BGSU Spring 2020 Chicago Topic Analysis by Sarah Barry

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

ARCH 4220: Design Studio 5 Spring Semester 2020 D. Scot MacPherson

Natural Environment

Building Typologies

Urban Environment

Infrastructure

Green Space/Parks/etc. Vegetation/Wildlife Typographical Features Geological Studies Climatology Hydrology

Universities/Museums/Religious Vertical Tower Height Study

Figure Grounds Demographic/Neighborhoods Historical Timeline Culture Business/Entrepreneurship/Economic Building/Shadow Study Focal Points in City

Materiality/Craftsmanship Traffic Patterns/Transportation Alternatives Bridges/Tunnels Edges/Boundaries

2 5 10 12 17 24 34 37 40 53 66 73 79 81 85

91 93 97 105

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Trey Barnard : Green Space/Parks/etc. Sarah Barry : Figure Grounds/Ching Principles Nick Bidlack : Vegetation/Wildlife Ryan Deluga : Vertical Tower Height Study Jacob Ellerbrock : Figure Grounds/Ching Principles Fernando Escutia : Focal Points in City Andrea Fradl : Edges/Boundaries Nate Glaze : Climatology Amber Hydel : Typographical Features/Geological Studies Kenny Li : Demographics/Neighborhoods Grace Link : Hydrology Davinder Multani : Culture Cam Norris : Traffic Patterns/Transportation Alternatives Guillermo Pacheco : Materiality/Craftsmanship Damien Pelo : Building/Shadow Studies Michael Pieper : Historical Timeline Jacob Roberts : Bridges/Tunnels Connor Senn : Business/Entrepreneurship/Economic Garrett West : Universities/Museums/Religious

[NATURAL ENVIRONMENT]

[GREEN SPACE]

Defining Green Space: “An area of grass, trees, or other vegetation set apart for recreational or aesthetic purposes in an otherwise urban environment.” What can be considered as green space? Green space (land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation). Green space includes:

38,478 Total

Phoenix - 27.2 Acres per 38,478 Total

21,670 Total

Dallas - 17.9 Acres per

33,209 Total

Houston - 16.6 Acres per San Antonio - 14.5 Acres per

10,916 Total

San Jose - 13.1 Acres per

• • • • • • • •

Parks Community gardens, Cemeteries. Schoolyards Playgrounds Public seating areas Public plazas Vacant lots

In regards to its population, Chicago is lacking in the amount of green space available per resident, only producing 4.2 acres per 1000 residents compared to San Diego’s 36 acres per 1000 residents.

San Diego - 36.0 Acres per 45,616 Total

11,854 Total

Total Area 145686 Acres

23,410 Total Green Area 12429 Acres

Phili - 7.5 Acres per LA - 6.0 Acres per NY - 4.6 Acres per

37,008 Total

Chicago 4.2 Acres per

11,916 Total

1000 Residents

Only 8.53% of the whole area of Chicago is green space.

Millennium Park

Spanning 319 acres of lakefront property, Chicago’s “front yard” actually encompasses several smaller parks and attractions. It is the holds large annual festivals like Lollapalooza.

Grant Park

Humboldt Park

Humboldt Park was once the nation’s greatest public park, boasting acres of prairie-style gardens, grazing animals and a meandering river scene. The park still offers extensive rose beds as well as tennis courts, an inland beach, baseball fields and bike paths.

Open space provides recreational areas for residents and helps to enhance the beauty and environmental quality of neighborhoods. But with this broad range of recreational sites comes an equally broad range of environmental issues. Just as in any other land uses, the way parks are managed can have good or bad environmental impacts, from pesticide runoff, siltation from overused hiking and logging trails, and destruction of habitat. Lack of community and public access to safe open and green space is a critical area of concern for urban residents.

[GREEN SPACE]

An instant hit since it was completed in 2004, this 24.5-acre park was named the top attraction in the Midwest in 2017. Among its many draws are Frank Gehry’s Pritzker Pavilion and “The Bean.”

4. Named for Illinois’s favorite son shortly after his assassination in 1865, Lincoln Park stretches six and a half miles along the lake shore from Ohio Street Beach to Hollywood Beach. 5. One of Chicago’s more prominent parks on the city’s West Side, Garfield Park is in of the more violent areas of Chicago.

[GREEN SPACE]

6. Designed by famous landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, Jackson Park became the chosen site for the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893. 7. Millennium Park’s neighbor to the east, Maggie Daley Park’s most popular attraction is its quarter-mile skating ribbon which wraps around a 40-foot climbing wall on the northern end of the 20-acre plot.

10. A favorite of Lincoln Square residents, Winnemac Park has provided Chicago with more than 22 acres of green space since 1910.

Maggie Daley Park

Lincoln Park

8. Originally an early-20thcentury country club, this gorgeous property was acquired by the Chicago Park District in 1975 and lovingly restored. 9. This expansive North Lawndale park features numerous recreational fields, gyms, ranges and trails. It was designed at the same time as Humboldt and Garfield parks.

Garfield Park

South Shore CC

Jackson Park

Douglas Park

Winnemac Park

Chicago

Vegetation is a group of plant species and the ground that they cover. This term is a generic term, without specific reference to any particular life form, structure, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. Often vegetation refers to a wider range of geographical distance studied or described. Forests, coastal mangrove stands (shrub or small tress), wetlands, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, farms, and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.

[VEGETATION]

Illinois

Chicago has 6 different types of habitats; Dry Habitat, Dry Mesic Habitats, Mesic Prairie Habitats, Wet Habitats, Wet Mesic Habitats, and Hydric Habitats

Legend Woodland (46%) Prairie (40%) Savanna (10%) Marshland (<0.5%) Undetermined (2%) Water (<2%)

Chicago consists of more than 450 species of plants: - Graminoid Species (22%): herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology - Forbs Species (68%): herbaceous flowering plant - Woody Species (10%): trees, shrubs, or lianas 5

[VEGETATION]

Habitats in Chicago: - Dry habitats are restricted to somewhat excessively drained gravel and sand substrates, with sand habitats occurring primarily along Lake Michigan. - Dry Mesic habitats occur across a wide range of well drained substrates, and consequently they support many different dominant species.

Dry Habitat

Dry Mesic

Mesic Praire

Wet Habitat

Wet Mesic Prairie Hydric Habitat

Schizachyrium Scoparium

Andropogon Scoparius

Andropogon Gerardii

Calamagrostis Canadensis

Carex Pellita

Typha Latifolia

Sorghastrum Nutans

Grass

Ratibida Pinnara

Carex Micra

Juncus Brachycephalus

Scutellaria Epilobiibolia

Stipa Spartea

Sporobolus Heterolepis

Allium Cemuum

Convolvulus Sepium

Pycnanthemum Virginianum

Spiraea Alba

- Mesic prairie vegetation occupies moderately well drained habitats. - Wet prairie and sedge meadow vegetation occupy poorly drained habitats, and had strong similarity among their dominant graminoid species. - Wet Mesic prairie, seep, and fen communities are transitional between prairie and wetland habitats due to their imperfectly or somewhat poorly drained conditions. - Hydric habitats are very poorly drained with the water table at or above the surface the greater amount of the time.

Raccoons

Squirrels

Illinois is home to all kinds of wildlife. These include:

Opossum

- Mammals - Birds - Amphibians - Frogs and Toads - Salamanders -Reptiles - Turtles - Lizards - Snakes - Fish - Insects Mammals play important roles in the food webs of practically every ecosystem. They are herbivores, insectivores, carnivores and omnivores; and can be both predator or prey.

Snakes

Bats

Rats

Many terrestrial mammals still have close ties to rivers. Herbivores such as mice, rabbits and deer are primary consumers, feeding on plant material and are eaten by numerous omnivores and carnivores. Omnivores such as moles, shrews, opossums, and raccoons feed on a wide variety of plant and animal matter. Carnivores such as foxes, coyotes, and bobcats feed on other animals and can be essential in the population control of other animals.

[WILDLIFE - MAMMALS]

Most Common Mammals in Chicago

[WILDLIFE - FISH / BIRDS]

Pollution and habitat destruction led to declines in the overall fish population, so that by the 1970s, there were fewer than ten species that lived in the river. Improvements in water quality and habitat mean that more fish are now thriving in the Chicago River system.

Most Common Fish in Chicago

Smallmouth Bass

The Asian Carp are currently NOT in the Chicago River system. (https://www.chicagoriver.

Belted Kingfisher

Mallard Duck

Double-Crested Cormorant

Great Blue Heron

Black-Crowned Night-Heron

Common Tern

Osprey

org/about-the-river/river-ecology-andwildlife/mammals-and-birds)

The Forest Preserves of Cook County has a bird checklist which includes almost 300 species found throughout the preserves, most of which can be spotted along the Chicago River, especially during migration.

Crappies

Snowy Egret Channel Catfish

Perch 7 8

Most Common Birds in Chicago

Artificial light is causing important behavioral and ecological changes in Chicago’s urban wildlife, according to a study published Aug. 15 in the journal Scientific Reports. The study was performed by a team of seven researchers from Northeastern Illinois University, the Lincoln Park Zoo and Lafayette College.

Aaron Schirmer Associate Professor Biology College of Arts and Science “If a mouse’s behavior, for example, is altered by artificial light at night this could change the timing of its activity, the size of its range, and its interactions with other organisms in the ecosystem, the downstream impacts of these changes have the potential to alter the entire ecosystem.”

While other research has shown a significant increase in artificial lighting around natural and semi-natural ecosystems, Schirmer and colleagues sought to measure the actual effects on animal behavior through a series of lab and field observations. First, the team mapped light pollution across the Chicago metropolitan area. They traveled around the city measuring light intensity in various areas using handheld light meters. Then they combined and calibrated the ground measurements with photographs shot from the International Space Station (ISS) by astronauts.

(https://www.neiu.edu/news/artificial-lightaltering-behavior-of-chicagos-urban-wildlifeaccording-new-study)

6 lux is slightly dimmer than Earth’s surface at twilight; typical kitchen lighting is around 500 lux.

[WILDLIFE - ARTIFICIAL LIGHT]

The research used remote sensing to map variations in nighttime light levels across the Chicago region, and typical nighttime light levels in Chicago were found to alter locomotor behavior in mammals. The implications of this study are significant because they show that lighting could be altering the ecosystem and its inhabitants in negative and potentially dangerous ways.

