FLORICULTURE CLUSTER IN PUNE, INDIA
PESTEL By Laura Dos Santos Sarah Gay Saki Hanzawa
& Louise Penin
Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 i.
Context ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. India & maharashtra ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 a. India .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 b.
Maharashtra state ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. The floriculture world market ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 3. The floriculture cluster .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Other cluster actors ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ii.
Pestel analysis .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Politics............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 a. Political organisms and interventions ...................................................................................................................................... 6 b.
Subsidiaries ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
c. Export policies: monetary policy and exportation restrictions ............................................................................................ 7 2. Economics ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 a. Exportations ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 b.
The floral industry is a growing market ................................................................................................................................. 9
c. Low cost ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Social .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 a. Cheap labour, bad social protection ................................................................................................................................... 10 b.
Inequality ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 i
c. Low urbanization ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 4. Technologic .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 a. Research infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 b.
Technologies around the floriculture ................................................................................................................................. 11
5. Environmental ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
a. The climate ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 b.
The consumer behavior........................................................................................................................................................ 13
c. The green revolution ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 d.
The green agriculture ........................................................................................................................................................... 14
e. The green technologies ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 6. Legal ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 a. Indian legal system ................................................................................................................................................................... 16 b.
Agricultural legislation........................................................................................................................................................... 16
c. Regulations of export ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 references................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
ii
PESTEL a definition Understand the factors which can have a positive or negative influence on your sector in order to answer better to the expectations
1
. INSIDE
OUT©
is
a
consultancy
agency
specialized
in
1 .
&
sustainable development issues. The office is based in Pune, in
.
India. It gathers four high skilled consultants who have knowledge of the local economy nearby. The agency is
India is the second largest and most populous country in the
particularly interested in helping the Pune‟s floriculture cluster
world with 1,241 billion inhabitants (World Bank, 2013). It‟s an
so it launched a study about it in January 2013.
emerging country with 1,848 trillion dollars PIB (World Bank,
Why
floriculture
cluster
?
Because
of
its
2013) and a 5.5% growth (Le Monde, 2013). This growth, which
economics,
environmental and social stakes in Pune, but also in India and
seems to be high, has fallen regarding the 8.5% of 2010.
abroad. This study will show all the involvements of the cluster
India is growing but
in its background.
remains
In a first part, the context of our researches will be introduced
country.
by a country and state portrait, a delimitation of the subject
misunderstand, it‟s a
and a brief description of the cluster. In a second part, the
country full of raw and
PESTEL method will fix the cluster framework.
human
a
poor Don‟t
resources,
nevertheless, inequalities are so important they lead to instability. From another
side,
this
inequality means having
2
both educated workers and low cost workforce on the same
GMO plants like Monsanto‟s Bt cotton (Greenpeace France,
territory;
2013).
and India takes advantage of this situation,
especially in floriculture cluster.
.
Politically, the government is very implicated in the economy
In India, Maharashtra state is the wealthiest state with 13.3% of
and work hard to stimulate the growth. And it just did launch a
its GPD. Mumbai is its capital city and Pune is the second one.
new growth plan in this way during the past few months. For
Established in 1960 for linguistic purpose, official language is
the moment, the INC (Indian National Congress), a centre-left
Marathi The state, and particularly Pune, has built a network of
wing party, is in power, and even if opposition said them to be
educational institutions in order to educate the population
demagogic and preparing the next election in 2014, it‟s
and develop high skilled talents. Amongst them, there are 4
without a doubt an ambitious plan (Detroy, 2012). This plan is
Agriculture Universities.
built around three axes: tax reform, investments opening and
Regarding floriculture, “Maharashtra is a bio-diverse state with
liberalization of the economy. This last point will be reviewed
9 agro climatic zones and varying soil types, suitable for
more precisely in the analysis but, whatever it is, even more liberalistic
stakeholders
recognize
the
action
of
agricultural development” (NPCS, 2013). The state is number
the
one in the production, consumption and export of flowers.
government. The sustainable development is not well established in India.
2 .
The green revolution did not exactly incite to apply its principle in agriculture. Indeed, food self-sufficiency was the
Floriculture is defined as the cultivation, plantation and
only purpose so pesticides and GMO where used without
marketing of flowering and plants. The products are cut
restrictions. Now, India has to improve the quality of its culture
flowers, pot plants, cut foliage, seeds bulbs, tuber, and dried
to avoid bigger problems like the adaptation of parasites to
flowers or leaves. Floriculture represents 400,000 ha in terms of world area. Asia Pacific has 60% of the global area with
3
245,000 ha. As for India, there is under 64,000 ha area under
about a “rosy future” and planned a growth percentage of
flower production (3,400 in Maharasthra).
