Santiago Cuenca Palacios_ Architectural Research Urban Regeneration Trough Commercial Facilities

Urban Regeneration Trough Commercial Facilities Architectural Issues ETSAB - MBArch

Professor: PhD Architect Ricardo Devesa

by Santiago Cuenca Hind Taj Nataliya Tokmacheva

Contents

Introduction

05

Chapter 1: Overview of Commercial Regeneration

1.1 Other Methodologies of Regeneration

1.2 Debate over Commercial Regeneration

1.3 Pro’s & Con’s

1.4 Process Models

Chapter 2: EUMies Awards Case Studies

2.1 Ostermalm’s Temporary Market Hall

2.2.1 General Aspects

2.1.2 Circulations - Relation with the City

2.1.3 Order and Formal Desitions

2.2 Budapest Market of Neighbors

2.2.1 General Aspects

2.1.2 Circulations - Relation with the City

2.1.3 Order and Formal Desitions

07 09 09 11 13

Conclution

Apendix

29

35

Table of Figures

References

15 17 19 20 21 23 25 26 27

31

37

Introduction

“Once upon a time, there was a small town of few neighbourhoods were people were living happily with couple of schools, a market and some plazas where they used to meet every weekend. As time passed, population started increasing, technology was introduced and the world was advancing … This town started growing, neighbourhoods were expanding, more facilities were being built and the whole urban fabric was changing.

People from all over the world became interested in this flourishing town, travelling hundreds of miles just to visit this city for few days and get to live the experiences it has to offer. Unfortunately, the story was not happy for everyone!

As business men, stakeholders and people with power were investing their money, time and effort in the city centre and leaving neighbourhoods in the outskirts of the town neglected resulting in the bloom of some of the town’s neighbourhood while some others were left aside without being attended to. These sad neighbourhoods with its inhabitants were suffering as they were not getting equal services nor facilities. People who were living in the neglected neighbourhood started to get upset and call for equal rights.

Eventually, this call for help was answered and people of authority finally intervened to change the situation.

After spending quite some time deliberating, discussing and reflecting on the situation on how to rehabilitate this deteriorated neighbourhood and raise its economic and social status, policy makers thought of the idea of opening up new businesses in the area. However, they were afraid that the opening of new businesses will jeopardise the local shops owned by the area’s residents. Also, they were concerned of the raise of the land value which will eventually result in increasing the rents that people would not be able to afford it anymore! All these concerns left the authorities in a dilemma, as they wanted to help the people of the neighbourhood without causing them any harm on the long term! “

The research aims to solve the issue of neighbourhood regeneration and to find the proper ways of inducing commercial activities in deteriorated neighbourhoods without jeopardising the social nor the economical level of the residents of the area.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

5

Chapter 1: Overall View of Commercial Regeneration

The general concept of commercial regeneration mainly involves around the economic upgrade of an area.

Consequently, the idea was originally developed to describe a process of attempted improvement in which markets and government mechanisms allowed a higher economic class to appropriate the neighborhood of a lower economic class. As people are becoming consumption levels are increasing, thus, the process of merchandise and goods exchange is one of the main reasons to attracting people into a certain areas 1. One of the famous examples of successful commercial regeneration of an area is the development of Williamsburg, a neighborhood in New York City that was a ship yard and industrial zone in the 19th century.

The area was rehabilitated through the opening of many international shops, restaurants and retail stores in order to invite more people into the area and upgrade it economically as well as socially. The regeneration process rapidly extended beyond this small neighborhood of Williamsburg to much of Brooklyn. The success of this project lead it to become one of New York’s most expensive and high-end property markets and caused drastic real estate price growth that overtook Manhattan’s real estate 2. It is noted from this case study that markets and commerce play a crucial role in the rehabilitation of areas and upgrading deteriorated districts.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

1 According to statistics, people nowadays consume twice as much materials and goods today as they did 50 years ago.

2 Housing rents average had jumped 78.7% between 1990 and 2014 causing a whopping increase over the 22.1% boost in average rents citywide.