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS] 10

Content: Ice Age Timeline of Illinois Quaternary Period Glaciation in Illinois Diagrams Cook County Topography Topography - Our Site

ICE AGE TIMELINE OF ILLINOIS

OLDEST

Cold; unstable landscape conditions with glacial deposits and erosion

10,000

Cold; stable with weathering and soil formation

25,000

Wisconsin (late) glacial episode

Wisconsin (early and middle) glacial margin north of Illinois

75,000 Sangamon interglacial episode

Warm; stable with weathering and soil formation

125,000 Cold; unstable with glacial deposition, erosion, and land-forming processes

Illinois glacial episode

300,000 Yarmouth interglacial episode

Warm; stable with long weathering interval with deep soil formation

425,000 Alternating stable and unstable intervals of uncertain duration with glacial deposition, erosion, and land- forming processes

YOUNGEST

1,600,000 and older

Pre-Illinois glacial and interglacial episodes

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS]

DOMINANT CLIMATE CONDITIONS

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS] 12

QUATERNARY GLACIATION Beginning 3.6 millions years ago, the Quaternary period began, however the glaciation only began 1.6 million years ago in Illinois. During the Quaternary period the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface began cooling, ice sheets formed across North America and other regions. Climate change during this period would cause the ice sheets to form and reform many times over. In Illinois, glaciation occurred in four (known) episodes. Deposits would settle between glaciation episodes. The Laurentide Ice sheet flowed south and covered Illinois. The effects of glaciation changed the landscape that was covered. The glaciers scraped and smeared the landforms, often times filling minor valleys and even larger ones too. In a lot of Illinois, glacial and melt-water deposits buried the previous rocky, low, hill-and-valley terrain and create landforms that become our prairies*. *Prairie is an ecosystem made up mostly of grasses and flowering plants.

Late Wisconsin ice sheets / glaciers Maximum extent of older Quaternary glaciations Unglaciated terrain

The following diagram demonstrate how continental ice sheets might have looked at various stages in Illinois. *The block of land in the diagrams are several miles wide and 20 miles long. The vertical scale is exaggerated. Layers of material and landforms are drawn proportionally thicker and higher than they are actually are.

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS]

Glaciation in Illinois Diagrams

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS] 14

Ice Front (IF) Mud flow (FL) Crevasse (C) Supraglacial (SS) Outwash fan (OF) Shear plane (S) Block of ice (B) Outwash (O) Fill layer (T) Till plain (TP) Marshy lake (L) Valley (V) Valley Train (VT) Dust (DT) Sand dunes (D) End Moraine (EM) Outwash plain (OP) Kettle (K) Esker (E) Kame (KM)

The entire downtown area of Chicago is apart of the Cook County, Illinois. In this diagram, it shows the highest point in Cook County at the northwest corner and is almost 1000 feet above sea level. Elevation gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan to the east.

Contour Intervals: 50’-0”

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS]

Cook County Topography

[TOPOGRAPHY & GLACIERS] 16

Topography - Our Site Along the river, the elevation is at 580 feet above sea level. The elevation does not shift rapidly in this part of Chicago. Minor elevation can be see between N Clinton St. and N Canal St.

It is important to know when the solstices and equinoxes are. This allows for the opportunity to enhance the design of spaces regarding natural light and comfortability. Additionally, solar heat gain is a factor. The amount is dependent on the angle of the sun and the material it is shining upon. The higher the amount of solar heat gain, the more the mechanical cooling system has to work.

[CLIMATE - SOLSTICE/EQUINOX]

The solstices are the longest and shortest days of the year. The equinoxes the two days of the year where the day and night are almost equal. Knowing this is important because it allows the design of spaces.

[CLIMATE - WIND] 18

Chicago is known as the windy city. This is an important factor to be mindful of when designing tall structures as one must take into account the large wind loads that can occur. Sustainable initiatives could harness the wind such as wind-turbines or passive cooling.

It is important to know when the solstices and equinoxes are. This allows for the opportunity to enhance the design of spaces regarding natural light and comfortability.

Summer Solstice - June 20

Winter Solstice - December 21

Spring Equinox - March 19

Fall Equinox - March 19

Additionally, solar heat gain is a factor. The amount is dependent on the angle of the sun and the material it is shining upon. The higher the amount of solar heat gain, the more the mechanical cooling system has to work.

[CLIMATE - SUN]

[CLIMATE - GEOTHERMAL] 20

Geothermal heating is a possibility in Chicago. This can be accomplished on a small to medium scale. While it is costly to install the necessary systems, the return on investment is between 5 -10 years. Newer commercial and residential spaces have installed geothermal systems. There have also been renovations of existing buildings to install these systems. One such example is the Unity Temple by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Most recorded precipitation in a 24-hour period 6.24 inches August 12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13, 1987 Most recorded precipitation in a month

[CLIMATE - PRECIPITATION]

Precipitation is important to recognize because it could be considered a structural load to be accounted for if static. Additionally, it needs to be considered from a weathering proofing perspective as well as offering sustainable uses such as rain collection.

17.1 inches Aug-87 21

[CLIMATE - TEMPERATURE] 22

Outdoor temperature directly effects the cost and comfort of a space. Additionally, the temperature will dictate construction methods such as foundation depth below grade and insulation systems.

Average Temperatures for Chicago

Average Daily Min and Max Temperatures in Chicago

80 70

50 40

10 0

10 0 High °F

2010s

2000s

1990s

1980s

1960s

1950s

1940s

Low °F

1970s High °F

Amount of days where Temp was either 32 °F or 70 °F

Average Total Days/Year when Temps fell below 32 °F or Above 90 °F

30 25 20

140

120

100

60 40 70 °F

32 °F

Highest recorded temperature

105°F

24-Jul-34

Lowest recorded temperature

−27°F

20-Jan-85

2010s

2000s

1990s

1980s 32 °F

1970s 90 °F

1960s

1950s

1940s

Anticipating the amount of snowfall is key to determining dead load of weight in the winter and necessary preparations for removal of snow and purchasing of equipment.

Average Total Fresh Snowfall and Days in Chicago

40 3540 3035 2530 2025 1520 1015 510 05

Most recorded accumulated snowfall in a 24-hour period 23 inches January 26â&#x20AC;&#x201C;27, 1967

Most recorded accumulated snowfall in a season 89.7 inches Winter, 1978â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7 Inches Inches Days Days

[CLIMATE - SNOW]

Average Total Fresh Snowfall and Days in Chicago

[HYDROLOGY]

Watersheds How Chicago Reversed its River Importance of the Chicago River and Great Lakes Chicago Plan

Riverwalk

Master LAKE MICHIGAN

Chicago Flood Zones Site Specific Flood Zone How Climate Change is affecting the Chicago River & Great Lakes

WOLF POINT SITE LOCATION NORTH BRANCH

CHICAGO RIVER

Wat

How Rive

Imp Rive

Chic Plan

Chic Site

SOUTH BRANCH 24

How affe Grea

Watersheds

Great Lakes Basin & Illinois River Basin

Great Lakes Basin LEGEND

WATERSHED

An area of land where all the water that falls on it drains into the same outlet. The Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin and the Illinois River Basin are made up of smaller watersheds.

ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN

Basin Size: 28,906 square miles Inhabitants: 3.3 million Watersheds: Chicago/Calumet, Des Plaines, Fox, Illnois River Valley, Kanakee, Iroquois, Vermilion-Illinois, Mackinaw, Sangmon, Macoupin, La Moine, Spoon

GREAT LAKES BASIN

Basin Size: 94,000 square miles Inhabitants: 40 million Watersheds: Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Superior

1865-1900 How Chicago Reversed Its River 1885

1865-1867 Chicago Lake Tunnel

X Failed Idea #2

CHICAGO RIVER

1871

Ellis Sylvester Chesbrough

Chesbrough was the engineer who came up with the city’s sewer systems, and a few ideas on how to fix the water pollution problems.

X IDEA 1: Lay pipe under the city to haul sewage away, but that sewage still dumped in Lake Michigan.

- It WAS and IS one of the greatest engineering feats ever. -The innovative techniques and machines used in the project became highly influential on future projects such as the Panama Canal. There was a huge unanticipated environmental impact for linking the Great Lakes and Mississippi River System: -It created a highway for invasive species like the asian carp that threatens natural species and the fishing industry. -It flooded and polluted farmland downstream. -It polluted the drinking water from Chicago to the Gulf of Mexico. -Many farmers and the City of St. Louis sued Chicago.

SOLUTION TO POLLUTION IS DILUTION.

The concept behind the reversal was simple: water flows downhill. By building a perpetually deepening canal from Lake Michigan to the lower Des Plains River, the Chicago River would flow in a new direction!

Continental Divide

Des Plains River

Lake Michigan

SANITARY & SHIP CANAL

-l

Will they ever re-reverse the Chicago River?

Chicago

Excavate

Reverse the river and send Chicago’s filth downstream.

The Sanitary District of Chicago is still operating today, but is now called the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

FUN FACT

The Sanitary District had predicted the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would be completed in 1896, but it wasn’t until January 2, 1900 that water from Lake Michigan was first diverted down the newly constructed channel.

A MIXED LEGACY

Construction began on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, connecting the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, headed by the Sanitary District of Chicago. This department was created in 1889 to manage the city’s water supply and spearhead the river reversal. Their motto was THE

/IDEA 3: BIGGEST AND BOLDEST IDEA

To create the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, workers removed about 42 million cubic yards of soil and rock. This was the largest earth-moving project in that time. The canal spanned 28 miles long.

FUN FACT

to 2 miles off the shore to access fresh, unpolluted water, work started in 1864 and the tunnel opened in 1867. Unfortunately, this still wasn’t enough.

FUN FACT

1892

In 1871, the river was temporarily (and accidentally) reversed. During a period of particularly low water, the city pumped water from the Chicago River into the Illinois & Michigan Canal to maintain its level. Astonished, canal workers noticed Chicago’s sewage flowing away from Lake Michigan and this would inspire the river’s permanent reversal.

X IDEA 2: Dig the Chicago Lake Tunnel from the city

1900

LAKE MICHIGAN

60 ft

The Chicago city government decided to permanently reverse the flow of the river after a huge rainfall carried sewage to Lake Michigan in 1885. This created a panic that another storm could cause a health crisis.

Chicago experienced rapid growth and industrialization in the 19th century. During this period waste was dumped into the Chicago River which emptied into Lake Michigan - Chicago’s source of the drinking water. 1865 saw the city’s first attempt to deal with this crisis by developing offshore water cribs; however the structures would never provide enough fresh water.

The canal commissioners kept the opening of the Main Channel quiet, lest publicity hasten Missouri’s effort to prevent the opening of the canal.

1865

FUN FACT

IMPORTANCE OF THE

CHICAGO RIVER & THE GREAT LAKES FOR THE GREATER CHICAGO REGION

The Chicago River and Lake Michigan provides opportunities for boating, fishing, canoing and other water activities.

HOUSING

High-rise housing line the river, inviting higher income tenants to come live in the city.

DEVELOPMENT

Increasing number of restaurants now choose river locations to make use of the attractive open space the water provides.

TOURISM

Chicago attracts millions of tourists each year, looking to take a boat tour, kayak, or walk along the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge.

