Identity in dialogue by Sarah Klammer

Identity in Dialogue Multilingualism in South Tyrol

Identity in Dialogue

Multilingualism in South Tyrol as a separating and unifying factor

Identity in Dialogue- Multilingualism in South Tyrol as separating and unifying factor Sarah Klammer Free University of Bolzano-Bozen | Faculty of Design and Arts 2012/13,13.1 Supervisors: Visual Communication: Prof. Krois Christian Graphic Design Theory and Terminology: Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Gl端her Gerhard Graphic Design and Pruduction: Sarah Klammer Typeface: Adobe Caslon Pro, DTL Argo Paper: Serimax, 120 g/m2 Printing and Binding: Free University of Bolzano

Index Background & Logics History & Minorities Politics & Globalisation Culture & Hybrids

Theories

Language, Education & Identity Stereotype, Prejudice & Tabu

Methods

Environmental Lettering Design Studies

Conclusion

12 20 26 34 46 54 60

Project Definition

Bibliography & Further Reading

Introduction The mastery of more than one language is a huge enrichment that openes many doors in the daily communication and allows new insights into oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own and other cultures. South Tyrol is the northernmost province of Italy. Most of the province, but mainly its capital city Bolzano-Bozen, which I will focus on in this paper, is bilingual or multilingual. With bilingual I am referring to the living in an environment in which two languages are spoken institutionally, but not necessarily by every individual. I take this opportunity to recognize the important exception of the trilingual Ladin valleys, that I will consider but not treat more profoundly in this essay. In my more than three years of living and studying in Bolzano-Bozen, I experience the variety, complexity and the ambivalence between communication and personal identification in the German-Italian speaking area. Through lived multilingualism and interpersonal communication I constantly rediscover who I am and how I interact with my surrounding. 8

Multilingualism broadens the horizon and influences the processes of communication and the experience of cultures. It makes one experience the conceptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inherent contradictions: Limits that connect and connections that separate. In my BA thesis I will engage with this state of being between the poles of tradition and progress; delineation and unity; and I will explore the possibilities as well as the difficulties connected to it. In the course of my design process I will analyse these aspects in a creative and experimental way, with special consideration for the aspect of lived multilingualism as influence on the creation of individual and collective identities. In this sense I will use different means of visual communication as tools to create a platform that encourages playful reflection and deeper understanding of each other and provides means to support intercultural exchange and reinterprets notions of identity in South Tyrol. Identity is no simple concept!

My documentation is divided into different parts: an analysis of the historical, political, demographical, linguistic and cultural background of South Tyrol that is analysing the status quo from different points of view and looking into how it developed and what the problems connected to it are today. This background analysis is followed by a brief introduction into different theories of sociolinguistics and of human communication in which I am trying to understand the role of different notions of language and communication in the construction of social structures and identities. I will then try and unravel the function and presence of existing stereotypes. In the last sub-chapter of the first part of my dissertation I will provide an introduction to several design theories that I chose to refer to in defining the role and position of the designer -in this case, myself- in the discourse. In the end, I will bring the different areas of research together and draw my conclusions, which will lead me to part two of my process: the development of a design prototype.

The research was developed on different levels: a literary research and statistics, informal interviews and questionnaires, a photographic-typographic exploration of the cityscape and the consultation with local experts from different areas of research. I would, at this point, like to thank Dr. Dodman Martin, Prof. Dr. Franceschini Rita, Dr. Mattozzi Alvise and my supervisors Prof. Krois Christian and Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Gl端her Gerhard for their invaluable contribution. This first part is rather theoretical in its nature, whereas the second part can be considered more conceptual and concrete. Part two describes the brainstorming of ideas, the planning and the development of the design that will be presented in the end. As I am trying to remain neutral in the language conflict that I am talking about, and also for practical reasons, my documentation will be written in English. English is one of the most spoken native and second languages world wide and an official language of the European Union..

Background & Logics

History & Minorities Languages are constantly in flux and is not a discrete, identifiable and internally consistent whole. When a minority language is stigmatized it often creates vernacular linguistic forms as resistance to domination. It is therefore a reflection of the socio-political situation, or even an attempt to change it. ¹ In the following text, I am going to provide insight into how a minority is defined, and point out the complications of the definition. I will explore its consequences for how benefits are distributed amongst the culture. The minority question is not always as clear and easy to define, as it might seem. The German speaking minority in South Tyrol is a result of separation of the region. Austria was and is the kin state, and ethnicity of reference. The Südtirolfrage, received a lot of international attention, not least due to the violent protest in the 50s and 60s. Italy finally agreed, to allow South Tyrol a minority status that not only tried to make up for the inferiority of the German speaking citizens, but made them “look like a majoritiy” 12

within their own region. In the first South Tyrolean Autonomy Statute, the Package of 1969, and in its improved version, the Second Autonomy Statute of 1972, numerous regulations were decided to ensure equal rights for the linguistic minorities. 2

The resulting, official Bilingualism (Trilingualism in Ladin Valleys) and the regulations for the protection of the three language groups, the Ethnischer Proporz, was seen as a huge success and advantage for the German and Ladin speaking language groups. Consequently the Italian speaking group was marginalized because it lacked the mastery of the other languages.

