Ten to the negative nine by Sara El Jamal

Abstract With the ever increasing demand on new building developments, how can emerging nanotechnologies like molecular assemblers, nano scale robotics, and self-replicating machines make an evolving architecture? It is suggested that future proposal of architecture look into a unison of cellular based assemblers and mechanical constructs. Nanotechnology is a broad subject that is predicted to improve efficiency in material construction, material adaptation, computer architecture, and robotics, organic and mechanical fusion. Nano is a scale of measurement denoting a factor of ten to the negative nine, hence the title. Moreover, this thesis attempts to use the conceptual idea of movements and manipulations extracted from the fundamental idea behind Nanotechnology â&#x20AC;&#x201C; manipulating matter at a small scale â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to manipulate modular units and have a metabolic approach to it.

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Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture School of Architecture, Art and Design, American University in Dubai

Studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full name: Sara El Jamal Thesis Book Title: Ten to the Negative Nine Thesis Abstract:

Student Signature

Date

07/Dec/2014

Advisor/ Professor Name: Advisor/ Professors Signature

Date

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Ten to the Negative Nine by Sara El Jamal

A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2014

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Acknowledgement This book and project is dedicated to my parents, without whom I would not be the person I am today. I have learned so much from their strength and love. MMI would also like to express my gratitude to those who have assisted me throughout this year and have helped me get to where I am today. MMDr. Georges Kachaamy - I could not have picked a better advisor to help guide me with my thesis. I am very appreciative of the assistance he gave me during my thesis investigation and throughout the rest of my education. I have greatly benefited as a student and person from his guidance. Friends- I am extremely thankful for the old friends I have kept and the new friends I have made over the years. They have given me a second family at school.

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Table of Contents Introduction A Surreal Universe Oneness of the Universe Thesis Time line

Chapter 1.0: A Shift in Time Industrial Revolution International Movement Digital Revolution

8 10 14

16 17 24 26

Chapter 2.0: Nano-Revolution A world of Atoms Fabricating Nano Form follows function Nano-Materials Other Fields A Leading City Production Prefab- Architecture Metabolism

Chapter 3.0: Case Studies Nakagin Capsule Tower Design Competition Puenta Nave The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science Precedent study: BMW Central Building GC Prostho Museum Research Dimensions of Selected Case Studies

30 32 38 40 42 46 50 54 62

78 96 106 124 146 162 179

Chapter 4.0: Spatial Programming Spatial Program Analysis Area + Load Occupancy Relationship Matrix

186 194 196

Chapter 5.0: Site Analysis

200

Chapter 6.0: Design Process and Implementation

226

List of Illustrations 1. Disintegration of Persistence of Memory. 1952. By Salvador Dali. found on http://uploads4.wikiart.org/images/salvador-dali/the-disintegration-of-thepersistence-of-memory.jpg 2. Crystal Palace - Joseph Paxton. found on http://joeltaylorwrites.blogspot. ae/2013/10/can-paxtons-crystal-palace-be-rebuilt.html 3. Bauhaus - International movement. found on http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bauhaus.JPG 4. Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanostructures techniques and applications by James Morris 5. Nano Art - found on https://www.flickr.com/photos/77317207@ N03/7025093253/ 6. Concrete by nanotechnology found on http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ achievements/highlights/2005/nanotechnology_concrete.html 7. Steel Bars found on http://web.tradekorea.com/upload_file2/product/202/ P00289202/cbe9caa6_df2755fb_a34b_4c60_8fd0_a731764324fd.jpg 8. nanorobotics by the future of Nanotechnology found on http://futureforall.org/ nanotechnology/nanobots.html 9.Maps by mapstackstamen found on mapstack.com 10. Metabolic Architecture major works collage found by Kisho Kurokawa on the New wave Japanese architecture. Print 11. Cluster in the Air found by Rem koolhas, Project Japan, Metabolism talks. 12. Prefab Architecture, images found by Northeastern school of Architecture, Prefab City, Print. 13. Nakagin Capsule tower by Kisho Kurokawa, the architecture of Symbiosis Print. 14. Exploded axonometric, Nakagin Capsule tower by Northeastern school of Architecture. Print. 15. Veronoi tower by Geofferey Braiman and David Bei found on http://www. geoffreybraiman.com/architecture.php 16. Puenta Nave, Renzo Piano by Fondazion Renzo Piano found on http://www. rpbw.com/project/32/renzo-piano-building-workshop/# 17. The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science by Fosters and Partners found on http://elsc.huji.ac.il/building 18. BMW Central Building by http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/bmwcentral-building/ 19. GC Prostho Museum Research found on http://www.cathelijnenuijsink.com/ pdf/FRAME-78.pdf

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List of Background Illustrations 1.Industrialization â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Steel and bars found on http://relaxic.net/ national-geographic-photo-contest-2012-part3/ 2.Dangerous: Child chimney sweeps often had to crawl through holes only 18in wide - and cruel masters would light fires to make them climb faster. Many fell to their deaths : http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1312764/Britains-child-slaves-Newbook-says-misery-helped-forge-Britain.html#ixzz3LnUHUkZu 3.Industrial machinery by David Martin found on https://www. flickr.com/photos/salaboli/ 4.Architecture and computers: action and reaction in the digital design revolution by James Steele 5.Architecture and application of biomaterials and bimolecular materials: symposium held December 1-4, 2003, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 6.Nanoart the Immateriality of Ar by Thomas paul

Introduction

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1.0

A Surreal Universe

Salvador Dali, a famous surrealistic painter, implemented the idea of the world of atom after its discovery into his work. The intention of the painting is to reinterpret his famous painting â&#x20AC;&#x153;The persistence of memoryâ&#x20AC;?, in response to the dramatic changes in the world brought about by the advent of nuclear science.

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Fig 1. Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory

The artist lifts the protective skin of his earlier work to reveal its underlying structure. Rectangular blocks in the foreground and rhinoceros horns hurtling through space in the background symbolize that the world is formed of atomic particles, constantly in motion. (1)

Dali understood the nature of the universe by applying the studies of the molecular work into his own work. The subjects in the painting confirm Dali’s theory rather than exploding into uncontrolled chaos, but assembling atomic missiles which grows in a perfect logarithmic patter.

1. ”The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory.” Unparalleled Collection of Salvador Dali Art Works. Salvador Dali Museum. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.

Oneness of the Universe ..I stand at the seashore, alone, and start to think. There are the rushing waves, mountains of molecules Each stupidly minding its own business Trillions apart, yet forming white surf in unison Ages on ages, before any eyes could see Year after year, thunderously pounding the shore as now For whom, for what? On a dead planet, with no life to entertain Never at rest, tortured by energy Wasted prodigiously by the sun, poured into space A mite makes the sea roar Deep in the sea, all molecules repeat the patterns Of one another till complex new ones are formed They make others like themselves And a new dance starts Growing in size and complexity Living things, masses of atoms, DNA, protein Dancing a pattern ever more intricate

Out of the cradle onto the dry land Here it is standing Atoms with consciousness, matter with curiosity Stands at the sea, wonders at wondering I, a universe of atoms An atom in the universe

1.0

A Surreal Universe

- Richard P. Feynman

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“A

”

toms With Consciousness, Matter With Curiosity

Richard Feynman, a physicist, let alone one of the most influential theorists who came up with the main idea behind nanotechnology, explains the main idea behind the universe, and take Dali’s painting into another level. The scientific aspect behind this universe is tamed by a single atom. The waves he stared at for several days have been there for centuries, when there was no soul, and when the planet was dead. If one looks deeper into these waves, and integrates them, removing what seems like the skin of one’s own perception. (2) MMOne could see a chain of atoms, each atom is different from one another, but they work in a harmonic sequence of endless chains of molecules. The chain keeps multiplying resulting in a more complex structure. This structure then becomes the curious person who is staring admiring the beauty of these waves.

2. Carrol, Sean. "Atoms With Consciousness, Matter With Curiosity." Sean Carroll. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.

Thesis Time line

New Architecture Movements

New Materials

Change in Demand

Industrial Revolution

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International Style

Digital Revolution

NanoRevolution

Metabolism

Prefab-Architecture

NanoArchitecture 19

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1.1

A Shift in Time

Where it all began...

1.1

A Shift in Time

Europe had experienced a dramatic and rapid economic transformation and social disturbance during the industrial revolution. However, historians have debated that the reason why industrial revolution occurred in England is not because of the economy, since the increase rate was slow throughout the revolution. Instead, it has become accepted that the Industrial Revolution was a chain of process. (3) In order for one to understand the industrial revolution is by defining what it was not. According to an article on pro to-industrialization, the industrial revolution in England was not caused only by the changes in trade. If trade alone had been responsible, the Netherlands would have been the leading candidate for the location of the industrial revolution. (4) In addition, the standard of living rose after 1820, long after the start of the industrial revolution which means that the revolution was not a result of wealth and income either. Then what triggered the industrial revolution?

3. “Impact of Industrial Revolution on Architecture.” The Archi Blog. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. 4. “INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE MARRIAGE OF MAN AND MACHINE.” Web. 11 Dec. 2014.

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Change in Demands

During the early decade of the revolution the economy was divided into two. The division of the economy is distinguished by the new form of mechanized production involving the power of the new machines, concentrated labor and the powerful owners. The first half was engaging in the traditional forms of economic activity, and the second half was utilizing in mechanized forms of manufacture. Nevertheless, Industrial revolution was not a revolution in trade or income, but in the strategic sequence in production. MMBeginning of the 18th century the Industrial Revolution made fundamental changes in agriculture, manufacturing, transportation and housing. Architecture changed in reaction to the new industrial landscape. The complexity to understand architecture after the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is essentially derived from these three factors; 1.Change in demand 2. Rapidly developing technologies in materials and techniques 3. Historicism

1.1

A Shift in Time

The technological advancement brought upon the inventions of the steam engine, machine tools, and railways, lead to an easier mass production. Therefore architects, engineers and designers had to design a new type of buildings for new kinds of activities. For instance, factories were used for mass production purposes, therefore a larger space needed to fit the new machineries. For steam engines, a new kind of space was designed in order to fit its function as a terminal. The train station serves as a check point and a waiting area for the travelers. The London Bridge station was the first station to be built during the industrial revolution.