7

1.1 Other Methodologies of Regeneration Areas that suffer from the urban sprawl are usually categorized as the old parts of the city that had been neglected in favor of the new areas of the city. In addition to commercial regeneration, the revitalization process can also occur by infusing other different types of facilities in the area for it to be revived again. Those facilities can vary in function as in the following: Governmental: city’s inhabitants need to visit governmental facilities periodically. Thus, adding such facilities in infected neighborhoods would play a role in the process of urban regeneration. As these offered facilities by the government will cause the residents of the city to visit these areas more often which will also result in increased population of the area.

Residential: Affluent users such as wealthy people, real estate agents or high-income individuals start moving in these areas and/or encourage people to do so through the construction of houses that would be suitable for medium to high income interested residents.

Culture & Character: This can include a wide range of possibilities. One aspect is through redesigning these areas in certain ways that is considered to be attractive for the people. Thus, architecture, landscape and design in general play a vital role in the process of regeneration. Another aspect is by having festivals and activities for to the residents of the city in these areas that are being rehabilitated. Moreover, areas that undergo a regeneration process normally are considered a desired location for artists and performs to have their shows in order to encourage the people to visit these areas.

Another aspect is by adding cultural facilities such as the case of Bilbao, Spain. It was a deteriorated city until the initiation of the Guggenheim Museum which made it one of the destinations for tourists from all over the world.

1.2 Debate over Commercial Regeneration Third, its effect on the inhabitants if not done properly which is the displacement of the residents and the closing of local businesses which made many question the urban policies. On the other hand, others argue that commercial regeneration is a normal process of revitalization and urban regeneration that if done appropriately, the positive effects will overcome the negative by far. The debate over commercial regeneration had extended from urban policies to socio-cultural and economic point of view. In order to manage this type of community reorganization, one need to identify many factors such as; applied process model, strategies, and the advantages & disadvantages.

9

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Commercial regeneration had always been associated with a lot of debate not only amongst scholars and researchers but also amongst every involved party in the process e.g. residents and businessmen. It is an emotionally loaded process where opinions were divided amongst residents, intermediates, policy makers and analysts. To some it means better retail facilities and job opportunities, while to others it means the risk of closing businesses and job threatening. Also, while it means improved housing to some, it also means raise in rental to others. Views that highly disapprove commercial regeneration immerge from the following reasons: Firstly, they conceive it as a political matter where people of high income have the upper hand. Second, it has been seen as major movement towards contemporary metropolitan restructuring of cities without a thorough consideration to the identity, culture and existing urban fabric.

10

1.3 Pro’s & Con’s

Regenerating neighborhoods through inducing commercial activities has an effect that can be both conceived as positive and negative depending on each case and the method of application. Whilst opinions on the matter have divided, the advantages and disadvantages of such matter are evident.

Advantages: The process of commercial regeneration aims to create a favorable environment for the residents of the city and to up-left deteriorated and/or neglected areas. The arrival of wealthy people in the area with their investments and the opening of new high-end businesses would cause an area to undergo a drastic urban renewal process resulting in a better economic status which will encourage new investments to be introduced and more refined infrastructure. As a result, the crime rates in the area will decrease and it will have more secure status 3. In addition, as a result to the opening of new businesses and the revival of the area through commercial activities, more jobs will be offered in the market which also falls in the benefit of the area and the city’s residents.

Disadvantages: The disadvantages of commercial regeneration mainly revolve around three main aspects: displacement, social changes and economic shifts. This upward spiral of desirability and increasing rents can negatively affect the original residents of these areas whom are mostly of low-income. This can cause the displacement of those residents out of their original homes due to their incapability to pay the high rents. Furthermore, within the wave of new comers of higher class come into the area, a social hierarchy starts to appear. In that case, the minority or the ones at the bottom of the social pyramid are the original residents whom are of a lower economical status, hence, less political power. In terms of economic shift 4, the added new investment, new spending power can cause some of the local commercial activities to go out of business.