WATER

40 Million people in the Great Lakes region rely on the Great Lakes for fresh drinking water.

CHICAGO RIVER TRANSPORTATION

The river and lake are important in the transportation of goods like coal, scrap, salt, petroleum and building materials. The river winds through both the north and south sides of the city allowing low-cost shipment of heavy cargoes.

RIVERWALKS & PARKS

More riverwalks and parks are being established to connect people to nature and provide an escape from the busy, loud urban environment.

FISHERIES

Lake Michigan is the birthplace of many commercial fisheries providing the surrounding areas with access to fresh fish.

ECOSYSTEM

The river and lakes sustain a complex ecosystem of plants and wildlife.

LAKE MICHIGAN

RECREATION

CONFLUENCE Chicago Riverwalk Main Branch Framework Plan

GOALS

1 Bring people to the water 2 Provide access for everyone 3 Celebrate the History of Downtown Chicago 4 Create unique places on the river 5 Find new economines on the river 6 Improve riverwalk commercial functions

CONFLUENCE DISTRICT

This area has a rich history as it was the location of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first taverns and hotels. This area was also home to the Wigwam, the convention center and meeting hall that served as te site of the 1860 Republican National Convention where Abraham Lincoln was nominated to run for President. This location is the hinge between the Main Branch river corridor that is lined with office, hotel, and residential towers, the north/south Wacker Drive high desnisty office corridor, and the high density neighborhoods emerging west of the river.

WOLF POINT

A development plan prepared by Cesar Pelli was announced for Wolf Point in 2007. The plan shows three high-rise buildings, with the tallest at 89 stories, together containing 1,500 residential units, 350 hotel rooms, and 1 million square feet of office space. The Kennedy family, owners of the land, would team with Habitat Company and Hines Interests to develop the four-acre site. It is likely that the first component to be built would be an office propertyat the eastern end of the site. Because Orleans Street would provide access to that initial building, much of the substantial infrastructure work could be done in a later phase. The site plan for Wolf Point includes open space oriented to the River.

*Maps provided by FEMA

CHICAGO FLOOD ZONES - 100 YR

National Flood Hazard Layer FIRMette

Legend SEE FIS REPORT FOR DETAILED LEGEND AND INDEX MAP FOR FIRM PANEL LAYOUT

87°38'34.14"W

41°53'28.10"N

Without Base Flood Elevation (BFE) Zone A, V, A99

With BFE or Depth Zone AE, AO, AH, VE, AR

SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS

Regulatory Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard, Areas of 1% annual chance flood with average depth less than one foot or with drainage areas of less than one square mile Zone X Future Conditions 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Zone X Area with Reduced Flood Risk due to Levee. See Notes. Zone X Area with Flood Risk due to Levee Zone D

OTHER AREAS OF FLOOD HAZARD NO SCREEN

70 feet

Area of Minimal Flood Hazard

Zone X

40 feet

Effective LOMRs

OTHER AREAS

Area of Undetermined Flood Hazard

Zone D

Channel, Culvert, or Storm Sewer Levee, Dike, or Floodwall

GENERAL STRUCTURES 20.2

Cross Sections with 1% Annual Chance Water Surface Elevation Coastal Transect 8 Base Flood Elevation Line (BFE) Legend Limit of PANEL Study SEE FIS REPORT FOR DETAILED LEGEND AND INDEX MAP FOR FIRM LAYOUT Jurisdiction Boundary Without Base Flood Elevation (BFE) B

Zone A, V, A99

SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS OTHER

FEATURES

Zone AE,Transect AO, AH, VE, AR With BFE or Depth Coastal

Baseline Profile Baseline Hydrographic Feature 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard, Areas Regulatory Floodway

of 1% annual chance flood with average depth less than one foot or with drainage Zone X areas of less than one square Digital Datamile Available

OTHERMAP AREASPANELS OF FLOOD HAZARD NO SCREEN

Future Conditions 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Zone X No Digital Data Available Area with Reduced Flood Risk due to Levee. See Notes. Zone X Unmapped Area with Flood Risk due to Levee Zone D

Area of Minimal Flood Hazard

X The pin displayed onZonethe map is an approximate point selected by the user and does not represent D Areaan of Undetermined Floodproperty Hazard Zonelocation. authoritative

Effective LOMRs

OTHER AREAS

Channel, Culvert, or Storm Sewer Levee, Dike, or Floodwall

GENERAL STRUCTURES

This map complies with FEMA's standards for the use of 20.2 digital flood maps if Sections it is not void as described below. Cross with 1% Annual Chance B 17.5shown The basemap complies with FEMA's basemap Water Surface Elevation Coastal Transect accuracy standards 8

Base Flood Elevation Line (BFE)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Feet 2,000

1:6,000

41°53'1.32"N

87°37'56.69"W

USGS The National Map: Orthoimagery. Data refreshed April, 2019.

of Study The flood hazardLimit information is derived directly from the Jurisdiction Boundary provided by FEMA. This map authoritative NFHL web services Transect Baseline was exported onCoastal 2/5/2020 at 2:52:40 PM and does not OTHER Profile Baseline reflect changes or amendments subsequent to this date and FEATURES Hydrographic Feature time. The NFHL and effective information may change or become superseded data over time. Digital by Datanew Available No Digital Data Available

This map image is void if the one or more of the following map do notUnmapped appear: basemap imagery, flood zone labels, legend, scale bar, map creation date, community identifiers, The pin displayed on the map is an approximate FIRM panelpoint number, date. Map images for selected and by theFIRM user andeffective does not represent authoritative property location. unmapped an and unmodernized areas cannot be used for regulatory purposes.

MAP PANELS elements

This map complies with FEMA's standards for the use of digital flood maps if it is not void as described below. The basemap shown complies with FEMA's basemap accuracy standards

The flood hazard information is derived directly from the

*Maps provided by FEMA

87°38'34.14"W

41°53'28.10"N

SITE SPECIFIC FLOOD ZONE

National Flood Hazard Layer FIRMette

343 W WOLF POINT PLAZA, CHICAGO, IL 60654

17.5

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IS IMPACTING THE

LAKE MICHIGAN

CHICAGO RIVER & THE GREAT LAKES

Will the great lakes continue to rise? Scientists say it’s not clear. We’re still within normal range.

Since scientists have started keeping track, Lake Michigan water levels have bounced up and down, while always remaining in range of about 6 feet.

-US Army Corps of Engineers -Data from NOAA

Volatility the new normal

What’s concerning is how dramatically the water rises and lowers. 2013 saw record lows, but in 2019 the lake jumped to one of its highest points. Lake Michigan has

raised 6 feet in 6 years.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Water Levels are Actually Falling

Overall, water levels in the Great Lakes are falling since reaching record highs in the 1980’s, due to warmer air temperatures allowing for higher evaporation rates, regardless of the recent, short-term record highs due to increased rainfall and snow melt from the winter.

Many models disagree on the fate of water levels, but most studies suggest that long-term water levels will, on average, drop. - GLISA

CHICAGO RIVER

Historical Trends Data by GLISA

Erosion

Another concern is that warmer atmosphere means more intense storms, which leads to larger waves, and larger waves means more damage to structures along the shore. The damage isn’t limited to buildings, bluffs, and dunes, but also in the lake bed. Chicago is install-

2018

ing temporary concrete barriers to protect beaches and lakefront trails from erosion from high lake levels.

Water Quality & Algae Blooms

More rain in the future of the Great Lakes basin, means more run off with sewer discharge into the lakes, which results in an increase of algae blooms. Marine life and organisms die from being trapped in waters that are oxygen-depleted from the algae blooms.

2018

Fish & Wildlife

With increasing lake temperatures, cold-water fish populations in the Great Lakes are predicted to decline while warm-water fish populations surge. Species will migrate north to adapt to rising temperatures.

DECREASING WATER LEVELS

due to higher temps and higher evaporation rates

INCREASING FLOODING

due to volatility of storms & existing structures are unable to handle these extremes.

[BUILDING TYPOLOGIES]

[UNIVERSITIES]

What is a University? A University is an extension of ones education and helps develop them into a product to use in the real world. Even though college is not meant for every individual coming out of high school it is a great platform to use to advance themselves into the working world and finding a career. Chicago houses some well known branded Universities within the city and draws people from around the world. With most of the Universities offering a spectrum of careers, most of them offer common careers in technology, business and arts. University of Illinois at Chicago is the largest school reaching over 30,000 students per year.

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7.82 miles 7.18 miles 6.28 miles 5.46 miles 1.05 miles 1.30 miles 0.56 miles 0.82 miles 0.93 miles 1.00 miles 3.38 miles 3.52 miles 3.60 miles 7.03 miles 7.05 miles 11.63 miles 12.33 miles 9.89 miles Miles are in relation to given site

Chicago is home to more than two dozen private, non-profit colleges and universities. Chicago is dotted with private higher learning institutions of every size and makeup. The application fee at University of Chicago is $75. Scores for either the ACT or SAT test are due N/A. It is most selective, with an acceptance rate of 7 percent. Illinois Institute of Technology. Illinois Tech is a highly rated private college located in Chicago, Illinois. It is a small institution with an enrollment of 2,631 undergraduate students. Admissions is fairly competitive as the Illinois Tech acceptance rate is 54 percent.

University of Chicago

1. North Eastern University 2. North Park University 3. St. Augustine College 4. Harry S. Truman College 5. Kendall College 6. University of Illinois at Chicago 7. Alder University 8. National Louis University 9. Robert Morris University Illinois 10. Roosevelt University 11. VanderCook College of Music 12. Illinois College of Optometry 13. Illinois Institution of Technology 14. University of Chicago 15. University of Chicago Pritzker 16. Chicago State University 17. Olive Harvey College 18. Richard J. Daley College Given site location

Illinois Institute of Technology

University of Illinois at Chicago

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1. Chicago History Museum 2. International Museum of Surgical Science 3. Museum of Contemporary Art 4. Richard H. Driehaus Museum 5. Chicago Children’s Museum 6. American Writers Museum 7. The Art Institute of Chicago 8. Museum of Contemporary Photography 9. Field Museum 10. Adler Planetarium 11. Museum Campus 12. Glessner House 13. National Museum of Mexican Art 14. DuSable Museum of African American History 15. Smart Museum of Art 16. Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago 17. Oriental Institute Museum Given site location

1.74 miles 1.70 miles 1.10 miles 0.75 miles 1.50 miles 0.66 miles 0.89 miles 1.12 miles 1.80 miles 2.15 miles 1.98 miles 2.20 miles 2.75 miles 6.75 miles 6.72 miles 7.24 miles 7.08 miles Miles are in relation to given site

The Field Museum is not just one of the biggest and best museums in Chicago -- it’s one of the biggest and best natural history museums in the world. This is one of those museums you can spend all day inside, getting lost in the most magical way through three floors and almost 500,000 square feet of exhibition space. Museum of Contemporary Art is one of more popular with general admission and daily visitation.