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Rapidly developing technologies in materials and techniques During the industrial revolution, people started moving from the suburbs into towns and cities for labor work. In order for architects/engineers to house the workers and their families, they started to think vertically. Adding more stories to the building might solve the density issue. However, the limitation brought upon building material, almost made it impossible for engineers to use their old techniques. MMThe weight of a multistory building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The use of load bearing walls restricted architects and engineers, so they had to replace it by something far more unimaginable during that time. Steel, iron and glass, three elements that were invented during that time resulted in a different way of thinking. MMAs architects broke free from materials restrictions, new movements in architecture evolved. For example, the international style which marked an architectural shift in time, used these materials to advance foreword and move away from the traditional ornamentation of the previous architectural movements.

It has been regarded as marking the start of architectural modernity, trumpeted by Le Corbusier as the ‘herald of a new age’

1.1

A Shift in Time

A design by Joseph Paxton represents a paradigm shift in Architecture, from one- off made artifacts to a mass – on site assembled buildings. The design of the Crystal Palace influenced many aspects in architecture that changed the architect’s perception completely. New technological materials helped break the boundaries and the limitations that came along with all the social impact and social hierarchy. Thus, resulting in new movements in architecture, and new method to change the world completely from how it used to be. (5)

5. "The Crystal Palace." Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum. Web Team. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-crystal-palace/>.

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The crystal Palace was the first international exhibition that held products manufactured from all over the world. The great exhibition was hugely influential in attempting to unite all nations by exhibiting their manufactured product in one space. The Crystal Palace was not only for exhibiting purposes but also to show Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power through its massive structure and new materials.

The Crystal Palace was one of the examples that represented a shift in time. The usage of technologies such as glass, steel, and iron helped the architect to design a new kind of architecture that blew the mind of the spectators. Moreover, the technological advancement will help architecture today reach another level by the use of nanotechnologies.

1.2

A Shift in Time

International Movement

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Perception of architecture as volume rather than mass Regularity instead of symmetry Avoidance of extraneous ornamentation

The international movement was meant to unify architecture in one simple unit. This unit is distinguished by categorizing its scale depending on an average scale of a man. Nevertheless, the main concept of this movement is to create one style that would disregard diversification. (6) Architects abandoned traditions, ornamentations, and emphasized on geometric patterns in order to create a new modern form and functional theory of architecture. Architecture is no longer an aesthetic element, but experimentation to forming a functional structure. The international style is a dramatic departure from the past eras. Using new technologies in materials and construction, the new movement is able to transform architecture into a new level that might not have been considered before that time. The new style implemented flat roofs and asymmetrical structure with rectangular windows. The international style had a lasting impact on modern design; this is due to its unified style and pure functionality. Using Nanotechnologies might create a new movement in architecture that will define and change the way architecture is perceived today.

6. Sarfatti Larson, Magali. "Architectural Change in Late Twentieth-Century America." Behind the Postmodern Facade. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: U OF CALIFORNIA, 1993. 143-156. Print

1.3

A Shift in Time

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Digital Revolution The digital revolution also called the third industrial revolution is the shift from the mechanical and electronic technology to the digital technology. The transition began around the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and is still ongoing. The digital revolution is regarded to be the information era that marks our world today. The internet was the first conceptual idea that exceeded peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s imagination. The age of information is defined by the limitless possibilities of accessing free databases everyday through a free engine, a device that transfers education, according to Steve Jobs. The Digital revolution made people aware of the world around them. It linked humankind in way far more unimaginable to the past generation. Today the world is flat in the sense of being able to communicate with one another regardless of the distance. Digital technology is a technology that enhanced everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle. (7) Another revolution that shape shifted architecture is digital revolution. From architecture software to gadgets, today architects, designers and engineers are able to create and design different type of buildings just by drawing it on the computer. These revolutions has helped in the advanced movements of this world. Without these revolutions, the technologies found today would not exist. Thus, these movements have helped in seeing the world from a different perspective. Scientists were able to look deeper. For example, studying materials at a nanoscale that helped then understand more.

7. Satell, Greg. "Why The Digital Revolution Is Really Just Getting Started." Forbes. Forbes Magazine. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/04/05/why-the-digitalrevolution-is-really-just-getting-started/>.

Towards a Nano-Revolution

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2.0

A world of Atoms Nanotechnologies can be seen throughout history, dating back to the medieval era. The Romans were the first to manipulate particles at a small scale without them being aware of this technology. Nano particles can be seen in the red color of the Roman’s trophies, and stained glass in medieval church windows. Nevertheless, the term nanotechnology has been derived after the famous lecture by Richard Feynman, where he explained the concept of manipulating matter at a small scale. Feynman’s theory is the core of the advanced movement in technology. In his theory he stated that by scaling an object at a nano scale increases the capacity of the object, thus allowing everything to be smaller and more efficient. In addition, Nanotechnology was coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. He introduced a new method of manufacturing at a small scale. This inspired K. Eric Drexler to visualize nanorobots/ assemblers in his famous Sci-fi book “Engines of creation” that populated the world.

2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

“There’s plenty of room in the bottom.”

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Nanotechnology is the future of today. It is the key for the advanced movement of technology, science, medicine and even architecture. The term nanotechnology might be heard by a lot of people, but unfortunately understood by few. Nanotechnology is not just a trend the world is following blindly. There are several reasons why researchers, scientist, and designers are spending a lot of money and time in this field. These reasons include the potential of nanotechnology in changing and developing the future in a way thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s never seen before. Nano derives from the greek word nanos (latin nanus) meaning â&#x20AC;&#x153;dwarfâ&#x20AC;?. A nanometer (nm) is a millionth of a millimeter; it is 80,000 of the diameter of hair, and is the same size as about five to ten atoms. Thus, one can imagine how small it can get, however, nano cannot be seen with the naked eye. (8) For centuries, scientists have been trying to manipulate matter at a small scale until IBM invented the microscope in the 19th CE. This has revolutionized a way scientists have looked at atoms. Due to this invention, scientists were able to study atoms and molecules more accurately. This has helped scientist to manipulate atoms and come up with endless new technologies.(8)

8."What Is Nanotechnology?" Nano. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/ definition>.A

Fabricating Nano With the enormous demand in the construction industry for a fast track projects, Nano-technology can be effectively employed using technologies like molecular assemblers, nano scale robotics and self-replicating machines. Rather than using the typical bottom up constriction, it is proposed for architectural future projects would be achieved through a cellular based assemblers and mechanical constructs. (9)

Nanotechnology can be used to precisely create nanoscale building blocks with accurate dimensions, sizes and composition. Afterwards, these building blocks are assembled with each other to create a large structure with specific properties and functions that will change the way manufacturing industries fabricate materials. (10) The benefits of using these technologies will result in a better structural system. This is only the beginning, the possibilities and ideas are endless. Nanofabrication can bring 1. lighter, 2. stronger 3. Programmable materials, ex nanotubes.

2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

Fig 2 Nanoscale picture of a fabric material

9. "What Is Nanotechnology, A Guide." Nano. Print. 10. Leydecker, Sylvia, Harold Kroto, and Michael Veith. Nano Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design 1 Jan. 2008. 6-7, Print.

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Introducing new technologies to a field such as a construction field requires the technology to be examined in many ways to show its benefits, since this technology add new values, functions and market demand. The design of the nanotechnologies is enhanced by the needs and the market demand, this result in its contribution to the evolution of both the nanomaterials and nanoproduct. The use of nanomaterials is not an end by itself but follows the demand for innovations, and can be a marketing factor to improve the economy.

Fig 3 Nanotechnology and Materials

The nanotechnology can make a solid contribution to the following areas, (11)

Optimization Damage of existing protection product

Reduction on Reduction in A reduced weight and the number need for volume of production maintenance stages

Nanotechnology is a new way of improving different fields in architecture, such as material construction, material adaptation, computer engineering, robotics, organic and mechanical fusion. A more efficient use of material Reduction in the consumption of raw materials and energy to reduce CO2 emission Greater economy Comfort Conservation of resources 11. Leydecker, Sylvia, Harold Kroto, and Michael Veith. Nano Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design 1 Jan. 2008. 20-24, Print.

2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

Methods of achieving Nano-materials

1.Nanoscale

2.Nanoparticle

Nanoscale science, engineering, and technology are fields of research inwhich scientists and engineers manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level in order to obtain materials and systems with significantly improved properties. Nanomaterials are usually defined as materials that have at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers. A nanometer is approximately 1/80,000th the width of a human hair or 1/7,000th the size of single red blood cell. Materials at the nanoscale often exhibit physical,chemical and biological properties that are very different from those of their normal-sized counterparts. (12)

A nanoparticle is a microscopic particle whose size is measured in nanometres (nm). It is defined as a particle with at least one dimension less than 200nm. When brought into a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the mechanical properties of the material, like stiffness or elasticity. Such nanotechnologically enhanced materials will enable a weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and an improved functionality. Two nanosized particles that stand out in their application to construction Materials are titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).(12)

12. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Towards Sustainable Architecture with Nanotechnology.â&#x20AC;? Academia.edu. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <https://W>.