«Die

Zweisprachigkeit wurde als ‘diskriminierend‘ für die italienische Sprachgruppe erachtet: Die fehlende Kenntnis der zweiten Sprache schloss die in Südtirol lebenden Italiener vom vollen Genuss der Rechte aus, die durch das neue Autonomiesystem geschaffen worden waren, und drängte sie in eine Randrolle der lokalen Gesellschaft 3

Location of South Tyrol ÂŠ www.altoadigewinesusa.com

In the course of the region’s Italianization under the reign of Mussolini, Italian families and officials moved or were moved, sometimes against their will, to South Tyrol. The ‘colonists’ came from different parts of the rest of Italy, and, therefore, shared neither a common dialect nor a common history. The Italian population that was ordered to move to South Tyrol, to help its integration into the rest of the country, lost its identities through its uprooting, and the Germanic culture they found themselves immersed in was too foreign for an easy acclimation. The Italians’ lack of mastery of the German language made this convergence even more problematic. Fehlen einer gemeinsamen Geschichte «Das trägt der Studie zufolge auch seinen Teil zum 'Unbehagen' der italienischen Bevölkerung bei und hat die Entwicklung eines ‘Heimatgefühls’ der Italienischsprachigen verhindert 4

For the German speaking population, the Italianization provoked a historical trauma for other reasons. 14

They were forbidden from enacting their culture, and from using and teaching their language. This enhanced German nationalism and led to a strong, collective South Tyrolean German identity, which has sustained influence on private and public spheres, politics, economy, education etc. Both parties see themselves as victims and minorities, and demonstrate a lack of self criticism. They excuse iniquity with injustice instead of recognizing the problem.The result is “friendly citizens of two hostile groups.” 5 The UN general assembly‘s Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (18 December 1992) provides a standard definition for the minority concept with the goal to succeed in “promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.” 6 Based on the definition of this declaration, a minority is:

1922

Faschists come to power South Tyrol is 'Italianized'

1939

Agreement between Hitler and Mussolini: 75 000 South Tyroleans move to Germany

1946

Italy and Austria sign the Paris Treaty it ensures special measurements for language, culture and economic development

1948

1st Autonomous Status

1961

Demonstrants launch bombs and get Italyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s and Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s attention

1972

The 2nd Autonomous Status ensures equal rights for the three language groups

1992

The South Tyrol Paket is fully implemented Austria and Italy officially end their fight

1998

Autonomy Timeline

1918

End of World War I Austria loses South Tyrol to Italy Treaty of St. Germain

Austria is EU Member Schengenabkommen open borders between Austria and Italy

numerically inferior to the rest of «athegroup population, in a non-dominant position, consisting of nationals of the State, possessing distinct ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics and showing a sense of solidarity aimed at preserving those characteristics 7

It is important to protect the named, and other, characteristics (e.g. the group perceives itself as a minority) because they are means of identification, and the basis for the creation of a social identity. They allow individuals to symbolize, to the outside as well as to the inside, their belonging to a specific group. Those characteristics define a ‘we-and they-code‘, and draw the borders between them. Festhalten an diesen distinktiven Merk«Im malen signalisieren die Individuen ihre

Zugehörigkeit zur Gruppe [...]; aus der Identifikation mit diesen Merkmalen schöpfen sie ihre soziale Identität [...]; über diese Merkmale werden Grenzziehungen nach innen und außen signalisiert. Diese Merkmale symbolisieren somit gruppenspezifische

Werte [...] und bilden eine Komponente der Selbst- wie der Fremdkategorisierung und damit auch der Statuszuschreibung der Gruppe als Minderheit. 9

The criteria often leave room for interpretation and manipulation, for example the criteria of relative size. This is a problematic one, not only because a minority can, under certain circumstances, describe a numerical majority (for example, black people in the apartheid regime). It is also problematic because the reference value can change.10 “Der Sprachgruppenproporz [anlässlich der Volkszählung des Jahres 2011] ergibt folgende prozentuelle Zusammensetzung: 26,06% für die italienische Sprachgruppe, 69,41% für die deutsche Sprachgruppe und 4,53% für die Ladinische Sprachgruppe. Vergleichsweise wurden 2001, anlässlich der damaligen Volkszählung, 26,47% der Erklärungen für die italienische Sprachgruppe, 69,15% für die deutsche und 4,37% für die Ladinische Sprachgruppe abgegeben. Demnach hat die Stärke der italienischen

350.000 Deutsche| Tedeschi

250.000

150.000 Italiener| Italiani

50.000

Andere | Altri

2011

1880

language groups in speakers | year

Ladiner| Ladini

1972

1961

1921

1910

Second Autonomy Statute

South Tyrol gets Italy's and Europe's Attention

First Participation in Italian Elections Fascist Party is taking over the power -Italianzation

Austrian-Hungarian Reign -industrial transformation

Sprachgruppe [vom Jahr 2001 bis zum Jahr 2011] um 0,41 Prozentpunkte abgenommen und jene der deutschen bzw. Ladinischen Sprachgruppe um jeweils 0,26 bzw. 0,16 Prozentpunkte zugenommen. Vom Jahr 1991 bis zum Jahr 2001 haben die Sprachgruppenzugehörigkeitserklärungen zur italienischen Sprachgruppe um 1,18 Prozentpunkte abgenommen und jene zur deutschen bzw. Ladinischen Sprachgruppe um jeweils 1,16 bzw. 0,01 Prozentpunkte zugenommen.” 10a+b If we consider Italy as the reference value, the German speaking population is a minority. It is a big one though, for its number of speakers exceeds the benchmark of 100.000 people. If we look at German as global language, the situation we look at changes completely. German is the official language of no less than three states and belongs to the privileged European language groups. German as a standard language is therefore not threatened with extinction. If we were now to look at the minority question again, based on the population census introduced before, our perception of the minority situation would probably change. 18

Taking South Tyrol, as the reference value, the Italian language group could, without problems, be considered a minority.