30%. Indeed, the perfect climatic conditions and the help of the government and others institutions will ensure India to
International trade in floriculture, to a large extent is organized
become an important actor in this market.
along the regional lines. Asia-Pacific countries are the main suppliers to Japan and Hong Kong. African and other
3 .
European countries are the principal suppliers to Europe's main markets, and the supplies to the USA are mainly catered
A cluster is defined as “a concentration of enterprises
by Colombia and Ecuador.
producing same or similar products or strategic services and is situated within a contiguous geographical area spanning
It represents a highly dynamic world industry. The global
over a few villages, a town or a city and its surrounding areas
exports has been growing at an annual average growth rate
in a district and face common opportunities and threats.”
of 10.3%, and at this growth rate world exports are expected
In India, floriculture clusters have been developed in MIDC
to reach US$ 25 billion by 2012. The main exporters are
Floriculture Park, Talegaon Dabhade, Pune district and in
Netherland, Colombia and Italy. Estimates of the annual
Varne Village at Satara District of Maharashtra with 145
consumption of commercially grown flowers worldwide vary
floriculture units for production of Dutch Roses, Gerbera,
by source and range from US$ 40 - 60 billion. On the demand
Carnation and Limonium under poly house covering 121 acres
side, around 80 percent of the consumption is accounted for
of area.
by six countries, including Germany, USA, UK, France, the
The floriculture cluster is born by the cooperation between
Netherlands and Switzerland.
several producers of flower in the region of Pune according to
India is positioned as the 23rd in the flower world market. The
characteristics like the way of production at the beginning of
perspective of growth is very positive - the government speak
1990‟s.
4
Their activity is growing cut flowers under controlled conditions
floriculture subsidies), Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing
in poly-house thanks to technology like tissue cultured plants,
Board (MSAMB), Maharashtra Floriculture Development Board
water soluble fertilizers, part mechanization, cold chain,
(Sister organisation of the previous one), agriculture College
packaging and post-harvest technology.
(Hi Tech Training center), FAO Assisted Floriculture Project at Rajgurunagar, Western India Floriculture Association (lobby
Their vision: accelerate the development of commercial
role), National Chemical Laboratory, Maharashtra Industrial
horticulture (floriculture) by organizing the producer farmers
Development Corporation etc.
for a better utilization of resources, transfer of technology and gaining benefit of scaling up. Two types of producing: 
The oriented exported units (EOU) o 21 big units owned by corporate sector with o Size ranges from 2ha to 7.5ha (doc 4). o Exporting 60 to 70 % of the produce (USA, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada and UAE ).

The small units o 100 small units run by farmers o Ranging from 500 to 400 sq. m. o The domestic market
4 . Department of Horticulture,(subsidies, sponsored floriculture development) the national Horticulture Board (promotion of
5
.
the sector must reach. Thus, it‟s a very important political
P
1 .
document which orients all the agriculture economy (NHB, 2011). To reach this aim, the budget allocated has been fixed at 250 Rs. crores.
. Politics is very important for the economy in India and it‟s particularly true for the agriculture. Indeed, it created some organisms and working groups to develop this activity and make it thrive. The 12th five years planning commission explain they need to work together into the integrated National Horticulture Development programme. For example, one of them is the National Horticulture Board (NHB), set up by the government in 1984. Its objectives are “to improve integrated development of Horticulture industry and to help in coordinating, sustaining the production and processing of fruits and vegetables” (NHB, 2011). Concerning the 12th five years planning commission, India
.
expects a 5.5 growth rate in Flower production, regarding 5.16
Regarding
targeted for the last plan. Lower than fruits, vegetable and
subsidiaries,
they
come
from
both
Indian
government and Maharashtra state. First one accords the
nuts estimations but higher than plantation crops and spices
status of “extreme focus segment” to floriculture; that is to say
(cf. chart below). This detailed plan gives precise indications
programs are set up to help little production units to produce
6
and export. This “support is available for R&D, production
(AEZ). “With the primary objective of boosting agricultural
infrastructure and market development” (FAO, 2010). In
exports from India, in March 2001, Government of India
another side, “Maharashtra Government initiatives are very
announced a policy of setting up of Agri Export Zones across
unique to make agriculture, horticulture, Agri business, Food
the country” (APEDA agriXchange, 2013). One of the major
Processing industry highly competitive and successful in the
components of this comprehensive concept is “the
country” (NPCS, 2013). NPCS list them as following:
cluster approach of identifying the potential products and
geographical region in which these products are grown”.