Both the advantages and disadvantages of commercial regeneration process are inevitable. However, nowadays, whenever such regeneration process takes place, residents, community development corporations, and city governments make a lot of effort to manage these changes in order to create a situation with the least minimum defect for the all the parties that are involved in the process. The table summarizes the impacts of regeneration5

11

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

3 In a case study for a regenerated neighborhood in Brooklyn, it was noted that crime rate had dropped to 30% after the commercial regeneration process.

4 Economic pressure and market price changes relate to the speed of regeneration 5 Atkinson, R. (2008). Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism. London: Routledge. P. 5

1.4 Commercial Regeneration Process Models

Introducing new commercial facilities in neighborhoods is normally achieved through following two kinds of process models ‘organic’ or ‘accelerated’. Both models are mainly associated with two aspects; time and scale of intervention.

Organic Model: This first process model is slow in nature and requires a longer time span for the rehabilitation process to be accomplished. The process of achieving an organic model of regeneration normally begins small and is often not readily visible, mainly effecting small scale interior facilities. Where –for example- residents are encouraged to handle their home’s renovations themselves. Such small scale interventions, starts evolving by time, encouraging community members to move in into the area.

After quite some time due to the minor changes that are being applied and the small interventions, people who recently moved in start forming their own community and new businesses starts to be created in order to cater to this emerging community. As a result, the neighborhood would gain a reputation in the city. As a result of this flow of new comers the wave of changes that came along with them, the community gets divided into two parts; the original residents who are not in favor of these changes in their area & the new comers.

On the longer term and as a result to these alteration in the area, the amount of vacancies decrease causing an increase in home rentals exceeding the community’s average. The most damage is affected upon the low-income residents who cannot afford this increase of the price.

Accelerated Model This particular type of process models differs than the organic in time and scale. As the occurring changes are normally of big scale and are done more rapidly.

Nonetheless, there are few similarities with the organic model as the initial start-up wave normally consists of small scale rehabs followed by large scale investments that are sponsored by public investments or public-private partnerships. These new projects may include demolition rather than being limited to rehabilitation.

These new facilities types are normally commercial or mixed-use in an attempt to change the whole economic and social status of the neighborhood.

This rapid change, causes the commercial and residential facilities in the area to raise its prices quickly as the physical landscape of the whole area is effected causing the same displacement concerns that occurred in the ‘organic’ model.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

13

Retail Shops Ephemeral

Market

Permenant

Deparment Stores SCALE

Shopping Center

Temporary

CASE STUDY

Regeneration Leisure Supply Certain Merchandise

PURPOSE

Figure 1: Case Study Selection Criteria

14

TIME

Chapter 2: EUMies Awards Case Studies

Named after the German-American architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the biennial award is the most prestigious honor award in Europe. It is given to the best completed building every two years by a European architect.

In order to examine the process of neighborhood regeneration and its impact on the urban context, two case studies of commercial facilities that were nominated for EUMies Awards were thoroughly analyzed.

The choice of the case studies was done after a process of filtering that is mainly based on the purpose of the facility: regeneration, leisure, supply or certain merchandise.

The selected case studies were the ones done for the purpose of regeneration of an existing situation, as it is the main concern of the research.