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3.Titanium Oxide (TiO2) Titanium dioxide as nanoparticles is a widely used white pigment because of its brightness. It is normally can be used as an excellent reflective coating. It can breaks down organic pollutants, volatile organic compounds, and bacterial membranes through powerful catalytic reactions; therefore, It is incorporated, to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for sterilizing, deodorizing and antifouling properties and when incorporated into outdoor building materials can substantially reduce concentrations of air born pollutants. Additionally, as TiO2 is exposed to UV light, it becomes increasingly hydrophilic (attractive to water), thus it can be used for anti-fogging coatings or self-cleaning windows. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added to concrete to improve its properties. The resulting concrete has a white color that retains its whiteness very effectively unlike the stained buildings of the materials pioneering past.(12)

Fig 3 Graphene nanoribbons can be transformed into carbon nanotubes by twisting.

Carbon nanotubes

Buckyballs

The nanotubes are a new nanotechnology that attracts the attention of the public. Two kinds of nanotubes are to be represented in the future market.

1 2 2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

A new kind of materials is evolved based on the needs rather than availability. Where nanotechnology provides the ability to customize materials with specific individual properties and represent a dramatic shift from the standard materials. Raw materials and energy are two factors which are minimalized to reach the main aim of nanotechnology. Industrial standards, testing methods, longterm testing, quality indicators, and their ongoing developments help achieve that the need of nano in everyday use is fulfilled and up to standards. (13)

13. Nek, David. Guide through the Nanocarbon Jungle: Buckyballs, Nanotubes, Graphene, and beyond. 73. Print. 14. Nek, David. Guide through the Nanocarbon Jungle: Buckyballs, Nanotubes, Graphene, and beyond. 90. Print.

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4.Carbon New Morphologies

Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are layered in graphite and have the diameter of one or more nanometers which can be several nanometers long. They have a tensile strength far an excess of steel, yet are more flexible and lighter. Their thermal conductivity is higher than other known material, exceeding diamonds. (14) Extremely stable Nanotubes are always mixed with other materials or applied to surfaces. For example, plastic is mixed with electrically conductive nanotubes. Nanotubes are continually being optimized in order for it to be commercial in the mass market. The market of nanotubes decreased significantly during the past few years in comparison to the initial high cost manufacture.

Buckyballs Buckyballs (15) uses carbon, which is considered to be the most promising nanomaterial. The buckyballs exist in two varieties of morphologies; in the form of diamonds, which is known as the hardest natural material in the world, and as graphite, a softer material.

Fig 4 Buckyballs combines two geometric pattern to make the structure stronger.

Great strength Low weight Extremely stable

14. Buckyballs are composed of carbon atoms linked to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. However, the carbon atoms are connected in the same pattern of hexagons and pentagons you find on a soccer ball, giving a buckyball the spherical structure as shown in the following figure.

The future of Nanotechnology will provide

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Towards a Nano-Revolution

designers with a third option that might combine the previous approaches. Functional nanostructure, unties from the underlying material, its functional properties differ in transforming to a transparent or even invincible forms. MMNanomaterials are integrated into conventional materials so their characteristics are modified to be improved to fit the functional properties. A perfect modular system provides a paradigm shift from catalog materials to â&#x20AC;&#x153;made-to measure materials.â&#x20AC;?

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Aesthetic/ Functional and emotional qualities can be expressed more than ever.â&#x20AC;? Sylvia Leydecker

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Towards a Nano-Revolution

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Form follows functionâ&#x20AC;? is applied more than ever through Nanotechnology.

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50 micro m

Nanomaterials shape shift design possibilities. The high-tech materials meet old, conventional materials and methods with which renovations, and buildings in existing fabric would benefit. MM Additionally, the manner in which nanomaterials are displayed is completely original. The companies behind the production of nanomaterials do not engage in communication on the subject of nanomaterials playing a role in their productsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; selling capabilities. Many different phenomena can be observed such as when product is named nano without being nano, for marketing purposes. (15)

15. Leydecker, Sylvia, Harold Kroto, and Michael Veith. Nano Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design 1 Jan. 2008. 50, Print.

Nano-Materials

Concrete

2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

Concrete is, a macro-material strongly influenced by its nano-properties and understanding it at this new level is yielding new opportunities for improvement of strength, durability and monitoring. However, one of the advancements made by the study of concrete at the nano scale is that particle packing in concrete can be improved by using nano-silica which leads to a densifying of the micro and nanostructure resulting in improved mechanical properties. MMAnother type of nano particle added to concrete to improve its properties is titanium dioxide. It is incorporated, as nano particles and it is added to paints, cements and windows for its sterilizing properties. Additionally, it is hydrophilic and therefore gives selfcleaning properties to surfaces to which it is applied. The process by which this occurs is that rain water is attracted to the surface and forms sheets which collect the pollutants and dirt particles previously broken down and washes them off. The resulting concrete, already used in projects around the world, has a white color that retains its whiteness very effectively unlike the stained buildings of the materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pioneering past.(16)

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Steel has been widely available since the second industrial revolution in the late part of the 19th and early part of the 20th Century and has played a major part in the construction industry since that time. Weakness in properties can lead to structural failure in loading when it comes to massive structures such as towers and bridges. This can happen at stresses significantly lower than the yield stress of the material and lead to a significant shortening of useful life of the structure. (16) Stress risers are responsible for initiating cracks from which fatigue failure results and research has shown that the addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface unevenness of steel which then limits the number of stress risers. Advancements in this technology would lead to increased safety, less need for monitoring and more efficient materials used in construction prone to fatigue issues.

Steel

Carbon nanotubes are a new discovery, whereas wood is an ancient material which has been used since the dawn of civilization. However, perhaps not surprisingly given natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evolutionary process, wood is also composed of nanotubes or â&#x20AC;&#x153;nanofibrilsâ&#x20AC;?; namely, lignocellulose (woody tissue) elements which are twice as strong as nanofibrils would lead to a new paradigm in sustainable construction as both the production and use would be part of a renewable cycle.. Due to its natural origins, wood is leading the way in cross-disciplinary research and modelling techniques.(16)

Wood

16. Leydecker, Sylvia, Harold Kroto, and Michael Veith. Nano Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design 1 Jan. 2008. 32-40, Print.

Other Fields

Nanotechnology can be seen intensively in the computer industry. A hundred years ago, computers occupied an entire room in size. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s computers can fit in a handbag and can be carried around with ease. This development in the computer industry has happened as a result of using nanotechnology that reduced the size of materials and increased their efficiencies. One of the most import devises used in computers is the Semiconductor.(17) Semiconductors are being developed to improve their functionality, speed, and reduction in power consumption involving information processing devices. The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is always coming up with new ideas and technologies to improve the semiconductors used in the manufacturing industry. The intensive research by SIA is critical to meet the enormous demand in information technology industry. (18)

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Towards a Nano-Revolution

Nanoelectronics and Computer technology

17. A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical current. 18. Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology. CRC, 2007. Print.

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Aeronautics and Space Exploration Nanostructural materials and devices provide a solution to spacecraft challenges, thus making it possible for the structure to orbit beyond the desired destination. This is done by reducing the external body weight by reducing its material property. In addition, nano-material strengthen the structure and stabilize its properties. These properties include: 1. Low-power radiation-tolerant and high performance computers. 2. Nanoinstrumentation for microspacecraft. 3. Thermal barrier and wear resistance nanostructured coatings. Moreover, the low-gravity, high vacuumed space environment may aid development of nanostructures and nanoscale systems that cannot be created on earth. Nanomaterials will provide a better opportunity for space exploration, and will open a vast world of new fields for the future generation. (19)

19. Mayapan, Mayya. Nanotechnology in Space Exploration: Report of the National Nanotechnology Initiative Workshop, August 24-26, 2004, Palo Alto, CA. Arlington, VA: National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 2006. Print.

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Towards a Nano-Revolution:

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A Silent Revolution Nanotechnology is helping in improving and revolutionizing the technologies used in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industries. These include: information technology, energy, environmental science, medicine, homeland security, food safety, transportation, and many others. In addition, it has provided solutions for millions of people in different developing countries who lack access to basic services such as a reliable source of energy, heath care, and education. This technology can requires little labor, land, and maintenance. It is also associated with, high productivity rates, low cost, and modest requirements for materials and energy.(20)

Nanotechnology is receiving a lot of attention for governments and private companies because of the potential it holds for the future. The cumulative investment in nanotechnology in the United States, since fiscal year 2001, has reached a total of $100 billion and it is estimated to reach $250 billion by the end of 2015. The United States has launched many programs that help the developments of nanotechnology. This includes SIINN (Safe Implementation of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) and NSF: Scalable Nano-manufacturing. These programs help in providing grants to support the development of nanotechnology.

20. Schulte, Ju. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. Print.

Nanotechnology can be employed effectively in Dubai. There is a huge market for this technology in this part of the world. The engineering sector, among many other sectors such as medical, can greatly benefit from the employment of nanotechnology due to its promising potential. This will greatly reduce the cost of production, increase safety and efficiency of the industrial sector. In addition, it can be used in energy saving solutions. Dubai is concentrating on the use of renewable sources of energy such as solar energy. Nanotechnology can help in the production of more effective solar panels with high efficiencies. (21)

2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

A Leading City

21."Dubai Can Become a Tech Hub, Say Experts." Khaleej Times (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) 6 July 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.highbeam. com/doc/1G1-336004902.html?>.

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Many universities such as Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi and Amity University in Dubai started to offer courses in nanotechnology. In addition, the government started to encourage business to start up in Dubai. For example, HH Sheikh Nahyan Bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, minister of higher education and scientific research, told delegates at an international nanotechnology conference hosted in Abu Dhabi: “Nanotechnology bears huge potential that can effect changes in the fields of energy, technology, medicine, communications, food industry, military strategies and national security.”