Reimbursement of 50% of the net VAT paid, instead of
Concretely, Maharashtra state has eight AEZ and Pune has
25%;
been chosen as AEZ for floriculture.
5% interest subsidy on term loans for fixed capital
Political aspects are decisive for floriculture in Pune. Mostly
investment for 5 years;
positive, the frame is very strict. It‟s also a form of dependence
In the case of products attracting zero VAT, incentives
for it. For the moment, the cluster just needs to lean on it to
against the amount of VAT retained and not refunded
thrive.
on input purchases.
Eligibility criteria (additional investment of 25% subject
.
:
to a minimum of INR 1 crore) for providing incentives in
the case of expansions under PSI 2007
Monetary policy has a great influence on trading and
The National Horticulture Mission (NHM) provides 50% of
exportations. Indeed, if rupee‟s values decrease regarding
the capital cost with a cap of Rs. 3 lakh per unit for
other currencies, foreign countries will take advantage of
basic infrastructure. date : 2011.
importing from India because products cost them less. And vice versa.
The
last
element
of
the
state
intervention
regarding
horticulture in India is the creation of Agricultural Export Zones
7
In general, currency rate is fluctuating with investors‟ capital
E
2 .
flow but in India, government is particularly involved in
.
currency exchange. Then, during 2000‟s – and especially during the world financial crises - the exchange rate has
The liberalization of the economy since 1991-1992 with major
decreased to allow more trade with other countries.
reforms especially about the deregulation of private sector,
Nevertheless, the rupee is now evolving and its exchange rate
offers new perspectives (Etienne and Ruet, 2010). The Asian
is at its highest point (forexticket, cf. chart below).
flower industry has the potential to become the leading flower industry in commercial floriculture worldwide thanks to a suitable climate and an adequate technology, it‟s now the second largest producer of flowers after China and before USA. Looking to the future, the Asian flower industry could rival, if not surpass, the size and scope of the European flower industry
which
presently
dominates
global
commercial
floriculture. The largest importer and exporter by value is the Netherlands, which is both a grower and a redistributor of crops imported Another determining factor for exportations is duty tax set up by foreign importing
countries. Regarding this
from other countries. India is only the 23th exporter but their
aspect,
facing a 30 % growth rate of the exportations (AIMS, 2013).
European Union is very protectionist and imposes high duty
The country has exported 30,926,023 tons of floriculture
taxes on flower importations. That is very disadvantageous for
products to the world for the worth of Rs.365.32 crores in 2011-
non-European producers, like India (Kapoor, 2013).
12 (10 millions US$) (APEDA, 2011). According to some authors,
8
exportation is sowing down because of many logistical
.
problems that they need to solve (Ravinath, 2007).
India is the second largest country in terms of number of
The major export destinations (2011-12 data) are USA,
workers. About 487 millions of people are working there. In
Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada and
one hand, 93 % of the work force is from the unorganized
UAE (AIMS, 2013).
sector which isnâ€&#x;t incorporated, formal, it refers to unlicensed, self-employed or unregistered jobs. It is represented by a
.
ranging of jobs from pushcart retailers to weavers, handloom
In spite of very wide fluctuations in the prices of the products,
workers, leather workers, plantation labour, beedi workers etc.
the horticulture sector is recording a 5 % growth in 2011 and
This work force is used to casual labour (Government of India,
expecting a 6.5 % for the next five years (12th five-year plan for
2007).
Horticulture and plantation crops). The floriculture sector is
On the other hand, the minimum wage is 15 times lower than
expected to have an average annual growth rate of 5.5%
in the United States and two times lower than in India (The
(NHB, 2011).
World Bank, 2012).
In India, about 190 thousand ha area was under Cultivation in
The labour is cheap which help in keeping down the
floriculture in 2011-12. Production of flowers is estimated to be
production cost.
