Saber clave Recursos para el docente
FÍSICA La energía en el mundo cotidiano y en el universo físico. Energías eléctrica y térmica. Termodinámica. Fabián G. Díaz María Cristina Iglesias Francisco López Arriazu Gabriel D. Serafini
ES
4.º año
FĂ?SICA
LA ENERG�A EN EL MUNDO COTIDIANO Y EN EL UNIVERSO F�SICO. ENERG�AS ELÉCTRICA Y TÉRMICA. TERMODINà MICA.
Saber clave
RECURSOS PARA EL DOCENTE FĂ?SICA. LA ENERGĂ?A EN EL MUNDO COTIDIANO Y EN EL UNIVERSO FĂ?SICO. ENERGĂ?AS ELÉCTRICA Y TÉRMICA. TERMODINĂ MICA - Recursos para el docente es una obra colectiva, creada y diseĂąada en el Departamento Editorial de Ediciones Santillana S. A., bajo la direcciĂłn de Graciela PĂŠrez de Lois por el siguiente equipo: FabiĂĄn G. DĂaz MarĂa Cristina Iglesias Francisco LĂłpez Arriazu Gabriel D. SeraďŹ ni Editor: FabiĂĄn G. DĂaz Jefa de ediciĂłn: Edith Morales Gerencia de gestiĂłn editorial: MĂłnica Pavicich
Ă?ndice 3FDVSTPT QBSB MB QMBOJGJDBDJĂ˜O QĂˆH t $MBWF EF SFTQVFTUBT QĂˆH +FGB EF BSUF $MBVEJB 'BOP %JBHSBNBDJĂ˜O %BSĂ“P %JQ $PSSFDDJĂ˜O +VBO 4PTB *MVTUSBDJPOFT .BOVFM -PJT &TUF MJCSP OP QVFEF TFS SFQSPEVDJEP UPUBM OJ QBSDJBMNFOUF FO OJOHVOB GPSNB OJ QPS OJOHĂžO NFEJP P QSPDFEJNJFOUP TFB SFQSPHSĂˆĂĽDP GPUPDPQJB NJDSPĂĽMNBDJĂ˜O NJNFĂ˜HSBGP P DVBMRVJFS PUSP TJTUFNB NFDĂˆOJDP GPUPRVĂ“NJDP FMFDUSĂ˜OJDP JOGPSNĂˆUJDP NBHOĂ?UJDP FMFDUSPĂ˜QUJDP FUDĂ?UFSB $VBMRVJFS SFQSPEVDDJĂ˜O TJO QFSNJTP EF MB FEJUPSJBM WJPMB EFSFDIPT SFTFSWBEPT FT JMFHBM Z DPOTUJUVZF VO EFMJUP
ÂŞ &%*$*0/&4 4"/5*--"/" 4 " "W - / "MFN $ ""1 $JVEBE "VUĂ˜OPNB EF #VFOPT "JSFT "SHFOUJOB *4#/ 2VFEB IFDIP FM EFQĂ˜TJUP RVF EJTQPOF MB MFZ *NQSFTP FO "SHFOUJOB 1SJOUFE JO "SHFOUJOB 1SJNFSB FEJDJĂ˜O 999999 EF 9999 &TUF MJCSP TF UFSNJOĂ˜ EF JNQSJNJS FO FM NFT EF 999999 EF 9999 FO 999999999999999
FĂsica, la energĂa en el mundo cotidiano y en el universo fĂsico : recursos para el docente / FabiĂĄn G. DĂaz ... [et.al.]. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Santillana, 2010. 24 p. ; 28x22 cm. - (Saberes clave) ISBN 978-950-46-2348-9 1. FĂsica. 2. EnseĂąanza Secundaria. I. DĂaz, FabiĂĄn G. CDD 540.712
Recursos para la planificación 2
Capítulo
Contenidos
Estrategias didácticas
1
-B JEFB EF FOFSHÓB BTPDJBEB B EJGFSFOUFT NBOFSBT EF HFOFSBDJØO Z BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP -B FOFSHÓB FO MPT EJTUJOUPT DBNQPT EF MB 'ÓTJDB &OFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB &OFSHÓB QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB &OFSHÓB QPUFODJBM FMÈTUJDB 'VFOUFT FOFSHÏUJDBT &OFSHÓB IJESPFMÏDUSJDB &OFSHÓB FØMJDB &OFSHÓB TPMBS &OFSHÓB HFPUÏSNJDB &OFSHÓB NBSFPNPUSJ[ &OFSHÓB OVDMFBS 1PUFODJB
6UJMJ[BDJØO EF BOBMPHÓBT QBSB GBWPSFDFS MB DPNQSFOTJØO EF MB OPDJØO EF FOFSHÓB *EFOUJåDBDJØO EF GFOØNFOPT Z TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF TF QSPEVDFO JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHÓB $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MPT QSPDFTPT RVF JOWPMVDSBO JOUFSDBNCJPT FOFSHÏUJDPT $MBTJåDBDJØO EF UJQPT FOFSHÓB EF BDVFSEP DPO TVT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EJTUJOUJWBT %FTDSJQDJØO EF MBT GVFOUFT FOFSHÏUJDBT "OÈMJTJT EFM SFOEJNJFOUP EF BSUFGBDUPT EF VTP DPSSJFOUF $PNQBSBDJØO FOUSF NBHOJUVEFT EF MBT EJTUJOUBT VOJEBEFT EF QPUFODJB *EFOUJåDBDJØO EFM QSPCMFNB EF JOWFTUJHBDJØO FO FM DPOUFYUP EF VO QSPZFDUP -FDUVSB EF UFYUPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MPT VTPT EF MB FOFSHÓB
$BSBDUFSJ[BS MB FOFSHÓB B QBSUJS EF TVT QSPQJFEBEFT Z NBOJGFTUBDJPOFT %FTDSJCJS EJTUJOUPT QSPDFTPT RVF JOWPMVDSBO USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT TPCSF MB CBTF EF MBT FOFSHÓBT JOUFSDBNCJBEBT *ODPSQPSBS EF GPSNB QBVMBUJOB MPT UÏSNJOPT DJFOUÓåDPT BM MFOHVBKF DPMPRVJBM 3FDPOPDFS MBT EJGFSFODJBT NBDSPTDØQJDBT FOUSF MBT EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT EF FOFSHÓB RVF TF QSFTFOUBO *EFOUJåDBS EJTUJOUBT GVFOUFT FOFSHÏUJDBT Z UPNBS DPODJFODJB EF TV EJTQPOJCJMJEBE $PNQSFOEFS FM DPODFQUP EF QPUFODJB QBSB EFTDSJCJS QSPDFTPT EF USBOTGFSFODJB EF FOFSHÓB
1SPDFTPT EF USBOTGPSNBDJØO FOFSHÏUJDB /PDJØO EF USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP »SEFOFT EF NBHOJUVE Z VOJEBEFT EF FOFSHÓB JOWPMVDSBEBT FO EJTUJOUPT QSPDFTPT OVDMFBSFT FMÏDUSJDPT UÏSNJDPT Z NFDÈOJDPT 5SBCBKP NFDÈOJDP FO SFMBDJØO DPO MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT FOFSHÏUJDBT 'VFS[BT DPOTFSWBUJWBT Z OP DPOTFSWBUJWBT &OFSHÓB FO DIPRVFT Z FYQMPTJPOFT &M BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF MB FOFSHÓB B MP MBSHP EF MB IJTUPSJB -B FOFSHÓB FO MB "SHFOUJOB
%FTDSJQDJØO EF GFOØNFOPT RVF JOWPMVDSBO USBOTGFSFODJBT EF FOFSHÓB FO GPSNB EF USBCBKP "OÈMJTJT EF MBT SFMBDJPOFT FOUSF FM USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP Z MBT FOFSHÓBT DJOÏUJDB Z QPUFODJBM $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MBT GVFS[BT RVF OP SFBMJ[BO USBCBKP $PNQBSBDJØO EF ØSEFOFT EF NBHOJUVE EF VOJEBEFT EF USBCBKP Z FOFSHÓB %FTDSJQDJØO EF DIPRVFT Z FYQMPTJPOFT EFTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB EF MBT FOFSHÓBT RVF JOUFSWJFOFO %FTBSSPMMP EF IJUPT IJTUØSJDPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MPT VTPT EF MB FOFSHÓB 'PSNVMBDJØO EF IJQØUFTJT FO FM DPOUFYUP EF VOB FYQFSJFODJB RVF JOWPMVDSB MBT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT FOFSHÏUJDBT EF VO SFTPSUF "OÈMJTJT EF UFYUPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MPT VTPT EF MB FOFSHÓB
6UJMJ[BS MB OPDJØO EF USBCBKP QBSB FWBMVBS MBT WBSJBDJPOFT EF FOFSHÓB EF VO TJTUFNB *EFOUJåDBS MBT FTDBMBT VUJMJ[BEBT QBSB DVBOUJåDBS MB FOFSHÓB RVF TF QPOF FO KVFHP FO EJGFSFOUFT QSPDFTPT OBUVSBMFT 6UJMJ[BS DPSSFDUBNFOUF MBT VOJEBEFT EF FOFSHÓB NÈT VTVBMFT Z MBT RVF QFSNJUFO EFUFSNJOBS MB NFEJEB EF DBEB VOP EF FTUPT EJGFSFOUFT OJWFMFT 3FDPOPDFS MPT UJQPT EF FOFSHÓB JOWPMVDSBEPT FO FM EFTBSSPMMP EF VOB TPDJFEBE Z MBT FTDBMBT EF FOFSHÓB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT &WBMVBS MPT DPTUPT TPDJBMFT JOWPMVDSBEPT FO MPT QSPDFTPT EF FYQMPUBDJØO FOFSHÏUJDB
-B FOFSHÓB PCUFOJEB EF GVFOUFT OBUVSBMFT &M 4PM DPNP GVFOUF EF FOFSHÓB -B FOFSHÓB HFOFSBEB FO MBT FTUSFMMBT &WPMVDJPOFT FTUFMBSFT $MBTJåDBDJØO EF MBT FTUSFMMBT -PT QSPDFTPT EF GVTJØO Z åTJØO OVDMFBSFT Ecuaciones de los procesos nucleares. &RVJWBMFODJB SFMBUJWJTUB FOUSF NBTB Z FOFSHÓB 3BEJBDUJWJEBE OBUVSBM 4FNJEFTJOUFHSBDJØO SBEJBDUJWB EBUBDJØO
IEFOUJåDBDJØO EF MBT GVFOUFT OBUVSBMFT EF FOFSHÓB
3FDPOPDFS GVFOUFT FOFSHÏUJDBT OBUVSBMFT Z FOUSF FMMBT BM 4PM $BSBDUFSJ[BS VOB FTUSFMMB B QBSUJS EF MPT QSPDFTPT que en ella ocurren. $POPDFS MBT FUBQBT EF FWPMVDJØO EF VOB FTUSFMMB %JTUJOHVJS MPT QSPDFTPT EF GVTJØO Z EF åTJØO OVcleares. 3FDPOPDFS MPT OJWFMFT EF NBHOJUVE EF MB FOFSHÓB JOWPMVDSBEB FO MPT QSPDFTPT EF GVTJØO Z EF åTJØO nucleares. &YQMJDBS EF GPSNB TFODJMMB DØNP GVODJPOBO MPT BDFMFSBEPSFT EF QBSUÓDVMBT &YQSFTBS MBT SFBDDJPOFT OVDMFBSFT B QBSUJS EF ecuaciones.
2
3
Diferentes formas de energía
Formas utilizables de la energía
La generación natural de energía
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
$PNQBSBDJØO EF ØSEFOFT EF NBHOJUVEFT EF FOFSHÓB HFOFSBEB P USBOTGFSJEB FO EJGFSFOUFT QSPDFTPT %FTDSJQDJØO EF MPT QSPDFTPT FOFSHÏUJDPT EFCJEPT BM 4PM DPNP VOB GVFOUF EF FOFSHÓB $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MBT FTUSFMMBT Z EF TV QSPDFTP EF FWPMVDJØO %FTDSJQDJØO EF MPT QSPDFTPT OVDMFBSFT EF GVTJØO Z åTJØO "OÈMJTJT EF MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF NBTB Z FOFSHÓB QPTUVMBEB QPS "MCFSU &JOTUFJO $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MPT GFOØNFOPT SBEJBDUJWPT Uso de ecuaciones de reacciones nucleares. Diseño de VOB FYQFSJFODJB QBSB EFUFSNJOBS OJWFMFT EF BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF FOFSHÓB MVNÓOJDB QPS VOB NVFTUSB EF QMBOUBT 3FýFYJØO FO UPSOP EF MPT VTPT CÏMJDPT EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS
Expectativas de logro
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
4
5
6
Las energías macroscópicas y su aprovechamiento
La energía y los circuitos eléctricos
El transporte y distribución de la energía
5SBOTGPSNBDJØO EF FOFSHÓB NFDÈOJDB FO FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB $FOUSBMFT IJESPFMÏDUSJDBT -BT DFOUSBMFT IJESPFMÏDUSJDBT FO MB "SHFOUJOB (FOFSBDJØO EF FMFDUSJDJEBE FO DFOUSBMFT UÏSNJDBT $FOUSBMFT OVDMFBSFT 4FHVSJEBE FO FM NBOFKP EF FMFNFOUPT SBEJBDUJWPT "DDJEFOUFT OVDMFBSFT "FSPHFOFSBEPSFT Z QBSRVFT FØMJDPT &OFSHÓB HFPUFSNPFMÏDUSJDB 6CJDBDJØO FO MB "SHFOUJOB &OFSHÓB TPMBS &OFSHÓB EF MB CJPNBTB
$BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MPT UJQPT EF DFOUSBMFT IJESPFMÏDUSJDBT *EFOUJåDBDJØO EF MBT EJåDVMUBEFT EF MBT DFOUSBMFT IJESPFMÏDUSJDBT Z FM JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM RVF QSPEVDFO %FTDSJQDJØO EF MBT DFOUSBMFT UÏSNJDBT DPOWFODJPOBMFT Z MBT DFOUSBMFT OVDMFBSFT $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MBT EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT BMUFSOBUJWBT EF PCUFODJØO EF FOFSHÓB "OÈMJTJT EF MBT WFOUBKBT Z MBT EFTWFOUBKBT EF MB FYQMPUBDJØO EF FOFSHÓBT BMUFSOBUJWBT &TUVEJP EF MBT FUBQBT EF FMBCPSBDJØO EF NPEFMPT B QBSUJS EF MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EFM NPEFMP EF VOB UVSCJOB IJESÈVMJDB -FDUVSB EF UFYUPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO MBT FOFSHÓBT BMUFSOBUJWBT FO MB "SHFOUJOB
$POPDFS MBT EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT EF HFOFSBDJØO EF FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB "OBMJ[BS MPT UJQPT EF FOFSHÓB NÈT BEFDVBEPT EF BDVFSEP DPO MPT SFRVFSJNJFOUPT Z MBT QPTJCJMJEBEFT EF OVFTUSP QBÓT "OBMJ[BS MPT DPTUPT Z MPT CFOFåDJPT EF DBEB GPSNB EF HFOFSBS FMFDUSJDJEBE 5PNBS DPODJFODJB EF MB SFMBDJØO DPTUP CFOFåDJP FO UÏSNJOPT EF MB HFOFSBDJØO EF FOFSHÓB 5PNBS QPTJDJØO BDFSDB EFM UJQP EF QPMÓUJDB EF HFOFSBDJØO FOFSHÏUJDB RVF TFSÓB NÈT BEFDVBEB QBSB OVFTUSP QBÓT JOWPMVDSBOEP OP TPMP MB SFMBDJØO DPTUP HBOBODJB TJOP UBNCJÏO MPT QSPCMFNBT EF EFTBSSPMMP TPDJBM F JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM
-PT GFOØNFOPT FMÏDUSJDPT OBUVSBMF[B EF FTUPT GFOØNFOPT #VFOPT Z NBMPT DPOEVDUPSFT EF FMFDUSJDJdad. 'VFOUFT EF WPMUBKF QJMBT $JSDVJUPT FMÏDUSJDPT $JSDVJUPT FO TFSJF Z FO paralelo. *OUFOTJEBE EF DPSSJFOUF FMÏDUSJDB -FZ EF 0IN $PSSJFOUF DPOUJOVB Z DPSSJFOUF BMUFSOB &MFDUSPNBHOFUJTNP -PT FMFDUSPJNBOFT &M NPUPS FMÏDUSJDP 6TPT EPNJDJMJBSJPT $POTVNP EPNJDJMJBSJP EF EJTUJOUPT BSUFGBDUPT FMÏDUSJDPT "IPSSP EF FOFSHÓB
%FTDSJQDJØO EF UÏDOJDBT UFSBQÏVUJDBT IJTUØSJDBT FO MBT RVF TF VUJMJ[BCB FMFDUSJDJEBE $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF EFTDVCSJNJFOUPT RVF QFSNJUJFSPO DPNQSFOEFS MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MPT GFOØNFOPT FMÏDUSJDPT *EFOUJåDBDJØO EF NBUFSJBMFT BJTMBOUFT Z DPOEVDUPSFT EF FMFDUSJDJEBE $PNQBSBDJØO FOUSF MPT DJSDVJUPT FO TFSJF Z FO QBSBMFMP 6UJMJ[BDJØO EF VO NPEFMP IJESÈVMJDP QBSB DBSBDUFSJ[BS MPT UJQPT EF DJSDVJUPT %FTDSJQDJØO EF GFOØNFOPT FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO FM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF EJWFSTPT EJTQPTJUJWPT 0CUFODJØO SFHJTUSP Z DPNQBSBDJØO EF EBUPT DVBMJUBUJWPT B QBSUJS EFM USBCBKP FYQFSJNFOUBM DPO DJSDVJUPT FMÏDUSJDPT "OÈMJTJT EFM DPOTVNP FMÏDUSJDP B QBSUJS EF MB MFDUVSB EF UFYUPT SFMBDJPOBEPT
$POPDFS MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF MBT JOUFSBDDJPOFT FMÏDUSJDBT EFTEF MB QFSTQFDUJWB EF MPT NPEFMPT BUØNJDPT %JTUJOHVJS FOUSF NBUFSJBMFT BJTMBOUFT Z DPOEVDUPSFT EF FMFDUSJDJEBE %JGFSFODJBS MPT EJTUJOUPT UJQPT EF DJSDVJUPT "QMJDBS MB MFZ EF 0IN FO MB SFTPMVDJØO EF DJSDVJUPT TFODJMMPT *EFOUJåDBS FM SPM EF MBT QJMBT DPNP GVFOUFT EFM USBCBKP OFDFTBSJP QBSB USBOTQPSUBS DBSHBT FMÏDUSJDBT &YQSFTBS MBT SFMBDJPOFT FOUSF MBT NBHOJUVEFT RVF EFTDSJCFO FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP Z FM DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP $POPDFS MPT NPEPT EF GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF MPT EJWFSTPT BQBSBUPT FMFDUSPEPNÏTUJDPT FO UÏSNJOPT EF TVT JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHÓB
(FOFSBDJØO Z USBOTQPSUF EF FMFDUSJDJEBE %JTUSJCVDJØO EF MB DPSSJFOUF FMÏDUSJDB &M DBNQP FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDP *OEVDDJØO FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB 5SBOTGPSNBEPSFT 3FTJTUFODJB EF MPT DBCMFT DPOEVDUPSFT 1PUFODJB EJTJQBEB FO GVFOUFT Z SFTJTUFODJBT &M FGFDUP +PVMF 3FE EF USBOTQPSUF EF FOFSHÓB &M QSPCMFNB EF MB MJNJUBDJØO EFM USBOTQPSUF EF FMFDUSJDJEBE &M 4JTUFNB *OUFSDPOFDUBEP /BDJPOBM *OGSBFTUSVDUVSB
*OUFSQSFUBDJØO EFM DPODFQUP EF DBNQP FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDP *EFOUJåDBDJØO EFM GFOØNFOP EF JOEVDDJØO FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB DPNP SFTQPOTBCMF EFM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF HFOFSBEPSFT Z NPUPSFT FMÏDUSJDPT %FTDSJQDJØO EFM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF VO USBOTGPSNBEPS *OUFSQSFUBDJØO EFM FGFDUP +PVMF B QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB EJTJQBEB QPS VOB SFTJTUFODJB $BSBDUFSJ[BDJØO EF MBT JOTUBMBDJPOFT OFDFTBSJBT QBSB MB EJTUSJCVDJØO Z FM USBOTQPSUF EF FMFDUSJDJEBE 6UJMJ[BDJØO EF VO NVMUÓNFUSP QBSB SFBMJ[BS NFEJDJPOFT FO DJSDVJUPT -FDUVSB EF VO UFYUP DPOTJEFSBOEP SFMBDJPOFT $54 1SPQVFTUB EF SFTPMVDJØO EF QSPCMFNBT
$VBOUJåDBS MB QPUFODJB DPOTVNJEB FO VO DJSDVJUP TJNQMF P FO VOB JOTUBMBDJØO FMÏDUSJDB EPNJDJMJBSJB DVBOEP DJSDVMB VOB DPSSJFOUF Z DPNQBSBSMB DPO MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS MBT GVFOUFT &YQMJDBS FM QSJODJQJP EF GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF VO HFOFSBEPS FMÏDUSJDP VO NPUPS Z VO USBOTGPSNBEPS EF UFOTJØO B QBSUJS EF MB OPDJØO EF JOEVDDJØO FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB &TUJNBS MPT ØSEFOFT EF NBHOJUVE EF MBT QPUFODJBT DPOTVNJEBT QPS MPT DMJFOUFT EPNJDJMJBSJPT Z MBT JOEVTUSJBT $POPDFS MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EFM 4JTUFNB *OUFSDPOFDUBEP
3
Recursos para la planificaciรณn 4
Capรญtulo
Contenidos
Estrategias didรกcticas
7
5SBOTGFSFODJBT EF FOFSHร B Uร SNJDB DPOEVDDJร O DPOWFDDJร O SBEJBDJร O -FZ EF 'PVSJFS -FZ EF FOGSJBNJFOUP EF /FXUPO (FOFSBDJร O EF FOFSHร B EFCJEB B MPT BWBODFT DJFOUร รฅDPT FM FGFDUP GPUPFMร DUSJDP MBT DFMEBT GPUPWPMUBJDBT Z MBT QJMBT EF DPNCVTUJCMF &M JOUFSDBNCJP EF FOFSHร B FO MPT QMBOFUBT DPO BUNร TGFSB FM FGFDUP JOWFSOBEFSP $BNCJP DMJNร UJDP DBMFOUBNJFOUP HMPCBM
%JGFSFODJBDJร O DPODFQUVBM FOUSF MBT OPDJPOFT EF DBMPS Z UFNQFSBUVSB "Oร MJTJT EF TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF MB FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB EF MBT NPMร DVMBT FT EJTUJOUB $PNQBSBDJร O EF EJTUJOUPT UJQPT EF NBUFSJBMFT Tร MJEPT FO SFMBDJร O DPO MB DPOEVDUJWJEBE Uร SNJDB &KFNQMJรฅDBDJร O EF TJUVBDJPOFT FO RVF TF QSPEVDF MB QSPQBHBDJร O EFM DBMPS QPS DPOWFDDJร O "Oร MJTJT EF TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF TF QSPEVDF FNJTJร O BCTPSDJร O P SFรฝFYJร O EF SBEJBDJร O Uร SNJDB %FTDSJQDJร O EF GFOร NFOPT RVF JOWPMVDSBO FM FGFDUP GPUPFMร DUSJDP Z FKFNQMJรฅDBDJร O FO FM VTP EF DFMEBT GPUPWPMUBJDBT %FTDSJQDJร O EF MPT QSPDFTPT EF FGFDUP JOWFSOBEFSP Z DBNCJP DMJNร UJDP $POTUSVDDJร O EF HSร รฅDPT DBSUFTJBOPT B QBSUJS EF EBUPT TVNJOJTUSBEPT QPS VOB FYQFSJFODJB -FDUVSB DSร UJDB EF VO UFYUP SFGFSJEP BM DBMFOUBNJFOUP HMPCBM
$POPDFS MPT EJTUJOUPT NFDBOJTNPT EF JOUFSDBNCJP EF FOFSHร B $BMDVMBS MBT UBTBT EF JOUFSDBNCJP EF FOFSHร B QPS MPT EJTUJOUPT NFDBOJTNPT FO TJUVBDJPOFT SFBMFT P JEFBMJ[BEBT &TUJNBS B QBSUJS EFM BOร MJTJT EF DBTPT TFODJMMPT DVร M EF MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF USBOTGFSFODJB EF DBMPS FT FM RVF PDVSSF DPO NBZPS QSFQPOEFSBODJB en ese caso. $POPDFS EJTUJOUPT EJTQPTJUJWPT FO MPT RVF TF QSPEVDFO USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT RVF JNQMJDBO FOFSHร BT Uร SNJDBT %JTFร BS Z SFBMJ[BS FYQFSJFODJBT WJODVMBEBT ZB TFB B MB NFKPSB EF BJTMBNJFOUPT Uร SNJDPT P B MB NFEJDJร O EF JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHร B Uร SNJDB
-PT TFSFT WJWPT Z FM BNCJFOUF -B UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM FO SFMBDJร O DPO FM BNCJFOUF -B FOFSHร B RVF BQPSUBO MPT BMJNFOUPT %JGFSFOUFT GPSNBT EF JOUFSDBNCJP Uร SNJDP FO TFSFT WJWPT 3FHVMBDJร O EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FO BOJNBMFT EF TBOHSF DBMJFOUF .FUBCPMJTNP CBTBM &OFSHร B Z BMJNFOUBDJร O &M FGFDUP EF QFMBKF 5SBOTQJSBDJร O 3FMBDJร O TVQFSรฅDJF WPMVNFO -B FOFSHร B FO MPT QSPDFTPT DFMVMBSFT
*EFOUJรฅDBDJร O EF MB JNQPSUBODJB EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM FO SFMBDJร O DPO MBT WBSJBDJPOFT Uร SNJDBT EFM BNCJFOUF EF VO TFS WJWP 3FWJTJร O EFM BQPSUF FOFSHร UJDP EF MPT BMJNFOUPT QBSB DPNQSFOEFS MPT QSPDFTPT NFUBCร MJDPT "QMJDBDJร O EF MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF USBOTGFSFODJB EF DBMPS BM DBTP EF SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM FO TFSFT WJWPT $MBTJรฅDBDJร O EF MPT BOJNBMFT EF BDVFSEP DPO MBT GPSNBT FO RVF FTUPT SFHVMBO MB UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM %FTDSJQDJร O EF MPT EJTUJOUPT NFDBOJTNPT P BEBQUBDJPOFT EF SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB "Oร MJTJT EF MPT JOUFSDBNCJPT Uร SNJDPT FO QMBOUBT %FTDSJQDJร O EF BMHVOPT FKFNQMPT EF FTUBEPT NFUBCร MJcos especiales. *OUFSQSFUBDJร O EF JOGPSNBDJร O DJFOUร รฅDB QSPEVDUP EFM BOร MJTJT EF VOB BDUJWJEBE FYQFSJNFOUBM -FDUVSB EF UFYUPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MBT SFHVMBDJPOFT FOFSHร UJDBT FO TFSFT WJWPT
Reconocer el papel de la relaciรณn superficieWPMVNFO FO MB SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB FO TFSFT WJWPT 3FDPOPDFS MB JNQPSUBODJB EF MB BMJNFOUBDJร O Z MB OVUSJDJร O DPNP GBDUPSFT RVF GBWPSFDFO MB BVUPSSFHVMBDJร O EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM $POPDFS Z EFTDSJCJS FO Uร SNJOPT DPMPRVJBMFT MBT EJGFSFOUFT BEBQUBDJPOFT EF BOJNBMFT B MPT DBNCJPT EF UFNQFSBUVSB EFM FOUPSOP "QMJDBS MPT DPODFQUPT EF SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB Z BEBQUBDJร O BM BNCJFOUF BM DBTP EF MBT QMBOUBT *EFOUJรฅDBS MPT QSPDFTPT EF JOUFSDBNCJP FOFSHร UJDP FO MB Dร MVMB
8
Los intercambios de energรญa
La energรญa y los seres vivos
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
Expectativas de logro
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
9
10
Energรญa, calor y trabajo
-B DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS /PDJร O EF FOFSHร B JOUFSOB -B FYQBOTJร O Uร SNJDB &M DPNQPSUBNJFOUP BOร NBMP EFM BHVB $BNCJPT EF FTUBEP EF BHSFHBDJร O &TDBMBT UFSNPNร USJDBT $FMTJVT BCTPMVUB Z 'BISFOIFJU &RVJMJCSJP Uร SNJDP &M FRVJWBMFOUF NFDร OJDP EFM DBMPS 3FMBDJร O FOUSF MB FOFSHร B JOUFSOB FM DBMPS Z FM USBCBKP 1BSร NFUSPT EF FTUBEP EF VO TJTUFNB 1SJNFS QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOร NJDB Z DPOTFSWBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B
%FTDSJQDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B JOUFSOB EF VO TJTUFNB B QBSUJS EFM NPEFMP DJOร UJDP NPMFDVMBS "Oร MJTJT EF TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF TF QSPEVDFO MPT GFOร NFOPT EF EJMBUBDJร O Z DPOUSBDDJร O Uร SNJDBT $PNQBSBDJร O FOUSF MPT WBMPSFT DBSBDUFSร TUJDPT EF MBT FTDBMBT UFSNPNร USJDBT Nร T VTVBMFT %FTDSJQDJร O EF MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT EF DBMPS RVF TF QSPEVDFO FO MPT DBNCJPT EF FTUBEP EF BHSFHBDJร O 6UJMJ[BDJร O EF EFTBSSPMMPT NBUFNร UJDPT QBSB EFTDSJCJS FM QSPDFTP EF FRVJMJCSJP Uร SNJDP %FTDSJQDJร O EF USBOTGFSFODJBT EF DBMPS Z USBCBKP FO VO NPUPS FMร DUSJDP Z VO DVFSQP RVF DBF %FTDSJQDJร O EFM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF VOB IFMBEFSB -FDUVSB EF UFYUPT RVF EBO DVFOUB EF GFOร NFOPT RVF TF QSPEVDFO B QBSUJS EF JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHร B Uร SNJDB Z calor. 3FTPMVDJร O EF QSPCMFNBT DVBMJUBUJWPT Z DVBOUJUBUJWPT RVF JOWPMVDSBO USBOTGFSFODJBT EF DBMPS FOUSF TJTUFNBT P FOUSF VO TJTUFNB Z FM BNCJFOUF
$POPDFS MBT NBOFSBT FO RVF MPT TJTUFNBT QVFEFO WBSJBS TV FOFSHร B JOUFSOB %JTUJOHVJS FOUSF MPT DPODFQUPT EF DBMPS Z USBCBKP mecรกnico. 3FDPOPDFS MB FRVJWBMFODJB EF DBMPS Z USBCBKP DPNP NFDBOJTNPT RVF QFSNJUFO MPT JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHร B 3FBMJ[BS Dร MDVMPT TFODJMMPT RVF JNQMJRVFO JOUFSDBNCJP EF DBMPS Z USBCBKP SFDPOPDJFOEP MB EJSFDDJร O EF FTPT JOUFSDBNCJPT 3FDPOPDFS B MB FOFSHร B DPNP VO DPODFQUP Gร TJDP RVF QFSNJUF FYQMJDBS VO TJOOร NFSP EF GFOร NFOPT B QBSUJS EF MPT JOUFSDBNCJPT RVF FO FMMPT TF producen.
