Figure 6: Stakeholders associated with climate resilience in India at various levels

Climate Change by DST 7. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Eco-System by DST 8. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture by MoA State Level missions: Like the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), at state level also there are State Climate Change Action Plans (SAPCC). These State Agendas and Action Plans provide a good example of, and an opportunity for integration of urban resilience at a sub-national level, within identified priority areas of the state (Mainstreaming, 2019). City Level missions: In India, town planning is an important entry point for mainstreaming urban resilience (Mainstreaming, 2019). To formulate the strategies we need to first go through various existing city level plans and regulations such as1. Town and country planning act and zoning regulations 2. Development control rules and building byelaws 3. District planning manual of the Planning Commission 4. National building codes 5. Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines 6. City master plans

Figure 6 Stakeholders associated with climate resilience in India at various levels

Source: Adapted from Resilience for Whom? The Problem Structuring Process of the Resilience Analysis, Herrera, H. (2017).

1.9.1. Who are the stakeholders?

In the Indian Governance structure there is a hierarchy of stakeholders starting from National level to city level. Resources are allocated by the national government and provided to individual states based on their requirements. This resources are further provided too the city level authorities for their on ground implementation. City governments play an important role to implement climate related strategies on ground with the help of resources.

1.10 Financing Climate Resilience

Massive financial support is required for climate action. Existing global initiatives also place a focus on how developing nations should receive climaterelated financial assistance from developed countries. Climate finance refers to public, private, and alternative financing that is used to fund mitigation and adaptation efforts to address climate change on a local, national, or global level. There are funds from international, national and local government when it comes to financing

climate resilience across the globe. This chapter will give some insight on what are the various sources of climate finance. 1. International Sources of climate finance- Huge financial aid connected to climate change is channelled from affluent countries to developing countries through a variety of international sources. They are as followsa. Official development assistance (ODA)- The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD defines development assistance as government assistance that promotes and explicitly targets the financial well being of developing nations. b. Funds under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)- funding mechanism under this category is run by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), can be categorized into two types- the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF). There is also another fund named Green Climate Fund (GCF) which is concerned about low emission of green house gas and climate resiliece. c. World Bank climate investment funds: Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)- Funding mechanism run by the word bank and one of the main pillar of the clity resiliece program. Mnay affluent countries are choosing this funding investment nowadays over the funds under UNFCC. 2. National Sources of climate finance- To combat the negative effects of climate change, governments in developing nations have established a variety of national funds. Despite the fact that a lot of funds are still in their infancy, their development and management demonstrate progress. However, there are worries regarding local access and responsibility at the same time. 3. Local Sources of climate finance- LoIf cities want to decrease their risks from climate change and other calamities quickly and efficiently, they need local organizations with appropriate funding and redevelopment authority and competencies that focus on updating specific areas or systems. If global development banks and special climate agencies are to use their limited resources to respond to fast emerging hazards and establish quality project portfolios, local institutional capability is critical. The most essential investment that can be made to help adaptation is to strengthen the capacity of such institutions, particularly in densely populated and highly exposed metropolitan areas.