1.031 million loose flowers and 690.27 million cut flowers in 2011-12 (APEDA, 2011). Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana have emerged as major floriculture centres. Maharashtra stands 6th in respect of area under floriculture in the country with approximately 8500 ha. under cultivation (NHM, 2006). Pune
is
the
dominant flower
producing in Maharashtra. (Ravinath, 2007)
9
3 . .
,
S
from 45.3% of the population living below the poverty line in 1994 to 29, 8% in 2010 (the World Bank, 2012). Inequality is also a matter of education, the literacy rate is only 61% for the
India is known for rigid labour laws but because of the
entire population (and 41% for the women) but in the same
importance of unorganized, social protection remains weak,
time 3.5 millions of students graduates each year with great
with severe abuse often criticized: dangerous working
qualifications and mastering the English language (.ref). India
conditions, low wages, exploitation of child labour. India's
is the second largest pool of scientists and engineers in the
ministry of labour has identified significant issues with migrant,
world.
home or bondage labourers and child labour. These issues
.
may be encountered by any company who wants to benefits
The rural population of the state is 61.3 % (4.84 crore) of the
from the low labour cost. It is a duty to ensure that Humanâ€&#x;s
total population. This means, a significant part of the
rights are respected. The Corporate social responsibility is a
population is available to work on flowers cultivations.
way to do that and be aware of our social responsibility. Indians companies, maybe through the history culture and religion of the country, pay a close attention to CSR and
4 .
international standards (Chahoud and al. 2007).
.
.
T
The Gini coefficient (a measure of the degree of inequality in
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is the
income distribution. 0 to 100, where 0 represents total equality,
premier agency which pioneered systematic research on
everyone has the same income and 100, a person has all the
agricultural crops in the country. Rapid expansion of
income, the others nothing) increased from 32.5 in 1994 to
infrastructure took place in 7th and 8th Plans. Today, the
36.2 in 2004, while at the same time poverty has decreased
horticultural research in the country is being carried out at 8
10
Dry flower technology
ICAR institutes (with 26 regional stations), 10 National Research Centres (on major crops) and a Project Directorate on
India is one of the major exporters of dried flowers to the tune
Vegetable crops. In the area specific, 215 centres locate at various
research
Institutes,
and
also
State
of 5% world trade in dry flowers. This industry shows a growth
Agricultural
rate of 15% annually. Research in dry flowers in India is limited
Universities. As a result, the country now has a sound research
and published information on dry flowers is almost nil.
infrastructure in horticulture to meet the growing needs and
Organized Research set up (Govt. & Private) should be
expectations of the fast developing horticulture industry. (K.L.
established. Proper funding for research in dry flower is a must
Chadha 1999)
since this industry shows great opportunity to rural areas and cottage industries. So that India will be the leader in this area
. Biotechnology
of development in near future.
Biotechnology has a broader societal dimension in India. It is
Future Areas of Research in Dry Flowers
not regarded only as a private profiting activity, but also as a tool to foster national development. In fact, India quickly identified the potential biotechnology had for the promotion of
national
development.
The classification: healthcare biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, industrial biotechnology and environmental biotechnology. Agricultural
biotechnology:
hybrid
seeds,
Standardization of raw materials for trade
Standardization of production technology
Standardization of processing and packing
Identification of markets for new products
Regulation of marketing strategies in various localities
Application of modern drying techniques for quality
(P. Arul Murugan, G. Thiyagarajan, K. Ramesh 2007)
biopesticides,
biofertilizers and plant extraction. (Government of Catalonia, 2010)
11
Post-harvest technology management
including
storage,
and
transportation.
Post-harvest
management, including cold treatment, proper packaging
Flowers are highly perishable unlike other horticultural or
and
agricultural crops. Owing to poor keeping quality the post-
application
of
preservatives,
may
need
to
be
strengthened.
harvest losses in floriculture are significantly higher than any other sector. The post-harvest losses become important
Indian
especially when dealing with the export of fresh flowers to
packaging practices and learn from the success of other
distant and foreign market. (P. Naveen Kumar 2012)
countries. (Export-Import Bank of India 2006)
Systems for harvesting and marketing cut flowers vary
5 .
according to individual crops, growers, production areas, and marketing systems. All involve a series of steps - harvesting, grading,
bunching,
sleeving,
packing,
pre-cooling
floriculture
.
