevo City Center, on most frequent state and city road. Just 1 minute walking from new Sarajevo City Center Shopping mall, 2 minutes from State Parliament Building, Unitic Business Center Towers, 5 minutes from State Presidency. In order to enable the views of the cityscape and surrounding landscape, the volume of the building is partly twisted towards the southwest, creating a more private and protected situation for inhabitants in the otherwise densely built environment. Daylight and sunlight access is optimized at the same time. In this way, a distinctive architectural character of the building is developed. Details and materiality take the inspiration and re-interpret solutions from some of the great modernist housing that can be found in Sarajevo.
Plan of the ground floor
Plan of the first floor
Plan of the second floor
Plan of the third floor
Daylight and sunlight access is optimized at the same time.
concept | january 2015 SITE BOUNDARY
BUILDING VOLUME
ROTATING TOWARDS THE VIEW AND THE SUN
ROOF TERRACE
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“‘Architects don’t invent anything; they transform reality.” Alvaro Siza