The United Arab Emirates is serious about building nanotechnology research infrastructure to help meet its future needs. Nanotechnology is not only a means to job creation and inward investment, it’s also key to realizing the emirate’s vision of economic diversification and creating competitive advantage in knowledge-based industries

23. “UNITED ARAB EMIRATES : Dubai Biotechnology and Research Park (DuBiotech) Announces Opening of First Industrial Biotech Laboratory.” Mena Report 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.highbeam.com/ doc/1G1-280211894.html?>.

? 2.0

Towards a Nano-Revolution

Dubai Biotechnology and Research Park (DuBiotech), a member of TECOM Investments was officially launched in February 2005 by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, as part of Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2010 vision to establish a knowledgebased economy. The Park is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first FreeZone dedicated to Life Sciences. MMDuBiotech accommodates the entire Life Sciences value chain by providing key facilities, investing in infrastructure and creating a unique free zone that incorporates industrial, academic, commercial and residential projects. MMThe park incorporates special tailored facilities that include the BIO Headquarter Towers, the Nucleotide Lab Complex and warehousing facilities to support the rigorous requirements of research and development, manufacturing, distribution and high value added services. MMDuBiotech is actively building affiliations and alliances with distinguished universities, specialist hospitals, world regulatory bodies and other research parks to link the DuBiotech community with the global Life Sciences industry.

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Dubiotech, science research hub, will help Dubai regain its strenghth economically and socially. However, adding an innovative way of thinking and integrating Nanotechnology into their field of expertise will help Dubai to take technology into a higher level. This technology will also help Dubai technology park to unite under one aspect. Researching at a very small scale, the nano scale.

DUBAIOTECH

A research Facility might help improve nanotechnology, but what about making people take a part in this technology. Producing goods and providing it to the public, will raise awareness and curiosity. Thus, will help and motivate researchers to improve the products. People now are more open to new ideas of technology, and are looking forward to how technology is going to transform their world. However, technology is not the only thing people are interested in these days. Using technology to enhance materials will attract peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention especially in Dubai. It is known for its timeless span in construction process. Nanotechnology will help speed up construction process in a way where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s never thought possible.

2.0

Nano-Revolution

Production

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In order to achieve nanotechnology in architecture, many subjects needed to be addressed. The typology of the building will fabricate the units that will be implemented in the structure of the building. Thus, this will allow the building to develop over time and have a flexible structure. Therefore, the best way to achieve this is by studying two main architectural approaches; Prefab Architecture and Metabolism movement that would correspond to the subject and the process of achieving the smallest unit.

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2.1

Nano- A Modular Unit

Prefab Architecture introduced a new method of building assembly. Prefabrication is usually associated with the term ‘on site fabrication’. The term ‘Pre’ in prefabrication is associated with the fact that a fabricated building is usually done in site. Hence, prefabrication is the actual fabrication process before assembling it on site. Prefab architecture was a result of the standardization during the nineteenth and twentieth century, modernism.

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Prefab- Architecture

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2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

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On site

Off site

Construction Selection Different techniques are applied when choosing a construction method. This includes the type of construction, either on site or off site, followed by the type of deliveries and site restrictions. MMThe design process followed by the delivery method should be thought of before the actual implementation. Therefore, one must study the possible transitions between the factory and the site. One of the most important strategies of prefab elements is the building delivery to the site. What kind of possibilities does one have to deliver prefab elements into the required destination?

Rail transportations is considered one of the most efficient methods in relation to moving loads. However, rail transport doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t provide the ability to deliver loads into the required area. One should reconsider this method of transport because of its restrictions and inflexibility to other modes of transport.

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Methods of Transportation

Truck transportation provides more flexibility in comparison to rail transport. It is the most used strategy to transfer modular building elements to the site. However, this method is restricted by the dimensions of the site and the rotation radius.

Cranes are costly, they provide the means of moving the modules to the structure. This method requires a huge space depending on the dimensions of the site.

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Barge is used more massive structure which couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be transferred by the ground rail. The limitations of this water transport are restricted by the port in relation to the site destination.

Sky cranes are used to deliver modules to sites which are inaccessible by other methods. This method requires a high skilled driver. In addition, the distance between the factory and the required destination is limited.

23. "Masters Degree in Architecture." Prefab City. Northeastern School of Architecture, 2010. Print.

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Surrounded site

One Access site

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Corner Site

Narrow Site

Full Access Site

Site Access The site access is the most important aspect when dealing with prefab buildings. The main aim to having a modular building is the flexibility it brings with it. Therefore, units with fixed scale and ratio are easy to plug in to the structure, and are easier to be removed. Full site access makes this method a lot easier than on site fabrication.

Modular unit sizes

2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 Modular width measured in meters

12 16

Modular length measured in meters

Building modules provide many advantages to the construction process. Thus, allowing the building assembly to be 100% offsite. Time, negative impact on the environment and the surroundings are greatly reduced.

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

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Types of Construction

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Permanent Modular Construction PMC is an innovative, sustainable construction delivery method utilizing offsite, lean manufacturing techniques to prefabricate single or multi-story whole building solutions in deliverable module sections. PMC buildings are manufactured in a safe, controlled setting and can be constructed of wood, steel, or concrete. PMC modules can be integrated into site built projects or stand alone as a turn-key solution and can be delivered with MEP, fixtures and interior finishes in less time, with less waste, and higher quality control compared to projects utilizing only traditional site construction. (24)

Re-locatable Buildings. A partially or completely assembled building that complies with applicable codes, and state regulations, and is constructed in a building manufacturing facility using a modular construction process. Relocatable modular buildings are designed to be reused or re purposed multiple times and transported to different building sites. (24)

24. Santos, Daniela. Prefab Architecture. Barcelona, Spain: LOFT Publications, 2010. Print.

Non-attached

Solo

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Field

Semi-attached

Framework

Field- Join

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Attached: Mate

Attached: Stack

Attached: Void

Stack

Void-bridge

Mate

Mate-shift

Stack-shift Void-turn

Mate-turn

Stack-turn

Assembly Techniques Different elements assembly techniques are provided to form a building. Building blocks can be separate, semi- attached or fully attached depending on the design of the building. The structure of the building determines whether the building blocks are stacked or shifted.

24. "Masters Degree in Architecture." Prefab City. Northeastern School of Architecture, 2010. Print.

Metabolism The official meeting of the movement took place at the World Design Conference in Tokyo, by the manifesto metabolism 1960: proposal for a new urbanism. The conference introduced a new method of urbanism, and building design, in attempt to industrialize and develop a self-building. The ideas proposed a futuristic lifestyle of living, where capsules, sky cities and prefabricating housing are implemented. MMMetabolism movement tried combining the simplicity of the international style of the converging trends of the Japanese architecture. Metabolists designed the ideal society based on the assumptions of the Marxism. The ideology responded to the urgent problems that faces Japan, such as the sudden increase in population, and the expansion of big city into a megacity.

2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Metabolism was a name of a group of Japanese art and architecture during the 1960-1970, the name was taken from the Greek word “Metabol” meaning, the “ceaseless transformation of all that convertibility”. The idea behind the literal meaning of Metabolism was transformed into a language of architecture. The Metabolism movement inspired the creation of the new utopian visions of the future, where the flexible structure evoked the process of organic growth. The integration of the organic structure with the awakening of the machine paradigm implied a new form of architecture that substituted the traditional fixed form and function. The initial concept of metabolism is to rebuild and transform cities to bring the nation as a whole. (25)

25. Kurokawa, Kisho. Metabolism in Architecture. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1977. Print.

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2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

The Cluster in the Air is influenced by Kuma Tange, and designed by Arata Isozaki. The design is proposed to solve the poor urban planning in Japan. The concept of the structure is to implement artificial lakes and place them according to hierarchy and the visual appearance of trees. Repetition of elements with different sizes was implied in order to show the self-familiar shapes created by nature. The architect tried to organize urban visions through the use of components involved with the space outside the buildings, to combine the past, present and the future through the relationship between art and technology. Moreover, the whole design was inspired by the trend of science-fiction movies. (26)

26. Ross, Michael Franklin. Beyond Metabolism: The New Japanese Architecture. New York: Architectural Record, 1978. Print.

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2.1

Nano - A Modular Unit

Artificial grounds are mostly implemented in the design of the Metabolist along with the use of the capsules and organic metaphors. End of the movement The group separated after few years of their unification. However, their projects stayed for years to reflect a similar message of the metabolism movement. The movement became the essence of the past and the future, where the idea behind metabolism, a living organism is still perceived until this day.

Kurokawa, Kisho. Metabolism in Architecture. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1977. Print.

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Kikutake is considered to be one of the most influential metabolist. Kikutake would spend his life designing whether to build on the land, the sea or the air, since the surface of Japan is difficult to build on because of its tectonic instability.

Therefore Kikutake decided to build a floating city made up of cylindrical towers, which are suspended residential cabinets that look like a nest on the tree.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you look at the work of Kurokawa for instance, he seems to read Metabolism not as a linear push for ever bigger and larger projects, but more as an ability to transform at the biological level.â&#x20AC;? Rem Koolhas

Case Study

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3.0

Design

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Program

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Kisho Kurokawa

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Issue Introduction

3.1

Precedent study

The Nakagin Capsule Tower is located in a dense busy hub business district of the Ginza area of Tokyo. The building was designed as a hotel to target business men to stay during the weekend. However, the Nakagin Capsule Tower is no longer perceived as a hotel for business men, but studios for youngsters. The tower is a mixed- used residential complex designed by the famous metabolist architect Kisho Kurokawa, the building is considered one of the main buildings that had an impact on the architectural twists during that era. The building is composed of two interconnected towers that house 144 prefabricated units on eleven to thirteen floors. The first two floors are for public use. The first floor includes a self-service cafĂŠ and the second floor includes offices. Kisho Kurokawa designed the Plug in tower in the midst of the metabolist movement. During that time the metabolist architects envisioned flexible structure that continuous to grow and expand. The building was the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first example of capsule architecture built for permanent and practical use. (27)

27. Mullane, Matthew. Capsular Japan: The "information Society" and Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower. 2012. Print.