Procesos reversibles e irreversibles
1SPDFTPT P FWPMVDJPOFT EF MPT TJTUFNBT UFSmodinรกmicos. 5JQPT EF FWPMVDJPOFT EF MPT TJTUFNBT B QSFTJร O DPOTUBOUF B WPMVNFO DPOTUBOUF Z B UFNQFSBUVSB DPOTUBOUF -BT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT BEJBCร UJDBT 1SPDFTPT FTQPOUร OFPT SFWFSTJCMFT Z QSPDFTPT JSSFWFSTJCMFT 4FHVOEP QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOร NJDB -B EFHSBEBDJร O FOFSHร UJDB DPODFQUP EF FOUSPQร B .ร RVJOBT Uร SNJDBT 3FOEJNJFOUP P FรฅDJFODJB
$BSBDUFSJ[BDJร O EF MPT EJTUJOUPT UJQPT EF TJTUFNBT %FTDSJQDJร O EF MBT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT JTPUร SNJDBT JTPCร SJDBT F JTPDร SJDBT B QBSUJS EF MBT SFMBDJPOFT FOUSF QBSร NFUSPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT Z FM VTP EF HSร รฅDPT EF QSFTJร O WPMVNFO *EFOUJรฅDBDJร O EF QSPDFTPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT RVF TF QSPEVDFO TJO JOUFSDBNCJP EF DBMPS $MBTJรฅDBDJร O EF QSPDFTPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT "Oร MJTJT EF QSPDFTPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT FO MPT RVF TF QSPEVDF VOB EFHSBEBDJร O FOFSHร UJDB *OUFSQSFUBDJร O EF MPT QSPDFTPT EF EFHSBEBDJร O FOFSHร UJDB B QBSUJS EFM DPODFQUP EF FOUSPQร B %FTDSJQDJร O EFM QSJODJQJP EF GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF VOB Nร RVJOB Uร SNJDB "Oร MJTJT EF EJTUJOUPT QSPDFTPT FO MPT RVF PDVSSF VOB BMUFSBDJร O FO FM FRVJMJCSJP FOFSHร UJDP *OUSPEVDDJร O EF MB OPDJร O EF SFTFSWB FDPMร HJDB DPNP FKFNQMP EF MBT BMUFSBDJPOFT QSPEVDJEBT QPS MB FYQMPUBDJร O de recursos. &MBCPSBDJร O EF UFYUPT FYQMJDBUJWPT QBSB EBS DVFOUB EF GFOร NFOPT WJODVMBEPT DPO FM DPODFQUP EF FOUSPQร B -FDUVSB EF UFYUPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MB FOUSPQร B Z MPT QSPDFTPT EF EFHSBEBDJร O FOFSHร UJDB
%JTUJOHVJS QSPDFTPT SFWFSTJCMFT EF BRVFMMPT RVF no lo son. &KFNQMJรฅDBS BDFSDB EF FTUPT GFOร NFOPT 3FMBDJPOBS MB MFZ EF DPOTFSWBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B DPO MPT QSJODJQJPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT *OUFSQSFUBS MPT GFOร NFOPT UFSNPEJOร NJDPT EF MB OBUVSBMF[B 3FDPOPDFS FM DBSร DUFS FTFODJBM EF MB JSSFWFSTJCJMJEBE EF BMHVOPT QSPDFTPT FOFSHร UJDPT 7JODVMBS Z EFTDSJCJS FO Uร SNJOPT DPMPRVJBMFT MB SFMBDJร O FOUSF JSSFWFSTJCJMJEBE Z EFHSBEBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B "OBMJ[BS MB EFHSBEBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B FO EJWFSTBT TJUVBDJPOFT %JGFSFODJBS FOUSF DPOTVNP Z HBTUP FOFSHร UJDP BCVTJWP 7BMPSBS FM DVJEBEP EF MPT SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT
5
Clave de respuestas La esencia de la ciencia
8. &M QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT WJODVMFO MB nociรณn de modelo con uno de los sucesos en donde dos modeMPT DJFOUร GJDPT EFM NJTNP GFOร NFOP FOUSBO FO DPOGMJDUP /FXUPO Z )VZHFOT QSPQVTJFSPO NPEFMPT EJTUJOUPT QBSB FYQMJDBS MPT GFOร NFOPT PCTFSWBEPT B QBSUJS EF JOUFSSPHBOUFT RVF TF IBDร BO TPCSF MP RVF FTUBCBO CVTDBOEP Z RVFSร BO FODPOUSBS -PT DBNCJPT RVF QVFEFO QSFTFOUBSTF FO MB DJFODJB UJFOFO RVF WFS DPO FM QBTP EFM UJFNQP 1PS FKFNQMP MPT BWBODFT FO MB Uร DOJDB QFSNJUFO MB FTQFDJBMJ[BDJร O FO MPT Nร UPEPT Z MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF DPOGJSNBS P SFGVUBS VOB IJQร UFTJT
MB VUJMJEBE EF MBT FYQMJDBDJPOFT DJFOUร GJDBT $VBOEP MPT EBUPT BQPSUBO FWJEFODJBT OVFWBT MBT UFPSร BT EFCFO BKVTUBSTF FMMPT Z IBTUB DBNCJBSTF QPS PUSBT TJ GVFTF OFDFTBSJP
2. &TUB BDUJWJEBE UJFOF DPNP QSPQร TJUP QPOFS FO DPOUBDUP BM BMVNOP DPO MBT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT EF MB DJFODJB FO EJTUJOUBT ร QPDBT 1BSB GBDJMJUBS FM USBCBKP TF QVFEFO BSNBS QSFHVOUBT RVF HVร FO MB Cร TRVFEB EF JOGPSNBDJร O 1VFEFO VTBS *OUFSOFU P QSFHVOUBS BM QSPGFTPS B EF DJFODJBT TPDJBMFT F IJTUPSJB -P JNQPSUBOUF FT PCUFOFS EBUPT EFM DPOUFYUP QBSUJDVMBS FO FM RVF TF EFTBSSPMMBCB MB BDUJWJEBE EF MPT DJFOUร GJDPT &T JNQPSUBOUF WFS RVร DPOTFDVFODJBT QSPEVKP MB DBร EB EFM *NQFSJP 3PNBOP EF 0DDJEFOUF Z MP RVF TVDFEJร FO MB ร QPDB NFEJFWBM BOUJHVB Z DMร TJDB EPT QFSร PEPT NVZ EJGFSFOUFT FO SFMBDJร O DPO MB BDUJWJEBE DJFOUร GJDB $PO MBT $SV[BEBT IVCP VOB SFDVQFSBDJร O EF MBT PCSBT DMร TJDBT ZB RVF MPT ร SBCFT IBCร BO DPOTFSWBEP MPT PSJHJOBMFT NJFOUSBT RVF FO &VSPQB PDDJEFOUBM DPO MB DBร EB EFM JNQFSJP TF IBCร BO QFSEJEP &TUP GBWPSFDJร FM SFTVSHJNJFOUP Z GMPSFDJNJFOUP EF MBT DJFODJBT DMร TJDBT FO FM 3FOBDJNJFOUP
9. -BT MFZFT DJFOUร GJDBT TF WBO BKVTUBOEP NFKPSBOEP Z IBTUB DBNCJBOEP QPS OVFWBT IJQร UFTJT RVF TPO WBMJEBEBT QPS MB DPOUSBTUBDJร O FNQร SJDB -B BDUJWJEBE DJFOUร GJDB FT MP Nร T SJHVSPTB RVF QVFEF FO FM NPNFOUP FO RVF TF MMFWB B DBCP VO QSPZFDUP EF JOWFTUJHBDJร O BVORVF VOB MFZ P UFPSร B TJFNQSF QPESร NFKPSBSTF B QBSUJS EF OVFWBT JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT
10. &M QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT TF BQSPQJFO
3. $PO FTUB BDUJWJEBE TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT UPNFO DPODJFODJB EF RVF MB SFWPMVDJร O DJFOUร GJDB MMFWร B VOB OVFWB WJTJร O EF MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MB DJFODJB B MB BQMJDBDJร O EF OVFWBT GPSNBT EF JOWFTUJHBDJร O Z B VOB NBOFSB OVFWB F JOร EJUB EF WFS FM NVOEP &T QSPCBCMF RVF ZB IBZBO Pร EP IBCMBS EF $PQร SOJDP (BMJMFP /FXUPO Z MBT SFQFSDVTJPOFT EF TVT USBCBKPT
4. -B DPOTJHOB USBUB EF JOWJUBS B MPT BMVNOPT B SFGMFYJPOBS TPCSF FM QBQFM RVF EFTFNQFร BSPO MPT USBCBKPT QSFTFOUBEPT QPS &JOTUFJO BTร DPNP TV JNQBDUP MP RVF EJP JOJDJP B MB TFHVOEB SFWPMVDJร O de la ciencia.
5. " QBSUJS EF MPT EBUPT EF MB JOGPHSBGร B EF MBT Qร HJOBT EF BQFSUVSB EF FTUF DBQร UVMP NPNFOUPT EF MB IJTUPSJB EF MB DJFODJB Z MB 'ร TJDB BTร DPNP EFM DPOUFYUP FO RVF FTUPT PDVSSFO QPS FKFNQMP EF MBT SFWPMVDJPOFT TF USBUB EF JOWJUBS B MPT BMVNOPT B QFOTBS FO MB SFMBDJร O FOUSF DJFODJB Z TPDJFEBE "EFNร T TF QSPQPOF SFGMFYJPOBS BDFSDB EF MBT QPTJCJMJEBEFT EF JOWFTUJHBS FO VOB ร QPDB Z VO DPOUFYUP EFUFSNJOBEPT EF Dร NP FM DPOUFYUP QVFEF JOGMVJS TPCSF Dร NP Z RVร JOWFTUJHBS &T JNQPSUBOUF RVF MPT BMVNOPT WBZBO incorporando la idea de que la apariciรณn de cada una de las UFPSร BT Gร TJDBT TJHOJGJDร VO QBTP NVZ JNQPSUBOUF QBSB MB )VNBOJEBE $BEB VOB HVร B B MB DPNVOJEBE DJFOUร GJDB FO SFMBDJร O DPO RVร PCTFSWBS RVร JOTUSVNFOUPT VUJMJ[BS Z DVร MFT QSPDFEJNJFOUPT TPO MPT BEFDVBEPT 4F TVHJFSF WPMWFS TPCSF MBT SFTQVFTUBT EF MPT BMVNOPT BM UFSNJOBS FM DBQJUVMP Z B MP MBSHP EF UPEP FM MJCSP
Pรกgina 10 6. " QFTBS EF RVF BNCBT FSBO FYQMJDBDJPOFT BDFSUBEBT /FXUPO UFOร B NVDIP Nร T QSFTUJHJP DJFOUร GJDP FO FTB ร QPDB Z QPS FOEF TV IJQร UFTJT GVF UPNBEB FO DVFOUB &TUP QPOF EF NBOJGJFTUP VOP EF MPT BTQFDUPT EF MB DJFODJB RVF UJFOF VOB SFMBDJร O FTUSFDIB DPO MBT DVFTUJPOFT TPDJP DVMUVSBMFT EF VO NPNFOUP IJTUร SJDP EFUFSNJOBEP
Pรกgina 11 7. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MVFHP EF MFFS FM DPOUFOJEP EF FTUB Qร HJOB MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDPOPDFS BMHVOPT NPEF-
6
EF BMHVOPT BTQFDUPT SFMFWBOUFT EF MB IJTUPSJB EFM DPODFQUP EF FOFSHร B " MP MBSHP EF FTUF MJCSP MPT BMVNOPT UFOESร O PQPSUVOJEBE EF UPNBS DPOUBDUP DPO JEFBT Z DPODFQUPT BDFSDB EF MB FOFSHร B EFTBSSPMMBEPT FO MPT EJWFSTPT NPNFOUPT EF MB IJTUPSJB 6O FKFNQMP EF FTUP TF QVFEF UPNBS EF MB IJTUPSJB EF MBT JEFBT BDFSDB EF DJFSUPT GFOร NFOPT Gร TJDPT &O FM TJHMP XVIII IVCP VOB QSPMJGFSBDJร O EF UFPSร BT SFGFSJEBT B GMVJEPT JNQPOEFSBCMFT &M GMPHJTUP FSB WJTUP DPNP VO GMVJEP HBOBEP Z QFSEJEP QPS MPT DVFSQPT EVSBOUF VOB DPNCVTUJร O MPT FGFDUPT NBHOร UJDPT Z FMร DUSJDPT TF EFTDSJCร BO FO Uร SNJOPT EF GMVJEPT Z FGMVWJPT &O FTUF DPOUFYUP HFOFSBM EF QFOTBNJFOUP FT OBUVSBM DPODFCJS FM DBMPS DPNP VO GMVJEP &O BMHVOPT DBQร UVMPT QPESร O QPOFS FO KVFHP BMHVOBT EF FTUBT JEFBT %F IFDIP NVDIPT EF MPT BWBODFT DJFOUร GJDPT Z Uร DOJDPT EF BRVFMMB ร QPDB TF QSPEVKFSPO DPO FTUF NBSDP UFร SJDP DBMร SJDP &TUP QFSNJUF WFS Dร NP FM QFOTBNJFOUP EF VOB ร QPDB JOGMVZF FO MBT JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT PCTFSWBDJPOFT Z FYQMJDBDJPOFT EBEBT -PT BMVNOPT QPESร BO TFOUJS MB UFOUBDJร O EF QFOTBS RVF MB DJFODJB OP FT DPOGJBCMF QVFTUP RVF MPT NPEFMPT EF FYQMJDBDJร O DBNCJBO &O FTUF DBTP IBCSร RVF JOTJTUJS FO MB VUJMJEBE EF FMMPT FO UBOUP QFSNJUFO FYQMJDBS GFOร NFOPT oBVORVF OP UPEPTo P RVF DJFSUBT UFPSร BT OP iSFTJTUFOw UPEBT TVT IJQร UFTJT 1PS FKFNQMP MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF RVF FM DBMร SJDP UVWJFSB QFTP 4F TVHJFSF JS BSNBOEP VOB Mร OFB EF UJFNQP BM GJOBMJ[BS FTUF DBQร UVMP TF QSPQPOF MB SFBMJ[BDJร O EF VOB RVF SFMBDJPOF MPT DPODFQUPT DPO FM DPOUFYUP DJFOUร GJDP Z TPDJBM
Pรกgina 13 11. &TUB BDUJWJEBE QFSNJUF BEWFSUJS Dร NP MBT PCTFSWBDJPOFT EFQFOEFO EF RVJFO PCTFSWB FO DJFODJB TFSร B B QBSUJS EFM NBSDP UFร SJDP EFM JOWFTUJHBEPS /P UPEPT QFSDJCJNPT MP NJTNP DVBOEP NJSBNPT VO NJTNP GFOร NFOP &O FTUB JNBHFO QVFEF WFSTF UBOUP VO TBYPGPOJTUB DPNP FM SPTUSP EF VOB NVKFS "MHVOPT TPMP QVFEFO SFDPOPDFS VOP EF FMMPT PUSPT BNCPT
Pรกgina 14 12. $PO FTUB QSFHVOUB TF QSFUFOEF DPNFO[BS B JOUSPEVDJS B MPT BMVNOPT FO MBT EJTDJQMJOBT RVF MFT BQPSUBSร O EBUPT B TVT UFNBT EF FTUVEJP NBDSPTDร QJDPT Z NJDSPTDร QJDPT 4F TVHJFSF SFHJTUSBS
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
Pรกgina 9 1. &TUB GSBTF JOWJUB B SFGMFYJPOBS TPCSF FM QBQFM EF MBT UFPSร BT Z EF
MPT EF MB DJFODJB FTDPMBS RVF TF QSFTFOUBO B MP MBSHP EF UPEP FM MJCSP
MBT SFTQVFTUBT FO VO BGJDIF EF DPOTUSVDDJร O DPMFDUJWB QBSB WPMWFS MVFHP TPCSF FMMBT B NFEJEB RVF TF BWBO[B DPO MPT UFNBT
4. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M QSPQร TJUP FT JOEBHBS MPT DPOPDJNJFOUPT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MPT EJTQPTJUJWPT RVF QSPEVDFO USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT EF FOFSHร B "RVร TF QPESร B IBDFS VO QMFOBSJP DPO MP RVF MPT BMVNOPT QSPQPOFO FO TVT MJTUBEPT F IJQPUFUJ[BS BDFSDB EF DVร MFT TPO MBT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT EF FOFSHร B RVF TF QSPEVDFO
Pรกgina 16 13. $PO FM EFTBSSPMMP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT JEFOUJGJRVFO MBT BDUJWJEBEFT WJODVMBEBT DPO MB UBSFB FYQFSJNFOUBM FO FM DPOUFYUP FTDPMBS &T JNQPSUBOUF RVF MVFHP EF MFFS FTUB Qร HJOB MPT BMVNOPT UPNFO DPODJFODJB EF MBT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT EF VOB BDUJWJEBE DJFOUร GJDB FTDPMBS FO DPOUSBQPTJDJร O DPO MB GPSNB EF JOWFTUJHBS EF MPT DJFOUร GJDPT
Pรกgina 17 14. a) -B QBMBCSB FOFSHร B TVFMF TFS NVZ VTBEB QPS MPT BMVNOPT &T JOUFSFTBOUF DPNFO[BS B UPNBS OPUB SFTQFDUP EFM DPOUFYUP FO RVF MB FNQMFBO QBSB MVFHP JS BWBO[BOEP DPO MPT UFNBT EF FTUF DBQร UVMP Z DPOUSBTUBSMBT b) &M DPODFQUP EF FOFSHร B FT JNQPSUBOUF QPS TV DBSร DUFS JOUFHSBEPS QBSB MB FYQMJDBDJร O EF HSBO QBSUF EF MPT GFOร NFOPT Gร TJDPT BTร DPNP QPS TVT JNQMJDBDJPOFT FO FM ร NCJUP EF MB DJFODJB MB UFDOPMPHร B Z MB TPDJFEBE %FTEF FTUF BTQFDUP TF FTQFSB RVF QVFEBO DPNFO[BS B WJTVBMJ[BS B QBSUJS EF FTUF SFMBUP Z EFM ร OEJDF MB JNQPSUBODJB EF MB FOFSHร B OP TPMP QBSB FM BWBODF EF MB DJFODJB sino por la relaciรณn ciencia-sociedad. c) "MHVOPT EF MPT JOWFOUPT P EJTQPTJUJWPT RVF VUJMJ[BO FOFSHร B TPO MB Nร RVJOB EF WBQPS MPT NPMJOPT EF WJFOUP MPT QBOFMFT TPMBSFT Z MPT NPUPSFT EF DPNCVTUJร O JOUFSOB FOUSF PUSPT &T JNQPSUBOUF DPNFO[BS B SFHJTUSBS DVร M FT MB FOFSHร B RVF TF QPOF FO KVFHP P TJ QVFEFO IBCMBS FO Uร SNJOPT EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT EF FOFSHร B d) 4F FTQFSB RVF QVFEBO FMBCPSBS BMHVOBT DPODMVTJPOFT TPCSF MB SFMBDJร O FOUSF MB 'ร TJDB Z MB UFDOPMPHร B Z BDFSDB EFM EFTBSSPMMP EF DPOPDJNJFOUPT OVFWPT B QBSUJS EF MPT QSPCMFNBT Uร DOJDPT TVSHJEPT EF MBT OFDFTJEBEFT IVNBOBT 1PS FKFNQMP QVFEF TVDFEFS RVF MPT BMVNOPT FTUร O BM UBOUP EFM UFNB FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB EFM DBNCJP EF Mร NQBSBT FMร DUSJDBT &TUP JOWJUBSร B DPNFO[BS B QFOTBS FO FTUPT UFNBT F JOEBHBS RVร TBCFO TPCSF FMMPT 5BNCJร O QPESร BO IBCMBS EFM JNQBDUP EF MB Nร RVJOB EF WBQPS FOUSF PUSPT FKFNQMPT e) 6OB Mร OFB EF UJFNQP MFT QFSNJUJSร JS JOUFHSBOEP MPT UFNBT B NFEJEB RVF BWBO[BO DPO FMMPT TJO QFSEFS EF WJTUB FM DPOUFYUP FO FM DVBM GVFSPO QSPQVFTUPT &O MB BDUJWJEBE EF FTUF NJTNP DBQร UVMP TF EBO BMHVOBT PSJFOUBDJPOFT BDFSDB EF MPT UJQPT EF IJUPT IJTUร SJDPT RVF TF QPESร BO SFHJTUSBS FO FMMB Secciรณn
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
I
La energรญa en el mundo cotidiano
1
Diferentes formas de energรญa
Pรกgina 20 1. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT BM NFOPT JEFOUJGJRVFO MB FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB DPNP VOB GPSNB EF FOFSHร B EF VTP JOEVTUSJBM
2. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &T FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDPOPDFS QPS FKFNQMP RVF DPNQSBNPT FOFSHร B BM QBHBS MBT CPMFUBT EF MB MV[ Z FM HBT P DVBOEP DBSHBNPT DPNCVTUJCMF FO VO BVUPNร WJM
3. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -B JEFB FT JOEBHBS RVร DPODFQUP EF iFGJDJFODJBw UJFOFO MPT BMVNOPT Z TJ MPHSBO WJODVMBSMP DPO DVFTUJPOFT FOFSHร UJDBT -B OPDJร O EF FGJDJFODJB DPNJFO[B B EFTBSSPMMBSTF FO FTUF NJTNP DBQร UVMP
Pรกgina 21 4. 4J CJFO FTUPT UFNBT TF EFTBSSPMMBO Nร T BEFMBOUF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT JOEBHBO TPCSF FM BQSFOEJ[BKF EF DPOUFOJEPT FTUVEJBEPT FO Bร PT BOUFSJPSFT a) 4ร MB MV[ Z FM TPOJEP UJFOFO FOFSHร B -BT QMBOUBT VUJMJ[BO MB MV[ TPMBS QBSB SFBMJ[BS MB GPUPTร OUFTJT Z FM TPOJEP FT DBQB[ EF IBDFS WJCSBS FM Uร NQBOP EF OVFTUSPT Pร EPT b) -B NBDFUB TJUVBEB FO MP BMUP EF VO FEJGJDJP UFOESร FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM EFCJEB B TV QPTJDJร O SFTQFDUP EFM TVFMP c) -PT TFSFT WJWPT FNQMFBNPT FOFSHร B QBSB MMFWBS B DBCP GVODJPOFT WJUBMFT DPNP OVUSJDJร O Z SFTQJSBDJร O
Pรกgina 24 5. a) 1PTFF Nร T FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB FM DVFSQP RVF TF NVFWF B NBZPS WFMPDJEBE
b) &M MJCSP FODJNB EF MB NFTB UFOESร FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM EFCJEP B MB BMUVSB FO RVF TF FODVFOUSB 4J TF DBF JSร QFSEJFOEP FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM EVSBOUF MB DBร EB Z HBOBSร FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB BM FTUBS FO NPWJNJFOUP
6. -B FOFSHร B RVร NJDB EF OVFTUSP DVFSQP TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB MP RVF QFSNJUF RVF MB CJDJDMFUB TF NVFWB
Pรกgina 19 1. "DUJWJEBE EF SFTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -P RVF SFTQPOEBO MPT BMVNOPT
Pรกgina 26 7. a) &O VOB DFOUSBM IJESPFMร DUSJDB MB FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM EFM BHVB
EFQFOEFSร EFM MVHBS EPOEF FMMPT IBCJUFO -BT DJVEBEFT HSBOEFT F JOEVTUSJBMJ[BEBT EFQFOEFO NVDIP Nร T EF MB FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB QBSB BTFHVSBS TVT TFSWJDJPT RVF MPT Oร DMFPT QPCMBDJPOBMFT NFOPSFT &T FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT FMBCPSFO VO UFYUP FO FM RVF EFTDSJCBO MB WJEB RVF MMFWBSร BO TJO FMFDUSJDJEBE
RVF TF FODVFOUSB B DJFSUB BMUVSB TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB BM EFKBSMB DPSSFS -B FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB TF USBOTGJFSF NFEJBOUF FM NPWJNJFOUP EF MB NBTB EF BHVB RVF IBDF HJSBS VOB UVSCJOB BDPQMBEB B VO HFOFSBEPS FMร DUSJDP b) 6OB DFOUSBM IJESPFMร DUSJDB EFCF JOTUBMBSTF FO MB QBSUF EFM Sร P EPOEF IBZB NBZPS EFTOJWFM c) -B FOFSHร B IJESร VMJDB FT MJNQJB JOBHPUBCMF Z TJO FNJTJPOFT QFSP MB DPOTUSVDDJร O EF VO FNCBMTF JNQMJDB MB JOVOEBDJร O EF HSBOEFT FYUFOTJPOFT EF UFSSFOP MP RVF DBVTB VO JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM
2. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB RVF EFQFOEF EF MB SFDPOTUSVDDJร O EF UFNBT WJTUPT RVF QVFEBO IBDFS MPT BMVNOPT &O Bร PT BOUFSJPSFT TF FTUVEJBSPO MBT FOFSHร BT IJESร VMJDB TPMBS CJPNBTB Fร MJDB HFPUร SNJDB Z NBSFPNPUSJ[ FOUSF PUSBT DPNP GVFOUFT EF HFOFSBDJร O EF FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB
3. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -PT BMVNOPT EFCFSร BO FTUBS FO DPOEJDJPOFT EF OPNCSBS FOFSHร BT NFDร OJDB RVร NJDB SBEJBOUF Uร SNJDB Z OVDMFBS FOUSF PUSBT
8. $PO FM PCKFUJWP EF BQSPWFDIBS MB FOFSHร B TPMBS FO MBT WJWJFOEBT QVFEFO VUJMJ[BSTF t 1BOFMFT GPUPWPMUBJDPT JOTUBMBEPT TPCSF FM UFDIP QBSB BQSPWFDIBS MB MV[ TPMBS Z USBOTGPSNBSMB FO FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB t $PMFDUPSFT TPMBSFT RVF TF QPESร BO VUJMJ[BS QBSB QSFDBMFOUBS BHVB QBSB DBMFGBDDJร O P QBSB FM VTP DPUJEJBOP
7
Página 29 9. 6OB MBNQBSJUB EF 8 DPOTVNF P =
c) &OFSHÓB QPUFODJBM EFM BHVB B FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB 60 W = 60 J por cada 1 s
segundo que permanece encendida.