Minderheit kann als geschützt gelten, «Eine wenn die folgenden wesentlichen Faktor-

en für ihre kulturell-sprachliche Reproduktion gewährleistet sind: der Sprachgebrauch, der muttersprachliche Unterricht und die 11 Chancengleichheit.

The Autonomy Statutes in South Tyrol managed to control and reduce the ‘danger of assimilation‘ of the German speaking minority group, in the Italian-speaking region. It also succeeded in reducing the emigration of the German speaking population, and avoided the loss of the German language, through the concurrent use of Italian. For this and other reasons, South Tyrol is often mentioned as a positive example of minority politics. What the conservative politics that aim to protect the several languages do not foresee is the integration of individuals and the collaboration between cultures that are in constant contact with one another.

Politics & Globalisation The relationship between Globalisation and cultural and educational policy is complicated. Governments are trying to bring together tradition and modernisation. Whether protectionist measures are able to prevent regressive forms of globalisation and its effects on cultures worldwide is questionable as protectionism itself is characterised by stasis. In South Tyrol -considering its traumatic history- the balance between cultural protectionism and liberalism, is especially sensitive to address, and difficult to achive. - der selbst Züge des Re«Protektionismus gressiven trägt - vermag nicht, emanzipatorischen Fortschritt zu fördern oder kulturelle Vielfalt zu sichern 12

The fascistic assimilation policies of the 1920s and 30s led to a strong ethnic subcultur in South Tyrol that was unified by the common cause to protect their cultural rights. The German language group is strong, not only because of its relative size, but also because it speaks with an almost unanimous political voice called the South Tyrolean People 20

Party (SVP). The SVP was originally created for an ethnic fight and to protect the German speaking minority. This fight, well fought, helped to establish the SVP as the party of the South Tyrolean German people. They managed to keep their people’s loyalty because they established a strong ‘we and they’ code which they can appeal to whenever they so need. ethnische Frontstellung bildet die «Die Voraussetzung für die ständige ethnische

Mobilisierung zur ethnischen Identifizierung und Aufrechterhaltung des ‘Wir’-Gefühls. Auch bei ethnischer ‘Windstille” ist dieses ‘Wir Gefühl’ jederzeit abruf- und einsetzbar. Neben der ‘außenpolitsichen’ Spannungslinie mit Rom kommt in jüngster Zeit auch jene mit Brüssel dazu. 13

Unfortunately, national or ethnic identity politics rarely lead to acceptance of history. Even the concept of cultural heritage, promoted by the UNESCO, slows the stream of modernisation instead of contributing to a dynamic concept of cultural memory that aims at “passing on the fire instead of leaving behind the ashes”. 14

percentage of votes | legislative period

1948-1951

SVP DC MSI PSI PSDI PCI PLI

1948-1951

S端dtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) Democrazia Cristiana (DC), 1993 als Democrazia Cristiana - Partito Popolare Alto Adige (DC-Part.Pop.AA) Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI), ab 1972 als Movimento Sociale Italiano - Destra Nazionale (MSI-DN) angetreten Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI oder SPI - Sozialistische Partei Italiens) Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano (PSDI), 1948 noch als Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (PSLI) angetreten Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI oder KPI - Kommunistische Partei Italiens), 1968 im Wahlb端ndnis mit dem PSIUP Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI)

The South Tyrolean demographical and political situation is changing. “The immigration from other Italian regions (…) gradually decreased” 15 due to autonomy regulations, whilst immigrants from other countries (Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, Asia etc.) are influencing and challenging the traditional collective identities, and the dualistic mentality in South Tyrol. There are several possible scenarios for how citizens might react to the new situation, and what influence this will have on the historically-grown rigid thinking: “unite against the newcomers, or try to integrate them into their community. (…) A possible way out could be reinforcing the additional European identity.” 16 Such a European identity would inevitably lead to a shift in the perception of cultural identity, meaning that conflicts would develop in a political, rather than linguistic, context. We can observe that a development in the latter direction may already be taking shape because of the “rising acceptance of the non-ethnically 22

committed Green Party and the Italian-speaking candidate of the ethnically German Party SVP” 16 in the elections to the provincial Parliament in 2003. The search for collective identity in these insecure and confusing times is problematic because it is always connected to the devaluation of other cultures. I think it is important to support the development of a mentality that sees cultural difference as an enriching and crucial factor for human development.