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Facts Architect: Location: Year: Area: Program: Construction Type: Number of Floors Number of Capsules: Vertical Circulation: Horizontal Circulation: Kitchens & Bathrooms: Capsule life span: Structure life span:

Kisho Kurokawa Ginza, Tokyo , Japan 1970 -1972 3091.23 m2 Residential & Offices Precast Concrete and Prefab Capsules 14 144 2 elevator cores and 2 staircases Prefab Bridges Prefabricated Off-site 25 years and still going 100 years

3.1

Precedent study

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Concept

The architect was inspired by the Japanese puzzle blocks. As seen in the capsule tower, the blocks are manipulated in a way where it can be interchanged. Kisho Kurokawa main aim was to build a modular prefabricated building that is dynamic and metabolic.

Site typologies

3.1

Precedent study

The plugin tower, which is located in Ginza, is surrounded by different typologies such as public parks, highways, and marine port. The building is located in a business district, which makes it a perfect target for business men. The figure on the right shows the different typologies surrounding the site.

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Existing Green Body

Figure ground relationship

Climate

3.1

Precedent study

Wind Annual Analysis according to the Summer, Winter solstice, and Fall and Spring Equinox

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Sun Analysis

3.1

Precedent study

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Exploded Axonometric 1. Precast Concrete Shell with Steel Frame 2. Plug-in Service Fins 3. Lightweight Precast Concrete Floor Plates 4. Precast Concrete Lift Shaft 5. Ground Level Podium and Office Space.

3.1

Precedent study

Podium

Precast Lift Shaft

Stair Cores

"Masters Degree in Architecture." Prefab City. Northeastern School of Architecture, 2010. Print.

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Framework

Temporary Bridges

Entire Assembly

The building consists of two interconnected framework that acts as a supporting structure for the capsules to rest on. The framework is done on site, however, the rest of the building components is 100% off site.

1 2 1 2

3 4

5 6

3.1

Precedent study

7 8

Capsule Components

Typical Capsule Plan

1. Plumbing, Electrical and waste line 2. Vertical Plug-in Service Fin 3. Air Conditioning Duct 4. Air conditioning Register 5. Prefabricated Bathroom 6. Built-in Desk 7. Moveable Chair 8. Built-in Bed

1. Capsule Entrance 2. Prefabricated Bathroom 3. Air Conditioning Chase 4. Interior Finish Surface 5. Welded Light-Weight Steel Truss (A) 6. Welded Light-Weight Steel Truss (B) 7. Built in Bed 8. Circular Window

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2 3

4 2

5 6

Components: Plan & Core

Assembly: Type 1

Assembly: Type 2

1. Typical Capsule 2. Lightweight Precast Concrete Floor Plate 3. Prefabricated Bridge 4. Plug-in Service Fin 5. Precast Concrete, Steel Frame 6. Prefabricated Lift Cage 7. Typical Floor Entrance/ Exit

1. Typical Side-Entry Capsule, Side Window 2. Typical Side-Entry Capsule, Side Window 3. Side Window Capsule Aggregation

1. Typical Side-Entry Capsule, Side Window 2. Typical Side-Entry Capsule, Side Window 3. End Window Capsule Aggregation

Different Seating, and standing positions to show the flexibility of movement in the capsule.

3.1

Precedent study

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6 4

Capsule Delivery 1. Capsule Base Connection Detail 2. Capsule Bolting Process 3. Capsule Bolting Connection Detail 4. Prefabrication- 3 hour Assembly 5. Transportation - 300 km 6.Construction: 7-8 months

101

The Veronoi Tower

Geoffrey Braiman, David Bei

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103

Minimal Surface, minimal material Polyhedra utilize less material than the orthogonal counterpart

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We live in a stacked world. The unending array of floor slabs do very little to further the human condition beyond limited, linear, regular, and expectedâ&#x20AC;?. () The city of the future is a multivalent hybrid reliant on strong infrastructure. While the current street grid and utility infrastructure have facilitated changes for centuries, the limit to its effectiveness and expansion is tied directly to its horizontally. MMThe most common solution to densification is to stack volumes, insert a circulation core, and then subdivide the resulting spaces. This approach repeats the ineptitude of the street grid by rotating its vector perpendicular and extruding the form. This affords little flexibility in the variety of spaces or in the ability for the resultant tower to grow and change over time. MMIn order to adapt, we must look for alternative organizing strategies to accommodate our changing needs. We live in a stacked world. The unending array of floor slabs do very little to further the human condition beyond limited, linear, regular, and expected. The city of the future is a multivalent hybrid reliant on strong infrastructure. While the current street grid and utility infrastructure have facilitated changes for centuries, the limit to its effectiveness and expansion is tied directly to its horizontally. The most common solution to densification is to stack volumes, insert a circulation core, and then subdivide the resulting spaces. (28)

Program: Stacking vs. Packing Stacking elements uses less space but reduces number of programmatic spaces. Packing uses less space and maintain or increase number of connections.

3.1

Precedent study

Point cloud relationship

Spatial Division

Unit Structure

Conventional

Quadratic

Mathematical

Angular

Natural

Cellular

28. "PORTFOLIO - Mehrdad Ghods." Mehrdad Ghods. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.mghods.com/>.

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Rural

Suburban

Urban

Current Urban

Near-future Urban

Future Urban

As a matter of necessity, natural systems continually reorganize until the best possible solution is realized. By analyzing data generated by natural physical phenomenon it is possible to extract mathematical rules that replicate the physics of nature, so rather than conforming to column and slab construction techniques, a skyscraper based on nature results in a streamlined structure that will minimize materials, accommodate variable programs, and grow/ evolve over time.

105

Typical Floor plans

Exploded Diagram

3.1

Precedent study

Structural system

Diagram The structure is inspired by foam

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Structural system

107

Design

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Program

109

Program

Case Study

3.2

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111

Brainstorm

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113

Puenta Nave

Renzo Piano

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115

Issue Introduction

3.2

Precedent study

The main purpose of this project was to choose a location that would fit with the idea of being isolated. Genoa reflects the perfect environment for this project, where each one would feel like they are in a retreat rather than an office building. Moreover, having a beautiful scenery would motivate, and help the architects be more productive. The Renzo Piano Building Workshop in Punta Nave radiates with tranquility. Perched on a steep slope above the sea, Punta Nave houses the Italian headquarters of worldrenowned architect, Renzo Piano. MMComposed of a system of glass terraces gradually sloping towards the sea, the building recalls the shapes of the greenhouses typical of the Ligurian coastline. Here, natural light plays a major role on the interior space within. MMBuilt in 1989 toward the western edge of Genoa, the site has been purposely isolated like a desert island. It invites calm, silence, concentration and creativity. Punta Nave is in perfect harmony with its surroundings. (29)

Architects: Location: Year: Area:

Renzo Piano Genoa, Italy. 1989-1991 1006 m2

Concept Composed of a system of glass terraces gradually sloping towards the sea, the building recalls the shapes of the greenhouses typical of the Ligurian coastline. Here, natural light plays a major role on the interior space within.

Facts

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29. "The Building Blog." The Building Blog RSS. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://thebuildingblog.edilio.it/central-saintgiles-renzo-piano-building-workshop-intrevento-arch-lorenzo-piazza>.

117

3.2

Precedent study

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Building Typography The integration of the building with the site, allows the spaces to interconnect. This results in having an open structure from the inside to connect all the spaces and make a better working environment.

119

Sun Analysis

3.2

Precedent study

The building is located at the heart of Genoaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greenery. This provides the building with shade when needed. Moreover, Natural sunlight is penetrated though the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curtain wall.

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121

3.2

Precedent study

Inclined structural system 40"x60"

Exploded view of the structural roof.

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The idea behind the stepped flooring.

Interlinked spaced illustrated the unity of one environment.

Structural System Since the building is inclined, a huge structural system is implemented in the design to support the whole structure. This also illustrates the importance of the structure, making the spaces interlinked and act as a whole.

123

The main core of this building is to allow a continuous movement. Since architecture as a field is a nonstop progress, the building shows that not only architecture is unstoppable but the designer him/ herself is unstoppable.

3.2

Precedent study

A continuous harmony

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Circulation Diagram

125

3.2

Green Area

Workshop

Core

Social Area

Computer Room

Brain Storm Office

Reception

Meeting Area

Drafting Section

Lecture Room

Workstation

Library

Circulation

Precedent study

Floor plan Not to scale

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Space

Area

Green Area

280 m2

Workshop

140 m2

Core

65 m2

Social Area Computer Room

Brainstorm Office

22 m2

32 m2 83 m2

Reception

35 m2

Meeting Area

21 m2

Drafting Section

71 m2

Lecture Room

21 m2

Workstation

64m2

Library

78 m2

Circulation

97 m2

Total

1006 m2

127

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Experiment

129

The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences

Foster + Partners

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131

Foster + Partners

Facts Architects: Location: Year: Area: Height:

Foster and Partners Jerusalem 2010 10500m2 23m

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Issue Introduction The Edmond and LilySafraCenter for Brain Sciences at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is a pioneering research facility for the scientific exploration of the brain. Physically, the building acts as a gateway between the university campus and city â&#x20AC;&#x201C; its dynamic social spaces and laboratory facilities are designed to attract exceptional scientists, as well as to foster an interest in the centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research activities within the wider community.

Concept The building is arranged as two parallel wings around a central courtyard. The upper levels house twenty-eight highly flexible laboratories linked by social hubs, which are conceived to encourage interaction and the exchange of ideas between students and staff

133

Second generation

Third generation

Campus in 1958

Campus in the early 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Current campus

Diagram 2.1 Site Sketch Process Diagram, the structure is integrated within the existing structure to add as a link.