Afterwards, the case study examined considering two other criteria which are time: ephemeral, permanent or temporary & scale: retail shops, markets, department stores and shopping centers Aside from the main selection criteria, the analysis included four main areas of concern; History of the commercial facility, designer’s vision, social impact and economical effect.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

15

Figure 2: Ostermalm’s Market Hall

2.1 Ostermalm’s Market Hall

Location: Stockholm, Sweden Designed by: Tengbom Year Completed: 2016 Client: Stockholm City Department Client Type: Public

This market hall was designed by the studio of the Swedish architect Tengbom, whom is one of the renowned representatives of Swedish neo-classical architecture. The company’s aim is to create a human-centric, timeless architecture which corresponds to the users’ needs. Moreover, the main working grounds for Tengbom architecture office are sustainability and environmental consideration which is reflected in their choice of building materials, as they use locally available sources on their designs. Another area of concern is the social engagement and involving the community with the architecture that is translated in in their creations, as they aim to come up with designs that are attractive and stand out from its context such as, intersecting masses with vibrant colors. Aside from Ostermalm’s Market, the studio is also involved in many projects that requires urban rehabilitation, social gatherings and human interactions such as Malmo Live and Partille Arena.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

17

Figure 3: Market’s Connection With The Street

2.1.1 General Aspects

History: Östermalm’s Square was home to a thriving outdoor market where all sorts of products were sold until the municipality banned the sale of fresh products outdoors in order to reduce health risks. As a result, in 1888, the market trade moved in to the newly completed Market Hall on an adjacent site. However, this historic Market Hall had deteriorated and became in desperate need of rehabilitation. In order to retain the existing clientele and to maintain the work opportunities for the salesmen, Ostermalm’s Market Hall was established until the renovation of the old market.

Social Impact: The addition of the market in Ostermalm’s plaza had added value to the existing urban fabric as people become more active around the area. Nonetheless, the minimum outdoor facilities and restaurants had been a disadvantage as it could have increased the population and users around the market if more were added.

Economical Effect: According to local newspapers, after only a few weeks of the initiation of the project, it was reported that business has developed greatly in the temporary hall, compared to the old Market Hall. Moreover, the temDesigner’s Vision: porary structure has been a popular success with al“The temporary Market Hall contributes a new dimen- most twice as many visitors per week as the historic sion in the urban environment, and while the public is market and an increase in the trader’s turnover of up enjoying this, we will do in and begin to restore Os- to 50%. termalms Saluhall with full force” Mark Humphreys, the architect in charge. The designers’ main goal is to create an attractive design in the heart of Östermalm while maintaining a sense of quality that fits the local context of the neighborhood. They aimed to turn the temporary loss of such valuable urban space into a bright addition to the urban fabric.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