Página 31 10. a) &M UFNB EF MB JOWFTUJHBDJØO EFTDSJQUB FO FM UFYUP FT MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO EF MB FOFSHÓB TPMBS
b) &M QSPCMFNB EF MB JOWFTUJHBDJØO TF QPESÓB GPSNVMBS DPO FM TJHVJFOUF JOUFSSPHBOUF {DØNP DPOWFSUJS FOFSHÓB TPMBS FO NPWJNJFOUP c) &M UFYUP NFODJPOB RVF MPT DJFOUÓGJDPT KBQPOFTFT MMFWBO BEFMBOUF QSVFCBT QBSB DPOGJSNBS MB QPUFODJBMJEBE EFM EFTDVCSJNJFOUP d) " MP MBSHP EFM UFYUP TF BSHVNFOUBO DVFTUJPOFT EF QSBDUJDJEBE NFOPT QFTP Z FDPOØNJDBT 4FHÞO TF JOEJDB FTUF EFTDVCSJNJFOUP TFSÓB BQMJDBCMF B MB GBCSJDBDJØO EF BVUPNØWJMFT
21. "MHVOPT FKFNQMPT EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT FOFSHÏUJDBT IPHBSF×BT B QBSUJS EF FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB TPO t 5SBOTGPSNBDJØO FO FOFSHÓB MVNJOPTB CPNCJUBT EF MV[ t 5SBOTGPSNBDJØO FO FOFSHÓB UÏSNJDB IPSOP NJDSPPOEBT t 5SBOTGPSNBDJØO FO FOFSHÓB TPOPSB SBEJP
22. -B FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM JOJDJBM TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB RVF QFSNJUF RVF MB QFMPUB SFCPUF "M GJOBM EFM QSPDFTP MB FOFSHÓB JOJDJBM IB QBTBEP FO GPSNB EF DBMPS BM BJSF DJSDVOEBOUF BM QJTP Z B MB QSPQJB QFMPUB
23. -B "SHFOUJOB HFOFSB FMFDUSJDJEBE QSJODJQBMNFOUF EF GVFOUFT OP SFOPWBCMFT DPNP FM DPNCVTUJCMF GØTJM Z FO NFOPS NFEJEB EF GVFOUFT SFOPWBCMFT DPNP FM NPWJNJFOUP EF MPT SÓPT 5BNCJÏO BQPSUBO FMFDUSJDJEBE MBT DFOUSBMFT OVDMFBSFT
24. a -B DPODMVTJØO TF CBTB FO RVF MBT DFOUSBMFT UFSNPOVDMFBSFT OP Página 33 11. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F CVTDB RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFGMFYJPOFO BDFSDB
13. .JFOUSBT MB GJTJØO HFOFSB FOFSHÓB NFEJBOUF MB EJWJTJØO EF OÞ-
QSPEVDFO DPOUBNJOBOUFT 4J MB FOFSHÓB QSPWFOJFOUF EFM DBSCØO Z FM QFUSØMFP oDVZB RVFNB FT SFTQPOTBCMF EF MB NBZPS DBOUJEBE EF EJØYJEP EF DBSCPOP FOWJBEB B MB BUNØTGFSBo TF TVTUJUVZFSB QPS MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS TF FWJUBSÓB MB FNJTJØO EF FTPT HBTFT &T JNQPSUBOUF FM EFTBSSPMMP EF MB UÏDOJDB EF PCUFODJØO EFM SFWFTUJNJFOUP B QBSUJS EFM NFUBOP QPSRVF TF BQSPWFDIB VOB NBUFSJB QSJNB PCUFOJEB EF MB CJPNBTB b) -B DFOUSBM FOFSHÏUJDB UFOESÓB RVF TFS QPDP P OBEB DPOUBNJOBOUF )BCSÓB RVF QFOTBS FO VUJMJ[BS VO SFDVSTP FOFSHÏUJDP SFOPWBCMF DPNP MBT FOFSHÓBT TPMBS IJESÈVMJDB P FØMJDB
DMFPT EF ÈUPNP FM QSPDFTP EF GVTJØO OVDMFBS MJCFSB FOFSHÓB DVBOEP EPT OÞDMFPT TF GVTJPOBO QBSB GPSNBS VO ÈUPNP OVFWP
25. a) 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB QSFHVOUB FT RVF MPT
EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS Z TVT QPTJCMFT VTPT
12. 1SPNFUFP FT VO QFSTPOBKF EF MB NJUPMPHÓB HSJFHB RVF SPCB FM GVFHP B MPT EJPTFT Z TF MP FOUSFHB B MPT NPSUBMFT -B DPNQBSBDJØO IFDIB QPS #PSO IBDF BMVTJØO B MPT iEVF×PTw EF MBT EFDJTJPOFT BDFSDB EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS
14. -B QSJNFSB CPNCB EF FTUF UJQP TF IJ[P FTUBMMBS FO &OJXFUPL BUPMØO EF MBT *TMBT .BSTIBMM FM EF OPWJFNCSF EF DPO NBSDBEPT FGFDUPT FO FM FDPTJTUFNB EF MB SFHJØO
BMVNOPT WBMPSFO MB QPTJCJMJEBE EFM BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF MB FOFSHÓB PCUFOJEB B QBSUJS EF SFDVSTPT OP DPOWFODJPOBMFT DPNP FM HBT NFUBOP RVF TF DPOTJEFSB VO EFTFDIP b) 6OB DFOUSBM EF FTUBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT TFSÓB UÏSNJDB Z VUJMJ[BSÓB FM HBT NFUBOP DPNP DPNCVTUJCMF
15. #PSO TF×BMB RVF MB FTDBTF[ EF MB NBUFSJB QSJNB FT FM JNQFEJ16. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT UPNFO QPTJDJØO GSFOUF BM VTP EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS FO MB GBCSJDBDJØO EF BSNBT EF EFTUSVDDJØO NBTJWB
17. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -B BDUJWJEBE UJFOF DPNP GJOBMJEBE RVF MPT BMVNOPT TF QPOHBO FO DPOUBDUP DPO EBUPT SFGFSJEPT B MPT VTPT QBDÓGJDPT EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS
Páginas 34 y 35 18. -PT UJQPT EF FOFSHÓBT RVF JOUFSWJFOFO FO DBEB DBTP TPO a) &OFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB b) &OFSHÓB RVÓNJDB EF MB CBUFSÓB c) &OFSHÓB NFDÈOJDB 19. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB "MHVOPT FKFNQMPT QPTJCMFT TPO a) "QBSBUP EF SBEJP b) 1MBDB GPUPWPMUBJDB c) 4VCJS FTDBMFSBT d) $FOUSBM IJESPFMÏDUSJDB e) 7FOUJMBEPS f) "QSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF MB CJPNBTB QBSB MB PCUFODJØO EF FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB
20. a) &OFSHÓB TPMBS B FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB b) &OFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB EFM WJFOUP B FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB
8
26. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M QVOUP QSJODJQBM EF DPNQBSBDJØO FT RVF IBDF EPT TJHMPT OP IBCÓB FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB FO MPT IPHBSFT &TUP NPEJGJDB TPCSFNBOFSB MPT UJQPT EF DPOTVNP FOFSHÏUJDP
27. a) Verdadero. b) 'BMTP 4V FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB BVNFOUB Z TV FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB EJTNJOVZF
c) 'BMTP 4V FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB TF DVBESVQMJDB d) Verdadero. 28. -BT FYQSFTJPOFT RVF DPSSFTQPOEFO B MPT ÓUFNT C Z D TPO VOJEBEFT EF FOFSHÓB
29. 4J QFSEJFSBO QPDB FOFSHÓB TV FGJDJFODJB TFSÓB DFSDBOB BM -BT MÈNQBSBT DPNVOFT QJFSEFO NVDIB FOFSHÓB TFHÞO MB BGJSNBDJØO VO FO GPSNB EF FOFSHÓB UÏSNJDB
30. "GJSNBS RVF MBT SVFEBT IJESÈVMJDBT TPO iQPDP FGJDJFOUFTw TJHOJGJDB RVF OP BQSPWFDIBO UPEB MB FOFSHÓB PCUFOJEB QBSB SFBMJ[BS TV USBCBKP &TUP QVFEF EFCFSTF B MBT QÏSEJEBT EF FOFSHÓB UÏSNJDB QPS GSJDDJØO P SP[BNJFOUP EF MBT QBSUFT NØWJMFT
31. $PNP MB FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB FT Epg = m ⋅ g ⋅ h
, Z TBCFNPT RVF FM QFTP EF MB NBO[BOB FT EF H LH
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
NFOUP QSJODJQBM EFM VTP Z FM EFTBSSPMMP EF MB FOFSHÓB OVDMFBS
m 1 J = 102 , m, ⋅h⇒h= 0,98 N s2 EFCFNPT FMFWBSMB B NFUSPT 1 J = 0,1 kg ⋅ 9,8
32. -B FOFSHÓB OFDFTBSJB QBSB RVF MB CBOEFSB EF LH EF NBTB BT-
Página 40 6. &M USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP TF DBMDVMB NFEJBOUF MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO W=F⋅d 4J TF SFFNQMB[BO MPT EBUPT TF PCUJFOF
DJFOEB N TFSÈ W = 10 kg ⋅ 9,8
Epg = m ⋅ g ⋅ h Epg = 1 kg ⋅ 9,8 Epg = 78,4 J
m ⋅ 8 m s2
Es OFDFTBSJP FOUSFHBSMF +
m ⋅ 5 m = 490 J s2
4F OFDFTJUB VO USBCBKP EF +
Página 46 7. 5SBOTDVSSJFSPO B×PT
33. a) -B WFMPDJEBE FT NÈYJNB FO # $PNP MB NBTB FT DPOTUBOUF FM
8. " GJOFT EFM TJHMP XIX TF DPOTJHVJØ EFTBSSPMMBS NPUPSFT RVF GVODJP-
DBSSP BERVJFSF TV FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB NÈYJNB DVBOEP MB WFMPDJEBE FT NBZPS Z QPS FTP FTUP UBNCJÏO PDVSSF FO FM QVOUP # b) /VFWBNFOUF FM DBSSJUP BERVJFSF TV FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB NÈYJNB DVBOEP MB WFMPDJEBE FT NBZPS Z QPS FTP FMMP PDVSSF PUSB WF[ FO FM QVOUP # 1FSP DPNP MB NBTB UPUBM EFM DVFSQP FT NFOPS MB FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB FT NFOPS DPO SFTQFDUP B MB RVF UFOÓB DPO UPEPT MPT QBTBKFSPT
OBO DPO EFSJWBEPT EFM QFUSØMFP &TUP MMFWØ B NBTJGJDBS FM VTP EF MPT EFSJWBEPT EFM QFUSØMFP
34. $PNP MB QPUFODJB FT E t 300.000 J 300.000 J = 300 s 1.000 W = ⇒t= t 1.000 W 5BSEBSÈ T FT EFDJS NJO P=
9. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO BTPDJBS FM EFTBSSPMMP UFDOPMØHJDP WFSUJHJOPTP EF MPT ÞMUJNPT B×PT DPO FM DPOTVNP EF FOFSHÓB
Página 47 10. -BT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT GBWPSBCMFT EF OVFTUSP QBÓT BM SFTQFDUP TPO QSJODJQBMNFOUF MPT WBSJBEPT SFDVSTPT FOFSHÏUJDPT OBUVSBMFT FYJTUFOUFT -BT EFTGBWPSBCMFT DPOTJTUFO FO QSJNFS UÏSNJOP FO MPT DPTUPT EFM USBOTQPSUF EF MB FOFSHÓB EBEB MB FYUFOTJØO EFM UFSSJUPSJP RVF TF EFCF BCBTUFDFS
11. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -B BDUJWJEBE UJFOF DPNP QSPQØTJUP QPOFS FO DPOUBDUP B MPT BMVNOPT DPO MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT FOFSHÏUJDBT EF MB SFHJØO FO RVF IBCJUBO
2
Formas utilizables de la energía
Página 36 1. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF FM BMVNOP QVFEB JEFOUJGJDBS MBT BDUJWJEBEFT EF MB WJEB DPUJEJBOB RVF TF SFMBDJPOBO EF NBOFSB EJSFDUB DPO FM DPOTVNP EF QFUSØMFP Z TVT EFSJWBEPT "DUJWJEBEFT RVF TFSÓBO JNQPTJCMFT TJO FTUF DPNCVTUJCMF
FM OPSPFTUF QPS TFS VOB SFHJØO EF BMUB SBEJBDJØO TPMBS
Página 49 13. a) 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF FM BMVNOP QMBOUFF VOB SFMB-
NJMMPOFT EF NFUSPT DÞCJDPT EF QFUSØMFP /P FT HSBO QSPEVDDJØO QVFTUP RVF OP MMFHB BM EFM UPUBM NVOEJBM QFSP IB CBTUBEP QBSB FM BVUPBCBTUFDJNJFOUP %FTEF OP TF JNQPSUBO DSVEPT Z TF SFHJTUSB VOB JODJQJFOUF FYQPSUBDJØO EF GVFM PJM Z PUSPT EFSJWBEPT
DJØO EJSFDUBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM CBTBEB FO MB GØSNVMB EF MB GVFS[B FMÈTUJDB b) 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB RVF EFQFOEF EFM EFTBSSPMMP EF MB FYQFSJFODJB FOUSF MPT BMVNOPT c) 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT WBMPSFT DPSSPCPSFO MB IJQØUFTJT 4J MPT SFTVMUBEPT OP EBO FO GPSNB EJSFDUBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM FT QPTJCMF RVF TF IBZB TVQFSBEP FM MÓNJUF EF FMBTUJDJEBE Z RVF FM SFTPSUF TF IBZB deformado.
3. -B GJOBMJEBE EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDPS-
14. a) &M SFTPSUF BMDBO[Ø TV NÈYJNB FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM FMÈTUJDB DVBOEP
EBS MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT Z BOBMJ[BS MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MBT EJGFSFOUFT GVFOUFT FOFSHÏUJDBT RVF DPOPDFO
b) 4J EF SFQFOUF TF MJCFSBSB FM SFTPSUF EF MBT CPMTJUBT MB FOFSHÓB
2. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -B "SHFOUJOB FYUSBF QPS B×P BMSFEFEPS EF
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
12. -B [POB EF NBZPS VUJMJ[BDJØO EF FOFSHÓB TPMBS FO MB "SHFOUJOB FT
FTUBCB DPO MB NBZPS FMPOHBDJØO QPUFODJBM FMÈTUJDB TF USBOTGPSNBSÓB FO FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB
Página 38 4. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M PCKFUJWP FT RVF MB BDUJWJEBE TJSWB EF SFQBTP EF BMHVOPT DPOUFOJEPT EFM DBQÓUVMP BOUFSJPS RVF TF TFHVJSÈO QSFTFOUBOEP B MP MBSHP EFM MJCSP DPO EJGFSFOUFT OJWFMFT EF DPNQMFKJEBE
Página 51 15. -BT GVFOUFT EF FOFSHÓB SFOPWBCMFT PGSFDFO DJFSUBT WFOUBKBT QSPWFFO FOFSHÓB TFHVSB DPOGJBCMF Z EF DFSP FNJTJPOFT DPOUBNJOBOUFT "EFNÈT BZVEBSÈO B GSFOBS FM DBNCJP DMJNÈUJDP GVFSB EF DPOUSPM
5. a) Z b) 3FTQVFTUBT BCJFSUBT 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO JEFOUJGJDBS MBT BDUJWJEBEFT EF MB WJEB DPUJEJBOB RVF TF SFMBDJPOBO FO GPSNB EJSFDUB DPO FM DPOTVNP EF FOFSHÓB FMÏDUSJDB 5BNCJÏO FT FTQFSBCMF RVF SFDPOP[DBO BDUJWJEBEFT RVF TFSÓBO JNQPTJCMFT TJO FTUB GPSNB EF FOFSHÓB
16. &M i1SPUPDPMP EF ,JPUPw FT VO BDVFSEP JOUFSOBDJPOBM RVF UJFOF QPS PCKFUJWP SFEVDJS MBT FNJTJPOFT EF TFJT HBTFT RVF DBVTBO FM DBMFOUBNJFOUP HMPCBM EJØYJEP EF DBSCPOP $02 HBT NFUBOP $) Z ØYJEP OJUSPTP /20
9
-B 0SHBOJ[BDJร O QBSB MB $PPQFSBDJร O Z FM %FTBSSPMMP &DPOร NJDP 0$%& FT VOB PSHBOJ[BDJร O EF DPPQFSBDJร O JOUFSOBDJPOBM DPNQVFTUB QPS &TUBEPT DVZP PCKFUJWP FT DPPSEJOBS TVT QPMร UJDBT FDPOร NJDBT Z TPDJBMFT
25. a) Z b) 3FTQVFTUBT BCJFSUBT 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT FKFSDJUFO MB DBQBDJEBE EF IBDFS VO CBMBODF EF WFOUBKBT Z EFTWFOUBKBT Z RVF B QBSUJS EF FTUP BEPQUFO VOB QPTUVSB
26. a) /P TF IBCMB EF EFTUSVDDJร O TJOP EF USBOTGPSNBDJร O $POTVNJ17. 4VDJOUBNFOUF FM iFGFDUP JOWFSOBEFSPw FT VO GFOร NFOP QPS FM DVBM EFUFSNJOBEPT HBTFT RVF TPO DPNQPOFOUFT EF MB BUNร TGFSB EF OVFTUSP QMBOFUB SFUJFOFO QBSUF EF MB FOFSHร B SBEJBOUF RVF FM TVFMP FNJUF QPS IBCFSTF DBMFOUBEP EFCJEP B MB SBEJBciรณn solar.
18. "MHVOBT EF MBT DPOTFDVFODJBT EFM DBNCJP DMJNร UJDP TPO TFRVร BT FO EJWFSTBT QBSUFT EFM NVOEP Qร SEJEB DBTJ UPUBM EF MPT IJFMPT FO FM ยซSUJDP Z VOBT NVFSUFT RVF TF TVNBO DBEB Bร P &TUPT QSPCMFNBT TPO BMHVOPT EF MPT JOEJDJPT EF RVF ZB FTUBNPT FYQFSJNFOUBOEP MPT HSBWร TJNPT SJFTHPT EFM DBNCJP DMJNร UJDP
Pรกginas 52 y 53 19. a) 4F FTQFSB RVF FM BMVNOP QVFEB JEFOUJGJDBS MB USBZFDUPSJB DJSDVMBS EF VO Qร OEVMP Z MBT EPT GVFS[BT JOUFSWJOJFOUFT MB UFOTJร O FO FM IJMP Z FM QFTP EFM DVFSQP
NPT DJFSUBT GPSNBT EF FOFSHร B RVF MVFHP TF USBOTGPSNBO FO PUSBT b) 1PSRVF VOB WF[ VUJMJ[BEB MB FOFSHร B EFM QFUSร MFP TF EFHSBEB Z ZB OP FT SFVUJMJ[BCMF DPNP UBM &M NPUPS EF VO BVUPNร WJM FT VO EJTQPTJUJWP EJTFร BEP QBSB USBOTGPSNBS FOFSHร B RVร NJDB EFM DPNCVTUJCMF FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB EF MBT QJF[BT Nร WJMFT "MHP EF MB FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB QSPEVDJEB QPS FM NPUPS TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHร B Uร SNJDB Z FO FOFSHร B TPOPSB FO FM DBร P EF FTDBQF c) 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF FM BMVNOP BSHVNFOUF DPO DPODFQUPT EF USBOTGFSFODJB Z EFHSBEBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B
27. -B GJOBMJEBE EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT JEFOUJGJRVFO RVF MPT NBUFSJBMFT FMร TUJDPT BDVNVMBO FOFSHร B EFCJEB B MBT GVFS[BT FMร TUJDBT FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM FMร TUJDB 28. &M TJTUFNB RVF JOUFSBDUร B FT MB QFSTPOB RVF TBMUB &pg MB 5JFSSB Z MB DBNB &pe
29. a) N T b) 10 m. /P TJ EFTQSFDJBNPT MB GSJDDJร O FOUSF FM DBSSJUP Z MB NPOUBร B rusa. c) /P QPSRVF MB FOFSHร B TF DPOTFSWB VOB BMUVSB TVQFSJPS SFRVJFSF VOB NBZPS FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB RVF MB JOJDJBM
30. -B FOFSHร B RVF FOUSFHB FM NPUPS FT EF + $PO FTB FOFSHร B QVFEF TVCJS LH EF BHVB
31. a) &M EFM UPCPHร O Nร T DPSUP " MMFHB QSJNFSP b) -MFHBO B MB NJTNB WFMPDJEBE DPOTJEFSBOEP RVF MB GSJDDJร O FT EFTQSFDJBCMF Secciรณn
II
La energรญa en el universo fรญsicos
b) %F MBT EPT GVFS[BT MB RVF SFBMJ[B USBCBKP FT FM QFTP QPSRVF MB 20. 4FHร O FM USBCBKP SFBMJ[BEP EF Nร T QPTJUJWP B Nร T OFHBUJWP MBT TJUVBDJPOFT TPO 1.ยบ) $ 2.ยบ) " 3.ยบ) ' 4.ยบ) #
21. -B FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB EFM CMPRVF TFSร EF + 22. &M FKFNQMP Nร T TJNQMF EFTEF MP WJTUP FO FM DBQร UVMP FT FM EF VO DVFSQP RVF TVCF Z WVFMWF B CBKBS FO GPSNB WFSUJDBM &M USBCBKP B MP MBSHP EF UPEP FM QSPDFTP FT DFSP 4F QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP MB EJGFSFODJB FOUSF MBT FOFSHร BT QPUFODJBMFT JOJDJBM Z GJOBM RVF FO FTUF DBTP TPO OVMBT
Pรกgina 59 1. "EFNร T EF MPT SBZPT 9 EFOUSP EFM FTQFDUSP FMFDUSPNBHOร UJDP MPT BMVNOPT QVFEFO NFODJPOBS PUSBT NBOJGFTUBDJPOFT DPO DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT TJNJMBSFT DPNP MB MV[ WJTJCMF MB RVF QVFEF QFSDJCJS FM TJTUFNB EF WJTJร O IVNBOB MPT SBZPT HBNNB MPT VMUSBWJPMFUB 67 MPT JOGSBSSPKP *3 MBT NJDSPPOEBT MBT POEBT EF SBEJP FUDร UFSB
2. 3PFOUHFO EPOร MB QBSUF NPOFUBSJB EFM QSFNJP /PCFM B TV VOJWFSTJEBE TF OFHร B RVF MPT SBZPT 9 RVFEBSBO JEFOUJGJDBEPT DPO TV QSPQJP OPNCSF Z TF PQVTP B QBUFOUBS TV EFTDVCSJNJFOUP QBSB BTFHVSBS RVF DVBMRVJFS QFSTPOB UVWJFSB MJCSF BDDFTP B ร M .VDIPT DJFOUร GJDPT EF UPEPT MPT UJFNQPT FYIJCJFSPO DPOEVDUBT TFNFKBOUFT Z TPO SFDPSEBEPT QPS IBDFS QSFWBMFDFS TVT QPTUVSBT ร UJDBT JODMVTP FO TJUVBDJPOFT NVZ EJGร DJMFT )VCP EFTEF MVFHP RVJFOFT FTUVWJFSPO NVZ MFKPT EF FTBT DPOEVDUBT /P IBZ RVF PMWJEBS RVF MPT JOWFTUJHBEPSFT GVFSPO Z TPO QFSTPOBT EF TV UJFNQP Z DPNP UBMFT GVFSPO Z TPO QSFTJPOBEPT QPS JOUFSFTFT NVZ EJWFSTPT
23. &M USBCBKP SFBMJ[BEP QPS MB GVFS[B DPOTFSWBUJWB B MP MBSHP EF UPEP el proceso es cero.
24. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT TF QPTJDJPOFO FO VO SPM Nร T BMMร EF TV QPTUVSB QFSTPOBM Z RVF B QBSUJS EF FMMP BSHVNFOUFO
10
3. 4FHVSBNFOUF MPT BMVNOPT DPOPDFO RVF MPT SBZPT 9 DPNFO[BSPO B BQMJDBSTF FO OVNFSPTPT DBNQPT EF MB NFEJDJOB TPCSF UPEP QPSRVF DPO FMMPT FSB QPTJCMF PCUFOFS SBEJPHSBGร BT JNร HFOFT SFHJTUSBEBT FO VOB QMBDB P FO QFMร DVMB GPUPHSร GJDB RVF TPO ร UJMFT DPNP FMFNFOUPT EF EJBHOร TUJDP
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
UFOTJร O FT QFSQFOEJDVMBS B MB USBZFDUPSJB
4. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &TUB QSFHVOUB UJFOF DPNP PCKFUJWP JOEBHBS MP RVF TBCFO MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MPT QSPDFTPT FOFSHร UJDPT OBUVSBMFT Z BSUJGJDJBMFT 5. &T QPTJCMF QFOTBS RVF BMHP EF iBDDJEFOUBMw QVEP IBCFS 4JO FNCBSHP DPOTJEFSBS RVF FTUF UJQP EF EFTDVCSJNJFOUPT FT TPMP QSPEVDUP EF MB DBTVBMJEBE FT OP UFOFS FO DVFOUB MB BUFODJร O QBSUJDVMBS DPO RVF USBCBKB VO DJFOUร GJDP MP DVBM MF QFSNJUF UPNBS DPODJFODJB EF GFOร NFOPT RVF QBSB BMHVJFO RVF OP FTUVWJFTF BMFSUB QPESร BO QBTBS JOBEWFSUJEPT 6. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF FTUB BDUJWJEBE QFSNJUB IBDFS VO SFMFWBNJFOUP EF MBT JEFBT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MB HFOFSBDJร O OBUVSBM P BSUJGJDJBM EF MBT EJTUJOUBT GPSNBT EF FOFSHร B B QBSUJS EF TVT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT
3
La generaciรณn natural de energรญa
Pรกgina 60 1. 4ร FM 4PM IBCSร B RVFEBEP JODMVJEP FO FM UFYUP QPSRVF FT VOB FTUSFMMB
2. 4J MB FODVFTUB TVHFSJEB TF MMFWB B DBCP FOUSF GBNJMJBSFT BNJHPT Z WFDJOPT FT NVZ QSPCBCMF RVF BQBSF[DB FTUB DSFFODJB $PNP JSSBEJBO MV[ UPEBWร B IBZ QFSTPOBT RVF DSFFO RVF MBT FTUSFMMBT FTUร O IFDIBT EF GVFHP &TP QBSFDF TFS Bร O Nร T FWJEFOUF FO FM DBTP QBSUJDVMBS EFM 4PM EFCJEP B RVF TFOUJNPT TV iDBMPSw DPNP TJ OPT FODPOUSร SBNPT GSFOUF B VO GPHร O
GPUPTร OUFTJT FMBCPSร MB NBUFSJB OFDFTBSJB B QBSUJS EF MB FOFSHร B TPMBS -P NJTNP PDVSSJร DPO MPT WFHFUBMFT JOHFSJEPT QPS MPT BOJNBMJUPT RVF QVEP IBCFS DPNJEP FM QPMMP &T JNQPSUBOUF TFร BMBS RVF FO MB BDUVBMJEBE MPT QPMMPT TF DSร BO DPO BMJNFOUP CBMBODFBEP RVF JODMVZF QBSUF EF FTUBT GVFOUFT FOFSHร UJDBT FO su composiciรณn.
Pรกgina 67 8. " EJGFSFODJB EF MPT Nร EJDPT RVF MF QSFDFEJFSPO .BZFS UVWP VOB BDUJUVE RVF QPEFNPT MMBNBS iDJFOUร GJDBw &O FGFDUP BQFOBT TF EJP DVFOUB EF VO IFDIP MMBNBUJWP TF QVTP B JOWFTUJHBS FOUSF MPT NJFNCSPT EF MB USJQVMBDJร O TJ MP RVF IBCร B PCTFSWBEP FSB DBTVBM P OP Z USBUร EF IBMMBS VOB FYQMJDBDJร O QBSB FTF GFOร NFOP &TB BDUJUVE MF QFSNJUJร EFTDVCSJS MBT SB[POFT EF MB iBOPSNBMJEBEw
Pรกgina 71 9. &M Oร NFSP UPUBM EF OVDMFPOFT FT UBOUP BM QSJODJQJP DPNP BM GJOBM EF MB SFBDDJร O &O BNCPT NPNFOUPT FM Oร NFSP EF DBSHBT FT
10. a) -B FDVBDJร O TF MFF EF FTUF NPEP VO OFVUSร O Nร T VO Oร DMFP EF VSBOJP TF DPOWJFSUF FO VO Oร DMFP EF DFTJP Nร T VOP EF SVCJEJP Nร T USFT OFVUSPOFT b) &M Oร DMFP EF DFTJP UJFOF QSPUPOFT NJFOUSBT RVF FM EF SVCJEJP QSPUPOFT c) &M Oร DMFP EF DFTJP UJFOF o OFVUSPOFT Z FM EF SVCJEJP o OFVUSPOFT d) &M Oร NFSP UPUBM EF OVDMFPOFT FT Z FM Oร NFSP EF DBSHBT UBOUP BM QSJODJQJP DPNP BM GJOBM EF MB SFBDDJร O
3. &T QPTJCMF RVF USBT VOB Cร TRVFEB FO *OUFSOFU MPT BMVNOPT EFUFDUFO MFUSBT EF DBODJPOFT P Uร UVMPT EF MJCSPT Z DVBESPT RVF TF SFGJFSBO B MBT MMBNBT TPMBSFT Z QPS MP UBOUP DPOTJEFSFO RVF FM 4PM FTUร IFDIP EF GVFHP 6O DBTP FT QPS FKFNQMP FM EF Sonnenflammen -BT MMBNBT EFM 4PM VOB ร QFSB EF 4JFHGSJFE 8BHOFS oIJKP EFM Dร MFCSF 3JDIBSE 8BHOFSo RVF TF FTUSFOร FO "MFNBOJB FO
4. $PNP TF FYQMJDBSร FO FTUF DBQร UVMP EFOUSP EF VOPT DJODP NJM NJMMPOFT EF Bร PT FM 4PM MMFHBSร B VOB GBTF UFSNJOBM &O FTB FUBQB BCTPSCFSร MPT QMBOFUBT Nร T QSร YJNPT TF FODPHFSร Z DPNFO[BSร B FOGSJBSTF MFOUBNFOUF
5. &O FM QSFTFOUF MB DJFODJB DPOTJEFSB RVF MBT FTUSFMMBT FTUร O DPOTUJUVJEBT QPS VOB FTQFDJF EF HBT B VOB UFNQFSBUVSB BMUร TJNB HFOFSBEB QPS VOB USBOTGPSNBDJร O EF FOFSHร B QSPEVDJEB FO FM JOUFSJPS EF MBT QBSUร DVMBT EFM HBT $PNP TF WFSร FO FTUF DBQร UVMP FTUBT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT TPO TFNFKBOUFT B MBT RVF TF QSPEVDFO EVSBOUF MB FYQMPTJร O EF VOB CPNCB EF IJESร HFOP
Pรกgina 73 11. a) "M QFSNBOFDFS FO MB PTDVSJEBE MBT QMBOUBT EFM HSVQP # OP IJDJFSPO GPUPTร OUFTJT DPO MP RVF TV QFTP BM GJOBM EFM FYQFSJNFOUP DPO seguridad serรก menor que al inicio. b) "M TFMFDDJPOBS QMBOUBT EFM NJTNP UJQP DPO VO EFTBSSPMMP FRVJWBMFOUF Z NBOUFOFSMBT FO MBT NJTNBT DPOEJDJPOFT FYDFQUP FO MB JMVNJOBDJร O RVF SFDJCF DBEB HSVQP FM JOWFTUJHBEPS UVWP FO DVFOUB RVF IBZ RVF NPEJGJDBS VOB WBSJBCMF QPS WF[ QBSB FWJUBS RVF MPT FGFDUPT iTF NF[DMFOw c) -BT QMBOUBT EFM HSVQP " UVWJFSPO VO BVNFOUP EF QFTP NBZPS RVF MBT EFM HSVQP $ QPSRVF DPOUJOVBSPO IBDJFOEP GPUPTร OUFTJT EVSBOUF MB OPDIF d) 4ร FTUBNPT FO DPOEJDJPOFT EF SFTQPOEFS DPO MPT SFTVMUBEPT PCUFOJEPT RVFEB DMBSP RVF MBT QMBOUBT IBDFO GPUPTร OUFTJT DVBOEP TPO JMVNJOBEBT DPO MV[ EF UVCPT GMVPSFTDFOUFT &TUP TF FWJEFODJB FO FM NBZPS BVNFOUP EF QFTP EF FTBT QMBOUBT DPO SFTQFDUP B MBT EF MPT PUSPT HSVQPT
12. -B FYQFSJFODJB TFSร B TJNJMBS B MB BOUFSJPS QFSP EFCFSร BO DBN-
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
Pรกgina 61 6. &T NVZ QSPCBCMF RVF MB MJTUB DPOGFDDJPOBEB QPS MPT BMVNOPT DPO BDUJWJEBEFT IVNBOBT RVF TF BGFDUBSร BO QPS VO DPSUF EF FOFSHร B TFB NVZ FYUFOTB TPCSF UPEP EF MBT WJODVMBEBT DPO MB QSPWJTJร O EF FMFDUSJDJEBE &TP FT QSVFCB TVGJDJFOUF EF MP RVF TPTUJFOFO NVDIBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT RVF BMFSUBO TPCSF MB EFQFOEFODJB EF MBT QFSTPOBT EF MB QSPWJTJร O EF FOFSHร B -B DPNQBSBDJร O DPO MP RVF TVDFEร B IBDF DJODVFOUB Bร PT WB B NPTUSBS RVF FTB EFQFOEFODJB FT DBEB WF[ NBZPS
Pรกgina 63 7. -B SFGMFYJร O EFM DPNQBร FSP FT SB[POBCMF 7FBNPT QPS RVร DVBOEP DPNFNPT VOB QFDIVHB EF QPMMP JODPSQPSBNPT NBUFSJB RVF GPSNBCB QBSUF EFM QPMMP FM RVF B TV WF[ MB PCUVWP EF MPT HSBOPT MBT MPNCSJDFT Z PUSPT PSHBOJTNPT QFRVFร PT RVF JOHJSJร -PT HSBOPT QSPWJFOFO EF VOB QMBOUB RVF NFEJBOUF MB
CJBSTF MPT UVCPT QPS MBNQBSJUBT Z SFQFUJS UPEPT MPT QBTPT
Pรกgina 75 13. "VORVF MB SFTQVFTUB B FTUF QVOUP FT BCJFSUB FT FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT IBHBO IJODBQJร FO RVF DPNP BGJSNB .BY #PSO USBT FM MBO[BNJFOUP EF MBT CPNCBT SFTVMUB JOHFOVP EFGFOEFS QPTUVSBT EFM UJQP EF iMB DJFODJB QPS MB DJFODJBw FT EFDJS DPODFCJS VOB DJFODJB iQVSBw iFODBNJOBEB FYDMVTJWBNFOUF BM DPOPDJNJFOUPw -B QBSUJDJQBDJร O BDUJWB EF DJFOUร GJDPT Z Uร DOJDPT FO FM EFTBSSPMMP EF BSNBNFOUPT DBEB WF[ Nร T TPGJTUJDBEPT BQPSUB BSHVNFOUPT OVFWPT B FTB BGJSNBDJร O
14. 4F QSPQPOF UPNBS DPOUBDUP DPO BNCPT FTQFDUSPT EF PQJOJร O DPO SFTQFDUP BM VTP EF MB FOFSHร B OVDMFBS QVFT UBOUP MPT FTQFDJBMJTUBT EF MB $PNJTJร O /BDJPOBM EF &OFSHร B "Uร NJDB DPNP MPT EF MBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT BNCJFOUBMFT BQPSUBSร O BSHVNFOUPT NVZ Tร MJEPT
11
Z BUFOEJCMFT $PNP TF FYQSFTB FO FM UFYUP QBSB BEPQUBS VOB QPTUVSB IBCSร RVF BOBMJ[BS MPT EBUPT QSPWJTUPT Z EFCBUJS
SFOUFT DPO MB JEFB EF RVF BM 4PM MF GBMUB UPEBWร B NVDIP UJFNQP QBSB FYUJOHVJSTF
Pรกginas 76 y 77 15. &OUSF MBT GVFOUFT SFOPWBCMFT EF FOFSHร B QVFEFO DJUBSTF FM WJFOUP
21. a) &M GFOร NFOP OVDMFBS SFQSFTFOUBEP FT VOB GJTJร O QPSRVF FM Oร -
1 n 0
235 U 92
โ
90 Sr 38
+
143 Xe 54
+ 3 โ 01n
d) &M Oร DMFP EF FTUSPODJP UJFOF QSPUPOFT Z FM EF YFOร O e) &M Oร DMFP EF FTUSPODJP UJFOF o OFVUSPOFT Z FM EF YFOร O o OFVUSPOFT f) &M Oร NFSP UPUBM EF OVDMFPOFT FT UBOUP BM QSJODJQJP DPNP BM GJOBM EF MB SFBDDJร O &O BNCPT NPNFOUPT FM Oร NFSP EF DBSHBT FT
16. a) $VBOEP #FSOBM BGJSNB RVF OP QVFEF SFBMJ[BSTF OJOHร O EFTDVCSJNJFOUP FGFDUJWP TJO FM USBCBKP QSFQBSBUPSJP EF PUSPT DJFOUร GJDPT FTUร TFร BMBOEP RVF MB DJFODJB FT VOB DPOTUSVDDJร O FO MB RVF QBSUJDJQBO NVDIBT QFSTPOBT RVF BQPSUBO TVT JEFBT Z RVF UPEP EFTDVCSJNJFOUP FT QPTJCMF HSBDJBT B FTPT BQPSUFT b) -B DSPOPMPHร B EF MB JOWFTUJHBDJร O OVDMFBS QSFTFOUBEB FO MB Qร HJOB FT VO CVFO FKFNQMP QPSRVF EFTDSJCF BMHVOPT QBTPT EF MB DPOTUSVDDJร O TPDJBM Z FTDBMPOBEB EFM DPOPDJNJFOUP DJFOUร GJDP DPNP MP JOEJDB #FSOBM " USBWร T EF TV MFDUVSB TF JOGJFSF VOB JOUFSBDDJร O JOUFOTB FOUSF DJFOUร GJDPT EF EJWFSTPT QBร TFT
+
22. a) -B FDVBDJร O TF MFF EF FTUF NPEP VO OFVUSร O Nร T VO Oร DMFP
17. a) &M DPNQBร FSP TF SFGJFSF B MB FDVBDJร O RVF EFTDSJCF MB SFMBDJร O
EF OJUSร HFOP TF DPOWJFSUF FO VO Oร DMFP EF DBSCPOP Nร T VO QSPUร O b) 5BOUP FM OJUSร HFOP DPNP FM DBSCPOP UJFOFO OVDMFPOFT c) &M Oร DMFP EF OJUSร HFOP UJFOF DBSHBT Z FM EF DBSCPOP d) &M Oร NFSP UPUBM EF OVDMFPOFT FT UBOUP BM QSJODJQJP DPNP BM GJOBM EF MB SFBDDJร O &O BNCPT NPNFOUPT FM Oร NFSP EF DBSHBT FT
FOUSF MB QFRVFร ร TJNB NBTB iEFTBQBSFDJEBw FO MBT SFBDDJPOFT OVDMFBSFT Z MB FOFSHร B RVF TF MJCFSB FO FMMBT
23. -BT SBEJBDJPOFT TPO NVZ QFOFUSBOUFT BMUBNFOUF FOFSHร UJDBT Z
E = ฮ m โ c 2 b) /P IBZ DPOUSBEJDDJร O $PNP TF TFร BMB FO FM UFYUP EFM DBQร UVMP FM FOVODJBEP EF MB DPOTFSWBDJร O EF MB FOFSHร B FT BQMJDBCMF QBSB MB JONFOTB NBZPSร B EF MPT GFOร NFOPT RVF TF OPT QSFTFOUBO DPUJEJBOBNFOUF EFCJEP B RVF FO FMMPT MB Qร SEJEB EF NBTB Z MB MJCFSBDJร O FOFSHร UJDB TPO UBO QFRVFร BT RVF SFTVMUBO JNQFSDFQUJCMFT BVO QBSB JOTUSVNFOUPT EF HSBO QSFDJTJร O
QPS MP UBOUP QFMJHSPTBT QBSB MPT PSHBOJTNPT WJWPT
24. &O HFOFSBM FM QFSร PEP EF TFNJEFTJOUFHSBDJร O EF VOB NBTB SBEJBDUJWB EF DBSCPOP FT TVQFSJPS B MPT Bร PT &TUP JNQMJDB RVF FT JNQPTJCMF EBUBS VOB NPOFEB EFM TJHMP QBTBEP DPO FTF Nร UPEP
25. a) &M FMFNFOUP RVF TVSHF EF FTUB FNJTJร O FT FM QMVUPOJP -B FDVBDJร O EF MB EFTJOUFHSBDJร O TFSร
Np 239 โ Pu239 + eโ 0 1 93 94
18. &O FTUF DBQร UVMP TF FYQMJDร RVF VOB QBSUF EF MB FOFSHร B FNJUJEB QPS FM 4PM TF BMNBDFOB FO MB BUNร TGFSB UFSSFTUSF Z FO MPT PDร BOPT 5BNCJร O TF JOEJDร RVF B FMMP TF EFCF RVF IBZB WJFOUPT Z FO HFOFSBM RVF TF QSPEV[DBO MPT EJTUJOUPT GFOร NFOPT RVF EFUFSNJOBO FM DMJNB &O FTUF DBTP MB FOFSHร B TPMBS JOUFSWJFOF FO MPT DBNCJPT EF FTUBEP EFM BHVB Z NVZ FTQFDJBMNFOUF FO FM QSPDFTP EF FWBQPSBDJร O 5BNCJร O QBSUJDJQB FO MPT DBNCJPT DMJNร UJDPT RVF EBO MVHBS B MPT EJTUJOUPT UJQPT EF QSFDJQJUBDJPOFT
19. 4J PCTFSWBNPT FM DJFMP WFNPT RVF MBT FTUSFMMBT CSJMMBO DPO EJTUJOUB JOUFOTJEBE 4JO FNCBSHP OP FT EJGร DJM BEWFSUJS RVF FTF CSJMMP EFQFOEF OP TPMP EF MB MV[ RVF FO FGFDUP FNJUF MB FTUSFMMB TJOP UBNCJร O EF MB EJTUBODJB RVF MB TFQBSB EF MB 5JFSSB 1PS FTP VOB FTUSFMMB RVF FNJUF HSBO DBOUJEBE EF MV[ P TFB RVF FM WBMPS EF TV NBHOJUVE BCTPMVUB FT BMUP QFSP FTUร NVZ MFKPT FT QSPCBCMF RVF TF WFB NVZ UFOVF FM WBMPS EF TV NBHOJUVE SFMBUJWB FT CBKP 1PS FM DPOUSBSJP VOB FTUSFMMB DFSDBOB TF WFSร CSJMMBOUF BVORVF UBM WF[ FNJUB NVDIP NFOPT MV[ RVF MB PUSB
b) &O FM ร UFN a) WJNPT RVF FM OFQUVOJP FNJUF VOB QBSUร DVMB Z PSJHJOB QMVUPOJP 4J FM QMVUPOJP FNJUF BIPSB VOB QBSUร DVMB
Pu239 โ U235 + He 42 , 94 92 se PSJHJOB VSBOJP
4
Las energรญas macroscรณpicas y su aprovechamiento
Pรกgina 78 1. $PNP TF WFSร FO FM UFYUP EFM DBQร UVMP FTB FOFSHร B QSPWJFOF EFM DBMPS QSFTFOUF FO MBT QSPGVOEJEBEFT UFSSFTUSFT QSPCBCMFNFOUF PSJHJOBEB B QBSUJS EF GFOร NFOPT EF EFTDPNQPTJDJร O SBEJBDUJWB EF MPT NBUFSJBMFT RVF DPOTUJUVZFO FTBT DBQBT QSPGVOEBT
20. a) Esa masa enorme que decrece cada segundo, de acuerdo con la FDVBDJร O EF &JOTUFJO TF USBOTGPSNB FO VOB DBOUJEBE DPMPTBM EF FOFSHร B NFEJBOUF VO QSPDFTP EF GVTJร O OVDMFBS b) $PNP MPT ร UPNPT EFM 4PM TPO NBZPSJUBSJBNFOUF EF IJESร HFOP FMFNFOUP RVF Bร O OP TF GVTJPOร Z TPMP VOPT QPDPT TPO EF IFMJP FMFNFOUP QSPEVDUP EF MB GVTJร O MPT EBUPT SFTVMUBO DPIF-
12
2. &M BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF VOB FOFSHร B EF FTUF UJQP QPTFF VOB WFOUBKB JNQPSUBOUF RVF TFHVSBNFOUF SFNBSDBSร O MPT BMVNOPT FT VO SFDVSTP RVF OP HFOFSBSร VO JNQBDUP OFHBUJWP TPCSF FM BNCJFOUF B EJGFSFODJB EF MBT DFOUSBMFT IJESPFMร DUSJDBT MBT OVDMFBSFT P MBT Uร SNJDBT DPOWFODJPOBMFT
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
DMFP EF VSBOJP GPSNBEP QPS OVNFSPTPT OFVUSPOFT Z QSPUPOFT iTF SPNQFw QBSB EBS Oร DMFPT Nร T MJWJBOPT $PNP QVFEF apreciarse, la reacciรณn de fisiรณn se inicia cuando el nรบcleo EF VSBOJP BCTPSCF VO OFVUSร O FYUFSOP b) -BT CPMJUBT B[VMFT SFQSFTFOUBO OFVUSPOFT Z MBT SPKBT QSPUPOFT c) -B FDVBDJร O EFM QSPDFTP FT
P FM 4PM QPSRVF TPO QSร DUJDBNFOUF JOBHPUBCMFT QPS TV BCVOEBODJB P QPSRVF TF PSJHJOBO FO QSPDFTPT OBUVSBMFT FO DPOUJOVB SFQFUJDJร O -BT GVFOUFT OP SFOPWBCMFT EF FOFSHร B FO DBNCJP TPO MBT RVF TF BHPUBSร O BMHร O Eร B EFCJEP B RVF TF PSJHJOBSPO FO QSPDFTPT OBUVSBMFT RVF SFRVJFSFO DPOEJDJPOFT NVZ FTQFDJBMFT Z EFNPSBO NJMMPOFT EF Bร PT FO QSPEVDJSTF QPS FKFNQMP FM DBSCร O FM QFUSร MFP FM HBT OBUVSBM P FM NJOFSBM EF VSBOJP RVF VOB WF[ FNQMFBEPT QBSB PCUFOFS FOFSHร B OP TF SFHFOFSBO
3. "M FTDSJCJS MB GSBTF iFM EF MBT BHVBT RVF IJFSWFOw #FSCFM BMVEF B MBT BHVBT UFSNBMFT EF $PQBIVF EF MBT RVF FM WPMDร O FT VOB GVFOUF JNQPSUBOUF
Pรกgina 93 13. "VORVF TF USBUB EF VOB BDUJWJEBE BCJFSUB FO MB RVF DBEB BMVN-
4. &T NVZ QSPCBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT IBZBO SFDPOPDJEP RVF TF USBUB EF BHVBT UFSNBMFT Z SFTQPOEBO RVF MPT QFIVFODIFT TJNQMFNFOUF TF CBร BCBO QBSB DBMFOUBSTF 5BM WF[ BMHVOP IBZB FTUBEP FO VOB EF FTUBT GVFOUFT Z NFODJPOF PUSBT SB[POFT DPNP MB BTJHOBDJร O EF QSPQJFEBEFT NFEJDJOBMFT RVF TF TVFMFO BUSJCVJS B TVT BHVBT
Pรกgina 80 5. &O FTUB BDUJWJEBE TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO JEFOUJGJDBS RVF FM UJQP EF FOFSHร B RVF TF USBOTGJFSF B VOB SVFEB IJESร VMJDB QVFEF TFS DJOร UJDB QPS FM NPWJNJFOUP EFM Sร P P QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB FO DBTP EF RVF MB SVFEB TF FODVFOUSF FO VO TBMUP EF BHVB -B USBOTNJTJร O EF FTUB FOFSHร B TF SFBMJ[BCB QPS NFEJP EF NFDBOJTNPT FOHSBOBKFT DPSSFBT FUDร UFSB -PT Sร PT DBVEBMPTPT FSBO MPT NFKPSFT MVHBSFT QBSB NPOUBS FTUF UJQP EF EJTQPTJUJWPT
Pรกgina 81 6. &M QSPQร TJUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT UPNFO DPOUBDUP DPO FM JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM RVF QSPEVDF MB JNQMBOUBDJร O EF VOB DFOUSBM IJESPFMร DUSJDB &TUP MFT QFSNJUJSร SFDPOPDFS RVF DBEB WF[ RVF TF VUJMJ[BO SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT QBSB QSPEVDJS FOFSHร B TF QSPEVDF BMHร O UJQP EF JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM
Pรกgina 91 7. -B Eร OBNP EF CJDJDMFUB TF QBSFDF B MBT UVSCJOBT RVF GPSNBO QBSUF EF BMHVOBT DFOUSBMFT HFOFSBEPSBT EF FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB DPNP MBT IJESPFMร DUSJDBT MBT Uร SNJDBT MBT OVDMFBSFT MBT NBSFPNPUSJDFT Z MBT Fร MJDBT
8. -B TFNFKBO[B Nร T FWJEFOUF FT RVF BNCPT UPNBO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB Z MB DPOWJFSUFO FO FMFDUSJDJEBE &O QBSUJDVMBS FM NPEFMP DPOTUSVJEP BQSPWFDIB MB FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB EF VOB DPSSJFOUF EF BHVB QPS MP RVF FT NVZ TJNJMBS B MBT UVSCJOBT IJESPFMร DUSJDBT P B MBT NBSFPNPUSJDFT &O DVBOUP B MBT EJGFSFODJBT FM NPEFMP EFM QSPGFTPS QSFTFOUB VOB DPOTUSVDDJร O NVZ Cร TJDB QPDP BQUB QBSB TPQPSUBS MPT FNCBUFT EF VOB DPSSJFOUF WFSEBEFSB -B DPSSJFOUF HFOFSBEB QPS PUSB QBSUF FT JOTJHOJGJDBOUF DPNQBSBEB DPO MB EF MBT UVSCJOBT SFBMFT
OP TFMFDDJPOBSร MB NBOFSB Nร T BEFDVBEB EF QSFTFOUBS MB JOGPSNBDJร O RVF DPOTJEFSF SFMFWBOUF FT QPTJCMF USB[BS BMHVOBT Mร OFBT EF MP RVF TF FTQFSB &O SFMBDJร O DPO FM BSUร DVMP TPCSF FM BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EFM SFDVSTP Fร MJDP FM UFYUP OP TPMP NFODJPOB MBT QPTJCJMJEBEFT EF MB 1BUBHPOJB TJOP UBNCJร O MBT EF MB [POB BUMร OUJDB EF MB QSPWJODJB EF #VFOPT "JSFT Z MBT EF MBT QSPWJODJBT EFM DFOUSP BSHFOUJOP -B OPUB SFGFSJEB B MB FYQMPUBDJร O HFPUร SNJDB OP TF MJNJUB B MB SFHJร O EF $PQBIVF DVZBT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT TF NFODJPOBSPO FO FM DBQร UVMP TJOP RVF FT NVZ BNQMJB FO DVBOUP B MBT [POBT RVF QVFEFO BQSPWFDIBSTF 1PS ร MUJNP FM UFYUP FO UPSOP EF MB DVFTUJร O OVDMFBS FT GBDUJCMF RVF TFB FM RVF EFTQJFSUF Nร T QPMร NJDBT EFCJEP B MBT WFOUBKBT Z MBT EFTWFOUBKBT RVF TVQPOF TV VUJMJ[BDJร O