Die Wertschätzung kultureller Differenz fördert «eine Kultur der globalen Akzeptanz und wirkt damit dem Identitätskult entgegen. » 17

It is necessary to try and use different methods, but it would help the discussion to rediscover the “Kunst des philosophischen Streitgespräches”, to think dialectically, concretely and actively, instead of talking in rhethorical metaphors of hybridity. In this way, the citizen himself is asked to participate in discussions and engage actively to preserve cultural heritage in a way that helps our civilisation develop further.

percentage of votes | legislative period

1973-1978

1978-1983

SVP AN Grüne UfS Ladins Die Freiheitlichen DC-Part.Pop.AA MSI-DN PCI (KPI) PDU PSI (SPI) SPS

1983-1988

1988-1993

1993-1998

1998-2003

2003-2008

Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) Alleanza Nazionale (AN), 1998 als Alleanza Nazionale - I Liberali Grüne, 2008 im Wahlbündnis mit BürgerListeCiviche Union für Südtirol (UfS) Ladins, 1998 als Ladins - Demokratische Partei Südtirols (DPS) Die Freiheitlichen Democrazia Cristiana (DC), 1993 als Democrazia Cristiana - Partito Popolare Alto Adige (DC-Part.Pop.AA) Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI), ab 1972 als Movimento Sociale Italiano - Destra Nazionale (MSI-DN) angetreten Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI oder KPI - Kommunistische Partei Italiens), 1968 im Wahlbündnis mit dem PSIUP Partei der Unabhängigen (PdU) Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI oder SPI - Sozialistische Partei Italiens) Sozialdemokratische Partei Südtirols (SPS)

Globalisation leads to an implosion in which all cultures and time-zones are mixed. Michail Bakhtin sees “the polyphony of dialogical processes [as a] fundamental sense of ‘simultaneity’, of ‘both/and’ instead of ‘either/ or’.” 18 We are at the same time global, continental and local. Although we are an increasingly united content, the national borders of Europe, and the soveriegnty they guarantee, have given birth to many different cultures and languages; they are not going anywhere. Europe can therefore be understood as a mosaic rather than a melting pot of cultures, with local languages that support and carry identities that are opposed to each other. 19 leben in einem Paradox, in anhaltendem «Wir Unglauben, der so lange andauern wird, bis

sich der Staub gelegt und der Widerspruch zwischen dem ich und dem Anderen, zwischen Nationalismen und Globalismus, zwischen Demokratie und staatlicher Kontrolle aufgelöst hat. 20

Culture and Hybrids “Südtirol ist ein Schmelztiegel der Kulturen und Gegensätze. Deutsche, Italiener und Ladiner leben hier mit- und nebeneinander.” 21

its biological definition, a hybrid is no mix but rather a combination of elements that each keep their properties.

Even if South Tyrol describes itself as a melting pot on its website, what has been said in the previous chapter applies to it as well. Despite (or because of ) its Autonomy Statute, it is no melting pot but rather a cultural mosaic.22 L.D. Zinn reports thart there is, in fact, a social separation in a number of situations that led to the assumption that “the media consumption habits of Italian- and German-speaking South Tyroleans would indicate a predominant tendency for separate imagined communities.” She continues: ”separate school systems for the three major linguistic groups; separate sports clubs for both youths and adults; separate libraries and music schools; separate Catholic church services and charity organizations; separate cultural associations; separate uses of urban space; and ... separate administrative institutions within the apparatus of the all-important Provincial government. ” 22 South Tyrol could be described as a hybrid, if one considers the term’s original meaning. In

In postcolonial studies the word refers to the creation of new transcultural forms, originated through colonisation or migration. The resulting assimilation in the contact zone changes the relationships between the parties, creates different hybrid forms, and helps the re-articulation and invention of national identites, origins, location, dislocation and culture. 23 Even if the attitudes towards hybridization have changed in recent decades, the concept of the hybrid originally had a rather negative connotation in Western culture, and often provokes regressive and sterile reactions, such as irrationality and fear, and is still stigmatised.

a bio-mythical imperative confirmed «Such the choice of instrumental reason, pure

identity, dualistic logic, anti-relativistic universalism. 4

The hybrid is a result of fragmentation and recombination.

Numerical Relation between the German and the Italian Language Group in SĂźdtirol-Alto Adige {Notation system and comparison | Sarah KLammer Sources: ASTAT Statistics- Linguistic Groups 1880-201 | www.provinz.bz.it}

Numerical Relation between the Language Groups

Auf gehtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Manda!

1910 War

1921 Italianisation

1961 Protests - International Attention

Patterns

Sources (causes)

Spheres

Dynamics

Duration

Evolution

Technology

Body, Self

Conflict

Fads

Differentiation

Ideology or Culture

Family, Group

Clash

Fashions

Diffusion

Politics

Class, Generation

Competition

Lifestyles

Economy

Institution

Collaboration

Habits

Modulation sudden/slow change

Environment or Nature

1972 2nd Autonomy

Language and globalisation play important roles in this process and are, at the same time, the product and the trigger of hybridisation. This is because they connect separate entities. Sprache ist zugleich Produkt und Aus«Die löser der Hybridisierung -wie Migration und

Kreuzung treiben auch Sprachen die Hybridisierung voran, indem sie Gemeinsamkeiten von sonst nicht miteinander in Beziehung stehenden Entitäten zusammenführen. 25