3.2

Precedent study

First generation

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Urban Fabric The core element of the structure is to link the new design with an existing structure. Just like how the site evolved, the building evolves to become the new leading structure of the science department.

Structural biology and

Existing Animal unit Siberman building entrance

Potential Light railway stop Pedestrian path Prevailing wind New South Camp entrance

135

3.2

Precedent study: The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science

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Sun, Wind, Rain Analysis Relationship between indoor and outdoor temperature. Including sun study and wind penetrating within the structure. a

137

3.2

Precedent study

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Rain an temperature analysis Mean angle of rain deflection

Comfort and environment control strategy

139

3.2

Precedent study

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Circulation System Vertical Circulation

Horizontal Circulation

141

Spatial Hierarchy

3.2

Precedent study

Spatial program

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Jenkins, David. Catalogue, Foster Partners. Munich: Prestel, 2008. Print.

143

3.2

Precedent study

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145

3.2

Courtyard Landscape

Parking

Core and Services

Animal Unit

Imaging Center

Laboratory

Administration

Public Space

Precedent study Floor plan Level 1

Ground Floor plan

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Space Courtyard

Area 1000 m2

1943 m2 Core and Services

2857 m2 Animal Unit

Imaging center

Laboratory

275 m2

3372 m2

Wet Lab

1768 m2

Dry Lab

1604 m2

Administration

293 m2

Public Space

893 m2

Brain Art Gallery

89 m2

Library

96 m2

Auditorium

302 m2

Lecture rooms

208 m2

Cafeteria

198 m2

Kitchen

50 m2

Dining Area

148 m2

Total

1050 m2 147

3.2

Precedent study

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Facade Design Cortex cell types isolated from original canal drawings. These cell types are then implemented into the facade after arranging them depending on the neurons to relate to the laboratory interiors.

149

3.2

Precedent study

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Structural System The structural system is emphasized mainly in the building envelop. The challenge was to create removable catwalk panels to extrude the neuron facade. On the other hand, the main structure of the building is divided into two by the courtyard element.

151

Fabricate

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153

BMW Central Building

Zaha Hadid

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155

Diagram 3.1 Conceptual Sketch By Zaha Hadid

Architects: Location: Year: Area:

3.2

Precedent study

Facts Zaha Hadid Architects Leipzig, Germany 2003 - 2006 4,000m2

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Issue Introduction The BMW showroom designed by Zaha Hadid, is a link that chains several production companies for BMW plant. The BMW showroom is not only an exhibition for BMW cars, but a manufacturing hub that includes research facilities, Laboratories, offices, fabrication spaces and galleries for guests.

Concept The goal for this project is to focus on the technical and the social part of the design, resulting in a unified hub. Moreover, the core design and the interlocking spaces disregards hierarchy between the workers. Thus, churning out a positive environment, and making the workers conscious that they are a part of the large enterprise.

157

Diagram 3.2 Circulation Sketch Interlocking spaces using a continuous ramp element.

3.2

Precedent study

Diagram 3.1 Conceptual Sketch By Zaha Hadid

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Diagram 3.2 Site Plan A Central Building B Body-in-white C Assembly D Paint shop

Urban Fabric The BMW showroom, sited deep within the heart of Germany, recognizes and celebrates the diversity of a workforce. The central building is surrounded by three production halls, which includes body in white (meaning the exterior body of the car), assembly, paint shop and supply centers. MMA whale like volume that nudges out to mark the main entrance, leaving a great first impression on the employees and guests.

159

Visitors Parking

To Paint shop Bridge

To Assembly Restaurant

Small Cascade

3.2

Precedent study

Entrance

To Body White

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161

3.2

Precedent study

Transparency is achieved by a fluid layering so that people are aware of the activities going on around them. A snake overhead conveyors at the ceiling height with flying car bodies from one production department to the other. The production Hall is where the main feature happens, where the body making assembly and the paint finishing take place. Staff use bicycles as a method of transportation to get around the building, This also symbolizes a robotic sophistication that inspires the idea behind the design.

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The building emerge naturally through a sequence of events, forming a surface from the car park extending all the way to form two distinctive building parts in an edgy form seeming as if rotating towards each other.

163

Diagram 3.2 Void and Mass Diagram

Diagram 3.4 Circulation Diagram

Vertical Circulation

Diagram 3.4 Concrete Structure An exposed concrete structure containing rhombic passages houses workshop and academies.

3.2

Precedent study

Horizontal Circulation

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165

3.2

Auditorium

Paint Shop

Assembly

Quality Control

Body in white

Laboratory

Shop

Entrance

Kitchen

Display Area

Offices

Cafe

Foyer

Dining Hall

Infirmary

Precedent study

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Space

Area

Auditorium

363 m2

Paint Shop

9162 m2

Assembly

2000 m2

Quality Control

183 m2

Body in white

9738 m2

Laboratory

1234 m2

Shop

490 m2

Warehouse

873 m2

Kitchen

1282 m2

Display Area

214 m2

Offices

3500 m2

Cafe

665 m2

Foyer

500 m2

Dining Hall

1153 m2

Infirmary

350 m2

TOTAL

30300m2 167

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PUBLICIZE

169

GC Prostho Museum Research

Kengo Kuma

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171

Diagram 3.1 Conceptual Sketch By Zaha Hadid

Architects: Location: Year: Area:

3.2

Precedent study

Facts Kengo Kuma Kasugai-shi Japan 2010 626 m2

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Issue Introduction Kengo Kumaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inexhaustible curiosity for Experimentation with local materials and Innovative constructions has rewarded him with a distinctive position among Japanese architects. The 56-year-old architect is not afraid of the dichotomy that separates the work of his avant-garde and traditional colleagues. Instead of using only modern building materials or sticking rigidly to an authentic Japanese architectural style, Kuma takes an individual yet contemporary approach to his designs, combining materials and structure with his signature flair for innovation. His latest project, the GC Prostho Museum Research Center in Aichi, a city in central Japan, is a first-rate example of what he describes as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;forgetting about ready-made details in order to carve and cook materials in new and different waysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Concept His source of inspiration? The assembly System of cidori, a traditional Japanese building set for children. Cidori is a collection of wooden Sticks that can be notched together to make longer or shorter components. It works without metal hinges or nails. Together with structural engineer Jun Sato and craftsmen from Takayama. (30)

30. Nishimaki, Atsuko. Emergent Spatial Frames. Tokyo: Shinkenchiku-sha, 2011. Print.

173

Mass vs. Void diagram

3.2

Precedent study

Void

The museum shows the relationship between the mass and the void through the cidori. The mass in this project is considered to the basement and the three floors that is shaped by the structure itself. Therefore, The best way to show this relationship is through an elevation.

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Static vs. Dynamic diagram Dynamic spaces

The gallery and the core is considered to be a dynamic space. The offices, archive, etc is considered a static space.

175

Gallery

Bureau

Laboratory

Archive

30 m2

Communal Space

77 m2

Total

576 m2

183

Wood structure is implemented in this project, where the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main focus is to bring back the essence of the Japanese traditional element, the Cidori. The cidori is multiplied in a fixed orientation and interlinked with one another to make the structure stronger.

3.2

Precedent study

Structural systems

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Building Components

Assembly

185

Description

SRV Publicize Brainstorm Experiment Fabricate

PRIVATE PUBLIC

Excluding body in white, paint, Animal unit

Total Area = 15841 m2

Program Case Studies

Zone

Space

No. Spaces

Workshop

Animal Unit

Paint shop

Body in white

Dry Area

Laboratory

Computer room

Imaging Center

Quality Control

Workstation

Draft Section

Admin

Offices

Lecture Hall

Gallery

Auditorium

Foyer

Retail Shop

Library

Kitchen

Restaurants

Toilets

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Dimensions of Selected Case Studies Puenta Nave 140 m2 -

The Edmond and Liliy -

2857 m2

BMW Central Plant

GC Prostho Museum

2000 m2

Total Area 2140 m2 - m2

9162 m2

9738 m2

22 m2

1234 m2

132 m2

4738 m2

3372 m2

32 m2

- m2

32 m2

275 m2

275 m2 183 m2

183 m2

64 m2

64 m2 -

71 m2

71 m2 293 m2

83 m2

293 m2

3500 m2

128 m2

3711 m2

21 m2

208 m2

77 m2

306 m2

89 m2

214 m2

100 m2

403 m2

302 m2

363 m2

500 m2

490 m2

78 m2

96 m2

50 m2

1282 m2

1332 m2

35 m2

350 m2

1153 m2

1503 m2

22 m2

665 m2 500 m2

490 m2 30 m2

87 m2

204 m2

109 m2

187

Spatial Sequence

Program

4.0

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189

Analysis

Building Zones

Brainstorm

Fabricate

3 4

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Experiment

Publicize

191

Brainstorm Reception Administration

Lobby Finance Payroll office Management offices Purchasing office Data services

Brainstorm office Library Computer lab

Offices

Conference rooms

Load and inspect Operator workstation Step and repeat camera area Workstation Analytical dry labs Chemical storage Wet Labs Dry Labs

Experiment

4.0

Spatial Organization

Process line

Protected area for experiments

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Fabricate Production Control Workshop Material Distribution Plant Maintenance Purchasing Assemble

Technical fabrication Shipping/ Receiving Storage Receiving inspection Loading Deck

Restaurant Kitchen Toilets Circulation

Publicize Gallery Purchase store Foyer Presentation Area

193

Brainstorm Reception Administration

Lobby Finance Payroll office Management offices Purchasing office Data services

320 m2

78 m2

32 m2 60 m2 Total Area = 490 m2

4.0

Spatial Program Analysis

Total Area = 613 m2

1 4

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No. Of units

Area

23 m2

100 m2

14 m2

378 m2

14 m2

70 m2

Brainstorm offices Library Computer lab

Offices

Conference rooms

Total Area Zone A = 1103 m2 195

Load and inspect Operator workstation Step and repeat camera area Workstation Research engineer Chemical storage Wet Labs Dry Labs Process line