Pรกginas 94 y 95 14. a) 'BMTP &M DVBESP EF MB Qร HJOB NVFTUSB RVF FO FM QSPHSBNB EF HFOFSBDJร O FMร DUSJDB NFEJBOUF GVFOUFT EF FOFSHร BT SFOPWBCMFT MB NJUBE EF MPT .8 DPSSFTQPOEF BM BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EFM SFDVSTP Fร MJDP b) 7FSEBEFSP -PT BFSPHFOFSBEPSFT UJFOFO NVDIBT WFOUBKBT Z OP QSPEVDFO OJOHร O UJQP EF DPOUBNJOBDJร O QFSP TV JOTUBMBDJร O BMUFSB FM BTQFDUP HFOFSBM EFM QBJTBKF EPOEF TF FNQMB[BO RVF QPS MP HFOFSBM DPSSFTQPOEF B SFHJPOFT MMBOBT DPO HSBO WJTJCJMJEBE c) 'BMTP 1BSB PCUFOFS FOFSHร B SFOUBCMF EF MBT PMBT FT OFDFTBSJP DPOTUSVJS DFOUSBMFT RVF PDVQFO WBSJPT LJMร NFUSPT EF DPTUB MP RVF QPESร B PDBTJPOBS SJFTHPT B MB OBWFHBDJร O d) 'BMTP &TUBT DFOUSBMFT FMJNJOBO HBTFT RVF TPO QSPEVDUP EF MB DPNCVTUJร O MPT DVBMFT DBVTBO QSPCMFNBT TFSJPT EF DPOUBNJOBDJร O BUNPTGร SJDB e) 7FSEBEFSP -B FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM EFM BHVB DPOUFOJEB FO MB SFQSFTB TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB RVF TF BQSPWFDIB QBSB BDDJPOBS MBT UVSCJOBT
15. "VORVF TF USBUB EF VOB BDUJWJEBE BCJFSUB FT QSPCBCMF RVF MPT
9. %FCFSร B CVTDBS BTQBT EF UBNBร P NVDIP NBZPS MP RVF OP TFSร B
BMVNOPT MPDBMJDFO BSUร DVMPT RVF TF SFGJFSBO B MPT DPOWFOJPT GJSNBEPT QPS MPT QSFTJEFOUFT EF MPT EPT QBร TFT QBSB FM TVNJOJTUSP EJBSJP EF NJMMPOFT EF NFUSPT Dร CJDPT EF iHBTรธCPMJWJBOPw EVSBOUF MPT QSร YJNPT Bร PT
TFODJMMP Z EJTQPOFS FM DPOKVOUP FO VO TPQPSUF BEFDVBEP QBSB FOGSFOUBS FM WJFOUP
16. a) Z b) &O MB Qร HJOB DJUBEB TF JODMVZF VO MJTUBEP DPNQMFUP EF DFO-
10. 4J TF DPOTJHVF VOB EF FTUBT Eร OBNPT RVF OP FT UBO EJGร DJM TF QPESร DPSSPCPSBS RVF DVBOEP FM HJSP EF MB SVFEB FT Nร T Sร QJEP MB Eร OBNP FOUSFHB Nร T DPSSJFOUF BM GBSP Z BVNFOUB MB JOUFOTJEBE EF MB MV[ RVF FTUF FNJUF
USBMFT IJESPFMร DUSJDBT BSHFOUJOBT TV VCJDBDJร O Z VO EFUBMMF EF TVT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT Uร DOJDBT $PO FTPT EBUPT QVFEF SFBMJ[BSTF VO EJBHSBNB EF UPSUB P BMHร O PUSP SFDVSTP FRVJWBMFOUF RVF NVFTUSF DVร OUB FOFSHร B BQPSUB DBEB DFOUSBM BM UPUBM HFOFSBEP FO OVFTUSP QBร T
17. a) Z b) -B BDUJWJEBE FT BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF FM UFYUP GPNFOUF FM ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
11. $PO FTF EJTQPTJUJWP MMBNBEP BMUFSOBEPS TF NBOUJFOF DBSHBEB MB CBUFSร B Z TF IBDF GVODJPOBS MB SBEJP MBT MVDFT Z PUSBT QBSUFT FMร DUSJDBT EFM WFIร DVMP &O FM DBQร UVMP FTUVEJBSFNPT RVF FM BMUFSOBEPS QSPEVDF DPSSJFOUF BMUFSOB NJFOUSBT RVF FO MB Eร OBNP MB DPSSJFOUF HFOFSBEB FT DPOUJOVB
12. "M NPWFS TVT QJFSOBT FM DJDMJTUB BQPSUB FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB RVF PCUVWP EF MB FOFSHร B RVร NJDB DPOUFOJEB FO MPT BMJNFOUPT RVF JOHJSJร &TB FOFSHร B QBTB EF MB SVFEB B MB Eร OBNP &O MB Eร OBNP MB FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB TF DPOWJFSUF FO FMFDUSJDJEBE FT EFDJS FO FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB RVF FO FM GBSPM TF USBOTGPSNB FO MV[ FOFSHร B MVNร OJDB &O UPEBT MBT DPOWFSTJPOFT IBZ FNJTJร O EF FOFSHร B FO GPSNB EF DBMPS RVF iTF QJFSEFw QPSRVF OP TF BQSPWFDIB QBSB FM QSPQร TJUP CVTDBEP FT EFDJS QBSB JMVNJOBS
EFCBUF Z HFOFSF VOB SFGMFYJร O BDFSDB EF MPT FGFDUPT EF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT IVNBOBT TPCSF FM BNCJFOUF Z MB OFDFTJEBE EF QMBOUFBS SFHVMBDJPOFT RVF FKFS[BO VO DPOUSPM TPDJBM TPCSF FTBT BDUJWJEBEFT -B JOUFODJร O FO FTUF QVOUP FT SFUPNBS MP FYQSFTBEP FO Qร HJOBT BOUFSJPSFT FO DVBOUP B RVF FTUF UJQP EF iBOร MJTJT EFCF TFS QBSUF EF MB GPSNBDJร O EF GVUVSPT DJVEBEBOPT DSร UJDPT Z SFTQPOTBCMFT RVF QPTFBO VOB DPODJFODJB DMBSB TPCSF MPT JNQBDUPT Z MPT FGFDUPT RVF QSPEVDFO MBT BDUJWJEBEFT DJFOUร GJDBT Z UFDOPMร HJDBT TPCSF FM BNCJFOUF MB DBMJEBE EF WJEB MBT DPNVOJDBDJPOFT Z MB QPMร UJDB Z FM NVOEP EFM USBCBKPw
18. &O MBT Qร HJOBT EF MBT PSHBOJ[BDJPOFT BNCJFOUBMJTUBT FODPOUSBSร O JOGPSNBDJร O WBSJBEB RVF NVFTUSB FM FTUBEP MBNFOUBCMF EF FTBT QPCMBDJPOFT JODMVJEBT MBT EF BHVBSร HVB[ร Z DJFSWPT EF MPT
13
19. 6O EJTFร P QPTJCMF QBSB FM JOGPSNF QPESร B TFS FM TJHVJFOUF QMBOUFBS VOB JOUSPEVDDJร O TPCSF MBT FOPSNFT DBOUJEBEFT EF FOFSHร B SFRVFSJEBT QPS FM NVOEP BDUVBM Z FO QBSUJDVMBS QPS FTB QSPWJODJB 5BNCJร O TF QPESร B NFODJPOBS MB OFDFTJEBE EF IBMMBS GVFOUFT RVF HFOFSFO FM NFOPS JNQBDUP TPCSF FM NFEJP " DPOUJOVBDJร O TF QPESร B QSFTFOUBS MB FOFSHร B Fร MJDB DPNP VOB EF MBT GPSNBT iBMUFSOBUJWBTw EF BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP Z FYQMJDBS RVF QSร DUJDBNFOUF OP BMUFSB FM NFEJP -VFHP TF QPESร BO QSFTFOUBS EBUPT RVF NVFTUSFO MB JNQPSUBODJB EF MPT WJFOUPT FO FTB SFHJร O Z SFDPNFOEBS MB SFBMJ[BDJร O EF VO SFMFWBNJFOUP EF MBT [POBT WFOUPTBT FO MBT RVF TF JOTUBMBSร BO MPT HFOFSBEPSFT Fร MJDPT -B JEFB FT RVF MPT WJFOUPT OP TPMP TFBO CBTUBOUF JOUFOTPT TJOP RVF UBNCJร O TPQMFO DPO SFHVMBSJEBE EVSBOUF DBTJ UPEP FM Eร B Z MB OPDIF $VBOEP TF TFMFDDJPOFO FTUBT [POBT QPTJCMFT IBZ RVF UFOFS FO DVFOUB RVF FTPT HFOFSBEPSFT TF BEBQUBO NFKPS B SFHJPOFT SVSBMFT FO MBT RVF MB EFNBOEB EF FMFDUSJDJEBE OP FT NVZ HSBOEF
20. $PO FTUB BDUJWJEBE MPT BMVNOPT QSPGVOEJ[BSร O FO FM DPOPDJNJFOUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE OVDMFBS FO OVFTUSP QBร T Secciรณn
La energรญa
III elรฉctrica
Pรกgina 101 1. &TUB BDUJWJEBE UJFOF DPNP QSPQร TJUP JOEBHBS BDFSDB EF MBT JEFBT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MBT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT EF MB JOGSBFTUSVDUVSB OFDFTBSJB QBSB FM USBOTQPSUF EF FMFDUSJDJEBE &O FM DBQร UVMP TF FYQMJDB RVF MBT DFOUSBMFT EFCFO DPOTUSVJSTF FO MPT MVHBSFT Nร T BQUPT QBSB TV GVODJPOBNJFOUP MBT IJESPFMร DUSJDBT KVOUP B BMHVOB DPSSJFOUF EF BHVB TVGJDJFOUFNFOUF JNQPSUBOUF MBT OVDMFBSFT BM MBEP EF VO MBHP P EF VO Sร P EPOEF FOGSJBS TVT FRVJQPT MBT Uร SNJDBT FO MBT BGVFSBT EF MPT DFOUSPT VSCBOPT QPS TV BMUP OJWFM EF DPOUBNJOBDJร O &TP TJHOJGJDB RVF MPT MVHBSFT EF NBZPS DPOTVNP TVFMFO FTUBS MFKPT EF MBT DFOUSBMFT Z QPS FTP MB FMFDUSJDJEBE EFCF USBOTQPSUBSTF B USBWร T EF HSBOEFT EJTUBODJBT
2. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &T BMUBNFOUF QSPCBCMF RVF UPEPT MPT BMVNOPT DPJODJEBO FO RVF MB EFNBOEB EF FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB FT FGFDUJWBNFOUF DSFDJFOUF QVFEF JOGFSJSTF FTUP B QBSUJS EF MB JOGPSNBDJร O RVF QVFEFO NBOFKBS QSPWFOJFOUF EF MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJร O TPDJBM -P EFNVFTUSB FM Oร NFSP DBEB WF[ NBZPS EF BSUFGBDUPT EF OVFTUSP FOUPSOP RVF GVODJPOBO DPO FMFDUSJDJEBE 4PO UBO OVNFSPTBT MBT BQMJDBDJPOFT EF FTUB GPSNB EF FOFSHร B RVF FMMP OPT MMFWB B SFGMFYJPOBS TPCSF MB EFQFOEFODJB IVNBOB EF HSBO QBSUF de esas aplicaciones.
3. 4J MB EJTUBODJB FOUSF DBCMFT FT MP TVGJDJFOUFNFOUF HSBOEF TF JNQJEF RVF VO BWF MMFHVF B IBDFS DPOUBDUP DPO MPT EPT DPOEVDUPSFT BM NJTNP UJFNQP QPS FKFNQMP DPO TVT BMBT 6O BWF QBSBEB TPCSF VO TPMP DPOEVDUPS OP FTUBCMFDF VO DJSDVJUP FMร DUSJDP QPSRVF MB UFOTJร O FOUSF TVT QBUBT FT QSร DUJDBNFOUF DFSP Z MB SFTJTUFODJB EFM BWF FT NVDIP NBZPS RVF MB EFM DBCMF &TP TJHOJGJDB RVF QPS FTB BWF OP DJSDVMB DPSSJFOUF &TUPT DPODFQUPT TFSร O USBUBEPT B MP MBSHP EFM DBQร UVMP
4. -B OPSNB CFOFGJDJB FTQFDJBMNFOUF B MBT BWFT EF NBZPS UBNBร P QPSRVF TPO QSFDJTBNFOUF FTUBT MBT RVF QPS TV FOWFSHBEVSB QVFEFO MMFHBS B UPDBS EPT DBCMFT
14
5
La energรญa y los circuitos elรฉctricos
Pรกgina 102 1. $VBOEP &TDSJCPOJP JOEJDB RVF TF EFCF DPMPDBS iVO UPSQFEP WJWP TPCSF MB [POB EPOEF TF FODVFOUSB FM EPMPSw FTUร IBDJFOEP SFGFSFODJB B MB SBZB UPSQFEP 4F TVQPOF RVF BM SFDJCJS VOB EFTDBSHB EFM QF[ FM EPMPS EF DBCF[B EFM QBDJFOUF TF FMJNJOBSร iQBSB TJFNQSFw
2. &T NVZ QPTJCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT NFODJPOFO SBZPT Z SFMร NQBHPT DPNP GFOร NFOPT RVF TF QSPEVDFO FO MB OBUVSBMF[B 5BNCJร O FT GBDUJCMF RVF SFDVFSEFO TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF RVFEBO iDBSHBEPTw BM DBNJOBS TPCSF DJFSUBT BMGPNCSBT P WFO TBMUBS iDIJTQJUBTw DVBOEP TF RVJUBO VO QVMร WFS FO BNCJFOUFT EF QPDB MV[
3. $PNP TF FTUVEJBSร FO FTUF DBQร UVMP MPT WPMUT TF SFMBDJPOBO DPO FM iWPMUBKFw Nร T DPSSFDUBNFOUF EFOPNJOBEP UFOTJร O P EJGFSFODJB EF QPUFODJBM Z MPT BNQFSFT DPO MB JOUFOTJEBE EF MB DPSSJFOUF FMร DUSJDB
4. $PO FTUB QSFHVOUB TF QSFUFOEF DPOPDFS MBT BOUJDJQBDJPOFT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MPT NBUFSJBMFT DPOEVDUPSFT Z MPT BJTMBOUFT FMร DUSJDPT 6O BSQร O EF NFUBM DPOEVDF MB EFTDBSHB FMร DUSJDB QSPWFOJFOUF EF MB SBZB UPSQFEP QFSP OP VOP EF NBEFSB
5. "VORVF MB SFTQVFTUB FT BCJFSUB QVFEF QSFWFSTF RVF NVDIPT BMVNOPT BGJSNFO RVF B QBSUJS EF MPT OVNFSPTPT BWBODFT FO FTUF DBNQP FO FM QSFTFOUF MB DJFODJB UJFOF VOB JEFB CBTUBOUF QSFDJTB EF DVร M FT MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MB FMFDUSJDJEBE &T QSPCBCMF RVF BMHVOPT BMVNOPT MB SFMBDJPOFO DPO FM EFTQMB[BNJFOUP EF MPT FMFDUSPOFT
Pรกgina 109 6. $PNP FM UBORVF EF BHVB TF FODVFOUSB FO FM ร MUJNP QJTP EFM FEJGJDJP MB BMUVSB EF DBร EB EFM BHVB IBTUB FM TFHVOEP QJTP TFSร NBZPS RVF MB RVF IBZ IBTUB FM RVJOUP &OUPODFT UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB MP BQSFOEJEP MB JOUFOTJEBE EFM DIPSSP EF MB DBOJMMB FO FM EFQBSUBNFOUP EFM TFHVOEP QJTP TFSร NBZPS RVF MB EFM RVJOUP
7. )BZ EFTEF MVFHP NVDIBT EJGFSFODJBT FTFODJBMFT &T QPTJCMF RVF MPT DIJDPT NFODJPOFO BM NFOPT FTUBT USFT RVF FO VOP DJSDVMB BHVB Z FO FM PUSP FMFDUSPOFT RVF FO FM NPEFMP IJESร VMJDP OP FT OFDFTBSJP DPOGJHVSBS VO DJSDVJUP DFSSBEP DPNP FO FM DBTP FMร DUSJDP Z RVF FM NPEFMP IJESร VMJDP NPTUSBEP iEVSBw QPDP UJFNQP QPSRVF FM BHVB EFM SFDJQJFOUF TVQFSJPS TF BHPUB DPO SBQJEF[
Pรกgina 115 8. a) &O FM DJSDVJUP FO TFSJF MB UFOTJร O EF MB QJMB TF EJWJEF FO EPT QBSUFT 1PS FTP MBT Mร NQBSBT TF FODJFOEFO DPO NFOPS JOUFOTJEBE RVF TJ TF DPOFDUBSBO TPMBT &O FM DJSDVJUP FO QBSBMFMP BNCBT Mร NQBSBT TF FODVFOUSBO CBKP MB UPUBMJEBE EF MB UFOTJร O QPS FTP MBT EPT TF FODJFOEFO DPO JHVBM JOUFOTJEBE b) &O FM DJSDVJUP FO TFSJF TJ TF RVJUB VOB EF MBT Mร NQBSBT MB PUSB UBNCJร O TF BQBHB QPSRVF TF JOUFSSVNQF FM DJSDVJUP &O DBNCJP TJ TF RVJUB VOB EF MBT Mร NQBSBT FO FM DJSDVJUP FO QBSBMFMP MB PUSB RVFEB FODFOEJEB QPSRVF OP TF JOUFSSVNQF TV QSPQJP DJSDVJUP
9. a) &M NBUFSJBM EF DBEB FMFDUSPEP EFQFOEF EF MBT Mร NJOBT NFUร MJDBT RVF MPT BMVNOPT IBZBO DPOTFHVJEP Z VTBEP FO FM BSNBEP EF MB QJMB &M FMFDUSPMJUP FT FM TVMGBUP EF DPCSF b) 4F USBUB EF VOB SFTQVFTUB BCJFSUB QPSRVF EFQFOEF EF MBT Mร NJOBT NFUร MJDBT RVF MPT BMVNOPT IBZBO DPOTFHVJEP
Pรกgina 117 10. -BT BDDJPOFT QVFEFO TFS NVZ EJWFSTBT Z TV FKFDVDJร O EFQFOEFSร
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
QBOUBOPT EF MBT DVBMFT BMHVOBT FTUร O BNFOB[BEBT Z PUSBT FO QFMJHSP TFSJP EF FYUJODJร O
EFM JOUFSร T Z FM FOUVTJBTNP EF MPT BMVNOPT " NPEP EF FKFNQMP se pueden hacer afiches para los compaรฑeros de la escuela, orHBOJ[BS DIBSMBT QBSB MB DPNVOJEBE EJGVOEJS MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT QPS SBEJPT Z PUSPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJร O BTร DPNP UPNBS DPOUBDUP DPO TPDJFEBEFT EF GPNFOUP Z 0/( FOUSF PUSBT
Pรกginas 118 y 119 11. -PT DVFSQPT " Z $ UJFOFO DBSHB OFHBUJWB NJFOUSBT RVF FO MPT
TVBM FT RVF ร M IBZB NBOJQVMBEP DJFSUPT FMFNFOUPT RVF DPOMMFWBSPO B TVT EFTDVCSJNJFOUPT Z FTUP QSFTVQPOF RVF TF QFSTFHVร B VO PCKFUJWP DMBSP b) &T NVZ QPDP QSPCBCMF RVF BMHVJFO RVF OP FTUVWJFTF GBNJMJBSJ[BEP DPO MPT GFOร NFOPT FMร DUSJDPT Z NBHOร UJDPT QVEJFSB OPUBS MPT FGFDUPT FMFDUSPNBHOร UJDPT
21. &M PCKFUP EFCFSร B TFS EF VO NBUFSJBM BJTMBOUF QBSB FWJUBS RVF MB
DVFSQPT # Z % MB DBSHB FT QPTJUJWB
DPSSJFOUF MMFHVF BM DVFSQP EF MB QFSTPOB RVF QSFTUB BZVEB
12. $PNP WJTUF FO MPT DBQร UVMPT Z MB Mร NQBSB DPOWJFSUF VOB QBSUF
22. a) 4J TF GSPUBO EPT WBSJMMBT EF WJESJP DPO QBร PT EF TFEB Z MVFHP TF
EF MB FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB FO FOFSHร B MVNร OJDB FM NPUPS FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB Z MB SBEJP FO FOFSHร B TPOPSB &O MPT USFT DBTPT MB QBSUF EF FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB RVF OP TF BQSPWFDIB TF USBOTGPSNB FO DBMPS
BDFSDB VOB WBSJMMB B MB PUSB BNCBT TF SFQFMFSร O QPSRVF QPTFFO cargas de igual signo. b) 4J TF BDFSDB DVBMRVJFSB EF MBT WBSJMMBT BM QBร P EF TFEB BNCPT cuerpos se descargarรกn.
13. "VORVF MB BDUJWJEBE FT BCJFSUB OP FT EJGร DJM RVF MPT BMVNOPT MPHSFO VCJDBS EJGFSFOUFT NPEFMPT EF QJMBT Z CBUFSร BT DPO EJTUJOUBT UFOTJPOFT RVF TF FNQMFBO FO SFMPKFT DPNQVUBEPSBT Z Dร NBSBT GPUPHSร GJDBT -B JEFB FT RVF DPSSPCPSFO MPT EBUPT TVNJOJTUSBEPT FO FM UFYUP TPCSF TVT UFOTJPOFT Z MPT NBUFSJBMFT RVF MBT DPOTUJUVZFO TFHVSBNFOUF FO BMHร O MVHBS EF DBEB GVFOUF GJHVSBSร O TVT Tร NCPMPT RVร NJDPT
23. 1BSB JODSFNFOUBS MB FOFSHร B QSPWJTUB QPS MB QJMB TF QPESร B DPOFDUBS FO TFSJF WBSJBT EF FTUBT EJTQPTJDJPOFT DPO MP RVF MB UFOTJร O UPUBM TFSร B MB TVNB EF MBT BQPSUBEBT QPS DBEB QJMB EF MJNร O
24. 1BSB SFTPMWFS FM FKFSDJDJP IBZ RVF UFOFS FO DVFOUB MBT SFMBDJPOFT
R=
14. 4J TF QPOF FO DPOUBDUP DPO MB QJMB TPMP VOP EF MPT FYUSFNPT EF
V V ; I = ; V = I โ R; P = V โ I; E = P โ t I R
a) 8 + b) 7 8 + c) " 8 +
VO DBCMF OP IBZ DJSDVMBDJร O EF DPSSJFOUF QPSRVF FM DJSDVJUP QFSNBOFDF BCJFSUP
15. &M PSEFO DPSSFDUP FT FM TJHVJFOUF t -B FMFDUSJDJEBE TBMF EF MB QJMB QPS FM UFSNJOBM OFHBUJWP o t $JSDVMB QPS FM DPOEVDUPS RVF FTUร FO FM JOUFSJPS EFM DBCMF t 0USP DPOEVDUPS MB USBOTQPSUB QPS FM JOUFSJPS EF MB MBNQBSJUB IBTUB FM GJMBNFOUP t 1BTB QPS FM GJMBNFOUP MP RVF QSPEVDF MV[ Z DBMPS t 4BMF EF MB MBNQBSJUB QPS VO DPOEVDUPS JOUFSOP t RFUPSOB B MB QJMB QPS PUSP DBCMF t -MFHB B MB QJMB QPS FM UFSNJOBM QPTJUJWP
16. -PT BSUFGBDUPT FMร DUSJDPT RVF QVFEFO FODPOUSBSTF FO VOB DBTB TF DPOFDUBO FO QBSBMFMP B MB JOTUBMBDJร O FMร DUSJDB 'ร DJMNFOUF TF QVFEF NPTUSBS RVF TJ BMHVOP TF EFTDPOFDUB EF FMMPT FM SFTUP TJgue funcionando.
6
El transporte y distribuciรณn de la energรญa
Pรกgina 120 1. %F MB MFDUVSB EFM DBQร UVMP BOUFSJPS MPT BMVNOPT UBM WF[ SFDVFSEFO RVF MB SFE EPNJDJMJBSJB TF BCBTUFDF DPO DPSSJFOUF BMUFSOB DVZB UFOTJร O WBSร B TFHร O FM QBร T DPOTJEFSBEP &O MB "SHFOUJOB QPS FKFNQMP FT EF 7 QFSP FO PUSPT FT EF 7 7 FUDร UFSB 3FTQFDUP EF MBT DBVTBT RVF MMFWBSPO B FTUB FMFDDJร O FT NVZ QSPCBCMF RVF QSPQPOHBO FYQMJDBDJPOFT RVF OP HVBSEBO OJOHVOB SFMBDJร O DPO MBT RVF BM GJOBM QSFWBMFDJFSPO Z RVF TF FYQMJDBSร O FO FTUF DBQร UVMP
17. -BT MVDFT EF MBT HVJSOBMEBT OBWJEFร BT TF DPOFDUBO FO TFSJF 4J BMHVOB EF FMMBT TF RVFNB FM SFTUP EF MBT MVDFT EF MB HVJSOBMEB OP TF FODJFOEF IBTUB RVF TF MB SFFNQMB[B
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
18. a) -PT OVNFSBEPT Z TPO DJSDVJUPT FO QBSBMFMP Z FM FT VO DJSDVJUP FO TFSJF b) &O FM MB UFOTJร O UPUBM FT EF 7 FO FM FT EF 7 Z FO FM Z FM FT EF 7 c) $BEB SFTJTUFODJB SFDJCF MB UPUBMJEBE EF MB UFOTJร O TVNJOJTUSBEB QPS MB QJMB FO MPT USFT DBTPT EF DJSDVJUPT FO QBSBMFMP d) &O MPT DVBUSP DBTPT MBT GMFDIBT EFCFO JOEJDBS FM TFOUJEP EF MB DPSSJFOUF RVF TBMF EFM UFSNJOBM OFHBUJWP EF MB QJMB Z WB IBDJB FM QPTJUJWP
2. $PO FTUB QSFHVOUB TF QSPDVSB JOEBHBS BDFSDB EF DVร MFT TPO MPT DPOPDJNJFOUPT QSFWJPT EF MPT BMVNOPT DPO SFTQFDUP B MBT SFEFT EF EJTUSJCVDJร O EF FMFDUSJDJEBE 5BM WF[ BMHVOPT SFDVFSEFO RVF FO DBQร UVMPT BOUFSJPSFT TF NFODJPOBSPO EF NBOFSB NVZ TVQFSGJDJBM
3. &M QSPQร TJUP EF MB QSFHVOUB FT DPOPDFS RVร TBCFO MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MBT EJGFSFOUFT JOTUBODJBT QPS MBT RVF QBTB MB FOFSHร B FMร DUSJDB IBTUB MMFHBS B MBT DBTBT Z PUSPT MVHBSFT EF DPOTVNP 5BM WF[ IBZBO Pร EP IBCMBS EF UPSSFT EF BMUB UFOTJร O USBOTGPSNBEPSFT V PUSPT EJTQPTJUJWPT RVF FT QSPCBCMF RVF OP DPOP[DBO FO profundidad.