Nowadays hybrid cultures are challenging traditional notions of nationality, going “beyond (not against) the tradition of a pure rationality.” 24 The hybrid and the diasporic stress the possible coexistence of two incongruent entities and ‘the in-between’. The new egalitarianism is based on the appreciation of differences, and favours a multi-perspective communication process, and a democratic way of writing history. The challenge of hybridity is, and will be, to move from a dualistic, to a pluralistic dialogue, and to evolve from an individual to a ‘multividual’. 28

universal is partial -every singular is «every plural -every purity is hybrid -every history is polyphonic -every taxonomy is anomic » 24

Donna Haraway considers it important to accept our hybrid human nature and, instead of trying to escape from it into an ideal of unity, we should strive for the flexibility that helps us leave the duality behind, that creates as well as it destructs identities, categories, histories, relations etc. The hybrid logic should be understood as a network of reciprocal cross-referencing. Through the enacted practice of contact and dialogue with each other, we can overcome the rigid structures of categories and identities that define the borders between ‘the self ’ and ‘the other’, that Jacques Derrida calls différance, and make them insignificant. Derrida and Vattimo suggest that what matters, is not how one meets ‘the other’, but how one copes with the irritation of the ‘otherness’. Through the flexibility of, and dissociation from, the borders between ‘the self ’ and ‘the

other’, it is possible to redefine them and to create new concepts of identification. Hybrid identities are able to move between discourses and, while doing that, reinvent and reposition themselves without the danger of losing what they are. The ‘praxis of irony’ states a good example of how to move between the limits of ‘yes’ and ‘no’, and can be seen as a hybrid praxis of dialogue.

Heterogenität ist weniger ein Zustand als vielmehr eine aktive Praxis des Umgangs mit dem Anderen. 26

Bhabha points out the importance of the ”turning of boundaries and limits into the inbetween spaces through which the meanings of cultural and political authority are negotiated.” 27 Hybridity is a form of in-between space, where concepts of culture and origin can be rethought, and where new concepts can emerge. Signs that our society is already multilingual are everywhere, but the dualistic perception and the dream of a unified society, with one unified culture, is still predominant, and a

terminology of standardization still shapes our linguistic landscape. “Indeed, we might say that we live in a society with a culture of monoglot standardization underlying the constitution of our linguistic community and affecting the structure of our various and overlapping speech communities.”28 reflects the common meanings of a «Culture society. Cultural meaning, whether present-

ed as a common language, visual images, or traditional forms of performance, is imparted through the recognizability and readability of the visual and written language [and] must be used, adapted, and protected. 29

Culture is commonly transmitted through a country’s education system, entertainment industry and commercial advertisements. This is because their language is traditionally the most adapted one at providing cultural content in an unambiguous and deliberate manner. The evolution of technology has a major influence on how this happens and who can engage in the process.

Even if its effects on cultural property are not yet clear, technology is expected to: · empower cultures because these tools can be used for identification, interaction, entertainment, and exchange of ideas; · allow preservation of minority languages for communicating, teaching, and participating in the minority/majority dialogue; · enhance development and preservation of culture by aiding documentation of expressions of folklore; · provide new marketing opportunities for cultural resources, including performance, handicrafts, the visual arts, and other cultural expression; · enable monitoring and policing of illicit exploitation of cultural resources, because a system of rights without enforcement is merely an illusory right. 30 The globalisation of culture poses many questions that are crucial to the way we define and handle culture in the present and in the future. Who can claim to ‘possess’ the past and control the perception of the present? What is the relationship between culture and intellectual property? 30

Topics of cultural heritage, conservation and progression; tradition and globalisation; minorities and migration; language and interethical communication are difficult and wide spead, particularly in Europe. In South Tyrol these questions are especially sensitive because of the region’s history and political situation. Nationalism in South Tyrol, the feeling of belonging to a specific group, is distinct and some say that the boundaries in between cultural groups are impossible to soften. I perceive social change as inescapable. We can already observe that new generations, those that did not grow up during the World Wars, are more open to new perspectives and cultures. Migration from other countries is another inevitable source of change in the South Tyrolean situation. What the region needs is active citizens who engage in the discourse that leads towards the breaking of those borders that became so deeply anchored in the South Tyrolean identity and mentality. Society has changed over time and this obliges us to considert the current situation with in a larger context and with a broader spectrum of tonalities.

To dissolve borders and limits, and turn them into in-between spaces in the way Bhabha defines them (see page 24), is progress. This, however, can only happen with open and honest discussion, and the cultivation of a society through animated dialogue. It is up to these citizens to reveal taboos and remove the intersocial borders without destroying the whole.

Theories

Language, Education & Identity Language plays an important role in South Tyrolean identity structures, and is politically charged. In the following chapter, I will provide a short overview of the linguistic situation in the north Italian province and then, more generally, talk about different models of language and communication theory and explore the concepts behind and the role of communication in the creation of notions of identity. In 2004, 68% of young people in South Tyrol were only friends with other of their own linguistic group. Interlinguistic friendships are more common in cities, the working sphere and touristic areas. The use of the second language (L2 is the language learned or mastered after the first language, commonly called the ‘mother tongue’) is generally influenced by territory distribution. On both sides, poor learning motivations of the L2 can be observed. The mother tongue instruction is considered important and the two parallel school systems treat the L2 as foreign rather than second language. The interest in other cultures and the (certificated) mastery of two languages 34

increases the opportunities in everyday and professional life and is a necessary qualification for jobs in provincial positions.31 (see Ethnischer Proporz) Most of the world is multilingual, and the concept of a one-language state-nation is a problematic illusion. Apart from the ‘standard languages’ of German, Italian and Ladin, it is important to consider local dialects, forms of code switching (the switching between two or more language codes that hereforth I will refer to as ‘CS’) and paralinguistics, when talking about the characteristics of language in South Tyrol. It is necessary to keep in mind that multilingualism is a multifaceted phenomenon, and that a lot of communication happens in informal conversation, in which language plays an important role in identification with, or distinction from, one or more social groups. In the informal everyday interaction in South Tyrol, standard German is less common than standard Italian. Dialect and CS are insider activities that define a “we- and they-code”.