Experiment

Protected area for experiments

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No. Of units

Area

30 m2

60 m2

175 m2

40 m2

20 m2

1600 m2

Total Area Zone B = 3525 m2

197

No. Of units

Workshop

Assemble Production Control Material Distribution Plant Maintenance Purchasing

Area

70 m2

116 m2

110 m2

342 m2

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Fabricate

Technical fabrication Shipping/ Receiving Shipping storage Receiving inspection Loading Deck

No. Of units

Area

2000 m2

170 m2

40 m2

80 m2

14 m2

Total Area Zone C= 2932 m2

199

No. of units

Area

200 m2

70 m2

400 m2

500 m2

665 m2

Total Area Zone D= 2435 m2

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Restaurant Kitchen Toilets

Publicize Gallery Purchase store Foyer Presentation Area

201

Plant operation manager

Engineering manager

Tool and equipment engineer

Process support engineering

Manufacturing manager

Direct operation manager

Operations

Inspectors

Technical staff

Technical operation manager

Quality Engineering

Testing Engineering service

Data Systems

Total Area Zone A= 1103 m2

Total Area Zone C= 2932 m2

Total Area Zone E= 2435 m2

Total Area = 9995 m2

4.0

Area + Load Occupancy

Total Area Zone B = 3525 m2

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Zone

Type

Occupancy

Guest/ Employee

Business

120

Employee

Testing

160

Employee

Fabrication

130

Employee

Assembly

240

Guest

203

Restaurant

Gallery

Admin

Entrance

Reception Lobby

Workshop

Security Library Toilets

Storage Process Line Zone

Laboratory

Assembly

Computer Lab

4.0

Relationship Matrix

Loading deck

-9

Security

Gallery

Restaurant

Loading deck

Storage

Assembly

Process Line Zone

Laboratory

Workshop

Computer Lab

Library

Toilets

Admin

Reception

Lobby

Entrance

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Entrance

Lobby Reception Admin Toilets Library Computer Lab Workshop Laboratory Process Line Zone Assembly Storage Loading deck Restaurant Gallery Security

Essential Possible Beneficial

205

5.0

Site Analysis

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207

Proposed Site

Site Analysis

Site #1 Location: Dubai, Al Qouz. Context: The site is located in an industrial zone, but not completely segregated from the commercial areas and the busy hub of Dubai. Al Quoz is considered to be one of the busiest industrial area after Jabal Ali. The location proposed a good site for manufacturing companies, however a research facility needs to be in an isolated zone with a security watch. Therefore this zone might not benefit the project 100%.

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Site #2 Location: Dubai Silicon Oasis. Context: Dubai Silicon Oasis is considered a perfect site for a research facility. Located at the bottom edge of Dubai, the site is isolated from the busy city, thus making this site a suitable proposal for the project. However, for a research and fabrication center, the site is located far away from the industrial zones, making it hard for manufacturing company to access the project.

Site

Site Context This project purpose is to combine two type of industries, manufacture and research center. The site chosen was set to be an industrial/ research base area, in order to fit the programs requirement.

209

Location

UAE

Site Description and Context

Site Analysis

Dubiotech Throughout the years, Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interest in Science and technology has reached its peak. Starting off with the implementing research facilities in the country, Silicon Oasis was one of the first to set the new boundaries into this field. The Dubai Biotechnology and research park is considered to be on the most important developments in the Middle East that was inspired by main idea of Silicon Oasis. However, Biotechnology Research Park does not only include research facilities. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a free Zone that enjoys a strategic location with world-class facilities tailored to the Life Sciences industry, ranging from offices, laboratories and warehouses to land plots, creating a vibrant Life Sciences community.

Dubai

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Dubiotech

Nanofabrication Center

Dubiotech is only a 10 minute drive from Dubai International Airport and 60 minutes from Abu Dhabi, the capital of UAE. For easy exports, imports and logistics Operations, DuBiotech is located 15 minutes from Jebel Ali Port and 15 minutes from Al Maktoum Airport – Cargo Hub-.

• • • •

211

Mixed-use Block

Headquarters Block

Residential Block

Research Development Block

Manufacturing Block

Research development

Headquarter

The buildings height varies depending on the building type and the zoning of the area. For example, Residential buildings, hotel apartments, and the main headquarter building are all highrise buildings. Research facilities and centers are mid-rise, and manufacturing companies, warehouses are considered to be low-rise blocks.

Residential

Site Context

Site Analysis

Mixed-use

Manufacturing

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Site Views The site is chosen due to its perfect integration with its surroundings. The site is located on the borders of Dubiotech, where it acts as the main attraction to the research park. The mixed-use surroundings help the site to adapt to its own structure and programs. Moreover, the site can be accessed from three different roads Barsha road, Dubiotech Main road and the service road. The building types surrounding the site have a rhythmic movement depending on the zoning of the actual area. If looked from the north view of the site, one can see the low-rise residential villas of the neighboring area. On the east view, two types of warehouses can be seen right in front of the school which is considered part of Dubiotech. The south view is the most eye catching view of the site, where it shows the full view of the research park and its busy environment.

North Camera View

East Camera View

West Camera View

South Camera View

213

Aswaq Al Barsha South

Fore market Garden

Miracle Garden

Jumairah Village center Arjan

Dubai Autodrome

Surroundings

Site Analysis

Dubai International Stadium

Dubai Polo and Equestrian club

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215

Dubai Timeline and Evolution

Historical Context

1830

The small fishing settlement of Dubai is taken over by a segment of the Bani Yas tribe from the Liwa Oasis, led by the Maktoum family who still, interestingly, rule the emirate today.

1892

Foreign traders are drawn into Dubai due to the declaration that they will be exempt from tax, the population doubles and the pearling industry is now booming.

1930

The recession hits Dubai’s pearl industry which falls into decline leading to social pressures and feuds between the royals.

1958

Sheikh Rashid officially becomes the ruler of Dubai after his father’s death.

1959

The Emir of Kuwait lends Sheik Rahid millions of dollars to renovate the Creek so it can accommodate large ships in order to develop Dubai’s reputation as being a major trading hub.

1966

Dubai discovers its own oil, attracting traders to settle in Dubai which in turn enhances economic growth.

1968

Dubai begins exporting crude oil and petro-dollars rush in.

1973

The Dirham becomes the offical unit of currency in Dubai.

1980

Dubai’s annual oil income decreases to US$3.

1985

The Emirates airline is established and Dubai plans its reinvention as a tourist destination.

1990 1996 1999 2003 2006

Sheik Maktoum takes over as the ruler of Dubai, due to his father, Sheik Rashid, passing away during the first Gulf War.

The Dubai shopping festival and the Dubai World Cup are launched and happen to become very popular annual events. One of the tallest hotels in the world, the Burj Al Arab opens, enhancing Dubai’s reputation further as a tourist destination Dubai is recognized by The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as a financial hub. Also, at this time the property market in Dubai suddenly grows due to the introduction of freehold properties Sheik Mohammed becomes the Prime Minister and Vice President of the UAE, as well as the ruler of Dubai. He updates the Liberal policies of his Maktoum forefathers and develops Dubai further, raising the city’s business profile.

-9 Ten to the negative nine Change in urban extent in Dubai Emirate (1972â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011). Emirates road (E311); bypass outer road (E611); Dubai industrial city (DIC); Al Maktoum international airport (DWC).

1972

1976

1980

1985

1990

1992

1998

2000

2003

2005

2008

2011

217

The fig shows the population density depending on the zones. Industrial zone, showed in yellow, and Residential zone in blue.

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

1953

1985

1995

2005

2010

2011

Site Analysis

Dubai is the second-largest city in the United Arab Emirates after Abu Dhabi; it covers an area of 1,588.4 square miles. The Emirate has a population of 2,262,000. As shown in the graph above, the growth rate increased rapidly from 1985 to 2010. However, by 2010, the growth rate is still increasing but at a slower rate. Just like the past years, Dubai’s population continuous to increase at almost 5% for the past year. According to Dubai’s latest statistics, over three quarter of Dubai’s population is male. Statistics collected by Dubai Statistic Center shows that 77.5% of Dubai’s population are men and 24.5 are women. The unstable population is due to the high rate of the domestic workers in the region. Most of these workers are usually accompanied by their families, which explain the low rate of women in Dubai. In addition, statistics also shows the age range which is between 20 – 39. The total number of male in that group is almost 60% more than the female’s percentage.

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The diagram below shows a graphic representation of the different zones surrounding the site. Each zone is differentiated by color and its social amenities. The blue zone represents the residential area, which sheets almost 70 % of Dubai. On the other hand, the yellow zone shows the industrial area that lies almost parallel to the site, making it even more reliable to the programmatic flow that supports the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and function.

219

2006

2005

About Biotech

History and Milestones

UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum announces DuBiotech, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first free zone dedicated to the biotechnology industry.

Built projects 2014 And density study

Receives ISO 9001:2000 certification, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading quality management benchmark for business organizations.

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2009

Announces partnership with Swiss Biotech Association.

2007 2010 Announces completion of a comprehensive regulatory standards for the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical industry. Breaks ground for laboratory complex. Launches state-of-the-art warehousing facilities for showroom, distribution, logistics, re-packaging, labeling and light manufacturing requirements of the pharmaceutical, healthcare and biotechnology industries. Launches high-tech Nucleotide Laboratory Complex, a major investment that offers unique opportunities to life sciences companies, research organizations and testing laboratories. Nucleotide Lab Complex achieves LEED Silver certification.