4. $POTJEFSBOEP MP PDVSSJEP DPO 5PQTZ MB GSBTF EF &EJTPO SFTVMUB 19. 1BSB MFWBOUBS Z MVFHP TPMUBS FM DVFSQP IBZ RVF BDUJWBS Z EFTBDUJWBS FM FMFDUSPJNร O EF MBT HSร BT 1BSB FMMP FM PQFSBSJP EF MB HSร B EFCF DPOUBS DPO VO JOUFSSVQUPS RVF QFSNJUB RVF MB FMFDUSJDJEBE DJSDVMF P EFKF EF IBDFSMP
JODPIFSFOUF DPO FM BDPOUFDJNJFOUP EFTDSJQUP Z QBSFDJFSB QSPWFOJS EF VOB QFSTPOB EJTUJOUB B MB RVF QBSUJDJQร FO MB FMFDUSPDVDJร O EF MB FMFGBOUB
5. 4J UJFOFO FO DVFOUB MB FOPSNF DBOUJEBE EF EJOFSP RVF FTUBCB FO 20. a) 4J CJFO FT QPTJCMF RVF FYJTUB BMHร O DPNQPOFOUF DBTVBM FT NVZ QSPCBCMF RVF 0FSTUFE IBZB FTUVEJBEP NVZ B GPOEP MPT GFOร NFOPT FMร DUSJDPT Z NBHOร UJDPT -P RVF TFHVSP OP FT DB-
KVFHP FO MB iHVFSSB EF MBT DPSSJFOUFTw TFHVSBNFOUF MPT BMVNOPT BGJSNBSร O RVF QSFWBMFDJFSPO SB[POFT EF UJQP FDPOร NJDP UBO GVFSUFT DPNP QBSB RVF &EJTPO EFKBSB B VO MBEP TV QPTUVSB ร UJDB
15
&T QPTJCMF RVF BMHVOP UBNCJร O TFร BMF SB[POFT SFMBDJPOBEBT DPO MB QSPZFDDJร O QFSTPOBM
Potencia de la mรกquina (watts)
2.200
Pรกgina 121 6. &M QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QJFOTFO RVF
Energรญa entregada por la mรกquina (joules)
BEFNร T EF MBT SB[POFT UPQPHSร GJDBT B WFDFT FT QPTJCMF RVF IBZB SFTJTUFODJB TPDJBM BM UFOEJEP EF DBCMFT ZB RVF FMMP HFOFSB BMUFSBDJPOFT JOEFTFBEBT FO FM QBJTBKF *ODMVTP TF QVTJFSPO FO KVFHP WBMPSFT DVMUVSBMFT NVZ BSSBJHBEPT FO MBT QPCMBDJPOFT JOWPMVDSBEBT $PNP TF WFSร Qร HJOBT Nร T BEFMBOUF UBNCJร O IBZ QFSTPOBT RVF FTHSJNFO BSHVNFOUPT EF ร OEPMF DJFOUร GJDB DPNP MPT QSFTVOUPT FGFDUPT DBODFSร HFOPT QSPWPDBEPT QPS MB DJSDVMBDJร O DFSDBOB EF DPSSJFOUFT JOUFOTBT
Pรกgina 129 7. 1BSBHVBZ BEFVEB B MB "SHFOUJOB VOB JNQPSUBOUF TVNB NJMMPOBSJB PSJHJOBEB QPS MB DPOTUSVDDJร O EFM FNQSFOEJNJFOUP EF :BDZSFUร &M EF TFQUJFNCSF EF 1BSBHVBZ Z "SHFOUJOB MMFHBSPO B VO BDVFSEP QBSB BCPOBS TV EFVEB NFEJBOUF MB FOUSFHB EF FMFDUSJDJEBE B SB[ร O EF (8 QPS Bร P EVSBOUF DVBUSP Eร DBEBT
Pรกgina 131 8. &T FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT WBMPSFT PCUFOJEPT QFSNJUBO RVF MPT BMVNOPT
14. a /P FT EJGร DJM MPDBMJ[BS FM NFEJEPS EF FMFDUSJDJEBE EF DBEB DBTB 4J FM NPEFMP FT BOUJHVP FM FMFNFOUP Nร WJM FT VO EJTDP HJSBUPSJP -PT Nร T NPEFSOPT DVFOUBO DPO VOB QBOUBMMB DPO Oร NFSPT Nร WJMFT RVF WBO JOEJDBOEP FM DPOTVNP b) -B SFDPNFOEBDJร O EF RVF MB FYQFSJFODJB EF PCTFSWBDJร O TF SFBMJDF DPO FM BDPNQBร BNJFOUP EF VOB QFSTPOB NBZPS TF EFCF BM FWFOUVBM SJFTHP EF MBT UFOTJPOFT FO KVFHP 7 %F UPEPT NPEPT BDMBSBNPT RVF TJ OP TF UPDB OBEB OP IBZ SJFTHP c) 1BSB DPOUSPMBS RVร BSUFGBDUPT DPOTVNFO Nร T Z DVร MFT NFOPT TF MPT QVFEF DPOFDUBS EF B VOP QPS WF[ EFTDPOFDUBOEP UPEPT MPT EFNร T Z PCTFSWBS MB WFMPDJEBE DPO RVF TF EFTQMB[B FM FMFNFOUP Nร WJM FO DBEB DBTP d) "VORVF MB BDUJWJEBE FT TFODJMMB FO FYUSFNP MB JOUFODJร O EF FTUF FKFSDJDJP FT RVF FM BMVNOP TF GBNJMJBSJDF DPO MPT EBUPT EF MB GBDUVSB EF MB FNQSFTB QSPWFFEPSB EF FMFDUSJDJEBE
QVFEBO SFBMJ[BS MPT Dร MDVMPT RVF TF QSPQPOFO FO FTUB BDUJWJEBE
15. "RVร UBNCJร O TF JOUFOUB RVF FM BMVNOP TF GBNJMJBSJDF DPO MB 9. %F OJOHVOB NBOFSB &T NVZ JNQPSUBOUF RVF UPEB WF[ RVF TF VUJMJDF FM NVMUร NFUSP QBSB EFUFSNJOBS DPOUJOVJEBE FM DJSDVJUP JOTQFDDJPOBEP FTUร EFTDPOFDUBEP EF GVFOUFT EF DPSSJFOUF 4J OP GVFSB BTร OP TPMP MB EFUFSNJOBDJร O TFSร B FSSร OFB TJOP RVF DPSSFSร BNPT FM SJFTHP EF SFDJCJS VOB EFTDBSHB FMร DUSJDB
GBDUVSB EF MB FNQSFTB QSPWFFEPSB EF FMFDUSJDJEBE : RVF FO DBTP EF EFUFDUBS BMHVOB BOPNBMร B UPNF DPOUBDUP DPO FM &/3& &OUF /BDJPOBM 3FHVMBEPS EF MB &MFDUSJDJEBE EPOEF MF JOGPSNBSร O TPCSF TVT EFSFDIPT DPNP VTVBSJP Z QPESร SFBMJ[BS SFDMBNPT
16. a) -BT Mร NQBSBT EF CBKP DPOTVNP BIPSSBO BMSFEFEPS EFM EF EBEP $VBOEP OP TF VTF TF HVBSEBSร FO TV FTUVDIF QBSB BNPSUJHVBS QPTJCMFT HPMQFT Z FWJUBS EFUFSJPSPT EFCJEPT B MB BDDJร O EFM QPMWP Z MB TVDJFEBE TPCSF UPEP FO MB QBOUBMMB 1BSB NBOUFOFS MJNQJP FM EJTQPTJUJWP JODMVJEBT TVT QVOUBT EF QSVFCB TF VUJMJ[BSร VO QBร P TFDP 4J FM NVMUร NFUSP GVFSB B QFSNBOFDFS TJO VTP EVSBOUF VO UJFNQP QSPMPOHBEP TF TVHJFSF SFUJSBS MB CBUFSร B QSPWFFEPSB EF FOFSHร B EF TV FNQMB[BNJFOUP FO MB QBSUF QPTUFSJPS
Pรกgina 133 11. 4F USBUB EFTEF MVFHP EF VOB BDUJWJEBE BCJFSUB &M QSPQร TJUP NFEJBOUF FTUBT JOEBHBDJPOFT FT QSPNPWFS JOUFSDBNCJPT FOUSF MPT BMVNOPT FO MPT RVF QVFEBO SFGMFYJPOBS Z FYQSFTBS TVT EJGFSFOUFT QPTJDJPOFT TPCSF FM UFNB
12. "DUJWJEBE BCJFSUB &M QSPQร TJUP FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT BDUร FO DPNP BHFOUFT SFGMFYJWPT Z QVFEBO FMBCPSBS QSPQVFTUBT EFTUJOBEBT B NFKPSBS MB WJEB FO TPDJFEBE
Pรกginas 134 y 135 13. -PT WBMPSFT TPMJDJUBEPT TF PCUJFOFO BQMJDBOEP MBT Gร SNVMBT QSFTFOUBEBT FO FM DBQร UVMP 6OB WF[ DPNQMFUBEB MB UBCMB RVFEB BTร
Tensiรณn (volts) Intensidad de corriente (amperes) Tiempo de funcionamiento (segundos)
16
Mรกquina Nยบ 1
Mรกquina Nยบ 2
Mรกquina Nยฐ 3
Mรกquina Nยฐ 4
220
110
110
10
FOFSHร B FO DPNQBSBDJร O DPO MBT JODBOEFTDFOUFT b) -BT DSร UJDBT Nร T GSFDVFOUFT EF MPT VTVBSJPT B FTUF UJQP EF Mร NQBSBT BQVOUBO IBDJB FM UJQP EF MV[ RVF FNJUFO Nร T GSร B Z BM DPTUP EF MB Mร NQBSB RVF FT VOBT TJFUF WFDFT TVQFSJPS BM EF MBT JODBOEFTDFOUFT
17. &TUB FT VOB BDUJWJEBE JOUFHSBEPSB RVF QFSNJUJSร RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFMBDJPOFO MPT DPODFQUPT FTUVEJBEPT FO FM DBQร UVMP Z BNQMร FO TVT FMFNFOUPT Z DSJUFSJPT EF BOร MJTJT B QBSUJS EF MB JOWFTUJHBDJร O
18. &O *OUFSOFU MPT BMVNOPT UPNBSร O DPOUBDUP DPO FM USFO EF MFWJ-
UBDJร O NBHOร UJDB UBNCJร O MMBNBEP maglev por sus iniciales FO JOHMร T -PT USFOFT maglev EDS QPTFFO JNBOFT FO MPT WBHPOFT Z FMFDUSPJNBOFT FO MPT DBSSJMFT HVร B QBSB DPOTFHVJS MB MFWJUBDJร O $VBOEP FM USFO BWBO[B MB EJTUBODJB FOUSF FM WFIร DVMP Z FM DBSSJM HVร B FT EF VOPT DN &M maglev MFWJUB FT EFDJS iGMPUBw DVBOEP DPNJFO[B B DJSDVMBS DPSSJFOUF QPS FM FMFDUSPJNร O Z TF QSPEVDF VOB GVFS[B EF SFQVMTJร O DPO MPT JNBOFT JOTUBMBEPT FO MPT WBHPOFT
19. &OUSF MBT TJUVBDJPOFT RVF NVFTUSBO RVF MPT DJFOUร GJDPT TPO DPNP FO PUSBT QSPGFTJPOFT BGFDUBEPT QPS DPOGMJDUPT F JOUFSFTFT NVZ EJWFSTPT QVFEFO DJUBSTF MPT RVF QBSUJDJQBSPO FO FM FQJTPEJP RVF TF SFMBUB FO MB IJTUPSJB JOJDJBM EF FTUF DBQร UVMP MPT RVF QSFGJFSFO JHOPSBS MP RVF PDVSSF DPO FM DPMUร O Z MPT RVF QBSUJDJQBSPO FO MB GBCSJDBDJร O EF MBT QSJNFSBT CPNCBT BUร NJDBT DBQร UVMP &T QPTJCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT DPOP[DBO PUSBT TJUVBDJPOFT QBSB FOSJRVFDFS FTUB FOVNFSBDJร O
20. -PT BSHVNFOUPT RVF TF FTHSJNFO FO DPOUSB EF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT EF
BNCBT NJOBT TF DFOUSBO FO FM JNQBDUP BNCJFOUBM 1PS FKFNQMP MPT QPCMBEPSFT EF 7JT 7JT Z "NBOBP EFOVODJBSPO B MB FNQSFTB
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
10. &M NVMUร NFUSP FT VO BQBSBUP EFMJDBEP RVF EFCF USBUBSTF DPO DVJ-
.JOFSB -B "MVNCSFSB QPS QPTJCMFT GJMUSBDJPOFT FO VO EJRVF EF MB DPNQBร ร B RVF BGFDUBO QFMJHSPTBNFOUF FM FDPTJTUFNB FM UBQPOBNJFOUP EF BMHVOPT Sร PT MB DPOUBNJOBDJร O EFM Sร P "NBOBP DPO EFTFDIPT RVร NJDPT FUDร UFSB -PT RVF TF PQPOFO B 1BTDVB -BNB TFร BMBO FM VTP EF TVTUBODJBT Uร YJDBT DPNP FM DJBOVSP EF TPEJP Z MB EFTUSVDDJร O EF HMBDJBSFT Secciรณn
IV
La energรญa tรฉrmica
Pรกgina 141 1. "DUJWJEBE EF SFTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M PCKFUJWP EF FTUB QSFHVOUB FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO FYQSFTBS TV QSFDPODFQDJPOFT BDFSDB EF MPT DPODFQUPT Gร TJDPT EF DBMPS Z UFNQFSBUVSB &TUB FYQMJDJUBDJร O QPESร SFTVMUBS ร UJM BM EPDFOUF QBSB SFDPOPDFS BRVFMMPT BTQFDUPT RVF EFCFSร O TPNFUFSTF B DPOGMJDUP EF NPEP RVF MFT QFSNJUB B MPT BMVNOPT SFTJHOJGJDBS FTUBT JEFBT
MPT UFSNร NFUSPT BOBMร HJDPT Z EJHJUBMFT P EF TFOTPSFT EF UFNQFSBUVSB &M QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF QVFEBO UPNBS DPOPDJNJFOUP Cร TJDP BDFSDB EF Dร NP TPO Z EF RVร NBOFSB GVODJPOBO &O MB TFDDJร O 7 TF QSFTFOUB FTUB JOGPSNBDJร O VO QPDP Nร T EFUBMMBEB
Pรกgina 147 6. a) &O FM SFDJQJFOUF UBQBEP DPO FM OBJMPO OFHSP MB UFNQFSBUVSB BVNFOUB Nร T Sร QJEP b) &M OBJMPO OFHSP BCTPSCF UPEBT MBT SBEJBDJPOFT &TUP IBDF RVF TF BQSPWFDIF VOB QSPQPSDJร O NBZPS EF FOFSHร B RVF DPO FM USBOTQBSFOUF RVF SFGMFKB QBSUF EF MBT SBEJBDJPOFT JODJEFOUFT
7. a) &M UJFNQP FT MB WBSJBCMF JOEFQFOEJFOUF Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FO DBEB JOTUBOUF FT MB WBSJBCMF EFQFOEJFOUF b) -PT HSร GJDPT DPOTUSVJEPT QPS MPT BMVNOPT EFQFOEFSร O EF MPT WBMPSFT NFEJEPT $BEB DVSWB TF WFSร DPNP FM FKFNQMP EF MB figura.
2. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &TUB FT PUSB BDUJWJEBE EF JEFBT QSFWJBT RVF QFSNJUJSร UFOFS VO iNBQFPw EF MPT NPEFMPT RVF MPT BMVNOPT TVTUFOUBO BDFSDB EF MBT GPSNBT EF USBOTGFSFODJB EF DBMPS &O MPT DBQร UVMPT Z TF FYQMJDBO FTUPT QSPDFTPT FO TJTUFNBT NBUFSJBMFT Z FO TFSFT WJWPT
80 70
3. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 5BM WF[ EF Bร PT BOUFSJPSFT MPT BMVNOPT P EF
4. &T FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT DPOTJEFSFO EJTUJOUBT WBSJBCMFT EJTUBODJB BM 4PM FYJTUFODJB EF BUNร TGFSB DPO EFUFSNJOBEBT DBSBDUFSร TUJDBT FUDร UFSB
5. 5BM WF[ MPT BMVNOPT OP SFDPOP[DBO UPEBT MBT BEBQUBDJPOFT RVF QPTFFO MPT PTPT QPMBSFT QFSP FM QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF FMMPT JOUFOUFO SFDPOFSMBT B QBSUJS EFM JOUFSDBNCJP EF ideas.
7
Los intercambios de energรญa
60 Temperatura (ยบC)
JEFBT RVF QVFEFO IBCFS FTDVDIBEP P MFร EP MPT BMVNOPT BGJSNFO RVF MPT ZBDBSร T TPO BOJNBMFT EF iTBOHSF GSร Bw &O FM DBQร UVMP TF EBSร O QSFDJTJPOFT BDFSDB EF FTUB ร MUJNB DMBTJGJDBDJร O Z EF MPT SFDVSTPT EF SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB FO MPT TFSFT WJWPT
50 40 30 20 10 0 0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
Tiempo (minutos)
Pรกgina 142 1. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &TUB QSFHVOUB UJFOF DPNP QSPQร TJUP JOEBHBS MPT DPOPDJNJFOUPT QSFWJPT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EFM DBMPS Z MB MV[
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
2. 4JHVJFOEP MB IJQร UFTJT EF #MBDL TF QPESร B TVQPOFS RVF MBT DFOJ[BT DPOUJFOFO FM GMVJEP MMBNBEP DBMร SJDP "DFSDB EF MB TFHVOEB QSFHVOUB TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT FYQPOHBO BMHVOB EF TVT JEFBT BDFSDB EF MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MB MV[
3. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 5FOESร RVF WFS DPO MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO WJODVMBS MPT GFOร NFOPT Uร SNJDPT DPO MB QSPQBgaciรณn del calor en forma de radiaciรณn.
4. &M PCKFUJWP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT JOEBHBS BDFSDB EF MBT OPDJPOFT RVF NBOFKBO MPT BMVNOPT TPCSF FM DBMPS Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB
Pรกgina 143 5. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT FODVFOUSFO JOGPSNBDJร O BDFSDB EF
8. a) 4F FTQFSB RVF MB MBUB TJO QJOUBS TF FOGSร F Nร T Sร QJEP MP RVF EFQFOEF EF MB QSFDJTJร O Z FM DVJEBEP DPO RVF USBCBKFO MPT BMVNOPT "VORVF QPESร B QFOTBSTF RVF FM DPMPS OFHSP EF MB QJOUVSB EF VOB EF MBT MBUBT BCTPSCF Nร T SBEJBDJร O MB QJOUVSB QVFEF BDUVBS DPNP BJTMBOUF Uร SNJDP -B MBUB TJO QJOUBS QJFSEF DBMPS IBDJB FM FYUFSJPS DPO NBZPS SBQJEF[ EFCJEP B RVF DPOEVDF DBMPS FOUSF FM JOUFSJPS Z FM FYUFSJPS b) &T FTQFSBCMF RVF UBSEF Nร T FO FOGSJBSTF FM BHVB DPOUFOJEB FO MB MBUB QJOUBEB EF CMBODP &O FTF DBTP OP TPMP MB QJOUVSB HFOFSB FM BJTMBNJFOUP Uร SNJDP EF MB MBUB TJOP RVF FM DPMPS CMBODP BCTPSCF ร OJDBNFOUF BMHVOBT SBEJBDJPOFT c) -PT BMVNOPT QPESร O EFUFSNJOBS RVF MB SFMBDJร O FT VOB DVSWB " NFEJEB RVF USBOTDVSSF FM UJFNQP MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFTDJFOEF FO GPSNB QSPQPSDJPOBM QFSP MP IBDF IBTUB BMDBO[BS FM FRVJMJCSJP Uร SNJDP -B UFNQFSBUVSB FT JOWFSTBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM BM UJFNQP
17
Pรกgina 157 9 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT FYQPOHBO TVT
19.
JEFBT Z PQJOJPOFT TPCSF MB BDUVBDJร O EF MPT HPCJFSOPT EF MPT QBร TFT Nร T JOEVTUSJBMJ[BEPT EFM NVOEP BDFSDB EF MBT BDDJPOFT RVF QPOFO FO QFMJHSP MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EF WJEB FO OVFTUSP QMBOFUB
10. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB %FQFOEFSร EF MBT QSPQVFTUBT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EF MPT QSPZFDUPT RVF BQVOUFO B EJTNJOVJS FM QSPDFTP EF DBMFOUBNJFOUP HMPCBM
-B EJGFSFODJB EF UFNQFSBUVSBT FT EF VOPT ยก$
20. -B GJOBMJEBE EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO BNQMJBS Pรกginas 158 y 159 11. a) -B DPOEVDUJWJEBE Uร SNJDB EFM BMVNJOJP FT NVDIP NBZPS RVF
21. a) &M DIJQ $$% GVODJPOB EF GPSNB TJNJMBS B VO QBOFM GPUPWPM UBJDP 6OB MV[ JODJEF TPCSF VO NBUFSJBM TFNJDPOEVDUPS Z FTUP PSJHJOB VOB EFUFSNJOBEB DPSSJFOUF FMร DUSJDB b) &O FM UFYUP TF NFODJPOBO BMHVOBT EF MBT VUJMJEBEFT EFM DIJQ $$% FOUSF FMMBT MBT Dร NBSBT EJHJUBMFT 22. a) 4BMWP .FSDVSJP oRVF QSร DUJDBNFOUF OP QPTFFo UPEPT MPT EFNร T QMBOFUBT UJFOFO BUNร TGFSB b) Planeta
13. &M GVFHP FNJUF DBMPS RVF QVFEF QSPQBHBSTF QPS DPOEVDDJร O FO DBTP EF DPMPDBSTF VO Tร MJEP FO DPOUBDUP QPS SBEJBDJร O FO UPEBT EJSFDDJPOFT Z QPS DPOWFDDJร O DPO FM BJSF RVF TF DBMJFOUB Z BTDJFOEF 4J TF RVJFSF DBMFOUBS QPS FKFNQMP VOB QBWB DPOWJFOF RVF FM GVFHP RVFEF QPS EFCBKP EF FMMB EF NPEP EF BQSPWFDIBS MBT USFT GPSNBT EF USBOTGFSFODJB EF DBMPS
Venus
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF EJร YJEP EF DBSCPOP
Tierra
-PT HBTFT Nร T BCVOEBOUFT TPO FM OJUSร HFOP NBZPS QSPQPSDJร O Z FM PYร HFOP
Marte
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF EJร YJEP EF DBSCPOP
Jรบpiter
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF IJESร HFOP Z FO NFOPS medida, helio.
Saturno
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF IJESร HFOP Z FO NFOPS medida, helio.
Urano
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF IJESร HFOP Z FO NFOPS NFEJEB IFMJP Z NFUBOP
Neptuno
(SBO QSPQPSDJร O EF IJESร HFOP Z FO NFOPS medida, helio.
14. a) 4J FM Gร TGPSP TF VCJDB FO QPTJDJร O WFSUJDBM Z DPO MB MMBNB IBDJB BSSJCB OP TF RVFNB QPS DPNQMFUP b) 4J FM Gร TGPSP TF DPMPDB FO PUSBT QPTJDJPOFT TF RVFNB DPO NBZPS GBDJMJEBE $VBOEP FM Gร TGPSP TF DPMPDB FO QPTJDJร O WFSUJDBM Z DPO MB MMBNB IBDJB BSSJCB FM DBMPS OFDFTBSJP QBSB TFHVJS FODFOEJFOEP MB NBEFSB SFTVMUB JOTVGJDJFOUF &O PUSBT QPTJDJPOFT TF BQSPWFDIB NVDIP Nร T FTB USBOTGFSFODJB EF FOFSHร B -BT SB[POFT EF FTUP TF FYQMJDBO FO MB SFTQVFTUB B MB BDUJWJEBE BOUFSJPS
c) &M QSPQร TJUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFMBDJPOBS MB JOGPSNBDJร O EFM DBQร UVMP BDFSDB EF MB SFHVMBDJร O EF UFNQFSBUVSB EF VO QMBOFUB B QBSUJS EF MPT JOUFSDBNCJPT EF FOFSHร B DPO TV BUNร TGFSB
15. -PT JHMร FT TF DPOTUSVZFO DPO CMPRVFT EF IJFMP EFCJEP B MB CBKB DPOEVDUJWJEBE Uร SNJDB EFM IJFMP
16. &M CBSSP FT VO CVFO BJTMBOUF Uร SNJDP Z MB NBEFSB UBNCJร O MP FT &TUP JNQJEF RVF FM DBMPS QBTF EFM JOUFSJPS EF MB DIP[B BM FYUFSJPS
17. &M BJSF OP FT CVFO DPOEVDUPS EFM DBMPS &M VTP EF WJESJPT EPCMFT DPO Dร NBSB EF BJSF GBWPSFDF FM BJTMBNJFOUP EF MPT BNCJFOUFT JOUFSOPT EF MBT WJWJFOEBT
18.
Composiciรณn de la atmรณsfera
8
La energรญa y los seres vivos
Pรกgina 160 1. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO EBSTF DVFOUB EF RVF FM QFOTBNJFOUP EF (BMFOP QFSEVSร QPS DBTJ EPT NJM Bร PT (BMFOP FSB VOB BVUPSJEBE FO TV ร QPDB "EFNร T MPT DBNCJPT FO MBT DPODFQDJPOFT DJFOUร GJDBT BDFSDB EF MPT GFOร NFOPT OP TF QSPEVDFO EF VO Eร B QBSB FM PUSP &O FTUF TFOUJEP FM EFTDVCSJNJFOUP EF -BWPJTJFS Z -BQMBDF UVWP HSBOEFT SFQFSDVTJPOFT FO MB DJFODJB EF MB ร QPDB
2. 4F FTQFSB MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDVQFSBS MP USBCBKBEP FO FM DBQร UVMP BOUFSJPS QFSP BQMJDBOEP MPT DPODFQUPT FTUVEJBEPT B MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT EF DBMPS FO MPT TFSFT WJWPT
Q = 1.728.000 J
-B DBTB QJFSEF L+ QPS NJOVUP
3. &M QSPQร TJUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT JOEBHBS BDFSDB EF MP RVF TBCFO MPT BMVNOPT SFTQFDUP EF MBT PYJEBDJPOFT CJPMร HJDBT Z TV SFMBDJร O DPO FM BVNFOUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE Z MPT BMJNFOUPT
4. 4F CVTDB JOEBHBS FO MPT DPOPDJNJFOUPT EF MPT BMVNOPT TPCSF
18
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
MB EFM BDFSP JOPYJEBCMF FM DBGร EFOUSP EF MB QSJNFSB DBGFUFSB TF FOGSร B DPO Nร T SBQJEF[ 1PS MP UBOUP FO FTBT DPOEJDJPOFT DPOWJFOF TFSWJSTF EF MB DBGFUFSB EF BDFSP JOPYJEBCMF b) &O FTUF DBTP FT JOEJTUJOUP -VFHP EF VO CVFO SBUP BNCBT DBGFUFSBT IBCSร O DFEJEP DBMPS BM BNCJFOUF ZB RVF TVT QBSFEFT TPO CVFOBT DPOEVDUPSBT EF DBMPS 12. "M BDVSSVDBSTF VOB QFSTPOB DPOTJHVF RVF FM DBMPS RVF FNJUF TV DVFSQP IBDJB FM BNCJFOUF TFB FM Nร OJNP QPTJCMF "TJNJTNP QBSUF EFM DBMPS RVF TF QSPQBHB QPS DPOEVDDJร O QBTB EF VOB QBSUF B PUSB EFM DVFSQP MP RVF FWJUB RVF TF QJFSEB Z QPS MP UBOUP RVF CBKF TV UFNQFSBUVSB
MB JOGPSNBDJร O EFM DBQร UVMP BDFSDB EF MB VUJMJ[BDJร O EF QJMBT EF DPNCVTUJCMF
NFUBCPMJTNP UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM Z SFHVMBDJร O EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FO MPT TFSFT WJWPT
Pรกgina 163 5. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDVQFSBS MP USBCBKBEP FO FM DBQร UVMP BOUFSJPS Z QPOFSMP FO KVFHP FO FTUF OVFWP QSPCMFNB 1PS FKFNQMP SPDJBS DPOTUBOUFNFOUF MB QJFM EF MB QFSTPOB RVF QFSNJUF RVF TF FWBQPSF FM BHVB VUJMJ[BOEP FM DBMPS DPSQPSBM 5BNCJร O JOWJUBSMPT B QFOTBS QPS RVร TFSร RVF TF FMJHFO BYJMBT JOHMF Z DVFMMP QBSB DPMPDBS MPT QBร PT EF BHVB GSร B 6. &M QSPQร TJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT JOUSPEVDJS B QBSUJS EF VO FKFSDJDJP EF JOWFTUJHBDJร O FM QSPDFTP EF FWBQPSBDJร O DPNP VO NFcanismo de propagaciรณn del calor.