Language Categories

corporeal language visual language auditive language natural language

structures, social identities and lin»Social guistic identities are all “talked into being” and are alternately constructed, accepted and rejected within the same conversation. 32

Language helps us to construct realities and make sense of the world. Our ‘self ’ must therefore be perceived as a linguistic creation. The positioning of our ‘selves’ within socio-linguistic constructs is more subtle than it might seem, because language is never mono-referential nor unitary. The human natural language should be thought of as a conglomerate in more than one way. Any national language is not only divided into different sociolects that are characteristic for specific groups (professional jargons, different age groups/ situations, authority etc.), but the natural language is, according to Martin Dodman, more profoundly divided into the following categories: corporeal language (paralinguistic, movements, gestures, mimics etc.), visual language (symbols, images, colours, forms etc.) and auditive language (sound, rhythm, melody, noises etc.). The natural 36

language is a composition of these categories. Dodman suggests that language can be considered from two points of view: che cos’è -what it is and what its characteristics are- and che cosa se ne fa -how it is used and what its functions are. 42 Bakhtin, in what he calls ‘Dialogism’, sees dialogue as the basic purpose of language, and the listener just as important as the speaker. 33 Language is, in every sense, communicative and solidary; social closeness and friendship demand a language that everyone involved in the conversation shares. If such a situation occurs in South Tyrol, the common language is usually Italian; German-speakers would often adapt to the linguistic needs of their peers. For Italians living in South Tyrol, dialect has little prestige. For the German speaking South Tyroleans, on the other hand it has high prestige and is a strong marker of in-groups. The pluricentricity of the German language in South Tyrol is partly the result of a general insecurity with standard German. At the same time, the dialects are an “obstacle

noise | rumours | music | radio

Language Categories

intensive interaction workshop

to the learning and the use of German” for the Italian speaking South Tyroleans. The recent Dialect Renaissance can be seen as attempt of resistance to the fear of losing one’s own traditions and roots through globalisation (mostly the case with older generations). The majority’s language is often linked to objectification and depersonalization. Instead, the dialect creates a family-like communication environment that can be seen as protest and defence against anonymous social relations. This closeness, at the same time, marginalises the people in the multilingual areas of South Tyrol. 34 Language can be seen and used as a powertool because it creates ‘we- and they-codes’ that decide who is included or excluded in social groups and professions. The use of a dialects, and code switching, depends on its acceptance in society. How regions or states handle education in areas with a high percentage of people that speak a second, or third, language varies significantly. Learning a second language is qualitatively 38

different from a certain age onwards. Early contact with the second language is therefore advantageous and should be stimulated.31 Whether dialect and/or code switching are accepted or even practised in classrooms, depends on school policy, cognitive concerns, classroom management concerns, values and attitudes in society, etc. Some schools even encourage the use of sociolects and code switching. CS helps the nonnative speakers of the taught language to ‘fill in the gaps’ and prevents a cultural shock for the children, who grow up in a environment where a second language or dialect is spoken. The mismatch between the language spoken in their homes, and the grammatically correct language taught in school puts some students at a disadvantage. It is important to “recognize the existence of the language system used by the children in their home community and to use that knowledge as a way of helping the children learn to read standard English”. (judge, cited in Smitherman 200:155) 35

Language Map

Germanic German Dutch English

Slavic Polish, Kashubian, Masurian Sorbian Czech Slovak

Romanic French and Walloon Romanish Catala, Franco ProvenĂ§al Castillan, Astur-Leonese, Aragonese Portuguese and Galician Italian, Sardinian, MonĂŠgasque Romanian, Moldovan, Aromanian

Sociolinguists theorized that children that are speakers of sociolects would benefit from early reading instructions in their own dialect. Several schools have introduced ‘dialect readers’ that offer a text in both, standard English and local dialect . Students taught with dialect readers improved quickly but, despite the promising results, more research needs to be done. Dialect readers have been abandoned because of negative reactions from other linguists and community members. 36 Variation is the norm in linguistic use. Accepting and supporting versatility in the right educational way can improve the performance of vernacular speakers in school and at work, and in the social realm. 37 From linguists’ point of view, there is no language or dialect that is better than another. The relationship between the standard language and the national consciousness has developed further, and it can be noticed that there is a movement away from the ideal of a single, unitary linguistic, and cultural identity, and towards a crossing and fusing of plural identities. To promote and support this 40