221

Site

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Site Analysis

Spring equinox

Fall equinox

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Site

Shadow Analysis Summer Solstice

Shadow Analysis Winter Solstice

223

Average High temp

Average Low temp

Jan

Feb March

April May

June July Aug

Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Weather Report The figure above shows the average low and high temperature during a year in Dubai. As it can be seen, the highest temperature occur during the months of July and August, where the temperature reaches an average of 41 degree Celsius during the day and an average temperature of 31 during the night. On the other hand, the lowest average temperature occurs during the months of December and January. Where the average temperature reaches 24 degrees Celsius during the day, and 15 degrees Celsius during the night.

Climate Analysis

Site Analysis

Wind Direction Distribution during the months of March, June, September, and December.

March

June

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Precipitation (mm)

Average rainfall days Jan

Feb March

April May

June July Aug

Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Wind Report The graph above shows the average rainfall days and precipitation in Dubai. Dubai experiences the largest amount of rainy days during the period of December and January, where the precipitations of rain is also high. On the other hand, Dubai has zero, or very low, rainfall days during the period of June and July, where the precipitations of water is very minimum.

September

December

225

Coastal Dunes Sabkha

Deflated dunes

High Dunes

Hajar Mountains

Schematic regional cross-section of the quaternary geology of UAE.

White Sand

Quaternary Eolian sand

Geology

Site Analysis

The Quaternary Eolian sand sheets most of Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typography. As temperature varies the weather system and the sea level varies as well. This results in different types of sand in the coastal area of the United Arab Emirate. The Quaternary deposits consist of extensive aeolian dune sands that form low-lying sandy deserts extending southwards into the Rub al-Khali, and which pass eastwards into gently sloping fans composed of thick alluvial fan gravels (mainly of Pliocene age) bordering the Hajar Mountains. (31) Along the boarders of UAE, prevailing winds from the north west are the dominant influence on the desert dunes.

The form and the shapes of the dunes are due to different wind regimes throughout time. These dunes are made of siliciclastic sand (quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments), but also have grains of bioclastic carbonate and gypsum. They show a decrease of carbonate grains away from the present-day coastline where the dune sands are white because they are dunes oblique to the trend of the older ridges. 31. http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/teanh/006quat.pdf

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Dubai sand formation: White Sand, Aeolian sand.

227

Existing Green and Water Body

Natural Typology

Site Analysis

The site typologies recognize the wide range of natural characteristics in Dubai. The typology in this site recognizes the vacant building lots, and the lack of having nature implemented within the urban development. LANDSCAPE areas are made up of Dubai parks and open spaces. The figures provided states that the of existing green and water body might not be enough for a dense city like Dubai. In order for the citizens to have a healthy interaction with the environment, one must take into consideration the relationship and scale between the building blocks and natural recreational environment.

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WATER BODIES are implemented in the neighboring areas, ex. Jumairah Lake towers, and Emirates Hills. In addition, Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is considered to be a huge issue during Summer, therefore, integrating water bodies within the landscape helps reduce the temperature and enhances the experience of the city.

229

The figure below shows that the site can be accessed through private cars and public transportation. The public transportation routes are determined by RTA. However, the only routes available are the routes that are accumulated on Sheikh Zayad Road. This means that if one wants to use public transportation to reach Dubiotech, one must take the metro along Sheikh Zayed road, and then take another type of public transportation, which is the public bus.

Pedestrian Walk flow

Site Context and Built Environment

Site Analysis

Public Transportation

Vehicle Main Road

Dubai Infrastructure

-9

Public Transit

Ten to the negative nine Public and private space is determined through the zoning and the program developed by the site developers. The private space includes residential buildings, and research facilities. Whereas a public zone includes Dubiotech headquarters, teaching facilities, manufacturing warehouses and mixed-use building blocks. Nonetheless, the figure on the left shows Dubai infrastructure in three different sectors which includes road ways, pedestrian flow, and public transportation. As seen on the left diagram, there is not much of pedestrian flow in the region, thus making it hard for residents to experience the city without travelling by automobiles.

SITE

Figure ground relationship

Private Zone

Public Zone

Road Network

231

Building Visibility The first thing you see when you access the site is the headquarterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building, which acts as a main trademark for that area. Excellent Building Visibility from Umm Suqeim Road and (Sheikh Mohammad Bin Zayed Road for corporate branding).

Site Access

Site Analysis

Barsha Road Site Access

Sheikh Zayed Road

Al Khail Road

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Private Access:

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Individual Entry to each building allows for private access and routes

Different possibilities to enter the site

Easy Connectivity: Towers and villas as well as the multi-story car park.

Facilities Management Building facilities management services and advanced security systems.

Dubai International Airport

Jabal Ali Port and free zone 20 Min Dubai World Central Airport 15 Min Dubai Land 15 Min Dubai Autodrome 10 Min Dubai Sport City 10 Min 10 min

233

Fabricating Nano

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6.0

235

Nano

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The Smallest unit 237

0DPoint

The smallest unit in architecture is defined by a point. A point indicates a position in space. Although a point is considered to be the smallest unit defined by experts, a point is not considered to be a space, but it is considered to be a major element that generates the space.

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1DLine

A point is extended to become a line. The line is still not considered as an architectural space. However, the line accumlate to define some properties of a space. A line has a length, direction and position.

239

3DVolume

A plane alone does not define a space. However, multiple planes combined together to form a volume creates an architectural space. A plane extended creates a volume with the properties of length, width, shape, surface, depth, form, space, orientation and position.

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2DPlane

A line extended becomes a plane with properties such as length and width, shape, surface, orientation and position.

241

Manoeuvre The proposed concept is a project that will project different geometrical elements that will present time and movement. Starting off with a single dot, a three dimensional space is generated. The smallest unit is perceived to be the dot conceptually. However, in reality the smallest unit in an architectural space is the volume. The shape of the volume determines what kind of spaces will be integrated in the project. A cube, for example is chosen for its flexibility in retaining its shape. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The cube can be transformed into similar prismatic forms through discrete changes in height, width or length. In addition, a cube can retain its identity as a cube even though a portion of it is removed, or be transformed into a series of polyhedrons that begin to approximate a sphere.â&#x20AC;? The cube then multiplies to create a growing entity that continues to develop over time. MMNevertheless, in order to achieve a flexible structure, the concept of the tesseract is integrated in the three dimensional space. The transition and the movement of the tesseract are studied in order to visualize movement throughout the structure. With the help of nanotechnologies, the tesseract will be attained to be the main element in the design process.

conceptual sketch: Tesseract process

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4DTesseract

Two cubes are combined to form a tesseract. The tesseract is known to reflect a fourth dimensional space. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s properties are similar to the third dimension but time is added to create a continous movement throughout the space.

243

The initial intent of the project implements the concept of multiplying the smallest unit to come up with the overall form. The typology of the building is a combination between a warehouse for nanotechnology material fabrication and a research center. The building fabricates itself using nanotechnology material and structure components. Dealing with nanotechnology will help the structure have a stronger, lighter and even transparent form that might seem impossible to achieve with normal material. Moreover, structural elements such as columns, trusses, beams, and foundations might not be needed anymore. The conceptual model shows a dynamic figure that deals with small units multiplied in a chaotic and organic way.

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245

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As a final outcome, the tesseract is proposed and integrated within the conceptual model. This will combine two architectural elements to create a dynamic space. The connection between the units will be placed based on the circulation of the entire form.

247

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249

Bibliography Cardinale, Joseph. The Size of the Universe. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama, 2010. Print. Feynman, Richard P., and Robert B. Leighton. The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub., 1963. Print. Feynman, Richard P., and Jeffrey Robbins. The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 1999. Print. Ashton, T. S. The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830. London: Oxford UP, 1948. Print. Mantoux, Paul. The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England. New and Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1961. Print. N, Mauro F. The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scientific Management and the Rise of Modernist Architecture. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2006. Print. Matsumoto, Miwao. Technology Gatekeepers for War and Peace the British Ship Revolution and Japanese Industrialization. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan ;, 2006. Print. Chin, Aimee, and Chinhui Juhn. Technical Change and the Wage Structure during the Second Industrial Revolution Evidence from the Merchant Marine, 1865-1912. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. Print. Curtis, William J. R. Le Corbusier: The Evolution of His Architectural Language and Its Crystallization in the Villa Savoye in Poissy. English Architecture 1930s : The Modern Movement in England 1930-9 : Thoughts on the Political Content and Associations of the International S. Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1975. Print. Hines, Thomas S., and Irving Gill. Irving Gill and the Architecture of Reform: A Study in Modernist Architectural Culture. New York: Monacelli, 2000. Print. Curtis, William J. R. Le Corbusier: The Evolution of His Architectural Language and Its Crystallization in the Villa Savoye in Poissy. English Architecture 1930s : The Modern Movement in England 1930-9 : Thoughts on the Political Content and Associations of the International S. Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1975. Print. Lindsey, Bruce, and Frank O. Gehry. Digital Gehry: Material Resistance, Digital Construction. Basel: BirkhaĚ&#x2C6;user, 2001. Print. Zelkowitz, Marvin V. Nanotechnology. Amsterdam: Academic, 2007. Print. Nalwa, Hari Singh. Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology. Concise ed. San Diego: Academic, 2002. Print. Snedden, Robert. Materials Technology. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2001. Print.

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Hill, Jonathan. Architecture: The Subject Is Matter. London: New York :, 2001. Print. Arieff, Allison, and Bryan Burkhart. Prefab. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2002. Print. Smith, Ryan E. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print. Prefab Architecture. Barcelona, Spain: Loft, 2012. Print. Kurokawa, Kisho. Metabolism in Architecture. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1977. Print. Villee, Claude Alvin. Metabolism. Washington, DC: Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1985. Print. Ross, Michael Franklin. Beyond Metabolism: The New Japanese Architecture. New York: Architectural Record, 1978. Print.

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