Pรกgina 165 7. -B BDUJWJEBE FT BCJFSUB MPT FMFNFOUPT EF DPNQBSBDJร O MPT EFUFSNJOBSร O MPT BMVNOPT &M DVBESP QPESร DPOUFOFS FOUSF PUSBT MB TJHVJFOUF JOGPSNBDJร O t EOEPUFSNPT CBKB DPOEVDUJWJEBE Uร SNJDB #VFO BJTMBNJFOUP QMVNBT QFMBKF HSBTB TVCDVUร OFB &MFWBEP NFUBCPMJTNP CBTBM t EDUPUFSNPT BMUB DPOEVDUJWJEBE Uร SNJDB .BM BJTMBNJFOUP "CTPSCFO DBMPS DPO GBDJMJEBE #BKP NFUBCPMJTNP CBTBM
8. &O Uร SNJOPT DPNQBSBUJWPT MPT BOJNBMFT Nร T HSBOEFT IBCJUBO FO BNCJFOUFT GSร PT QPSRVF BM BVNFOUBS FM UBNBร P EFM DVFSQP EJTNJOVZF MB SFMBDJร O TVQFSGJDJF WPMVNFO %F FTUB NBOFSB FM GMVKP EF DBMPS FT NFOPS &O MB Qร HJOB QPESร O FODPOUSBS Nร T informaciรณn.
9. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFDVQFSFO MP FTUVEJBEP FO FM DBQร UVMP BOUFSJPS Z MP MFร EP FO FTUB Qร HJOB Z QVFEBO JOEJDBS RVF DVBOEP DBF MB OPDIF EJTNJOVZF MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUBM 4JO FNCBSHP MBT SPDBT Bร O QVFEFO FTUBS B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB $PNP MPT FDUPUFSNPT QPTFFO TVQFSGJDJFT DPSQPSBMFT DPO DPOEVDUJWJEBEFT Uร SNJDBT FMFWBEBT FM DBMPS GMVJSร DPO GBDJMJEBE QPS DPOEVDDJร O EFTEF MB SPDB IBDJB FM DVFSQP EF MPT SFQUJMFT MP RVF QFSNJUF RVF FTUPT BOJNBMFT NBOUFOHBO TV UFNQFSBUVSB FMFWBEB
Pรกgina 167 10. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDVQFSBS MP FTUVEJBEP FO FM DBQร UVMP BOUFSJPS QBSB QPOFSMP FO KVFHP FO FM DBTP EF MPT PTPT QPMBSFT Z TV BNCJFOUF -PT DVFSQPT EF DPMPS OFHSP BCTPSCFO MB FOFSHร B SBEJBOUF DPO NVDIB GBDJMJEBE Z FTUP FT VOB WFOUBKB QBSB FTUPT BOJNBMFT EF BNCJFOUF GSร P FYUSFNP
ยฉ Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
Pรกgina 169 11. -BT QMBOUBT RVF SFHVMBO TV UFNQFSBUVSB QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBSTF
RVF QSPWJFOFO EFM DPSB[ร O MMFWBOEP TBOHSF DBMJFOUF IBTUB MB [POB EF MPT Nร TDVMPT EFM WVFMP VCJDBEPT FO FM Uร SBY &TUPT BOJNBMFT DPNP JOEJDB FM QSPCMFNB TPO IFUFSPUFSNPT EBUP JNQPSUBOUF QBSB FOUFOEFS RVF MB QBSUF EFM DVFSQP RVF TF NBOUJFOF B UFNQFSBUVSB FMFWBEB FT KVTUBNFOUF FM Uร SBY JNQPSUBOUF QBSB FM WVFMP &TUP TF EFTQSFOEF DPO BOUFSJPSJEBE EFM HSร GJDP EPOEF TF WF FM UJFNQP RVF EFNPSB FO DBMFOUBSTF FM Uร SBY DVBOEP MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUBM FT CBKB NJFOUSBT FM BCEPNFO TF NBOUJFOF B UFNQFSBUVSB TJNJMBS B MB EFM BNCJFOUF 4JO FNCBSHP DVBOEP MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BNCJFOUF FT EF ย $ FM UJFNQP IBTUB JOJDJBS FM WVFMP FT NFOPS &O FM SFQPTP MBT NBSJQPTBT TF PDVMUBO EFCBKP EF MBT IPKBT DPO MP RVF FWJUBO FM DPOHFMBNJFOUP 1PS PUSP MBEP MPT BMVNOPT TBCFO RVF FM BJSF FT NBM DPOEVDUPS EFM DBMPS EBEP RVF UJFOF VO DPFGJDJFOUF EF DPOEVDUJWJEBE NVZ CBKP &TUP DPOUSJCVZF QBSB RVF OP IBZB GMVKP EF DBMPS FOUSF FM Uร SBY RVF FTUร B BMUB UFNQFSBUVSB Z FM BCEPNFO RVF TF FODVFOUSB B CBKB UFNQFSBUVSB "TJNJTNP TJ CJFO FTUPT BOJNBMFT QPTFFO QFMPT RVF BZVEBO B SFUFOFS DBMPS FM UBNBร P QFRVFร P EFM BOJNBM OP QFSNJUF RVF FTUF TFB FM ร OJDP NFEJP EF SFHVMBDJร O QPTJCMF
Pรกgina 173 13. -VFHP EF FTUVEJBS FTUF DBQร UVMP QVFEF WFSTF MB WFOUBKB EF EJTQPOFS EFM HSVFTP FTDVEP EF HSBTB EFM QSJNFS BOJNBM Z FM QFMBKF EFOTP EFM TFHVOEP &TUP DPOGPSNBSร B VO BJTMBOUF Uร SNJDP FYDFMFOUF QBSB MBT DBTBT VCJDBEBT FO MBUJUVEFT EPOEF IBZ GSร P FYUSFNP
14. 1PS FKFNQMP VOB DBTB EF MBUJUVEFT EF DBMPS QPESร B UFOFS QFMP EF DBNFMMP FYUFSOP BTร DPNP TVDFEF FO MPT DBNFMMPT TF SFUSBTB MB BCTPSDJร O EF DBMPS 0USB FT EJTQPOFS EF VO CVFO NFDBOJTNP EF USBOTQJSBDJร O
15. &TUB QSFHVOUB JOWJUB B RVF DBEB BMVNOP FYQSFTF TVT PQJOJPOFT 16. &M SFRVFSJNJFOUP DBMร SJDP QSPNFEJP EF VO OJร P EF Bร PT FT EF B DBMPSร BT EJBSJBT
17. &TUB SFTQVFTUB EFQFOEFSร EF MPT BMJNFOUPT TFMFDDJPOBEPT 1PS FKFNQMP FM QBRVFUF EF QBQBT GSJUBT Nร T DIJDP UJFOF DBMPSร BT DJGSB NVZ DFSDBOB B MB JOHFTUB DBMร SJDB EF VO EFTBZVOP DPOWFODJPOBM &M QBRVFUF EF HBMMFUJUBT EF FOUSF Z HSBNPT BQPSUB BM PSHBOJTNP DBMPSร BT -B DIPDPMBUBEB oFO DBTP EF VUJMJ[BSTF MFDIF EFTDSFNBEBo BQPSUB DBMPSร BT QPS WBTP %PT GBDUVSBT TVNBO DBMPSร BT &M DVDVSVDIP P DPOP IFMBEP EF HSBNPT FRVJWBMF B VOBT DBMPSร BT
18. 4J CJFO FTUPT BMJNFOUPT DVCSFO MBT OFDFTJEBEFT FOFSHร UJDBT OP
IFUFSPUFSNBT SFHJPOBMFT QVFTUP RVF NBOUJFOFO MB UFNQFSBUVSB QPS FODJNB EF MB BNCJFOUBM FO BMHVOB QBSUF EF TV DVFSQP -PT BOJNBMFT RVF QPTFFO JOUFSDBNCJBEPS Uร SNJDP DPOUSBDPSSJFOUF QVFEFO NBOUFOFS VOB UFNQFSBUVSB FMFWBEB FO FM JOUFSJPS EFM DVFSQP NJFOUSBT RVF MBT FYUSFNJEBEFT FTUร O B NFOPS UFNQFSBUVSB 1PS FTP QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBSTF IFUFSPUFSNPT SFHJPOBMFT
BQPSUBO UPEPT MPT OVUSJFOUFT .VDIPT BMJNFOUPT EF FTUF UJQP BQPSUBO BM DVFSQP TBM Z HSBTB 6OB CPUFMMJUB EF NFEJP MJUSP EF HBTFPTB DPOUJFOF DBMPSร BT -B DPNCJOBDJร O FOUSF VO QBRVFUF QFRVFร P EF QBQBT Z NFEJP MJUSP EF HBTFPTB DPNร O TVNBO FO DPOTFDVFODJB DBMPSร BT FM FRVJWBMFOUF B VOB DPNJEB DPNQMFUB DPO WFSEVSBT Z QSPUFร OBT " FTUP IBZ RVF BHSFHBSMF FM TFEFOUBSJTNP RVF NFODJPOB FM UFYUP
Pรกgina 171 12. 1BSB QPOFS FO QSร DUJDB FTUF QSPDFEJNJFOUP FT JNQPSUBOUF BMFOUBS
Pรกginas 174 y 175 19. $BEB BMVNOP QPESร PGSFDFS EJGFSFOUFT WFSTJPOFT QPS MBT RVF SF-
B MPT BMVNOPT B EJGFSFODJBS MPT IFDIPT EF MBT FYQMJDBDJPOFT 1PS FMMP JS SFTQPOEJFOEP DBEB QSFHVOUB RVร PCTFSWBNPT RVร TBCFNPT Dร NP SFMBDJPOBNPT MPT IFDIPT DPO MP RVF TBCFNPT TPCSF FM UFNB BZVEBSร B BSSJCBS B FYQMJDBDJPOFT Nร T FMBCPSBEBT %FTQVร T EF BOBMJ[BS MPT EBUPT EJTQPOJCMFT TF FTQFSB RVF QVFEBO BDFSDBTF B FYQMJDBDJPOFT RVF JOWPMVDSFO MPT JOUFSDBNCJBEPSFT Uร SNJDPT RVF QFSNJUFO RVF FM DBMPS GMVZB EFTEF FM DVFSQP IBDJB MPT WBTPT
MBDJPOF DBEB QBS EF DPODFQUPT 5PEPT FMMPT TF USBUBSPO B MP MBSHP EF FTUF DBQร UVMP 1PS FKFNQMP B QBSUJS EF MB PYJEBDJร O CJPMร HJDB EF MPT BMJNFOUPT MB FOFSHร B QPUFODJBM DPOUFOJEB FO MPT FOMBDFT RVร NJDPT TF USBOTGPSNB FO FOFSHร B DJOร UJDB EF MPDPNPDJร O
20. a -PT FTDBMPGSร PT TPO DPOUSBDDJPOFT EF MPT Nร TDVMPT $VBOEP UFOFNPT GJFCSF FM DVFSQP FTUร B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB EF MP OPS-
19
NBM Z FM NFDBOJTNP IPNFPTUÈUJDP FTUÈ BMUFSBEP $PNP UFOFNPT NÈT UFNQFSBUVSB RVF FM BNCJFOUF FM GMVKP EF DBMPS TF QSPEVDF IBDJB FM BNCJFOUF 4FOUJNPT GSÓP Z OPT EB FTDBMPGSÓPT b) 6OB EF MBT BEBQUBDJPOFT BM BNCJFOUF GSÓP DPOTJTUF FO EJTQPOFS EF VO CVFO BJTMBNJFOUP RVF UFOHB VOB CBKB DPOEVDUJWJEBE UÏSNJDB "TÓ TF JNQJEF MB QÏSEJEB EF DBMPS RVF UFOEFSÓB B JS EFM DVFSQP RVF FTUÈ B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB BM BNCJFOUF DVZB UFNQFSBUVSB FT NFOPS c) 4J CJFO VOB DBQB EF QFMP FT VO CVFO BJTMBNJFOUP MBT BHVBT IFMBEBT SFRVJFSFO EJTQPOFS EF VO BJTMBNJFOUP JOUFSJPS RVF JNQJEB MB QÏSEJEB EF DBMPS d) 1BSB SFBMJ[BS MB GPUPTÓOUFTJT MBT QMBOUBT SFRVJFSFO PYÓHFOP RVF UPNBO EFM BNCJFOUF 1BSB FMMP EFCFO BCSJS TVT FTUPNBT 4J MP IBDFO FM BHVB TF FTDBQBSÓB FO GPSNB EF WBQPS &TUP MMFWBSÓB B MB QMBOUB B EFTIJESBUBSTF
24. -PT FMFGBOUFT BGSJDBOPT IBCJUBO FO VO BNCJFOUF NVDIP NÈT DÈMJEP RVF FM BTJÈUJDP 6OP EF MPT NFDBOJTNPT RVF QPTFFO FTUPT BOJNBMFT FT DPOUSPMBS FM GMVKP EF TBOHSF B TVT iWFOUBOBTw UÏSNJDBT RVF FTUÈO CJFO JSSJHBEBT .BZPS TVQFSGJDJF NBZPS GMVKP EF DBMPS
25. 1SJNFSP RVF OBEB IBZ RVF QSFTUBS BUFODJØO BM EBUP EFM UJQP EF BOJNBM &O FM QSJNFS DBTP TF USBUB EF VO FOEPUFSNP Z FO FM PUSP EF VO FDUPUFSNP $VBOEP MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BNCJFOUF FT NÈT CBKB FM FOEPUFSNP DPOTVNJSÈ NÈT PYÓHFOP QBSÈNFUSP RVF TF VTB QBSB DPOPDFS MB QSPEVDDJØO EF DBMPS QPS MBT PYJEBDJPOFT CJPMØHJDBT "M PYJEBSTF NÈT BMJNFOUP TF QSPEVDF NÈT "51 Z DBMPS RVF TF VTB QBSB DPNQFOTBS MB QÏSEJEB QPS FM BVNFOUP FO FM HSBEJFOUF UÏSNJDP FOUSF BOJNBM Z BNCJFOUF &O FM PUSP DBTP FM BOJNBM TJHVF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BNCJFOUF "M CBKBS TV UFNQFSBUVSB DPSQPSBM EJTNJOVZF TV NFUBCPMJTNP
21. 1BSB SFTQPOEFS IBZ RVF DPOTJEFSBS MB MFZ EF 'PVSJFS FTUVEJBEB FO FM DBQÓUVMP 4VQPOJFOEP RVF BNCPT QPTFFO FM NJTNP UJQP EF QFMBKF DPNP JOEJDB FM QSPCMFNB MPT EPT UJFOFO FM NJTNP DPFGJDJFOUF EF DPOEVDUJWJEBE UÏSNJDB Z FTUÈO B MB NJTNB UFNQFSBUVSB -B EJGFSFODJB FO FTUPT BOJNBMFT SBEJDB FO FM FTQFTPS EF MB DBQB BJTMBOUF Z FO FM ÈSFB TVQFSGJDJBM %F MB MFZ EF 'PVSJFS TF TBCF RVF FM GMVKP FT QSPQPSDJPOBM BM ÈSFB F JOWFSTBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM BM FTQFTPS &OUPODFT FM GMVKP EF DBMPS QBSB FM QSJNFSP TFSÈ NFOPS RVF QBSB FM TFHVOEP 1PS MP UBOUP FM TFHVOEP BOJNBM QPMBS EFCFSÈ DPNFS NÈT QBSB DPNQFOTBS MB QÏSEJEB EF DBMPS IBDJB FM BNCJFOUF
22. a) -B UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUBM FT EF $ TF USBUB EF VO BWF RVF UJFOF UFNQFSBUVSB DFSDBOB B MPT $ 4F WF RVF MBT QBUBT OP QPTFFO FTB UFNQFSBUVSB JOUFSJPS TJOP NFOPS DVBOEP FTUÈ FO SFQPTP Z $ EVSBOUF FM WVFMP DVBOEP TV BDUJWJEBE FT NBZPS "EFNÈT TF WF RVF FM GMVKP EF TBOHSF B MBT FYUSFNJEBEFT QBUBT BVNFOUB DVBOEP FTUÈ FO WVFMP NBZPS BDUJWJEBE b) &T FWJEFOUF RVF DVBOEP MBT BWFT FTUÈO FO SFQPTP MBT QBUBT TF FODVFOUSBO B MB NJTNB UFNQFSBUVSB RVF FM BNCJFOUF NJFOUSBT RVF TV DVFSQP TJHVF DPO VOB UFNQFSBUVSB FTUBCMF EF DBTJ $ 4VDFEF RVF FO MBT FYUSFNJEBEFT OP IBZ BJTMBNJFOUP MP RVF IBSÓB RVF FM DBMPS TF GVFSB EFM DVFSQP RVF TVFMF FTUBS B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB 4JO FNCBSHP FM GMVKP DPOUSBDPSSJFOUF IBDF RVF GJOBMNFOUF MB TBOHSF RVF MMFHB BM DFOUSP EFM DVFSQP FTUÏ B MB UFNQFSBUVSB OPSNBM $VBOEP FTUÈ FO WVFMP Z IBZ NÈT BDUJWJEBE BVNFOUB FM GMVKP EF TBOHSF MP RVF QFSNJUF VOB QÏSEJEB EF DBMPS NBZPS QBSB DPNQFOTBS FM BVNFOUP EF UFNQFSBUVSB QPS MB BDUJWJEBE $PNP MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF MB QBUB BVNFOUB FO WVFMP FTUP JNQMJDB NBZPS GMVKP NBZPS QÏSEJEB EF DBMPS
26. &TUB FT VOB BDUJWJEBE JOUFHSBEPSB QVFTUP RVF QFSNJUF WFS UPEBT MBT BEBQUBDJPOFT Z MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF SFHVMBDJØO EF VO FOEPUFSNP &T JNQPSUBOUF IBDFS OPUBS B MPT BMVNOPT FM HSBEJFOUF UÏSNJDP FOUSF FM DVFSQP EFM BOJNBM Z FM BNCJFOUF .BOUJFOF TV DVFSQP B $ NJFOUSBT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF OP TF FMFWB QPS FODJNB de o $ Z FO OVNFSPTBT PDBTJPOFT MMFHB IBTUB MPT o $ -B EJGFSFODJB FOUSF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FYUFSJPS Z MB DPSQPSBM nunca es inferior a losø $ 1PS PUSP MBEP EJTQPOF EF VOB HSVFTB DBQB EF HSBTB RVF MF QFSNJUF FTUBS TJO BMJNFOUBSTF IBTUB RVF SFHSFTB MB IFNCSB P HBTUBSMB FO MB DBNJOBUB RVF EFCF IBDFS IBTUB MMFHBS BM TJUJP EF OJEJGJDBDJØO &M BSUÓDVMP UBNCJÏO JOEJDB RVF MPT BOJNBMFT TF SFÞOFO 4J FTUVWJFTFO TPMPT UPEB TV TVQFSGJDJF DPSQPSBM TF FODPOUSBSÓB FYQVFTUB BM GSÓP HMBDJBM Z MPT WJFOUPT Z QFSEFSÓBO DBMPS EF GPSNB JOUFOTB "M QFSEFS NFOPT DBMPS UBNCJÏO FT NFOPS FM DBMPS RVF EFCFO QSPEVDJS DPO FM DPNCVTUJCMF BMNBDFOBEP FO GPSNB EF HSBTB 1PS PUSP MBEP TVT QBUBT OP UJFOFO BJTMBNJFOUP EFCFO EJTQPOFS EF VO TJTUFNB DPOUSBDPSSJFOUF "TJNJTNP FO DPNQBSBDJØO DPO PUSPT QJOHàJOPT MPT FNQFSBEPSFT TPO NVZ HSBOEFT %F FTUB NBOFSB EJTNJOVZF MB SFMBDJØO TVQFSGJDJF WPMVNFO RVF TF USBEVDF FO VO NFOPS GMVKP EF DBMPS BM BNCJFOUF
Sección
V
La energía y la termodinámica
Página 181 1. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB -B GJOBMJEBE EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT NBOJGJFTUFO TVT JEFBT BDFSDB EF MPT QSPDFTPT F JOUFSDBNCJPT FOFSHÏUJDPT OFDFTBSJPT QBSB MB WJEB
23. a) -B TFOTBDJØO UÏSNJDB EFQFOEF EF MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF FM DBMPS
20
2. "VORVF FM PSEFOBNJFOUP EF ÈUPNPT OP EFQFOEF FYDMVTJWBNFOUF EF FTUP FT FTQFSBCMF RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFDPOP[DBO MB OFDFTJEBE EFM iHBTUPw EF FOFSHÓB DPNP VOB EF MBT DPOEJDJPOFT RVF EFUFSNJOBO FM PSEFOBNJFOP EF MPT ÈUPNPT
3. %F MB SFTQVFTUB B MB QSFHVOUB BOUFSJPS TF EFTQSFOEF RVF DPSSFDUP BGJSNBS RVF FM PSEFOBNJFOUP JNQMJDB OFDFTBSJBNFOUF MB BQBSJDJØO EF WJEB "VORVF SFTVMUBSÈ JOUFSFTBOUF FTDVDIBS MPT QVOUPT EF WJTUB EF MPT BMVNOPT SFTQFTDUP EF FTUF JOUFSSPHBOUF ZB RVF QVFEFO TVSHJS JEFBT BMUFSOBUJWBT
4. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB JOEBHBDJØO UJFOF RVF WFS DPO JS DPOTUSVZFOEP EF GPSNB QBVMBUJOB MB OPDJØO EF FOUSPQÓB
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
RVF QSPEVDF FM NFUBCPMJTNP EFM DVFSQP Z FM RVF FM DVFSQP EJTJQB BM BNCJFOUF &OUPODFT DVBOEP FM DBMPS NFUBCØMJDP TFB NBZPS BM RVF TF EJTJQB UFOESFNPT TFOTBDJØO EF DBMPS &O DBNCJP DVBOEP TF EJTJQF NÈT DBMPS EFM RVF TF QSPEVDF UFOESFNPT TFOTBDJØO EF GSÓP b) $VBOEP IBZ WJFOUP MB DBQB EF BJSF TF SFNVFWF FO GPSNB DPOTUBOUF 1BSB SFQPOFSMB FM DVFSQP HBTUB FOFSHÓB FOUPODFT EJTJQBSFNPT NÈT DBMPS Z UFOESFNPT TFOTBDJØO EF GSÓP c) $VBOEP IBDF DBMPS TF EFTFODBEFOB FM NFDBOJTNP EF USBOTQJSBDJØO QBSB RVF TF FWBQPSF FM BHVB DPO FM DBMPS EFM DVFSQP MP RVF EJTNJOVZF MB UFNQFSBUVSB 4J MB IVNFEBE SFMBUJWB FT BMUB OP IBCSÈ iFTQBDJPw QBSB NÈT NPMÏDVMBT EF BHVB &OUPODFT MB TFOTBDJØO UÏSNJDB TFSÈ NBZPS
5. -B UFOEFODJB EF MPT TJTUFNBT EF EFHSBEBS Z EFTPSEFOBS MB FOFSHÓB QVFEF MMFWBS B QFOTBS RVF UBOUP MPT TFSFT WJWPT DPNP FM 6OJWFSTP QPESÓBO EFKBS EF FYJTUJS TJ FO FMMPT TF EFHSBEBSB UPEB TV FOFSHÓB 4PCSF FTUF UFYUP TF QPESÓB WPMWFS MVFHP EF MFFS MPT DBQÓUVMPT EF FTUB TFDDJØO DPO FM PCKFUJWP EF WBMPSBS MB JODPSQPSBDJØO EFM DPODFQUP EF FOUSPQÓB
9
Energía, calor y trabajo
Página 182 1. "DUJWJEBE BCJFSUB 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFDPOP[DBO TJUVBDJPOFT FO MBT RVF TF USBOTGJFSF DBMPS
2. " QBSUJS EFM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EF GFOØNFOPT UÏSNJDPT IBCJUVBMFT TF FTQFSB WBMJEBS FM OJWFM EF DPNQSFOTJØO EF MBT UFPSÓBT TPCSF FM DBMPS GPSNVMBEBT B MP MBSHP EF MB IJTUPSJB 3. &M QSPQØTJUP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT JOEBHBS FO MBT JEFBT QSFWJBT EF MPT BMVNOPT BDFSDB EFM DBMPS &T FTQFSBCMF RVF BQPSUFO DPODFQUPT EF DBQÓUVMPT BOUFSJPSFT
4. "M JHVBM RVF FO MB BDUJWJEBE BOUFSJPS TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFTQPOEBO EFTEF TVT QSFDPODFQUPT BDFSDB EF MB OPDJØO EF DBMPS
Página 184 5. a) &O QSPNFEJP MB FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB EF MPT EPT SFDJQJFOUFT FT MB misma. b) -B FOFSHÓB JOUFSOB EFM SFDJQJFOUF EF VO MJUSP FT JHVBM B MB NJUBE EF MB EFM SFDJQJFOUF EF EPT MJUSPT c) 4F FTQFSB RVF MB FYQMJDBDJØO EF MPT BMVNOPT IBHB SFGFSFODJB B MB EJTUJODJØO FOUSF MB FOFSHÓB JOUFSOB EF VO TJTUFNB Z TV FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB QSPNFEJP
0,01455 J = 17,64 ºC 0,000825 J ºC
Un UFSNØNFUSP NBSDBSÈ BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF $
Página 193 8. a) &M SFGSJHFSBEPS UPNB DBMPS EFM JOUFSJPS EFM DPOHFMBEPS QPS NFEJP EF VO TFSQFOUÓO Z MP DFEF BM BNCJFOUF QPS NFEJP EF PUSP VCJDBEP FO MB QBSUF QPTUFSJPS Z GVFSB EFM HBCJOFUF b) .JFOUSBT RVF FM SFGSJHFSBEPS VUJMJ[B MPT JOUFSDBNCJPT EF DBMPS FOUSF TV JOUFSJPS Z FM BNCJFOUF FO VO UFSNP FM DBMPS OP QVFEF BUSBWFTBS MBT QBSFEFT EFM SFDJQJFOUF ZB RVF TPO BEJBCÈUJDBT c) -B IFMBEFSB BCTPSCF DBMPS EFM BNCJFOUF QFSP MVFHP MP WVFMWF B DFEFS /P TF FYQFSJNFOUBSÈ VO EFTDFOTP EF UFNQFSBUVSB
Página 195 9. a) &M QSPCMFNB DPOTJTUJØ FO EFUFSNJOBS MB DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS RVF BCTPSCF FM BHVB DPO VO DPMFDUPS TPMBS TFODJMMP b) 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFMBUBS MP SFBMJ[BEP FO cada paso. c) -PT EBUPT EFQFOEFO EF MB NBOFSB FO RVF TF IBHB MB FYQFSJFODJB Z EF MB ÏQPDB EFM B×P QPS MB QPTJDJØO SFMBUJWB EFM 4PM 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT TJTUFNBUJDFO MPT EBUPT OVNÏSJDPT VUJMJ[BOEP BMHVOP EF MPT SFDVSTPT QSPQVFTUPT d) -PT BMVNOPT QPESÈO DPODMVJS RVF TF QVFEF EFUFSNJOBS DPO DJFSUB QSFDJTJØO MB DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS RVF BCTPSCJØ FM BHVB ZB RVF FM QSPDFEJNJFOUP MFT QFSNJUJØ DBMDVMBSMB
10. $PO MB BZVEB EF MBT SFTQVFTUBT BOUFSJPSFT TF FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO FTDSJCJS VO UFYUP DPO GPSNBUP EF JOGPSNF FO FM RVF QSFTFOUFO GPSNBMNFOUF MB FYQFSJFODJB SFBMJ[BEB Z TVT SFTVMUBEPT
Página 187 6. a) $VBOEP FM WBQPS EF BHVB TF DPOEFOTB FM BJSF DJSDVOEBOUF TF
Página 197 11. &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT TJUVBS B MPT BMVNOPT FO FM DPOUFY-
DBMJFOUB &TUP TF FYQMJDB QPSRVF FM WBQPS DFEF DBMPS BM BJSF RVF TF FODVFOUSB B TV BMSFEFEPS b) $VBOEP BVNFOUB MB QSFTJØO FYUFSJPS MBT NPMÏDVMBT EF VO MÓRVJEP TF DPNQSJNFO FT EFDJS UJFOEFO B KVOUBSTF ZB RVF QJFSEFO FOFSHÓB DJOÏUJDB 1PS FTP BVNFOUB FM QVOUP EF FCVMMJDJØO ZB RVF FT OFDFTBSJP FOUSFHBS NBZPS DBOUJEBE EF FOFSHÓB QBSB NPWJMJ[BS MBT NPMÏDVMBT
UP FTQBDJP UFNQPSBM EFM SFMBUP "EFNÈT TF FTQFSB RVF WBMPSFO MPT DBTPT BOBMJ[BEPT DPNP VO HSBO EFTBSSPMMP QBSB TV ÏQPDB
Página 188 7. &O QSJNFS MVHBS TF EFCFO FYQSFTBS MPT WBMPSFT EF MPT EBUPT FO VOJEBEFT EFM 4JTUFNB *OUFSOBDJPOBM 200 H LH H LH 1 cBM H r $ + LH r $ 0,1 DBM H r $ + LH r $ © Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
=
ReFNQMB[BOEP MPT EBUPT FO MB FYQSFTJØO EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF FRVJMJCSJP UÏSNJDP 5e TF PCUJFOF
Te =
0,0042 J
⋅ 0,2 kg ⋅ 20 ºC − 0,0005 J
⋅ 0,03kg ⋅ 150 ºC kg⋅ºC = ⋅ 0,03 kg 0,0042 J ⋅ 0,2 kg − 0,0005 J kg⋅ºC kg⋅ººC kg⋅ºC
0,0168 J − 0,00225 J = = 0,00084 J − 0,000015 J ºC ºC
12. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO EFTDSJCJS MPT GFOØNFOPT EF BDVFSEP DPO MPT DPODFQUPT FTUVEJBEPT FO QBSUJDVMBS FM GFOØNFOP EF FYQBOTJØO UÏSNJDB DPNP VOB NBOJGFTUBDJØO EFM USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP SFBMJ[BEP TPCSF FM BNCJFOUF FO VOB USBOTGFSFODJB EF calor.