Museum Contemporary Art

Field Museum

National Museum of Mexican Art

What is a museum? A museum is the opportunity for people all across the country to come and see famous exhibits. Mostly preserved fossils or artifacts came from different parts of the world and it can become an attraction to go to when visiting Chicago. Museums can also give opportunity for artist either famous or local to show ones work and can build up their portfolio or own brand by consistently showing their work.

[MUSEUMS]

Chicago offers multiple museums around downtown and tries to hit different and a wide span of history and or arts. Contemporary museums, Ethnic studies, Innovation and Industry as well as Historic museums Round out Chicago’s museum culture. Children under the age of 18 are allowed to have free admission and Chicago residents receive free admission on Wednesday’s from 5-8 p.m. year round.

[RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS] 36

What is a church or religious gathering space? These spaces are given to specific religions for them to learn and practice at their preferred place of gathering. Chicago offers a wide spectrum of various different groups of religions and are all within reasonable distances away from the given site. Chicago’s largest church is the Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago which serves as a Roman Catholic Church and is one of the largest dioceses in the United States. The oldest Church in the Chicago area is the St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church or actually known as the Roman Catholic Parish. This has been described as the “corner of Irish culture” in Chicago.

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Holy Name Cathedral

St. Patrick’s Catholic Church

1. Buddhist Temple of Chicago 2. Saint Clement Church 3. St. Micheal Catholic Church in Old Town 4. The Moody Church 5. St. Stanislaw Kostka Parish 6. Holy Trinity Orthodox Church 7. Holy Innocents Catholic Church 8. Saint John Centuries Church 9. Christ the Savior Orthodox Christian 10. Fourth Presbyterian Church 11. Holy Name Cathedral 12. St. James Cathedral Chicago 13. Seventeenth Church of Christ Scientist 14. First United Methodist Church of Chicago 15. Old St. Patrick’s Catholic Church 16. Holy Family Catholic Church 17. St. Adalberto Catholic Church 18. Second Presbyterian Church 19. Pilgrim Baptist Church 20. Rockefeller Memoriam Church 21. Unity Temple Given site location

5.59 miles 2.89 miles 1.69 miles 1.78 miles 1.79 miles 2.46 miles 1.50 miles 1.00 miles 0.90 miles 1.04 miles 0.78 miles 0.79 miles 0.63 miles 0.49 miles 0.64 miles 1.60 miles 2.50 miles 2.30 miles 3.76 miles 7.28 miles 8.20 miles Miles are in relation to given site

Unity Temple Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois, and the home of the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built between 1905 and 1908. Unity Temple is considered to be one of Wright’s most important structures dating from the first decade of the twentieth century. Because of its consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through use of a single material, reinforced concrete. Unity Temple is considered by many architects to be the first modern building in the world. This idea became of central importance to the modern architects who followed Wright, such as Mies Van Der Rohe, and even the post-modernists, such as Frank Gehry.

2-2-Name: Name:Wolf WolfPoint PointWest WestTower Tower Floors: Floors:48 48 Height: Height:485ft 485ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Apartment ApartmentBuilding Building Year Built: 2016 Year Built: 2016 3-3-Name: Name:Apparel ApparelCenter Center Floors: 24 Floors: 24 Height: Height:325ft 325ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Mixed MixedUse Use Year Built: 1976 Year Built: 1976 4-4-Name: Name:Wolf WolfPoint PointEast EastTower Tower Floors: 60 Floors: 60 Height: Height:660ft 660ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Apartment ApartmentBuilding Building Year Built: In Year Built: InProgress Progress

Name:Civic CivicOpera Opera 9-9-Name: Building Building Floors:45 45 Floors: Height:555 555ftft Height: Occupancy: Occupancy: OfficeTower, Tower,Opera Opera Office House House Year YearBuilt: Built:1929 1929 1010-Name: Name:155 155North North Wacker Wacker Floors: Floors:48 48 Height: Height:638ft 638ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Office Office Year YearBuilt: Built:2009 2009 1111-Name: Name:191 191North North Wacker Wacker Floors: Floors:37 37 Height: Height:516ft 516ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Office Office Year YearBuilt: Built:2002 2002

5-5-Name: Name:Merchandise MerchandiseMart Mart Floors: 25 Floors: 25 Height: Height:340ft 340ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Mixed MixedUse Use Year Built: 1930 Year Built: 1930

1212-Name: Name:333 333West West Wacker WackerDrive Drive Floors: Floors:36 36 Height: Height:489 489 Occupancy: Occupancy:office officespace space Year Built: 1983 Year Built: 1983

6-6-Name: Name:Wolf WolfPoint PointWest WestTower Tower Floors: 37 Floors: 37 Height: Height:451ft 451ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Condominiums Condominiums Year YearBuilt: Built:2002 2002

1313-Name: Name:CNA CNACenter Center Floors: 35 Floors: 35 Height: Height:568ft 568ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Commercial Commercial Year YearBuilt: Built:2018 2018

7-7-Name: Name:River RiverPoint Point Floors: 52 Floors: 52 Height: Height:730ft 730ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Office OfficeSpace Space Year Built: 2017 Year Built: 2017

1414-Name: Name:225 225West West Wacker Drive Wacker Drive Floors: Floors:31 31 Height: Height:433 433 Occupancy: Occupancy:Office, Office,Retail Retail Year Built: 1989 Year Built: 1989

8-Name: 8-Name:150 150North NorthRiverside Riverside Floors: 51 Floors: 51 Height: Height:726 726ftft Occupancy: Occupancy:Commercial CommercialOffice Office Year Built: 2017 Year Built: 2017

1515-Name: Name:205 205West West Wacker Drive Wacker Drive Floors: Floors:23 23 Height: Height:255ft 255ft Occupancy: Occupancy:Office, Office,Retail Retail Year Built: 1929 Year Built: 1929

[BUILDING HEIGHTSTUDY] STUDY] [BUILDING HEIGHT

Name:Fulton FultonHouse House 1-1-Name: Floors:16 16 Floors: Height:185ft 185ft Height: Occupancy:Condominiums Condominiums Occupancy: YearBuilt: Built:1898 1898 Year

[URBAN ENVIRONMENT]

[FIGURE GROUND] 40

A figure ground is a drawing which uses contrast to show the relationship between positive and negative spaces, solids and voids, or shadows and light. They are commonly used to show how the material or solid components of buildings relate to the spaces contained by the built form. They examine the street grid systems, as well as providing an understanding as to how a proposed building or space might interact with the existing fabric of the city. Buildings usually are in black, while the open spaces are white.

[REVERSE FIGURE GROUND]

A reverse figure ground is an organizing tool similar to a figure ground. A reverse figure ground shows the relationship between positive and negative spaces, solids and voids, or light and shadows. They put emphasis on the space as an object.

[ARTERY] 41

Three arterial influences come to their nexus at our site, Wolf Point. Being rivers, these form a natural view corridor along their flows. These influences have a large importance on our site, giving a sense of confluence on the site. As a natural artery, these influences draw one towards the site, heightening the importance of the site at which they all meet.

[CENTRAL VOIDS]

Chicago is a city that has a strong grid presence, giving a strong organizing principle to the city as a whole. By utilizing a grid system, the city was allowed to grow with a spatial commonality between city blocks. Some of these blocks were never fully developed, either being used for parking or plaza space. These spaces become vital to the life of the city, as they are the spaces that have resisted vertical construction.

[COMPETING AXES] 43

Being a city with a strict grid structure, Chicago relies heavily on a grid orienting North-South and East-West. This generates two strong axes oriented in the North-South direction and the East-West direction. However, there is a an axis that is oriented at an oblique angle to these polar directional grids. The oblique grid roughly lies along the axis of the river. The oblique angle aligns with the chosen site, proposing a unique design problem to the site.

[CONNECTING VOIDS]

Being a heavily gridded city, there is a spatial assignment given to each city block. These can either be filled with structure or left open. These voids all mean something, there is a reason they are voids. How they connect is a spatially valuable study. This allows one to analyze how all these voids interact with one another, how the voids become a system within the heart of the Chicago grid.

[DATUM] 45

A datum is an organizing principle that separates two separate portions. In this analysis, the datum is a river, separating the west from the east. On the west side of the datam is a generally lower building density. The skyscrapers fade away into lower scale structures. On the west side of the daum is the dense downtown area of Chicago. This portion of the city is populated with many tall skyscrapers. The datum of the city effectively is the divide between dense and sparse structure.

[DENSITY/PLACEMENT]

The downtown portion of Chicago is very dense, and stands in contrast with other surrounding portions of the city. Due to the high density at the city center, the design of the city is oriented around this placement, highlighting its placement in the center of the city.

[ENTRY SEQUENCE] 47

The site, Wolf Point, is located at a point which slightly protrudes into the Chicago River. Entrance to the site is limited, as access will only be available via one street. At this point, there are three approaches to the site, from the North, East, and South. There is an opportunity for an approach from the riverwalk as well.

[HIERARCHY OF SIZE]

Having a strong grid, the structures within Chicago generally tend to follow a similar shape, either by themselves or compositionally. Where the grid is not as strong, the buildings are able to assume different shapes that do not necessarily conform to the grid. These shapes tend to fall outside of the central core of the city, framing the core. The sizes of these structures form a hierarchical relationship between the central core and surrounding neighborhoods.

[IMAGE OF THE CITY] 49

This analysis is based off of a study developed by the urban theorist Kevin Lynch in the 1960s. Lynch overserved different cities, and concluded that people formed mental maps of their surrounding, consisting of five basic elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. Done together as an analysis, these components work together to create an image of the city, each with distinct features that define each area. The paths are the features that arrange space and the consequent movement between space. They can also act as edges, the real or perceived boundaries. The districts are areas that have common identifying characteristics, bounded by the edges. The nodes are the foci of the city, neighborhood or district that offer multiple perspectives of the other core elements. Landmarks are the elemtns that are easily noticable, which help to define the district. Together, all of these create an image of the city.

[REPETITIVE TO UNIQUE]

The importance of the Chicago grid is prevalent in this analysis. These grid has constrained individual growth to a specific spatial definition. These structures may very in aesthetics, however, their footprints are repetitive. Within the dense urban fabric of the Chicago central core, there are few buildings that break this mold, forming unique building footprints. Many of these buildings lie along the river, where natural influences create unique shapes. However, there are a few spaces deep within the grid that break this mold, going against the grid.

[SEPARATIONS] 51

Within the figure ground there are separations that become evident from the lack of structures. These separations pose significant barriers that impede travel across them. These separations define different areas of Chicago, and have been an effective mechanism in creating distinct areas.