and
industry
needs
to
examine
current
E
The state of Maharashtra is having the perfect climate for
transportation - not necessarily in that order. Management
floriculture due to its climatic conditions and soil texture
systems should be selected so as to maximize post harvest life
(MSAMB). Nevertheless, the global warming could have an
of the flowers, a goal which usually requires prompt pre-
important negative impact on agriculture in this area. Indeed,
cooling and proper temperature management throughout
with a global temperature rise of 4.4oC by 2080 over the
the harvesting chain. (M.S. Reid)
cultivated areas, Indiaâ€&#x;s agricultural output is projected to fall
Preservation of flowers
by 30-40% which would be quite alarming unless proper
Indian exporters must ensure that their produce is free from
remedial measures are taken, according to the National
disease and that it is carefully treated once harvested.
Botanic Research Institute. Of the 100 talukas in the state, 45
Exporters should also plan and monitor effective quality
have been identified as being drought prone, according to
control measures right from production to pose harvest stage
the Central Water Commission statistics (CWC, 2005). Due to
12
regular drought frequency, low levels of irrigation coverage,
local product. Floriculture has a huge impact on air pollution
literacy, and infrastructure development and poor coping &
by transporting the flowers. This aspect can be a threat for
adaptive capacity, this region is highly vulnerable to impacts
floriculture market as Netherlands, the number 1 in the global
of climate change. These modifications of the climate will
market, is nearest from other European countries. If we want
have an impact of the seasonal pattern and could conduct
to develop the exportations, we have to take into account
to an extermination of certain plant species, key components
this point and find solutions to reduce it by a good logistic
of the ecosystem. (National Botanic Research Institute, 2010)
reducing the carbon prints or to find new markets.
The area under flowers in Maharashtra was 6600 hectares with an
annual
production
of
28000
metric
tons.
.
Besides,
In the backdrop of the food crisis that gripped India in the
infrastructures created for the floriculture sector includes 16
1960s and 1970s the Government of India initiated the „Green
tissue culture units, 800 poly/green houses, 43 pre-cooling units
Revolution‟ program with the ambitious objective to become
and 101 cold storage units (Government of India, 2007). This
self-sufficient in production of food grains and then to reduce
figures show that even if global warming will have a huge
the alimentation issue. As a result, traditional farming methods
impact of agriculture in the state, the sector of the floriculture
gave way to farming with high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and
will be less impacted as an important part of the cultivation is
pesticides. Fertilizer application rose more than five-fold
under protected areas.
between 1970 and 2002 to 17360 thousand tones.
.
A few decades down the road, it is evident that the benefits
India is trading with European markets. Indeed, we have to be
of the Green Revolution are associated with unanticipated
aware of the consumer behaviors in this area and their
harmful
expectations. European people are more consciousness
“environmental disaster” had an impact on agriculture by
about consuming organic products, and more and more
contaminating
13
effects
of water.
chemicals. Agriculture,
(Pingali, through
2012).
This
irrigation,
accounted for 83 percent of the total water use in the country
needs
to
go
during 1990 (Vyas 2003). During the Green Revolution period
revolution to spark a social revolution, making rural India
water consumption in agriculture rose sharply as the net
as attractive as urban India.” Bishwambhar Mishra, Chief
irrigated area increased from 31.1 to 54.68 million hectares
Executive
between 1970-71 and 2000-01, while the area irrigated more
Equipment Sector
-
beyond
Tractor
&
yesterday’s
Farm
technological
Mechanization,
Farm
than once per year increased from 7.09 million to 20.46 million
.
hectares during the same period. As for the floriculture sector, the use of chemicals had become a habit and a rising
The government of India plays a key role in the promotion of a
production will get worse for both the environment and
“green agriculture”. As we said, with the “second green
people who work in cultivated areas.
revolution”, it wants to ensure an alimentary safety by a respectful agriculture. It already had tried to promote an
In 2010, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called
organic agriculture. By increasing investments, Governement
Saturday for a second "green revolution" to feed the country's
of India has earmarked about Rs. 100 crores for the promotion
burgeoning population that is forecast to overtake China in
of organic agriculture in the country. The main components of
numbers by 2025. This program focuses on food security taking
this initiative include farming of standards, negotiating with
into account the environment by developing a sustainable
different countries and putting in place a system of
agriculture.
certification for organic products, as part of the 10th five year
“By 2025, India is expected to be the most populous
plan. Central Government is also promoting the production
country in the world.