19

2.1.2 Circulations - Relation with the City

OPEN CORNERS

INDIRECT LIGHTS

D/3 D/3 D D

D D

D D D/3 D/3

Figure 4: Diagram Showing Connections A

B

A

C

A

A

GRID

B

A

A

C

CORNER RESTAURANTS

D/3

D

D

D/3

D

D/3

A

B

A

FigureVERTICAL 5: Access to Market CIRCULATIONS

20

A

D/3

C

Figure 6: Market’s Interior Circulation INTERNAL CIRCULATIONS

2.1.3 Order and Formal Desitions

Figure 7: Solid and Void Relation OPEN CORNERS

INDIRECT LIGHTS

D/3

D

D

D

D/3

Figure 8: Light Access Diagram ADAPTING TO THE TOPOGRAPHY

INDIRECT LIGHTS

A

B

A

ADAPTING TO THE TOPOGRAPHY

C

A

A

GRID

D/3

B

A

A

CORNER RESTAURANTS

D/3

D/3

D

D

D/3

D

D/3

D D

D D

D

D D

D D

D

D

D

D/3 D/3

D/3

A

D/3

D/3

C

A

A

A

C

A

B

A

A

B

A

CORNER RESTAURANTS

C

A

A

B

A

B

A

C

A D/3

CC

A A

A

STORAGE AND BATHROOMS

Figure 9: Walls Usage VERTICAL CIRCULATIONS STORAGE ANDSolid BATHROOMS

INTERNAL CIRCULATIONS ADAPTING TO THE TOPOGRAPHY

INDIRECT LIGHTS

D/3

D/3

D

D/3

D

D/3

D D/3 D

D D

D/3

D

B

A

D

D/3

C

A

D/3

ONS

A

D/3

INTERNAL CIRCULATIONS

D/3

A

C

MAIN ACCESS A

B

A

A

C

Figure 10: Restaurant’s in The Market CORNER RESTAURANTS

D/3

D

MAIN ACCESS

A

B

A

STORAGE AND BATHROOMS

21

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

D

Figure 11: Market of Neighbors

Figure 12: Market’s Service Access

2.2 Market of Neighbors

Location: Budapest, Hungary Designed by: Avant-Garde Építész Stúdió Year Completed: 2015 Client: Local Government of 22. Budapest Client Type: public

The Market of Neighbors was designed by the architecture office owned by architect Tibor András Kertészwith, winner of many design awards such as Pro Architecture Prize and Alut Award. The studio acquires a rich portfolio in market’s design such as flower market, container market in addition to others that were mostly located in Budapest. Due to their wide range of expertise in market design, the office acquires skills into creating attractive commercial buildings that revitalize the area. This is evident in their materials choices and treatment of the surrounding areas.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

23

Figure 13: Market’s Interior

2.2.1 General Aspects

Background: The neighborhood had traditionally been a housing settlement in a good condition. It contained important public buildings of the district like the City Hall, post office, small shopping center, a church and a cinema theater. Nonetheless, by time all of these functions became deteriorated and out of use. Moreover, the district has declined even more after the wave of housing construction in the 70’s. Thus, in order to resolve this problem, authorities thought of replacing the old market with a new one that would revitalize the neighborhood.

Social Impact: “Budapest’s New Neighor’s Market is a fresh community center” Balaz Dezse, Writer. Since its inauguration, the area had been highly activated, as the new position of the market with the multifunctional square in front of it created a new urban situation, as the locals started using the square as a plaza or a resting place where they can gather or even have meetings.

Furthermore, after the opening of the market with its two storey parking, the traffic congestion in the area became evidently less.

Designer’s Vision: The main design’s vision was to create an up–to-date market, which preserves the scale and the atmosphere of the old demolished market. Also, it is intended by this market to become vibrant neighborhood center that acts as an attraction point.

Economic Effect: The inauguration of this market had contributed to employment growth that included local rsidents, local non-governmental organizations, and indigenous farmers’ market customers and businesses operating in the market. Hence, the surrounding property value had grown. Nonetheless, it is argued that such growth in the property value might make it harder for tenants due to the increase in rent.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