[STITCH]

In order to connect different areas on either side of the separations, each area needs to be stitched together. These stitches are the connections that bind the areas together. These areas are important to the city as a whole, as they are vital to creating a whole from different parts. The stitching is done through a series of bridges that connect each area. The large number of stitches emphasizes the strong connection between the different areas.

[CHICAGO COMMUNITY LOOP] 53

The Loop, the 32nd of Chicago’s 77 designated community areas, is the central business district of the city and the main part of its downtown. Home to Chicago’s commercial core, it is the second largest commercial business district in North America after Midtown Manhattan in New York City and contains the world headquarters and regional offices of several global and national businesses, retail establishments, restaurants, hotels, and theaters, as well as many of Chicago’s most famous attractions. It is home to Chicago’s City Hall, the seat of Cook County, and numerous offices of other levels of government and consulates of foreign nations. The areas near north side, near west side are the neighbor of Loop which also a huge community center.

[FOREST GLEN PARK]

Forest Glen is one of the 77 official city community areas of Chicago, Illinois, located on the city’s Northwest Side. It comprises the neighborhoods of Forest Glen, Edgebrook and Sauganash, with subneighborhoods of Sauganash Park, Wildwood, North Edgebrook and Old Edgebrook. A community of about 550 residences on the far Northwest side of the city of Chicago is often referred to as “Chicago’s Finest Community”[citation needed]. It is one of the oldest neighborhoods on the Northwest side, and is at the southern part of the official Chicago neighborhood’s area of Forest Glen, which also contains Edgebrook and Sauganash. The first European American to settle Forest Glen was Civil War hero Captain William Hazelton of the 1st Cavalry Division. Captain Hazelton built a home in Forest Glen which still stands, and started a Sunday School that evolved into the First Congregational Church of Forest Glen. Hazelton also built the Glen’s first barn at what is now Lawler and Elston.

[WEST TOWN] 55

West Town is a neighborhood destination which thrives on the principles of community and the subsequent charm created by this diverse, yet united community. This is an area defined by a rich history of residents and the entrepreneurial pioneers who’ve helped maintain the essence of what truly defines “Chicago”… its neighborhoods. West Town is a City of Chicago Community Area and the boundaries are Bloomingdale to Kinzie, and the Chicago River to Kedzie.

[EAST TOWN]

East Side, until recently, was socially and economically dominated by the Calumet River and the jobs it supported. In fact, the community got its name from its location on the east side of the Calumet River, not because the neighborhood is located on the eastern side of the city. A cluster of riverside docks and slips allowed materials to be loaded and unloaded onto adjacent railroad lines, and the river itself was lined with steel mills. Republic Steel began operations along the river in 1901. The Republic mill was the site of frequent union unrest, culminating in the Memorial Day Massacre of 1937 and the successful drive by the United Steelworkers to organize the Chicago mills. The State Line Generating Plant was built in 1929 in bordering Hammond, Indiana, and closed in 2014. Many of the neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents in this period were families of Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian heritage, who had emigrated from Europe to work in the steel mills and take related jobs. Today, the area is largely Hispanic.

[NORTH PARK]

North Park is one of 77 welldefined community areas of the City of Chicago. It is bordered by the North Shore Channel on the east, the Chicago River’s North Branch and Foster Avenue on the south, Cicero Avenue on the west (except for the section in the northwest corner, north of Bryn Mawr Avenue, which is part of the Sauganash neighborhood) and Devon Avenue on the north. North Park received its name from North Park University that built the Old Main building in 1894 along Foster Avenue west of Kedzie, on the north side of the river. Further north is the campus of Northeastern Illinois University, which opened in 1961. Other major land uses include two large cemeteries, LaBagh Woods Forest Preserve, Peterson Pulaski Industrial Park, and North Park Village, which includes housing, park facilities, and a nature center. Two universities – North Park University and Northeastern Illinois University – and a Yeshiva make for concentrated educational resources. The closest CTA ‘L’ station is the Kimball Brown Line terminal.

[NEAR SOUTH SIDE]

South Side neighborhoods such as Armour Square, Back of the Yards, Bridgeport, and Pullman host more blue collar and middle-class residents, while Hyde Park, the Jackson Park Highlands District, Kenwood, Beverly, Mount Greenwood, and west Morgan Park feature affluent and upper-middle class residents. The Near South Side was initially noted for wagon trails winding through a lightly populated bend of Lake Michigan. It was on one of these trails that the Fort Dearborn Massacre occurred in 1812. This area was first populated by settlers working for the Illinois & Michigan Canal, who subsequently worked in the lumber district. Proximity to the railroads attracted light manufacturing and shops. In 1853, the community was absorbed by the extension of the city limits to 31st Street; in the same period, the Illinois Central Railroad was built into Chicago. In 1859, a South State Street horse-drawn streetcar line, linking the area to downtown, attracted wealthy families to the area.

[SOUTH CHICAGO] 59

South Chicago, formerly known as Ainsworth, is one of the 77 well-defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois. This chevron-shaped community is one of Chicago’s 16 lakefront neighborhoods near the southern rim of Lake Michigan 10 miles south of downtown. A working-class neighborhood, it is bordered by East 79th Street on the north, South Chicago Avenue (the Chicago Skyway) on the southwest, a small stretch of East 95th Street on the south. With the Calumet River on the community’s southeast side, South Chicago can be considered the literal gateway to the Calumet Region and the first among the four Chicago neighborhoods (East Side, Hegewisch and South Deering) that are considered by the locals as Chicago’s Southeast Side. The Southeast Side is a description that, although true, the city itself continues to resist including this neighborhood with all of Chicago’s South Side communities.

Young adults are the future power of the city.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - AGE]

Age is an important variable to consider when analyzing your target audience. Individuals who grow up at the same time are called cultural generations. They often share many of the same experiences as others of the same age group. An outcome of a cultural generation is a set of shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that are important to consider.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - SENIORS] 61

Much of the world is aging rapidly. Both the number and proportion of people aged 65 years and older are increasing, although at different rates in different parts of the world. The number of older adults has risen more than threefold since 1950, from approximately 130 million to 419 million in 2000, with the elderly share of the population increasing from 4 percent to 7 percent during that period. In the United States, those aged 65 and older currently make up about 13 percent of the population.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - INCOME]

Income is money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing a good or service or through investing capital. Income is used to fund day-to-day expenditures. Investments, pensions, and Social Security are primary sources of income for retirees. About 5 community areas have a median family income that is over 100,000 dollars.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - DISTRIBUTION] 63

The United States Census Bureau uses the ethnonyms “Hispanic or Latino” to refer to “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race” and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, or ethnicity. Most of the Hispanic Ethnicity lives Northwest of downtown Chicago.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - DISTRIBUTION]

Over the last century, there has been a strong divide between the distribution of White residents and African American residents. One map appears to be the inverse of the other.

[DEMOGRAPHICS - DISTRIBUTION] 65

A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society. The term was first used to refer to speakers of a common language and then to denote national affiliations. By the 17th century the term began to refer to physical (phenotypical) traits. Demographics of RACE Who are Asian, and Native American we get better under standing of what community people take place.

1885

The Great Chicago FireThe Chicago Fire of 1871, also called the Great Chicago Fire, burned from October 8 to October 10, 1871, and destroyed thousands of buildings, killed an estimated 300 people and caused an estimated $200 million in damages. Legend has it that a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fire, but other theories hold that humans or even a meteor might have been responsible for the event that left an area of about four miles long and almost a mile wide of the Windy City, including its business district, in ruins. Following the blaze, reconstruction efforts began quickly and spurred great economic development and population growth.

Home Insurance Building BuiltThe Home Insurance Building was built in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois, USA and destroyed in 1931 to make way for the Field Building (now the LaSalle National Bank Building). It was the first building to use structural steel in its frame, but the majority of its structure was composed of cast and wrought iron. It is generally noted as the first tall building to be supported, both inside and outside, by a fireproof metal frame. Although, the Ditherington Flax Mill was built as a fireproof metal framed building earlier, it was only five stories tall

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS]

Oct. 8, 1871

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS] 67

Oct. 9, 1901

Dec. 30, 1903

Grant Park is EstablishedProudly referred to as Chicago’s “front yard,” Grant Park is among the city’s loveliest and most prominent parks. The site of three worldclass museums -- the Art Institute, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium -- the park includes the museum campus, a 1995 transformation of paved areas into beautiful green space. Grant Park’s centerpiece is the Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain, built in 1927 to provide a monumental focal point while protecting the park’s breathtaking lakefront views.

Fire kills over 600 people at Iroquois TheaterThe Iroquois Theater, at 24-28 West Randolph Street, on the north side between State and Dearborn Streets, was advertised as “Absolutely Fireproof” on its playbills. Yet the construction and opening of the theater had been rushed in six months to take advantage of the holiday crowds with much being incomplete. The theater opened on November 23 and burned 37 days later on December 30. Versus the 1,724 seating capacity, nearly 2,000 patrons, mostly women and children on the holidays school break, were in attendance at this Wednesday matinée showing of the popular musical Mr. Bluebeard starring Eddie Foy and Annabelle Whitford and a performance troupe of 500. The blaze took 571 lives within 20 minutes, and including those who died in the hospital, the death count climbed to a total of 602. The fire was caused by an arc light that shorted and ignited a muslin curtain which then spread to the backdrops.

July 27, 1919

Chicago Crib DisasterThe temporary Crib used in the construction of the Southwest Land and Lake Tunnel System, situated on the line of the tunnel seventy-five hundred feet from the shore, caught fire from some unknown cause at eight oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock in the morning of January 20, 1909. There was a large force of laborers on the structure at the time, it having been found impracticable to carry them back and forth each day on account of the large quantity of ice in the lake. The structure being of wood the fire once started spread rapidly, and the unfortunate men were caught as if in a trap, and most of them were burned to death or drowned in efforts to escape before help arrived. Tugs came to the rescue as soon as they could force their way to the scene and saved some of those on the ice. The exact number of victims could not be ascertained, but it was believed that seventy men lost their lives in this appalling disaster.

Chicago Race Riot of 1919After World War I ended in November 1918, thousands of American servicemen, black and white, returned home from Europe and looked for jobs, as many of them had held prior to the war, in the factories, mills, and warehouses of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major industrial cities. White soldiers often sought to reclaim jobs they had held before going to war. Black soldiers, by contrast, expected their status as war veterans to qualify them for jobs they had previously been denied on the basis of race. As the postwar economy contracted, however, the total number of job openings declined. In many cities, whites and blacks found themselves, unhappily, competing for the same jobs. Racial tensions steadily escalated until, in the summer of 1919, race riots erupted in no less than twenty American cities. The largest and most violent of these riots occurred in Chicago.