Securing food, nutrition, and
and use of bio-fertilizer to make it popular. Government has
livelihood security for our rising population is urgent. […]
initiated a project “National Project on Development and Use
The Second Green Revolution needs to focus on
of Bio fertilizers”.
environmental sustainability and broad-based impact. It
14
To promote the organic agriculture in India government has
.
also taken some initiatives. APEDA (Planning Commission,
Bloomberg reported that India‟s clean tech investments,
2001) is the nodal agency to promote the Indian organic
“reached $10.3bn in 2011, some 52 percent higher than the
agriculture and its exports opportunities. It has also developed Criteria
for
Accreditation
of
certification
$6.8bn invested in 2010. This was the highest growth figure of
agencies,
any significant economy in the world. There is plenty of room
Accreditation Procedure and Inspection and Certification
for further expansion – in 2011, India accounted for 4 percent
Procedures. In developing these standards and procedures
global investment in clean energy” This is pretty incredible
due attention is paid to the guidelines as enumerated by
considering
international organizations such as International Federation for
that
India‟s
energy
sources
have
always
traditionally been coal, hydropower and nuclear. These
Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM), EU Regulations and
impressive figures show that India has the ambition to make
FAO Codex Standards. As part of this program, a National
green innovation as a key for its development.
Logo for organic products on behalf of Govt. of India has also been developed.
Large growth was driven by a seven-fold increase in funding
As for floriculture, there is no specific certification for organic
for grid-connected solar projects: from $0.6bn in 2010 to
production in India. Nevertheless, it is interesting to see that in
$4.2bn in 2011. Solar almost reached the same level of
other countries as European countries, there are codes of
investments as wind, which totaled $4.6bn.”. Moreover, India
conducts in the flower trade: the Dutch milieu programma
has a national record of 2.827 GW in wind power. This brings
sierteelt (MPS), Flower Labelling Programme (FLP), Fair Flower
India into third place (behind China and the US) for new
and Fair Plants label (FFP), etc.
installations globally in 2011. The impact for the sector of floriculture will automatically by positive. Indeed, these investments in clean technologies will
15
develop new ways of cultivating and producing flowers in a
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969
respective way for the environment: development of bio-
governs restrictive and fair trade practices. The New Industrial
technology/Micro-propagation, use of hybrid seeds and
Policy was launched in order to liberalize the foreign
planting
materials,
investment in the country (Europe - India SME Business Council,
climatic
conditions,
hi-tech green
cultivation house,
under
controlled
poly-house,
hi-tech
2013).
adoption of controlled atmosphere storages, irrigation by drip,
.
sprinklers, community tanks, water harvesting tanks, plastic
Although agricultural legislations in the country was the
mulching, etc.
6 . .
legacy of British, real efforts were commenced only after 1947 to alter the economic condition of farmers and status of
L
farming through legislative measures. Since Five-Year Plans became an integral part of the development process, agricultural legislations also became portion of a purposeful
India is a common law country with a written constitution and
national effort for changing the socio-economic condition of
which guarantees individual and property rights. Major bodies
the society.
of law affecting foreign investment in India are the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 (FEMA), the Companies
ICAR report covers agricultural legislation under following
Act of 1956, the Industries Act of 1951, the Monopolies and
broad categories-land legislations and reforms; legislation and
Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969 and the New Industrial
reforms of input management [legislations, related to fertilizer,
Policy (NIP) of 1991. Foreign collaboration and equity
seed, pests and pesticides, genetically modified organisms
participation is governed by FEMA of 1999. The Industries Act
(GMOs), agricultural biotechnology and other inputs]; labour
governs industrial regulations. The Companies Act of 1956
laws in Agriculture; legislation in agricultural marketing;
regulates corporations and their management in India. The
legislations in livestock sector; legislations of agriculture credit
16
and finance, legislation in co-operative sector and the panchayat. (ICAR Aglicultural Legislation 2013)
. In India, exports and imports are regulated by the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992. Most items can be freely exported from India. The salient features of the Act are as follows: 
It has empowered the Central Government to make provisions for development and regulation of foreign trade by facilitating imports into, and augmenting exports from India and for all matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

It authorizes the Central Government to formulate and announce an Export and Import (EXIM) Policy and also amend the same from time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette.