25

2.2.2 Circulations - Relation with the City

Figure 14: Diagram Showing Connections

1 1 2

3

3

2 1 1

A

OPEN CORNERS

Figure 15: Solid and Void Relation

26

A

A

B

C

D

D

E

E

F

G

GRID

Figure 16: Structural Grid Diagram

FUNC

1 1

2.2.3 Order and Formal Desitions 1 1 2

1 1

1 1

3

2

2 3

3 3 2

3

1

3

1

2

2

1 1

1 A

A

A

B

C

D

D

E

E

G

F

1 A

D

E

E

GRID

G

F

A

A

A

B

C

D

D

E

E

A

B

C

D

D

E

E

FUNCTIONS OPEN CORNERS

G

F

A

Figure 17: Solid Walls Usage FUNCTIONS 1 1

1

2

1

1

2

1 3

1

2 1

1

3

1

2

3

3 2

3 2

3

3

3

2

1 1

3

2 3

D

D

E

E

1

G

F

2 1

A

1 A

D

D

E

E

A

A

A B

A

B

C

FUNCTIONS CIRCULATIONS A B A A C D

C

D

D

D

D

E

E

E E

F

1

G

D

E

E

A

A

A

B

INDIRECT LIGHTS C

D

D

E

E

F

FUNCTIONS

G

F

OPEN CORNERS

G1

F

Figure 18: Market’s Interior Circulation

G

F

1

1

2 C

1

FUNCTIONS

1 1

1

1

2

2 1 1

3

2

3

3

3 3

3

2

2

1

1

1

2 1

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

1

1

INDIRECT LIGHTS AB

A

C

DB

A

C

D

D

E

D

E

E

F F

E

G

TIONS

G

OPEN A B A A CORNERS

C

D

D

E

E

F

G

Figure 19: Market’s Relation with the Roof Design FUNCTIONS 1 1 2

3

3

2 1 1

Figure 20: Light Access Diagram INDIRECT LIGHTS

A

B

C

D

D

E

E

F

G

S

27

Conclusion

“It had been weeks since policy makers have been deliberating on how to change the neighbourhood’s situation. They were too concerned where to start fixing, how and in what way will these changes affect the locals! Until one day, they figured the best way to make a positive change in the area is by including the people who are living there, as they know what they need better than anyone else! After few community meetings and surveys that were given away to the residents, policy makers along with community people decided to start by fixing the current situation first. They redesigned the plaza, fixed the deteriorated houses and even sponsored the local businesses. Few months later, other new additions were introduced to the neighbourhood to make it even better … shops and cafes opened up in the area that were ran by the locals and provided them with more work opportunities. The situation in the neighbourhood started to gloom and the locals were delighted with these gradual changes.

People from adjacent area started to become interested in this fresh neighbourhood and visited it more often. Some others even started to move into the area. Those new comers were highly welcomed into the community and in no time they became part of this flourishing neighbourhood … and they all lived happily ever after” The time and scale factor are two main areas of concern that need to be addressed in order to achieve an effective regeneration process. Both the organic and accelerated process models deal with time and scale in extremely different ways.

Thus, the proposed third model aims to combine the benefits of both models. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that not all negative effects can be avoided and as the neighborhood is changing, the increase in rental is inevitable. However, is aimed by this particular model to mitigate the disadvantages as much as possible.

The initial stage of this proposed model starts with small interventions that aim to develop the community such as, well-managed housing developments, sponsoring micro-businesses and the development of public facilities.

These small start-up interventions are done gradually and through an adequate time span. As time passes and the community starts coping with these minor changes, more issues are addressed and gradually bigger interventions can take place. Moreover, in addition to the time and scale factor, an equally crucial third factor must be included in the equation which is social engagement. It is highly crucial for people of power and stake holders to involve the members of the community in the rehabilitation process through community meetings, surveys … etc. The purpose behind this social engagement is to voice the concerns of the community on their needs and to act accordingly. This will make the current residents active participants in the process and orient them towards the upcoming changes. Thus, they will also be aware of the expectation of new comers into the neighborhoods and would result in openly welcoming them rather than feeling discomfort towards them that would result in creating groups within the community.

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

29

Figure 21: Aerial View of Ciutat Meridiana

Appendix

Part of forming the hypothesis of the research was accomplished through a set of interview questions that were addressed to the residents of one of the deteriorated neighborhoods of Barcelona which is Ciutat Meridiana in Nou Barris. The interviews took place on Saturday 25th of March, 2017 during the afternoon.

The interviewee have varied from sellers in the local market to residents of the neighborhood. Moreover, they were of different ages in an attempt to get an overall view of the common needs and concerns of the inhabitants.

Interview Questions First Question: The sufficiency of the existing commercial facilities in the neighborhood Second Question: The quality of the existing facilities Third question: The necessary type of commercial facilities to be added in the area.

Fourth question: The urban connection of the neighborhood to the rest of the city Fifth question: The demographic population of the neighborhood

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

31

Interview no. 1:

Interview no. 2:

Name: Maria Occupation: Student Age: 22 years

Name: Monserrat Occupation: business woman Age: 37 Years

• Are the existing commercial facilities in the neighborhood enough in your opinion?

No

• Are the existing commercial facilities in the neighborhood enough in your opinion?

No

• How is the quality of them?