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS]

Jan. 20, 1909

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS] 69

Nov. 24, 1936

Dec. 1, 1958

Chicago Elevated Train WreckThe wreck, described as the worst in years, came when elevated trains were packed with shoppers and workers. The special train which was made up of wooden cars, was crashed into by the steel train and was telescoped and splintered into kindling wood. The cars were hurled from the tracks and many of them were dangling on the L structure when the police, firemen and rescue squads arrived. Some of the dead were lying in the street, hurled from the cars to the pavement. Twenty persons were killed and more than 60 were injured.

Fire at Our Lady of the Angels SchoolThe school was a two story structure built in 1910 but remodeled and added to numerous times in the intervening years. While legally in compliance with the fire safety laws of the time, the school was woefully unprepared for any kind of fire. There was only one fire escape, no sprinklers, no automatic fire alarm, no smoke or heat detectors, no alarm connected to the fire department, no fireresistant stairwells and no fire-safe doors from the stairwells to the second floor. While the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exterior was brick, the interior was made almost entirely of combustibles - stairs, walls, floors, doors and roof - all wood. The floors had been coated and re-coated many times with flammable petroleum based waxes. There were NO fire alarm switches in the north wing, and only two in the entire school, both located in the south wing. The single fire escape was out of reach. The fire killed 92 students and 3 nuns.

1974

Lake Point Tower Completed-Lake Point Tower is a high-rise residential building located on a promontory of the Lake Michigan lakefront in downtown Chicago, just north of the Chicago River at 505 North Lake Shore Drive. It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. It rises somewhat apart from the urban cluster of downtown Chicago in a composition that sets off and punctuates the skyline. The building is also the only skyscraper in downtown Chicago east of Lake Shore Drive. The building was designed by John Heinrich and George Schipporeit, who were both students of Mies van der Rohe. The design for Lake Point Tower was partially derived from a sketch Mies van der Rohe made in 1921.

Sears Tower CompletedAt the time of its completion in 1974, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York. Currently, Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the fifthtallest freestanding structure in the world as well as the fifth tallest building in the world to the roof. Although Searsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009 London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings, Ltd., agreed to lease a portion of the building and obtained the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s naming rights as part of the agreement. On July 16, 2009, at 10:00 am Central Time, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower.

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS]

1968

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS] 71

Feb. 4, 1977

Aug. 13, 1987

Chicago Loop Derailment12 people were killed and more than 180 were injured when four cars of a Chicago Transit Authority train toppled frown elevated tracks in the Loop and plunged to the street during the evening rush hour. The dead and injured included pedestrians who were crushed beneath cars that slammed to the pavement at Lake Street and Wabash Avenue. The crash was the worst ever involving CTA rapid transit trains.

The Chicago Flood of 1987-The worst flood in the history of Chicago, Illinois, struck on August 13 as a result of a succession of thunderstorms that produced excessive rainfall. An official measurement of 9.35 in 8 hours was the greatest for 116 years of record collection. The northern and western metropolitan areas of Chicago bore the brunt of the storm. Significant flash flooding occurred along with general riverine flooding that persisted for many days. Maximum discharges of record occurred at several stream flowgaging stations on the Des Plaines River and its tributaries. Ponding developed in areas that were normally drained by storm sewers. Areas of northwestern metropolitan Chicago were transformed into large shallow lakes as standing water accumulated to depths of 1 to 3 ft. Three people died and flood damage exceeded $220 million.

“I saw a couple of people who were underneath the car trying to run, but they didn’t make it,”

July 16, 2004

Chicago Heat Wave of 1995-On July 12, 1995, a dangerous hot-air mass settled over Chicago, producing three consecutive days of temperatures over 99 degrees Fahrenheit, heat indices around 120, high humidity, and little evening cooling. The heat wave was not the most extreme weather system in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, but it proved to be Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most deadly environmental event. During the week of the most severe weather, 485 city residents, many of whom were old, alone, and impoverished, died of causes that medical examiners attributed to the heat. Several hundred decedents were never autopsied, though, and after the event the Chicago Department of Public Health discovered that 739 Chicagoans in excess of the norm had perished while thousands more had been hospitalized for heatrelated problems.

Millennium Park opens300,000 people took part in the grand opening festivities. The park features the Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain, Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Lurie Garden and other attractions. The park is connected by bridges to other parts of Grant Park

[TIMELINE/HISTORICAL EVENTS]

July 12, 1995

[CULTURE OF CHICAGO] 73

The Windy City has a highly vibrant, diverse and inclusive culture that has contributed to paradigm shifts in major fields such as music, performing arts, sports and architecture. Chicago offers its locals and visitors a diverse range of cultural engagement ranging from numerous museums and visual arts to local festivals and street delicacies. Chicago houses internationally known sports teams in all of the four major sports - hockey, baseball , football, and basketball. The sports of this town serve as an anchor point for the locals and run through the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and pride. The city is also culturally diverse with immigrants of many nations that made Chicago their home in the 19th and 20th centuries. These neighborhoods brought along with them their varying culture and integrated it within the city by establishing places such as Little Italy, Greek Town, and Chinatown.

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Chicago Picasso

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Visual Arts Chicago provides a multitude of outdoor visual arts done by renowned artists such as Picasso, Calder, and Anish Kapoor. The famous ‘Chicago Loop’ encompasses most of these artists and transforms the streets into an urban Art Museum. Chicago’s art tradition made a strong effort to be individualistic rather than derivative and often make strong ties to figurative surrealism. The city was also the birthplace of improvisational comedy that truly transformed the comedy paradigm. The Second City The Second City is a revolutionary comedy empire founded by Paul Sills, who many consider to be the father of improvisational comedy. The purpose is to expand the ways of creating art and fostering generations of superstars. Important initiatives such as the Outreach Program provided new voices of color to the community. It now serves as anchor point to the city and provides cultural sensitivity through its various programs, scholarships, and performances.

[VISUAL & PERFORMING ARTS]

1/2 mi - 10 min walk

1) Monument with Standing Beast Jean Dubuffet 2) Chicago Picasso 3) Miro’s Chicago 4) Four Seasons - Marc Chagall 5) Flamingo - Alexander Calder 6) Batcolumn - Claes Oldenburg 7) Flying Dragon - Alexander Calder 8) Cloud Gate (The Bean) - Anish Kapoor

Little Italy Little Italy shows the legacy of Italian-American past with local shops and restaurants infused with the campus of University of Illinois which brings in lively youth energy. Pilsen Pilsen is rich in Latino culture and is best known for its culinary traditions, music and iconic street murals. Chinatown Modeled after similar gates in Beijing, Chinatowns archetypal gate entrance teleports you straight to eastern Asia. The street is overflowing with Chinese statues, pagodas, souvenir shops and crafty dishes.

1 mi - 30 min walk

[CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS] 75

GreekTown Located in the west loop of the city, Greektown preserves the heritage of early immigrants through the architecture, food, and the National Hellenic Museum. Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Greektown provides the best sampling to Greek heritage outside of Athens by hosting annual Greek Independence Day Parades and a food festival called the Taste of Greece.

[POLITICS]

The political system of Chicago divides the city into 50 wards, each of which is represented by an Alderman. The wards are distributed to represent equal sizes of the population. Chicago’s political system has been known to be synonymous with crime and scandal throughout the years, with many Aldermen and Mayors being convicted with bribery, extortion, tax fraud, and embezzlement. Chicago had 45 public corruption convictions in 2013 alone and has been declared the “corruption capital of America” by multiple media outlets. Gradel and Simpson’s ‘Corrupt Illinois” provided data that accounted $500 million of the revenue being misused every year. The state of Illinois is evenly divided among Democrats and Republicans, with Republicans mainly consisting in the southern districts while the Democrats have the majority of the north. District 7 - Democrat Danny K. Davis (1997- Present) Ward 42 Alderman - Brendan Reilly Danny K. Davis

Brendan Reilly 76

[MUSIC]

The Windy City has contributed significantly to various fields of music, including The Blues, Soul, Jazz, Gospel, Hip-hop, indie rock and is also the birthplace of house-style music. Prominent figures have originated out of the Chicago music industry, including Carl Thomas, Kanye West, and Louis Armstrong. Jazz The Chicago style jazz came from both Mississippi and New Orleans during the Great Migration. This movement brought along with it complex styles and artists such as Joe Oliver, Nat “King” Cole and his revolutionary trio of the ‘40s. Chicago style was set apart with heavy string bass and guitar, longer solos and quick tempos which set the foundation for swing music. One of the most prominent figures to come out of Chicago was Louis Armstrong who put Jazz music on the worlds map. This 21year old trumpeter transformed the music industry with his high notes and blue note recordings done with Hot Five and Hot Seven bands. His improvised vocals on “Heebie Jeebies” formed the art of scatting and established jazz as a soloist’s art.

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House of Blues

Louis Armstrong

Kanye West 77

Joe “King” Oliver

[FOOD]

Chicago-style food recipes resonate throughout the world. From the world famous deep dish pizza, Chicago-style hot dog, to the local Italian beef sandwich, the food reaches the hearts of all natives and visitors alike. Since there are diverse cultural neighborhoods in Chicago, various types of food recipes can be found in all restaurants. Meat Packing Industry From the civil war until the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Chicago was the power house of the meat packing industry. It was able to do so because of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection to major railroad hubs that extended out to large urban markets on the east coast. This resulted in the creation of the Union Stock Yard in 1865 which provided easy access for transporting cattle. Philip Armour and Gustavus Swift revolutionized the industry by developing innovative methods of packaging, disassembly lines, and mechanical refrigeration.

[BUSINESS AND ECONOMY]

All the companies listed are located in the downotown Chicago area. The companies numbered 1-10 are all Fortune 500 companies while numbers 11 & 12 are Fortune 1000 companies. Chicago is home to more than 4,000 majr corporate headquarters, including 36 in the Fortune 500. Chicago is a key player in every sector of business. Some of these sectors are Automotive Manufacturing, Biotech, Business Services, Energy, Fabricated Metals, Financial Technology, Food Manufacturing, Freight, Health Services, Information Technology, Manufacturing, Medical Technology, and Plastics and Chemicals. Chicago is centrally located at the nexus between Europe and Asia markets, and the North American Free Trade zone. Chicago has the best connected airport in the United States with more than 1,400 departures daily to over 230 cities worldwide. Chicago also is a hub for 6 Class I railroads, as well as 6 U.S. Interstates. Source: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/

Fortune 1000 Companies in Downtown Chicago 1. Boeing - Overall Rank: 28th - Revenue ($M): $101,127 2. Archer Daniels Midland - Overall Rank: 49th - Revenue ($M): $64,341 3. United Continental Holdings - Overall Rank: 78th - Revenue ($M): $41,303 4. Exelon - Overall Rank: 93rd - Revenue ($M): $35,985 5. McDonalds - Overall Rank: 149th - Revenue ($M): $21,025.2 6. Jones Lang Lasalle - Overall Rank: 189th - Revenue ($M): 16,318.4 7. LKQ Corporation - Overall Rank: 262nd - Revenue ($M): $11,876.7 8. Conagra Brands - Overall Rank: 386th - Revenue ($M): $7,938.3 9. Motorola Solutions - Overall Rank: 416th - Revenue ($M): $7,343 10. R.R. Donnelley & Sons - Overall Rank: 445th - Revenue ($M): $6,800.2 11. Hyatt Hotels - Overall Rank: 580th - Revenue ($M): $4,454 12. Groupon - Overall Rank: 833rd - Revenue ($M): $2,636.7 Source: https://fortune.com/fortune500/search/?hqcity=Chicago

Unemployment Rates United States: December 2018 - 3.7% December 2019 - 3.4%

Most Diversified Economies in the U.S

Chicago: December 2018 - 3.9% December 2019 - 3.2%

Gross regional product (GRP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a region or subdivision of a country in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.