Under the Act, every importer and exporter must obtain a 'Importer Exporter Code Number' (IEC) from Director General of Foreign Trade or from the officer so authorised. (Business Portal of India 2013)
17
BUSINESS PORTAL OF INDIA. 2013. “Business Portal of India : Legal Aspects : Key Regulations : Exports and Imports” http://business.gov.in/legal_aspects/import_export.php AIMS. 2013. The World of Indian Flower Industry – A Sector Untapped. http://www.aimsinternational.org/aims10/AIMS10Proceedings/PDF/P234 -done.pdf
CAVALIER, Delphine. 2006. « Inde : un modèle de croissance en transition ». CHAHOUD, T., EMMERLING, J., KOLB, D et alii. 2007. Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in India Assessing the UN Global Compac's Role. http://www.die-gdi.de/CMSHomepage/openwebcms3.nsf/%28ynDK_contentByKey %29/ENTR-7BMDUB/$FILE/Studies%2026.pdf
ARUL MURUGAN, P., THIYAGARAJAN, G., RAMESH, K. 2007. “Dry Flower Technology” https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9XHW TVKlF4YJ:www.indg.in/agriculture/agri-business-1/Drylower%2520production.pdf+&hl=fr&gl=jp&pid=bl&srcid= ADGEESix50lqi8eMYSZEh2hNsc4xyuhKH6Yl5iANmg5Jn4fl GCyDODRVjzG83sAibU_0UH3itF44P1v565oVjjBNrxUvgeM9R833M972gvgc2Z5Qp MMmqziW6c8E9RRZKD9s9ad_T_M&sig=AHIEtbQF5Fz4Klh OJO6_t25I4rmpWclw8w
CLUSTER OBSERVATORY. 2013. « Cluster Map ». Consulté le février 9. http://www.clusterobservatory.in/clustermap/cluster_re ad.php?map_id=11155&div=60. DESHMUKH, Nikhil. 2013. « Floricultural research centre in Pune soon ». http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/201302-01/pune/36683587_1_floriculture-export-floricultureprojects-assistant-director.
APEDA agriXchange. 2013. « AGRI EXPORT ZONES ». Consulté le février 10. http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/Ready%20Reckoner /AGRI%20EXPORT.aspx.
DETROY, Florent. 2012. « L‟Inde, le grand tournant : l‟autre géant asiatique en devenir ». http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/inde-grandtournant-autre-geant-asiatique-en-devenir-florentdetroy-586682.html?page=0,1.
BOBIN, Frédéric. 2012. « Face à une croissance ralentie, l‟Inde relance la libéralisation de son économie ». http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/09/17/f ace-a-une-croissance-ralentie-l-inde-relance-laliberalisation-de-son-economie_1761135_3234.html.
18
EUROPE - INDIA SME BUSINESS COUNCIL (2013). “Doing Business With Indian SMEs” http://www.eisbc.org/Doing_Business_with_Indian_SMEs .aspx
edu.com/encyclopedie/inde-le-territoire-et-leshommes-l-economie-contemporaine/
ENVIRONEWS ARCHIVES. 2010. http://isebindia.com/09-12/1001-2.html.
GREENPEACE FRANCE. 2013. « Grande première en Inde : Monsanto avoue l‟échec de son coton Bt ». Consulté le février 9. http://ogm.greenpeace.fr/grande-premiereen-inde-monsanto-avoue-l-echec-de-son-coton-bt.
EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF INDIA. 2006. “Floriculture: A Sector Study”
GOVERNMENT OF CATALONIA. 2010. “Biotechnology in India: Its Policy and Normative Framework”
http://www.eximbankindia.com/op/OP%20112%20Floriculture %20%5BFull%20Report%5D;.pdf
ICAR. 2013. “Aglicultural Legislation” http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/1856
FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. « Greening Agriculture in India- An Overview of Opportunities & Constraints ». Consulté le 14 février 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/AGRIPPA/658_en06.htm.
INDIA,
Planning Commission of Maharashtra Development Foundation, 2007.
the Government of Report. Academic
INDIABIZCLUB. 2013. « Floriculture,India Floriculture,Flowering Market,Flowers trade,Roses India. » Consulté le février 9. http://agriculture.indiabizclub.com/info/agriculture_typ es/floriculture.
ÉTIENNE, G. « Chine-Inde la grande compétition », Dunod 2007 et divers articles Joël Ruet ; chiffres tirés de rapports officiels, gouvernement indien, Banque mondiale, C.N.U.C.E.D.).