development, society should maintain an open dialogue, as outlined in Derrida’s theory of the concept of différance (see page 22). The perception of what communication is and how it works has evolved over time. Paul Watzlawick criticised the scientific approach that studied a linear and one directional relationship between sender and receiver of a message, because it excluded many aspects. The discovery of the retroactive circular model changed communication theology. This retroactive model describes a chain reaction in which a produces b, which produces c, which produces d etc. Instead of being linear, the last element refers back to and classifies the first one. The result can either be negative -the stability is maintained- or positive. Positive retroaction causes instability and provokes change. Applied to interpersonal relationships, this means that every person influences the behaviour of the other person in a reciprocal way. 43 Every message has to be negotiated between the sender and the receiver, and every message

has a feedback and influence on its surrounding. In the process, all involved elements experience change. Therefore, it important to know the receiver and the context when directing and sending a message in order to control how it is understood. This theory provides hope that we can change the status quo in our interests through wellplanned and directed communication.

Interview Excerpt The following is an excerpt from one of the interviews I conducted in the course of my research. The person interviewed here (female, 21) grew up in South Tyrol and was raised bilingual in German and Russian. She is fluent in the South Tyrolean Dialect, Italian and English and speaks Spanish and French. I knew the interviewed before and the interview was conducted in Dialect because it is the language in which the two of us used totalk priorly. I chose to show this transcript because it gives a good insight into the linguistic and social situation in South Tyrol from the perspective of a person that is local and foreigner at the same time.

Weat bei enk in Südtirol in Hochdeutsch unterrichtet?

Jo wobei des isch so a Südtirol Hochdeutsch. Also man redet halt so und die Lehrer versuchen irgendwie eben das richtig zu übersetzen und rüberzubringen... also es isch schon irgendwie ondasch, a mehr heimatliches Hochdeutsch sozusogn und es weat a extrem komisch ongsegn wenn jemond iatz richtig Hochdeutsch redet in da Grundschule. Also di Lehrer missn schon Hochdeutsch sprechn oba irgendwia isch des decht no a so ah Kompromiss.

Oba des isch ah irgendwia, also wos i miterlebt hon, i hon holt als Kind extrem viel Fernseh gschaug und gern die gonzen Nochrichtnsprecha nochgmocht, also richtiges Hochdeutsch und hon mi no im Deutschunterricht hon i versuchacht des ebn richtig so auszusprechn und di Kinda bzw meine Mitschüler a bol ma schon älta woan hom des richtig als a Grund für Diskriminierung gnommen. Also sie hom noa richtig gmoant dass i und ah ondare Leit de ebm vasuacht hom richtig Hochdeitsch zu sprechen, dass se sich versuachn irgendwie besser darzustellen. Also isch di Sproche irgendwia olbm mei Identifikationsmittl gwesn also i woas a iaz oftramol wenn i... i moch ob und zua Auftritte und äh Poetry Slam und i sprich sem ebn richtigs Hochdeutsch, und no sogn die Südtiroler olbn zu mir -weil se wissn dass i Südtirolerin bin- “es tat die viel sympathischer mochn wenn du auf Südtirolerisch holt slammen tasch, net, also des isch so a Identifikation amfoch.

Kameradschaft also?

Genau, man versuacht...-und genau so in di Schualn vasuacht man des holt noa des Hochdeutsch: man muas zwoa mochn oba durch an Kompromiss vasuacht mans decht noa a bissl mehr ans Südtirolerische onzupassn irgendwia wohrscheinlich, weils dechtosch so fremd isch, fost wia an ondre Sproche eigentlich. Wos i gmerkt hon.

Also glabsch, dass Hochdeutsch vielleicht net so persönlich isch, und Dialekt kreirt irgendwie so a große Famile, In-Gruppe?

Jo wohrscheinlich schon, also man... man fühlt sich schon ongehörig, sicha. Ebn dadurch dass di Kindo normalerweise in Dialektsproche aufwochsn. Für a Kind ischs sicha -für mi iatz net so deswegen konn i für sem net guat sprechn ähm weil i jo dohoam olbm schon Hochdeutsch gret hon -oba für ondre Kindo de effektiv dahoam lei ersta Dialekt gredet hom und noa in die Schual kemmen und auf oanmol missn se Hochdeutsch redn -hel isch schon komisch irgendwia, jo.

I hon viele Freinde do in da Universität de aus Russlond kemmen. Also sie hängen, wie sog mans, sie treffen sich lei mit die Gruppm mit ondre russische Freunde weil si sogn ebm zu die Südtiroler finden sie oanfoch koan Bezug uuund... hot oba mehr woahscheinlich mit do Mentalität ah zi tean

Isch Sprache da vielleicht ah a Grund?

Hmm jo, sog ma so also äh jetz meine russischen Freinde wos in Bozn sen de sprechn olle perfekt italienisch, viele ah ziemlich guat deitsch, obo ääähmmm s'isch glab i mehr die Erfohrung dass se dechtosch an Akzent hobm und he kimp net guat on ba Südtirola. Also sobold man heat dass a Person an Akzent hot noa krigsch du net in Job odo krigsch du net äh... ebm... hosch du net die Vorteile amfoch, weasch weniga akzeptiert. Mittlorweile ischs a bissl ondoscht, weil innerholb von zwanzing Joah hot sich viel verändert, oba... es isch ah iatz no, dass se olbn..also wenn in Gschäft zum Beispiel Vokäufo gsuacht wean, weat olbm noch „Einheimischn“ gfrogt und ah wenn zum Beispiel ähm viele Ausländo a höhere schulische Ausbildung hobm und mehr Sprochn sprechn zb... jo viel mehr Sprochn fließend sprechn, no hom se decht liabo Einheimische wos, ah wenn sie zum Beispiel jetz lei deitsch und italienisch redn … wo vielleicht da ausländo ah französisch redet, russisch, wos jetz extrem wichtig isch... …

...und holt vielleicht in Dialekt net perfekt beherrscht

Jo, logisch -na, oba i glab des isch wirklich so a Faktor von Sympathie ...weil … ...