Forecasted Gross Metropolitan Product for 2020 1. New York - Newark - New Jersey: $2007.4 Billion 2. Los Angeles - Long Beach - Anaheim: $ 1207.3 Billion 3. Chicago - Naperville - Elgin: 770.7 Billion Real Gross Domestic Product in 2018 1. New York: 1,532,202 Million 2. Los Angeles: 941, 064 Million 3. Chicago; 611,591 Million

Source: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/

Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Economy Rivals Nations

Consumer Price Index for Chicago Jan. 2020

Chicago ranks 21st in GRP against other countries around the world. The map shows 25 different countries and how Chicago compares to them. Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GRP is greater than some countries like Poland, Nigeria, Sweden, and Argentina. Chicago accounts for 20% of the worlds global derivatives trading market. Chicago-based exchanges generated 4.9 billion in annual global derivatives trading volume.

Minimum Wage in Chicago Present Minimum wage: $13 per hour Minimum Wage July 1st, 2020: $14 per hour Minimum Wage July 1st, 2021: $15 per hour Sources: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/ https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_chicago.pdf https://www.statista.com/statistics/248083/real-gross-domestic-product-gdp-of-the-united-states-by-metropol itan-area/ https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/consumerpriceindex_chicago.htm https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-minimum-wage-approved-20191126-esp6g6do6nhz jfl7i7yphbfmrm-story.html

Source: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/

[BUSINESS AND ECONOMY]

Chicago has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies, with more than four million employees and generating an annual Gross Regional Product (GRP) of over $609 billion.

Chicago Economic Statistics

Source: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/

[BUILDING SHADOW STUDY]

Spring Equinox September 23, 2019

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A Sun/Shadow Study is a technical document that provides a visual model and written description of the impact of shadows cast by a proposed development on the subject lands and on surrounding streets, parks, and properties including residential areas, community outdoor amenity areas (such as children play areas, school yards, tot lots and amenity areas associated with commercial and employment areas), and the public realm (sidewalks, open spaces, parks and plazas). These studies are done to evaluate the impact of shadows at various times of day throughout the year

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The submission of a Sun/Shadow Study with development applications would complement the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development review process and demonstrate the shadow impacts of development proposals internally and on surrounding property. This terms of reference provides guidance on what should be included in a Sun/Shadow Study

[BUILDING SHADOW STUDY]

Summer Solstice June 21, 2019

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[BUILDING SHADOW STUDY] 83

Fall Equinox September 23, 2019

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A Sun/Shadow Study will be submitted as part of a development application for a Zoning Bylaw Amendment or Site Plan for development projects over 6-storeys in height, including mid- and high-density projects, as well as mixed-use or commercial/ retail proposals.

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Sun/Shadow tests may also be requested for developments lower than 6-storeys, in particular on rezoning applications where additional height is applied for near shadow sensitive areas (including adjacent residential properties, parks, etc).

[BUILDING SHADOW STUDY]

Winter Solstice Decenber 21, 2019

[FOCAL POINTS] 85

Within Chicago Limits 1. Lake View 2. Lincoln Park 4. Humboldt Park 5. River North 6. Streeterville 7. Downtown 8. Lower West Side 9. Douglas Outside Chciago 3. Oak Park

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2. Lincoln Park 2.1 Lincoln Park Conservatory 2.2 Lincoln Park Zoo 2.3 The Second City Comedy Club 2.4 Chicago History Museum

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3. Oak Park 3.1 Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio 3.2 Unity Temple

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4.Humboldt Park 4.1 The 606 Elevated rail, turned into park path 4.2 Humboldt Park

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[FOCAL POINTS]

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1. Lake View 1.1 Music Box Theatre 1.2 Wrigley Field

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[FOCAL POINTS]

5. River North 5.1 Holy Name Cathedral 5.2 Richard H. Driehaus Museum 5.3 Marina City Goldberg 5.4 Trump Tower 5.5 The Wrigley Building 5.6 Magnificent Mile 5.7 River Walk 6 Streeterville 6.1 John Hancock Center 360 Chicago 6.2 Chicago Water Tower 6.3 Tribune Tower 6.4 Magnificent Mile 6.5 River Walk 6.6 Navy Pier Chicago Shakespeare Theather Chicago Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Museum

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[FOCAL POINTS]

7. Downtown 7.1 River Walk 7.2 333 Wcker Drive 7.3 James R. Thompson Center 7.4 Two Prudential Plaza 7.5 Aqua Tower 7.6 340 On The Park 7.7 Richard J. Daley Center Chicago Picasso 7.8 Chicago Cultural Center 7.9 Millennium Park Crown Fountain Cloud Gate Maggie Daley Park 7.10 Civic Opera House 7.11 Chase Tower Chagallâ&#x20AC;?s Four Seasons 7.12 Sullivan Center 7.13 Willis Tower 7.14 The Rookery Building 7.15 Chicago Symphony Orchestra 7.16 Art Institute of Chicago 7.17 Grant Park Buckingham Fountain 7.18 The Field Museum 7.19 Shedd Aquarium 7.20 Alder Planetarium

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[FOCAL POINTS] 89

8. Lower West Side 8.1 National Museum of Mexican Art 9. Douglas 9.1 I.I.T. S.R. Crown Hall

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[INFRASTRUCTURE]

[MATERIALITY] 91

This study of materiality throughout Chicago is also a materiality study throughout time. This study begins in 1890 after the Great Fire of 1871. The fire began because most of the buildings were made out of wood, so the fire was easily spread. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles of the city, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. After the fire, many different building techniques and materials were created.

Old St. Patrickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church - 1856

Manhattan Building - 1891

Behavioral Science Building UIC - 1963

111 East Wacker - 1967

2339 N Cleveland Ave - 1850

Chicago Pumping Station - 1869

Charney Perskys House - 1892

Marina Building - 1964

John Hancock Center - 1969

2323 N Cleveland Ave - 1851

Old Water Tower 1869

Manadock Building - 1893

Henry Hinds Laboratory - 1969

330 North Wabash - 1972

Wood

2121 N Hudson - 1853

Wood was primarily used before the fire. It is a malleable material that is easy to work with. Most homes today are built using wood.

St. Ignatius College Prep - 1869

Holy Name Cathedral - 1875

Emil Bach House - 1915

Marquette Building - 1895

St. Mary of Nazareth - 1975

Northwestern University Library - 1970

Willis Tower - 1974 150 Riverside - 2017

Stone

Stone is a material that creates a feeling of importance. Churches use stone to convey they are an important place of worship.

Brick

Brick was made famous in Chicago by Wright. Brick is a strong material that is easy to maintain and is inexpensive.

[MATERIALITY]

Clarke House - 1836

Concrete

Concrete was first used in Chicago in 1963 and has proven to be one of the most versatile building materials. With todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technology concrete has become stronger, and easier to use.

Steel

Steel was made famous in Chicago by Mies. Steel is strong and reliable, and every skyscraper today is built using a steel frame structure.

[TRAFFIC PATTERNS] 93

Chicago finds itself being a city constantly affected by traffic. It ranks as the 22nd most congested cities in the world and 3rd in the nation. There are a handful of main interstates that connect Chicago to the rest of the Midwest. Interstate 90, which runs from Boston to Seattle, is the main East/West vessel that runs through Chicago. Interstate 55, which is highlighted in magenta, is the main North/South vessel. It primarily connects Chicago to St. Louis and runs all the way down to New Orleans.

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Traffic by Day

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On average, 6 billion dollars are lost in time and assets due to traffic congestion. The average citizen of Chicago spends nearly 138 hours in congested traffic per year, which costs them over $1,900 per year. There are also intermediate roads that connect to these major highways. Ohio Street and Roosevelt Road are major vessels that are direct exits from I-90. Intercity vessels such as Michigan Avenue, Lakeshore Drive, LaSalle Drive, and Interstate 290 connect areas of the central business district and create connective tissue over the Chicago River.

[TRAFFIC PATTERNS]

Traffic by Hour

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Horizontal blue line represents the average for the given graph. Any data above this line is considered highly than normal.

Main Intercity Vessels

[ALTERNATE TRANSPORT] 95

Chicago is considered to have one of the best public transit systems in the nation, following only Boston, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. Weekly ridership on Chicago’s rail systems accommodate nearly 800,000 people, which is 30% of the population. Chicago’s public rail system 1892, when it was called The South Side Rapid Transit System. Today, it is known as Chicago’s L train. This urban transport is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority. Chicago is also accommodated by the Metro system. This system reaches to the many suburbs around the Chicago area, and provides commuters with a cost effective and timely method of transport. The typical train commuter spends 43.6 minutes getting to work each day, which is only 10 minutes more than the average car commuter. At $100 dollars per month transit passes are one the lowest in the nation.

Chicago’s Urban Transit Train Map

Map of Chicago’s Metra System

Long distance bus routes are also provided by Greyhound. Chicago is considered to be a hub city for the transportation giant. Chicago is also one of the most bike friendly cities in the nation. Only 1% of residents currently bike to work everyday, but that number is growing. Chicago has more than 200 miles of on-street protected, buffered and shared bike lanes. A 645 mile network of bike lanes have also been put in place to put a bike accommodation within a half mile of every Chicagoan. Water taxis are also available for transit, but these are reserved for special occasions and tourists.

[ALTERNATE TRANSPORT]

Chicago also provides itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents with ample amounts of bus routes through the city. It is owned and operated by CTA and has approximately 2,000 buses that operate over 152 routes and 2,273 route miles. The bus system has nearly 12,000 posted bus stops and services about 1,000,000 passenger trips per day.

[RAILROAD BRIDGES] 97

Every day, Chicagoans head downtown, traveling to and from work, shopping, dining, and navigating the area. The stunning architecture and skyscrapers give us plenty of reasons to look up, but next time you cross the river along Michigan Avenue, State Street, Wells Street, or Wabash Avenue, look down. You’re walking on one of five different types of movable bridges found in Chicago. There’s a total of 52 movable bridges within the city limits and 43 are still operable. While it is easy to overlook the railroads in Chicago, this city has been a major rail hub and possibly the most important railroad city in the nation and world for more than 150 years. Chicago’s first railroad, was founded in 1848 and is known as the Galena & Chicago Union (G&CU). It is responsible for the city’s first depot and first railroad bridge. The growing city divided by the busy waterway would make the drawbridge a necessity, and the swing bridge, now nearly forgotten, was for decades the most common type of bridge crossing the Chicago River.