Good, we have a nice library

• Do you feel that the neighborhood is part of rest of the city?

We are near of the city but we are kind of • What kind of new buildings do you think are neces- disconnected nowadays. sary for the neighborhood?

Shopping center, Automobile Mechanic and • Do you think that the density and amount of people

Clothes Stores living in the area are enough?

Yes, in weekends you can see a lot of people • Do you feel that the neighborhood is part of rest of especially in the parks. the city?

Ciutat Meridiana is a bit distanced but I feel

like we are part of Barcelona • Do you think that the density and amount of people living in the area are enough?

Yes, definitely, we have so many people here,

and must of them are foreign that make this

neighborhood dangerous.

32

Interview no. 3:

Interview no. 4:

Name: Martha Occupation: Shop owner in the market Age: 60 Years

Name: Huang Occupation: Bar owner Age: 35 years

• Are the existing commercial facilities in the neighborhood enough in your opinion?

Yes

• Are the existing commercial facilities in the neighborhood enough in your opinion?

No

• How is the quality of them?

Good, we have a nice library very near from

the market

• What kind of new building do you think that is necessary for the development the neighborhood?

I don’t know, we need more activities, for

example more bars and restaurants.

33

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

• What kind of new buildings do you think are necessary for the neighborhood?

• Do you feel that the neighborhood is part of rest of

Leisure, Commercial and restaurants. the city?

Yes, we are very close to the center of the city, • Do you feel the area of Ciutat Meridiana is con and we have public transportation nected to the rest of Barcelona?

Yes, we are well connected to the city as we • Do you think that the density and amount of people

have the train that takes us to the living in the area are enough?

Barcelona’s center.

No, I think that is necessary to attract more

people to live here in order to develop more • Do you think that the amount of people living in

the business. the area are enough?

No, there are not enough people here. Most

people in here are from the elderly. Young

people are moving out of the area and instead

foreign people with different costumes are

coming in making the neighborhood

more dangerous.

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Case Study Selection Criteria

Figure 12: Market’s Service Access

Figure 2: Ostermalm’s Market Hall

Figure 13: Market’s Interior

Figure 3: Market’s Connection With The Street

Figure 14: Diagram Showing Connections

Figure 4: Diagram Showing Connections

Figure 15: Solid and Void Relation

Figure 5: Access to Market

Figure 16: Structural Grid Diagram

Figure 6: Market’s Interior Circulation

Figure 17: Solid Walls Usage

Figure 7: Solid and Void Relation

Figure 18: Market’s Interior Circulation

Figure 8: Light Access Diagram

Figure 19: Market’s Relation with the Roof Design

Figure 9: Solid Walls Usage

Figure 20: Light Access Diagram

Figure 10: Restaurant’s in The Market

Figure 21: Aerial View of Ciutat Meridiana

Figure 11: Market of Neighbours

Figure of Cover Page: Church Street, Liverpool, UK h t t p s : / / w w w. f l i c k r. c o m / p h o t o s / b e n c o s t e l loart/16034673930/

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

35

Bibliography

Market of Neighbours. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017, from http://www.miesarch.com/work/3124 Budafok új, modern piaca. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://epiteszforum.hu/budafok-uj-modern-piaca Östermalm’s Temporary Market Hall. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://www.miesarch.com/ work/3450 Atkinson, R. (2008). Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism. London: Routledge.

The temporary Market Hall is finally open - Tengbom. (n.d.). Retrieved April 05, 2017, from https://tengbom. se/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/160414-the-temporary-market-hall-is-finally-open.pdf Östermalm’s Temporary Market Hall / Tengbom. (2016, June 05). Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http:// www.archdaily.com/788616/ostermalms-temporary-market-hall-tengbom Brown, S. (2014). Beyond Gentrification: Strategies for Guiding the Conversation and Redirecting the Outcomes of Community Transition. Joint Center for Housing Studies Harvard University

ETSAB - BARCELONA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

37