13. &M PCKFUJWP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QPOHBO FO DPOUSBTUF MBT GPSNBT EF VUJMJ[BDJØO EF GFOØNFOPT UÏSNJDPT FO MBT EJTUJOUBT ÏQPDBT FO RVF TF TJUÞBO BNCPT SFMBUPT
14. -B GJOBMJEBE EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF QVFEBO SFMBDJPOBS MPT DBTPT DPO UFNBT FTUVEJBEPT VUJMJ[BOEP MPT DPODFQUPT WJODVMBEPT B MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT EF FOFSHÓB MB SFBMJ[BDJØO EF USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP FM DPNQPSUBNJFOUP EF DJFSUPT NBUFSJBMFT SFTQFDUP EFM DBMPS FUDÏUFSB
Páginas 198 y 199 15. a) -BT EPT QSJNFSBT FYQSFTJPOFT TPO JODPSSFDUBT BVORVF MBT VUJMJ[BNPT B NFOVEP QPSRVF DPOGVOEFO DBMPS Z GSÓP DPO UFNQFSBUVSBT FMFWBEBT Z CBKBT b) -as DPSSFDDJPOFT TPO MBT TJHVJFOUFT t -B ÞMUJNB FYQSFTJØO DPOGVOEF MB UFNQFSBUVSB DPO MB DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS t -B IBCJUBDJØO UJFOF VOB UFNQFSBUVSB FMFWBEB QPSRVF FTUÈ QSFOEJEB MB FTUVGB
21
t )PZ MB UFNQFSBUVSB FT NÈT CBKB RVF BZFS t 1BSB DPDJOBS CJFO DPO FM IPSOP IBZ RVF CBKBS FM GVFHP QBSB EJTNJOVJS MB DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS FO MB DPDDJØO
16. &M PCKFUJWP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT FWBMVBS MB JOUFSQSFUBDJØO EF MPT BMVNOPT EF MB UFPSÓB DJOÏUJDP NPMFDVMBS B QBSUJS EFM BOÈMJTJT EFM QSJODJQJP EF GVODJPOBNJFOUP EFM IPSOP NJDSPPOEBT
17. &M DBMPS FTQFDÓGJDP EF MB NBTB EFCF TFS NBZPS RVF FM EFM SFMMFOP QPS FTP MB NBTB DFEF DBMPS DPO NÈT MFOUJUVE RVF FM SFMMFOP RVF MP IBDF FO GPSNB CSVTDB
18. 3FFNQMB[BOEP MPT EBUPT FO MB FDVBDJØO Q = c ⋅ m ⋅ ΔT = 4 170 J
kg⋅ºC
19. &M DBMPS FTQFDÓGJDP EFM BHVB FT NÈT FMFWBEP RVF FM EFM BDFJUF QPS MP UBOUP TF SFTJTUF NÈT B BCTPSCFS Z DFEFS DBMPS &M BDFJUF TF SFTJTUF NFOPT QPS FTP BCTPSCF DBMPS EF MB IPSOBMMB Z MP DFEF DPO SBQJEF[ B MPT BMJNFOUPT
20. &M BHVKFSP TF BHSBOEB QPSRVF FO FM GFOØNFOP EF EJMBUBDJØO MBT NPMÏDVMBT BVNFOUBO TV BDUJWJEBE Z QPS MP UBOUP TV TFQBSBDJØO
21. a) kg⋅ºC
En SFBMJEBE DPO FTB JOGPSNBDJØO QPEFNPT DPODMVJS RVF FM EÓB FT UFNQMBEP DPO VOB UFNQFSBUVSB EF $
24. 4BCFNPT RVF
⋅ 2 kg ⋅ (100 ºC − 10 ºC ) = 750.600 J
1BSB PCUFOFS FM SFTVMUBEP FO DBMPSÓBT EJWJEJNPT QPS + + DBM DBM
Q = c ⋅ m ⋅ ΔT = 4.170 J
9 ºF ⋅ T + 32º 5 ºC C 9 ºF 65 ºF = ⋅ T + 32º 5 ºC C 9 ºF ⋅T 65 ºF − 32 ºF = 5 ºC C 9 ºF 33 ºF : = TC ⇒ TC = 18,3 ºC 5 ºC TF =
⋅ 1 kg ⋅ ( 20 ºC − 100 ºC ) = −333.600 J
-B DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS FT + El TJHOP OFHBUJWP JOEJDB RVF FT DBMPS DFEJEP
4J TF SFFNQMB[B FO MB FYQSFTJØO PCUFOJEB FO FM FKFSDJDJP 9 ºF TF = ⋅ T + 32 ºF 5 ºC C 9 ºF TF = ⋅ 227 ºC + 32 ºF 5 ºC TF = 440,6 ºF , FRVJWBMFO B '
25. a) /P FT VO TJTUFNB DFSSBEP QPSRVF FM BDFSP JOPYJEBCMF OP FT VO NBUFSJBM BEJBCÈUJDP FT EFDJS EF CBKP DPFGJDJFOUF EF DPOEVDUJWJEBE UÏSNJDB b) 4Ó FT QPTJCMF TVQPOFS RVF FM TJTUFNB BCTPSCF DBMPS EFM BNCJFOUF RVF FTUÈ B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB
26. a) 6UJMJ[BOEP MBT FDVBDJPOFT EF FOFSHÓB NFDÈOJDB Z DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS
b) -BT DBOUJEBEFT EF DBMPS OP TPO JHVBMFT QPSRVF MB WBSJBDJØO EF UFNQFSBUVSBT UBNQPDP MP FT IguBMBOEP OPT RVFEB $ ' 100 $ ' $PNP MBT SFMBDJPOFT FOUSF MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT FO ' 5' Z MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT FO $ 5$ TPO MJOFBMFT BQMJDBNPT MB FDVBDJØO EF MB SFDUB RVF QBTB QPS EPT QVOUPT TC − 0 ºC TF − 32 ºF = 212 ºF − 32 ºF 100 ºC − 0 ºC DesQFKBOEP 5' TC TF − 32 ºF = ⋅ 180 ºF 100 ºC 9 ºF TF = ⋅ T + 32º 5 ºC C -B FDVBDJØO PCUFOJEB FT MB FYQSFTJØO RVF QFSNJUF IBMMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FO HSBEPT 'BISFOIFJU DPOPDJFOEP TV WBMPS FO HSBEPT $FMTJVT
23. 1BSB BWFSJHVBS TJ FT VO EÓB GSÓP P DBMVSPTP FO MB TJHVJFOUF FDVBDJØO SFFNQMB[BNPT
22
2 ⋅ mP ⋅ g ⋅ h ⋅ n = c ⋅ mA ⋅ ΔT ⇒ ΔT =
2 ⋅ mP ⋅ g ⋅ h ⋅ n c ⋅ mA
ReeNQMB[BOEP MPT WBMPSFT OVNÏSJDPT
ΔT =
2 ⋅ 10 kg ⋅ 9,8 m 4,18 J
s2
g⋅ºC
⋅ 120 , m ⋅ 250
⋅ 2.000 g
58.800 J 8.360 J ºC ΔT = 7,03 ºC ΔT =
-B UFNQFSBUVSB TF NPEJGJDB $ BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF b) 1MBOUFBNPT MB JHVBMEBE Z EFTQFKBNPT I 2 ⋅ mP ⋅ g ⋅ h ⋅ n = c ⋅ mA ⋅ ΔT ⇒ h =
c ⋅ mA ⋅ ΔT 2 ⋅ mP ⋅ g ⋅ n
ReeNQMB[BOEP QPS MPT WBMPSFT OVNÏSJDPT
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
22. 4BCFNPT RVF
h=
4,18 J
g⋅ºC
⋅ 2.000 g ⋅ 1 ºC
2 ⋅ 10 kg ⋅ 9,8 m
s2
⋅ 40
8.360 J 7.840 N h = 1064 , m El SFDJQJFOUF EFCF UFOFS VOB BMUVSB BQSPYJNBEB EF N h=
c) 1PSRVF OP TF DPOTJEFSØ FM GMVKP EF DBMPS IBDJB FM FYUFSJPS FT EFDJS RVF OP UPEB MB DBOUJEBE EF DBMPS TF VUJMJ[Ø FO FMFWBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BHVB TJOP RVF VOB QBSUF TBMJØ EFM TJTUFNB
27. " NFEJEB RVF FM NFUFPSJUP FOUSB FO DPOUBDUP DPO FM BJSF EF MB BUNØTGFSB BVNFOUB TV UFNQFSBUVSB EFCJEP BM SP[BNJFOUP DPO FM BJSF &M FGFDUP EF FTUB GVFS[B EF GSJDDJØO IBDF RVF EJTNJOVZB TV WFMPDJEBE 4F DVNQMF FM QSJNFS QSJODJQJP QPSRVF FM BNCJFOUF BUNØTGFSB SFBMJ[B USBCBKP TPCSF FM TJTUFNB NFUFPSJUP Z FTUF BVNFOUB TV UFNQFSBUVSB
28. %FM QSJNFS QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB Q = ΔU + W se desprende que si Q = W ⇒ ΔU = Q − W = 0 &TUP TJHOJGJDB RVF MB FOFSHÓB JOUFSOB QFSNBOFDF DPOTUBOUF ZB RVF UPEP FM DBMPS BCTPSCJEP TF VTB QBSB SFBMJ[BS USBCBKP
10 Procesos reversibles e irreversibles Página 200 1. "DUJWJEBE BCJFSUB -B SFTQVFTUB B FTUB BDUJWJEBE EFQFOEFSÈ EF las relaciones que los alumnos puedan hacer con lo aprendido FO FM DBQÓUVMP BOUFSJPS SFTQFDUP EF MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT EF DBMPS
2. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFMBDJPOBS MBT NÈRVJOBT UÏSNJDBT DPO BMHVOPT QSPDFTPT WJODVMBEPT DPO MBT USBOTGFSFODJBT EF FOFSHÓB FO GPSNB EF DBMPS Z USBCBKP Z MPT QSPDFTPT RVF TF QSFTFOUBO FO FTUF DBQÓUVMP
3. 3FTQVFTUB BCJFSUB RVF EFQFOEF EF MPT QSPDFTPT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO SFDPOPDFS DPNP iÞUJMFTw QBSB QPTUFSJPSFT BQMJDBDJPOFT UFDOPMØHJDBT
Página 203 4. 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT SFDPOP[DBO RVF TJFNQSF QBSUF EFM DBMPS GMVZF IBDJB FM BNCJFOUF /P UPEB MB FOFSHÓB DBMØSJDB TF VUJMJ[B QBSB SFBMJ[BS USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
Página 204 5. &TUB BDUJWJEBE TF TVHJFSF DPO FM QSPQØTJUP EF FWBMVBS FM OJWFM EF DPNQSFOTJØO EF MPT BMVNOPT EF MPT UFNBT USBCBKBEPT FO FTUB QÈHJOB -BT SFTQVFTUBT QVFEFO TFS NVZ WBSJBEBT
6. .JFOUSBT FM QJBOP FTUÈ DPMHBEP QPTFF FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM HSBWJUBUPSJB EFCJEB B TV NBTB Z B MB BMUVSB B MB RVF TF FODVFOUSB $VBOEP TF SPNQF MB TPHB MB FOFSHÓB QPUFODJBM TF USBOTGPSNB FO DJOÏUJDB ZB RVF FM QJBOP BVNFOUB TV WFMPDJEBE Z FO DBMPS EFCJEP B MB GSJDDJØO DPO FM BJSF &TUF QSPDFTP FT JSSFWFSTJCMF ZB RVF MB FOFSHÓB EJTJQBEB FO GPSNB EF DBMPS OP TF QVFEF SFDVQFSBS QBSB SFBMJ[BS USBCBKP
Página 205 7. a) %F BDVFSEP DPO FM TFHVOEP QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB
OP FT QPTJCMF FM NPWJNJFOUP QFSQFUVP QPSRVF QBSUF EF MB FOFSHÓB DBMØSJDB FOUSFHBEB OP TF QVFEF BQSPWFDIBS QBSB SFBMJ[BS USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP b) "VO TJ MB NÈRVJOB SFBMJ[BSB USBCBKP TPCSF TÓ NJTNB TFSÓB JNQPTJCMF DPOTFHVJS FM NPWJNJFOUP QFSQFUVP QVFT B NFEJEB RVF TF NPWJFSB JSÓB iEFHSBEBOEPw FOFSHÓB
Página 206 8. a) &M PCKFUJWP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT JOWFTUJHVFO BDFSDB EF MBT BQMJDBDJPOFT MPT BMDBODFT Z MBT MJNJUBDJPOFT UÏDOJDBT SFGFSJEBT B MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB 4F FTQFSB RVF PCTFSWFO VOB OPUBCMF EJTNJOVDJØO EF FOFSHÓB NFDÈOJDB b) ¶EFN BOUFSJPS &M NPUPS QJFSEF DPNQSFTJØO Z QPS MP UBOUP DFEF DBMPS BM BNCJFOUF DPO MP RVF EJTNJOVZF TV SFOEJNJFOUP
Página 209 9. a) &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO DPNQSFOEFS DPO NBZPS DMBSJEBE DVÈM FT FM TFOUJEP EF DBMDVlar el indicador de la huella ecológica, ampliando la inforNBDJØO BDFSDB EF MPT GBDUPSFT RVF MP EFGJOFO b) &TUP JNQMJDB RVF MB "SHFOUJOB UJFOF VO TVQFSÈWJU EF SFDVSTPT SFTQFDUP EFM DPOTVNP NJFOUSBT RVF &TQB×B QPTFF VO EÏGJDJU &TUB DPODMVTJØO QVFEF BDPNQB×BSTF EF MB SFGMFYJØO BDFSDB EFM DVJEBEP EF FTUPT SFDVSTPT FOFSHÏUJDPT Z BNCJFOUBMFT QBSB NFKPSBS OVFTUSB DBMJEBE EF WJEB
Página 211 10. a " MPT QPDPT TFHVOEPT BQBSFDJFSPO MPT QSJNFSPT SBTUSPT EF DPMPSBOUF -VFHP EF BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF VO NJOVUP Z NFEJP QPS VO DPTUBEP EFM WBTP TF WJFSPO MÓOFBT EF DPMPSBOUF FO GPSNB EF GMVKP EFTDFOEFOUF 1PS FM GFOØNFOP EF FRVJMJCSJP UÏSNJDP IBDJB FM GJOBM EF MB FYQFSJFODJB MB UFNQFSBUVSB UJFOEF B TJUVBSTF FO WBMPSFT DFSDBOPT B MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF b) &O MB FYQFSJFODJB DPO BHVB UJCJB TF SFBMJ[BSPO MPT NJTNPT QSPDFEJNJFOUPT RVF FO FM QBTP BOUFSJPS $VBOEP TF JOUSPEVKP FM IJFMP FM DPMPSBOUF FNQF[Ø B CBKBS EF NBOFSB DBTJ JOTUBOUÈOFB Z FO GPSNB EF GMVKP UVSCVMFOUP "M MMFHBS BM GPOEP EFM WBTP DPNFO[Ø B EJGVOEJSTF QPS MBT QBSFEFT EF FTUF 5BNCJÏO FO FTUF DBTP MB UFNQFSBUVSB GJOBM EFM TJTUFNB NPTUSØ WBMPSFT DFSDBOPT B MB EFM BNCJFOUF c) &O FTUF DBTP PDVSSJØ BMHP TJNJMBS QFSP EF NBOFSB NÈT CSVTDB FM DPMPSBOUF EFTDFOEJØ FO GPSNB EF GMVKP UVSCVMFOUP QPS MBT QBSFEFT EFM WBTP EF QSFDJQJUBEP Z TF EJGVOEJØ NÈT SÈQJEP QPS UPEB MB NBTB EF BHVB -B UFNQFSBUVSB GJOBM GVF NÈT FMFWBEB RVF FO MPT DBTPT BOUFSJPSFT
11. "M JOUSPEVDJS FM IJFMP FO FM BHVB FTUB DFEJØ DBMPS BM IJFMP IBTUB BMDBO[BS FM FRVJMJCSJP UÏSNJDP QPS MP UBOUP MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BHVB CBKØ 1BSUF EFM DBMPS DFEJEP BM IJFMP QSPWFOÓB EFM BNCJFOUF RVF TF FODPOUSBCB B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB RVF FM TJTUFNB &O FTUF DBTP OP TF SFBMJ[B USBCBKP NFDÈOJDP EF NPEP RVF QPS MB QSJNFSB MFZ EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB UPEP FM DBMPS RVF BCTPSCJFSPO FM IJFMP Z FM BHVB BVNFOUØ MB FOFSHÓB JOUFSOB EFM TJTUFNB En MBT USFT FYQFSJFODJBT FM IJFMP SFDJCJØ DBMPS EFM BHVB BVNFOUØ TV UFNQFSBUVSB Z DBNCJØ BM FTUBEP MÓRVJEP &O FM DBNCJP EF FTUBEP DPNFO[Ø B MJCFSBS FM DPMPSBOUF $PNP MB FOUSPQÓB FT FM HSBEP EF EFTPSEFO EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT EF VO TJTUFNB FT QPTJCMF JOUFSQSFUBS MPT USFT DBTPT FO GVODJØO EF FTUB JEFB t $PO FM BHVB GSÓB FM DPMPSBOUF OP TF EJMVZØ QPS DPNQMFUP t "M VUJMJ[BSTF BHVB UJCJB FM DPMPSBOUF TF EJMVZØ QFSP MFOUBNFOUF t $VBOEP TF VUJMJ[Ø BHVB IJSWJFOEP FM DPMPSBOUF TF EJMVZØ CSVTDBNFOUF Z GPSNØ VOB NF[DMB IPNPHÏOFB DBTJ EF JONFEJBUP EstP TF QVFEF FYQMJDBS BGJSNBOEP RVF MB FOUSPQÓB GVF NVDIP
23
b) &M USBCBKP SFBMJ[BEP TFSÈ JHVBM BM ÈSFB FOUSF MPT MÓNJUFT EF MB FWPMVDJØO $PNP MB GJHVSB EFUFSNJOBEB FT VO SFDUÈOHVMP W =b⋅a
NBZPS DVBOUP NÈT HSBOEF GVF MB EJGFSFODJB EF UFNQFSBUVSBT DPNP MP QSFEJDF MB TFHVOEB MFZ EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB
Página 213 12. a) &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO FYQMJDBS FM QSJODJQJP EF GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF VOB IFMBEFSB NBHOÏUJDB 4F QSPQPOF FWBMVBS MPT OJWFMFT EF DPNQSFOTJØO EF FTF GVODJPOBNJFOUP b) 4F FTQFSB RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO JEFOUJGJDBS RVF FT VO QSPDFTP SFWFSTJCMF c) &M QSPDFTP EF FOGSJBNJFOUP NBHOÏUJDP TF BTPDJB DPO MB FOUSPQÓB QPSRVF B MP MBSHP EF UPEP FM DJDMP MB FOUSPQÓB EJTNJOVZF Z BVNFOUB DPO MPT DBNCJPT EF UFNQFSBUVSB d) &O MPT QSPDFTPT EF FOGSJBNJFOUP TF NPEJGJDB MB FOUSPQÓB UBOUP MB EFM PCKFUP RVF DFEF DBMPS DPNP MB EF BRVFM P BRVFMMPT RVF MP BCTPSCFO
W = (3 m3 − 1 m3 ) ⋅ (15 atm − 5 atm) = 2 m3 ⋅ 10 atm $PNP BUN )QB QB W = 2 m3 ⋅ 101.300 pa W = 202.600 J c) 4F USBUB EF VO QSPDFTP SFWFSTJCMF $PNP TF PCTFSWB FO FM HSÈGJDP TF QBTB EF VO FTUBEP UFSNPEJOÈNJDP B PUSP QPS medio de un ciclo cerrado.
18. -B UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BJSF TVCF QPSRVF FTUF BCTPSCF DBMPS EFM WBQPS RVF DPNJFO[B B DPOEFOTBSTF
19. 1PS FM QSJNFS QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB TF DVNQMF RVF Páginas 214 y 215 13. a) Z b) &M PCKFUJWP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT BOBMJ[BS MB FWPMVDJØO EF MPT
$PNP 2 8 ⇒ ΔU = 0 El QSPDFTP FT JTPUÏSNJDP
20. a) -B UFNQFSBUVSB EFTDJFOEF $ QPS DBEB LJMØNFUSP RVF BTDJFOEF QPS MP UBOUP ºC ΔT = 10 ⋅ 1950 , km = 19,5 ºC km
14. a) /P FT BEJBCÈUJDP QPSRVF FM BDFSP JOPYJEBCMF OP FT VO NBUFSJBM BEJBCÈUJDP FT EFDJS EF CBKP DPFGJDJFOUF EF DPOEVDUJWJEBE UÏSNJDB b) 4Ó FT QPTJCMF TVQPOFS RVF FM TJTUFNB BCTPSCF DBMPS EFM BNCJFOUF RVF FTUÈ B NBZPS UFNQFSBUVSB
$PNP MB UFNQFSBUVSB TFSÈ $ o $ $ -B UFNQFSBUVSB GJOBM TFSÈ EF o $ b) -B UFNQFSBUVSB EFTDJFOEF EFCJEP B RVF FT VOB FYQBOTJØO BEJBCÈUJDB
15. a) Z b) -B BEWFSUFODJB UJFOF RVF WFS DPO EPT DVFTUJPOFT t 1PSRVF FM NBUFSJBM RVF DPOUJFOF FT JOGMBNBCMF t 1PSRVF BM FTUBS FO VO SFDJQJFOUF DFSSBEP IFSNÏUJDBNFOUF BVNFOUB MB QSFTJØO QFSP OP TF QVFEF EJMBUBS FM SFDJQJFOUF OP TPQPSUB MB QSFTJØO Z FOUPODFT QVFEF FTUBMMBS
21. t 4J MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT EF MB GVFOUF DBMJFOUF Z MB GVFOUF GSÓB TPO EF , Z $ , ε=
16. a) &T VOB FWPMVDJØO JTPNÏUSJDB QPSRVF BM FOUSFHBSMF BM TJTUFNB DBOUJEBEFT QFRVF×BT EF DBMPS MB UFNQFSBUVSB QFSNBOFDF QSÈDUJDBNFOUF JOWBSJBOUF b) 1PS MB MFZ EF #PZMF TF DVNQMF RVF p ⋅ V = constante p 1 ⋅ V1 = p 2 ⋅ V2 1 m3 ⋅ 1.013 hpa = V2 ⋅ 950 hpa DesQFKBOEP OPT RVFEB 1 m3 ⋅ 1.013 hpa V2 = 950 hpa V2 = 107 , hpa c) 1PS MB MFZ EF #PZMF TF DVNQMF RVF p ⋅ V = constante p 1 ⋅ V1 = p 2 ⋅ V2 3
1 m ⋅ 1.013 hpa = V2 ⋅ 950 hpa
ε=
Tc − Tf Tc
450 K − 273 K = 0,39 450 K
EM SFOEJNJFOUP UFØSJDP EF MB NÈRVJOB FT EF BMSFEFEPS EFM t 4J MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT TPO JHVBMFT 450 K − 450 K =0 450 K 4J OP IBZ EJGFSFODJB EF UFNQFSBUVSB OP TF FYQFSJNFOUB FM GMVKP EF DBMPS ε=
22. &M PCKFUJWP EF MB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT FODVFOUSFO TJNJMJUVEFT Z EJGFSFODJBT FOUSF MB MFZ EF FOGSJBNJFOUP EF /FXUPO Z MB JEFB EF EFTPSEFO P EFHSBEBDJØO EF MB FOFSHÓB
23. "M BVNFOUBS MB FOFSHÓB EFM BNCJFOUF UBNCJÏO TF JODSFNFOUB MB FOUSPQÓB &TUP TF QVFEF KVTUJGJDBS NFEJBOUF FM TFHVOEP QSJODJQJP EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB
DesQFKBOEP OPT RVFEB 1 m3 ⋅ 1.013 hpa p2 = 2 m3 p 2 = 506,5 hpa
17. a) -B FWPMVDJØO " FTUÈ DPNQVFTUB QPS VO QSPDFTP JTPNÏUSJDP Z PUSP JTPCÈSJDP
24
24. &TUB FT VOB BDUJWJEBE BCJFSUB DVZB GJOBMJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO WJODVMBS MBT DVFTUJPOFT SFGFSJEBT B MB HFOFSBDJØO EF FOFSHÓB MB FOUSPQÓB Z MBT NPEJGJDBDJPOFT FO FM BNCJFOUF
25. &M QSPQØTJUP EF FTUB BDUJWJEBE FT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO BSHVNFOUBS BDFSDB EF MB JNQPTJCJMJEBE EFM NPWJNJFOUP QFSQFUVP EF BDVFSEP DPO MP RVF BGJSNB MB TFHVOEB MFZ EF MB UFSNPEJOÈNJDB
© Santillana S.A. Prohibida su fotocopia. Ley 11.723
BVUPNØWJMFT Z DPNQBSBS MPT EFTBSSPMMPT UÏDOJDPT EF EJGFSFOUFT ÏQPDBT SFUPNBOEP MB FYQPTJDJØO IJTUØSJDB RVF BCSJØ FM DBQÓUVMP -PT EJTF×PT EF MPT DVBESPT Z MPT EBUPT RVF MPT BMVNOPT QVFEBO PCUFOFS QVFEFO TFS NVZ WBSJBEPT
Q = ΔU + W