First Chicago Train Depot

Standing Swing Bridges Remaining

1908 Kinzie Street Bridge

Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Swing Bridge

Illinois Northern Railroad Swing Bridge

Chicago, Milwaukee and St Paul Swing Bridge

Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul Swing Bridge Plan

[SWING BRIDGES]

Chicago, Madison and Northern Railroad Bridge

The longest of 7 surviving swing bridges crossing the Sanitary and Ship Canal is the 479-Â˝ foot long swing bridge just east of Kedzie Avenue near 35th Street. This double-track railroad bridge is representative of the type of railroad swing bridges found around the nation in the late-1800s and early-1900s. Resting on a limestone center pier in the middle of the canal, the span was constructed in 1899 by the Sanitary District of Chicago for the Chicago, Madison, & Northern Railroad. The bridge was needed to continue the railroadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right of way and allow construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal, which opened in 1900, reversing the flow of the Chicago River away from Lake Michigan. It was not until American involvement in World War II that operation of this swing bridge was needed to take advantage of Great Lakes shipbuilding. In 1942 the U.S. Navy contracted the final conversion to a movable bridge, which was overseen by the railroads and paid for by the Navy. This opened the Sanitary and Ship Canal to war ships, allowing safe delivery from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, so as to avoid the risk of attacks by German submarines patrolling the Atlantic coast.

[AUTOMOBILE BRIDGES] 99

After the trial and error period of several bridge types, the city settled on the Chicago-style bascule bridge, a drawbridge that uses a trunnion to lift the bridge’s leaf or leaves by counterbalance. The bridges spanning the Chicago River have been key to the city’s development. They assisted in expansion that began south and moved north to today’s commercial downtown district. These bridges connected the city’s diverse mix of people, neighborhoods and cultures. In 1830, the Chicago area had 4,000 residents; by 1857, its population grew to 90,000. The city had become a hub for transportation and industry by the mid-19th century and Chicago’s river bridges played a large role in that. The apex of drawbridge innovation and construction occurred in the 1870s and returned in the first decade of the 20th century with the city’s employment of the bascule bridge design. While the Chicago River is less of a thoroughfare for economy than it was over a century ago, the city’s existing drawbridges are still opened in the spring and fall. These vast yet elegant structures are enduring symbols of Chicago’s historical and architectural achievements.

River Bridges

Skyway Bridge

Wells Street Double Decker Bridge

Chicago’s Mobile Bridges opened for barge tower crane

Frank Gehry Millennium Park BP Pedestrian Bridge

43rd Street Twin pedestrian Bridge

Bike-Pedestrian 41st and 43rd Bridge

[PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES]

BP Pedestrian Bridge Plan View

Frank Gehry’s BP Pedestrian Bridge is clad in brushed stainless-steel panels, complementary to the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in design as well as function by creating an acoustic barrier from the traffic noise from the adjacent Columbus Drive. BP Bridge connects Millennium Park with Maggie Daley Park over Columbus Drive – a multi-lane thoroughfare presenting a significant physical barrier between both spaces. The Bridge creates accessibility for people with disabilities, linking the eastern and western areas of Grant Park. This 925-foot-long winding bridge is Gehry’s first and provides incomparable views of Millennium Park, the Chicago skyline, Maggie Daley Park and Grant Park. The design and construction of the BP Pedestrian Bridge was completely underwritten by the Millennium Park Foundation using funds from private donors. City leaders and members of the Bronzeville community recently held a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the new 41st Street Pedestrian Bridge over South Lake Shore Drive and the railroad tracks. The new, S-shaped, 1,470- foot-long span, constructed by the Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT) for the Chicago Park District, will improve lakefront access on the South Side. It is fully ADA accessible, and is the 41st Street project is the second of five bridge projects announced by Mayor Emanuel to improve access to the lakefront on the city’s South Side. A striking new suspension bridge for pedestrians and bikes at 35th Street opened in November 2016. It replaced an outmoded, nonADA accessible pedestrian bridge.

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[TUNNELS] 101

The most user-friendly layer of Chicago’s underground is the Pedway System, which we explore on our Loop Interior Architecture Tour. The term “Pedway” is a conjunction word formed from “pedestrian way.” A busy city like Chicago is always looking for ways to drop syllables for efficiency! Functionally, the Pedway is a collection of basementlike hallways which connect buildings, train stations, and underground parking structures in the Loop. Small parts of the Pedway consist of “skybridges” that link the upper floors of adjacent buildings and passages that stay on the street level by cutting through lobbies. The most viewed portion of underground Chicago underground is probably its underground streets, such as Lower Wacker or Lower Michigan. Our multi-layered city has lower levels of streets in some parts of the Loop and River North because it allows easy access for freight transport and trash disposal. A great thing about the multiple layers is that it keeps the trash away from where most people work, live, and commute. That means it keeps the rats away from pedestrian level as well.

Pedway System

Pedway Map

Underground Streets

Lower Wacker Drive Entrance

Underground Tunnels Flooded in 1992

Abandoned Freight Tunnels Distribution Center

FREIGHT TUNNELS]

Chicago’s Underground Tunnel Network

[ABANDONED

Abandoned Freight Tunnels Transporting Coal

Along with the Pedway and the Blue and Red ‘L’ lines sits a set of abandoned freight train tunnels. Constructed in the early 20th-century, these tunnels transported coal and provided underground space for telephone wires. Newer and cheaper infrastructure passed them by in the 1950s and people began to forget they were even there. It took a true Chicago fiasco to remind everyone they were there. A construction crew accidentally broke a hole in one of the tunnels in the early 90’s. That hole happened to be below the Chicago River, near the famous Kinzie Street Bridge. Water came pouring into the tunnel and caused massive flooding in basements throughout downtown. The deluge ultimately caused more than a billion dollars of damage! Afterwards, the city installed watertight bulkheads to seal off the underground freight and cable car tunnels.

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[SEWAGE & WATER TUNNELS] 103

Under the streets of Chicago, below the Pedway and below the underground streets, you will find the sewers. While no human should actually want to explore these, it is where a population of 2-3 million rats live. The Pumping Station at the Historic Water Tower drew water from Lake Michigan via a five-foot tall brick-lined tunnel that ran underground and out to a water intake crib. The tunnel is more than 10,000 feet long and is still in existence, but the city refuses to comment on its exact location or current usage.

Water Tower Pumping station drawing water to the city

Water tunnels made of brick distributing water

Chicago Sewer system

Sewage connection to the Chicago River

Chicago Deep Tunnel System

The subway-sized tunnel is used to store waste water until treated

After 40 years, the Chicago Deep tunnel Project is complete

[DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEMS]

17.5 Billion Gallon Tunnel being Drilled

Altogether, 109 miles of subway-size tunnel lie beneath Chicago and its suburbs, covering more miles than the L, culminating in three suburban reservoirs (not the kind you drink from). This is the Deep Tunnel, formally the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan, and it may be the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most ambitious and expensive effort to manage urban flooding and water pollution. It is a project, in the visionary tradition of Chicago engineering, to bottle rainstorms. According to the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, the agency that built and runs the project, the tunnels and reservoirs protect 1.5 million structures from flooding, in addition to keeping sewage out of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River. Though not quite finished (the tunnels are done, the reservoirs are not), the scheme has been and is being imitated in cities like Milwaukee, St. Louis, D.C., London, and Guangzhou, where the concept, 50 years after it was undertaken in Chicago, is seen as the state-of-the-art solution to flooding damage and water pollution. Chicago built a second river, an infernal reflection of the first, tracing its course hundreds of feet below ground. On rainy days, this subterranean passage, a conduit that can hold more than 1 billion gallons of wastewater, welcomes a roaring torrent of sewage, and oily runoff from the downtown streets. This mega-sewer, a filthy hidden portrait to the Chicago Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Dorian Gray, is dynamic enough to create its own wave action if not properly supervised.

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[EDGES/BOUNDARIES] 105

Thresholds, boundaries, and borders define the edges in urban settings. Borders of all scales, visible and invisible, establish relationships between the built environment and surrounding communities. Borders influence how we identify ourselves, relate to others, utilize available resources, and form communities. They are the physical and symbolic embodiment of choices, and are an indicator of how equity is distributed. These borders can clarify and define spaces and relationships — making the world around us easier to navigate and understand. Chicago’s eastern boundary is formed by Lake Michigan, and the city is divided by the Chicago River into three geographic sections: the North Side, the South Side and the West Side. These sections surround the city’s compact downtown area – the Loop.

Major streets are the most common way to define a neighborhood boundary. Streets define clear edges that are easily recognized and remembered. Major streets often have different types of uses, such as greater density of commercial development, that often separate them in use and character from the adjacent neighborhoods. Often it can be useful to define a neighborhood boundary by an intermediary street adjacent to a major street.

[EDGES/BOUNDARIES]

An edge may be more than simply a dominant barrier if some visual or motion penetration is allowed through it, structured to some depth with the regions on either side. It then becomes a seam rather than a barrier, a line of exchange along which two areas are sewn together.â&#x20AC;? If borders are instead viewed as a means of stitching disparate entities together or facilitating connections and transactions, they have the potential to be flexible, permeable, and inclusive.

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[EDGES/BOUNDARIES] 107

South Side

Far North Side

Armour Square Douglas Oakland Fuller Park Grand Boulevard Kenwood Washington Park Hyde Park Woodlawn South Shore Bridgeport Greater Grand Crossing

Rogers Park West Ridge Uptown Lincoln Square Edison Park Norwood Park Jefferson Park Forest Glen North Park Albany Park Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Hare Edgewater North Side

Far Southwest Side

North Center Lakeview Lincoln Park Avondale Logan Square

Ashburn Auburn Gresham Beverly Washington Heights Mount Greenwood Morgan Park

Northwest Side Portage Park Irving Park Dunning Montclare Belmont Cragin Hermosa

Far South Side Chatham Avalon Park South Chicago Burnside Calumet Heights Roseland Pullman South Deering East Side West Pullman Riverdale Hegewisch

Chicago Neighborhoods

Central, Near North, and Near South Side Near North Side Loop Near South Side West and Near West Side Humboldt Park West Town Austin West Garfield Park East Garfield Park Near West Side North Lawndale South Lawndale Lower West Side Southwest Side Garfield Ridge Archer Heights Brighton Park McKinley Park New City West Elsdon Gage Park Clearing West Lawn Chicago Lawn West Englewood Englewood

DUCES