CHADHA, K.L.. 1999. “Horticulture research in India: infrastructure, achievements, impact, needs and expectations“ http://www.hortresearch.net/hort_india.htm
ÉTIENNE, G., RUET, J. 2010, « INDE (Le territoire et les hommes) L'économie contemporaine », Encyclopædia Universalis [en ligne], consulté le 10 février 2013. URL: http://www.universalis-
LE MONDE. 2013. « Coup de frein au rythme de la croissance indienne ». Consulté le février 9.
19
http://www.lemonde.fr/asiepacifique/article/2012/02/29/coup-de-frein-au-rythmede-la-croissance-indienne_1649619_3216.html.
02-02/india-clean-energy-investments-reach-10-3billion-in-2011-bnef.html PLANNING COMMISSION OF INDIA (2007). "Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulations". The Government of India.
DADLANI, N. 2013. « Cut flower production in India ». Consulté le février 9. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac452e/ac452e04.ht m.
RAVINATH, D. 2007. Floriculture: a viable business. Visakhapatnam: Published by Gitam Institute of Foreign Trade, in association with Excel Books.
NAVEEN KUMAR, P. 2012. “Post Harvest Handling of Cut Flowers”
RAYNOLDS, T. « Fair Trade Flowers: Global Certification, Environmental Sustainability, and Labor Standards ». Rural Sociology 77, no 4 (2012): 493–519. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00090.x. « Research & Development Areas ». Consulté le 11 février 2013. http://www.nbri.res.in/rad.aspx.
NHB. 2011. « Planning commission - XIIth five year plan - Report of the working group on horticulture and plantation crops ». NHM. « Annual plan of action under national horticulture mission 2005-06 ».
REID, M. S. “HANDLING OF CUT FLOWERS FOR AIR TRANSPORT” http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1373.pdf
NPCS. 2013. « Project Report & Profiles » Identified Project Opportunities - Maharashtra ». Consulté le février 10. http://www.niir.org/profiles/profiles/identified-projectopportunities-maharashtra/z,,91,0,a/index.html.
WORLD BANK. 2013. « Données sur l‟Inde ». http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/inde.
OCDE. 2011. « Etudes économiques de l‟OCDE - Inde ». http://www.oecd.org/fr/eco/48125444.pdf.
CHIRAG, 2012 http://www.squamble.com/2012/06/16/do-youknow-the-number-of-indian-students-who-graduateevery-year/
OBIKO PEARSON. N. « India Clean-Energy Investments Reach $10.3 Billion in 2011: BNEF ». Bloomberg. Consulté le 14 février 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-
RIISGAARD, L. 2009. How the market for standards shapes competition in the market for goods - DIIS. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Institute for
20
International Studies, http://www.diis.dk/sw81068.asp
DIIS,.
THE
PRABHU PINGALI, L. « Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no 31 (31 juillet 2012): 12302‑12308. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912953109.
TNAU. « India – Policies for Sustainable Agriculture ». TNAU Agritech portal. Consulté le 11 février 2013. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sustainable_agri/susagri%20_ %20india_policies.html.
SAKAR, S. « Indian Floriculture Industry, the way forward ». Indian Floriculture Industry Mgazine - Floriculture Today, 2010. http://floriculturetoday.in/indian-floriculture-theway-forward.html.
VISSER, W. 2012. « Water footprints: lessons from Kenya‟s floriculture sector | Guardian Sustainable Business | Guardian Professional ». http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/waterfootprints-lessons-kenya-floriculture.
SHARMA, K. K., S. D. Mazumdar, S. M. Karuppanchetty, S. Aravazhi, N. T. Yaduraju, P. Bhatnagar-Mathur, S. M. Tripathi, J. Philroy, S. Palaniswamy, et D. Nancy. « Seeding Success through Innovation & Technology: Role of Innovations in Transforming Indian Agriculture ». Conference or Workshop Item, 2012. http://www.ficcifood360.in/.
VYAS, V. S. « India‟s agrarian structure, economic policies and sustainable development: variations on a theme. » (2003): xvi + 398 pp.
STIJGER, H. « Horticulture cluster 2020 – a new way of thinking” Hortifair 2002 Innovations, Netherlands. THE
WORLD BANK, http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/pays/inde
WORLD BANK, 2012. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/em ploying-workers
2013.
21