...dass man “zomholtet”?

...i glab schon ebm, weil ah wia des ba mir isch wenn die Leit zu mir kemn und zu mir sogn: Ma wenn du Südtirolarin bisch wiso redesch net Dialekt, hel mocht die viel sympathischa“ -praktisch dass se sich irgendwia genau in do ondren Person anfoch wiedofindn und wenn jetz woarscheinlich jemond a ondare sproch oda an ondern Sprochnhintagrund hot noa -i merks jetz bei mir ah wenn i zum Beispiel äh Summojobs gsuach hon odo so nor steat auf mein Curriculum obm i sprich Russisch ... „Wos wieso sprich du russisch?!“ Noa: „Jo mei Mama isch Russin..“ - „Ah, obo du bisch schun do aufgwoxn?!“ -“jojo“- „Ah, guit.“ Hah jo es klingt zach obo logisch net olle, also jetz ischs viel mehr offener, obo isch ma schun oftramol passiert... oba jo, boh.

Stereotype, Prejudice & Taboo The term ‘stereotype’ has a negative connotation in everyday use. In social sciences, it describes the principals of organisation and categorisation that help the individual make sense of a highly diversified and complex world, and the term is free of any normative value judgement. In this way, a stereotype can offer us a restricted image of the world in order to make the reality more easily understandable. This image is obviously incomplete and cannot do justice to the individual. 45 Such opinions are not always reflected upon and recognized as stereotype. When this happens, and the mindset is rigidified and stablised, the stereotype can turn into a prejudice and define our decision-making. The individual is in a dialectical relation with its social context, which suggests that every individual identity is a social one. The human being is a social and gregarious animal and every individual is classed in a social category. The individual, to demonstrate belonging to a specific group, often reflects social stereotypes associated with it. The result is that society that is divided into different subcategories defined 46

by characteristics such as proper languages (jargons). It is possible for the individual to both, prejudge a group of people and interact with them as friendly individuals in different situations. Language is an important means of construction for these realities. ist Wissen und schafft Wissen zu«Sprache gleich» 46

Language is knowledge, and it creates knowledge because it creates both, linguistic categories and social stereotypes e.g. ‘der Walsche’. The bilingual person in South Tyrol is continuously confronted with situations that require assigning people into language categories based on their stereotypical features, to determine how to approach them. This is both a necessity and a natural behaviour, as well as a social and political construct imposed from above. Stereotyping happens mostly on an unconscious level and is, in many respects taboo to directly reference. In a growing multilingual, multicultural, multiethnic, multividual culture, the strict dualistic thinking that is practised in South Tyrol is outdated and unable to meet the demands of

a highly diversified society. The region needs a more flexible way of organising the social reality; it must not lose the protection of its diversity and should encourage a diverse society. This evolution of the general mindset is a transformation that can be initiated through an ongoing campaign that raises public consciousness. Itmust grow from the will of the people and cannot be imposed by authority. It will be a long process, in which the conscious experience of ‘otherness’ and interaction with ‘otherness’ is key. It is the politicised action of categorisation, that became too much of our private reality, that I want to criticise in my design intervention.

Methods

Environmental Lettering Architecture and planning are shaping the cityscape in a most profound way. The important role of environmental lettering is not often considered as important for shaping this image. The research that has been conducted is intentionally visual. I have been walking, as precisely as possible, in the circle that I drew on the city map of Bolzano-Bozen (by blindly placing a salt shaker on it). This method allowed me to take a random sample of the city environment. I photographed characteristic and/or interesting lettering that I encountered and then analysed and organised it in different categories. The process was based on a random procedure and, even if the selection of what I was going to document was based on three predefined categories, the process was mostly intuitive, but not without structure. In the following pages you will find the summary of the most interesting lettering documented and sorted into different themes: ‘indicating the way’, ‘advertisement and provincial communication’, ‘shop signs and multiculturality’ and ‘individual interventions’.

The tendencies of how to treat multilingualism that I observed were the following: · parallel word-by-word-translation · non-parallel translations that highlight different aspects and connotations · proper names · cognate words that are similar in both languages · use of english terms · use of only one language, mostly in private communication done by individuals for no commercial purpose

Environmental Lettering

Bolzano Street Map

Design Studies Where and how can design engage in identifying and evaluating a problem, educating the public and changing perception and behaviour? In order to answer these questions, I will refer to different design theories, and define the outlines of my design experiment. Clive Dilnot’s definition of design as a “negotiation of incommensurabilities” suggests that design is an ongoing process of creating a dialogue between two different elements. This negotiation happens the moment a problem presents itself. The problems that design is concerned with, however, cannot be reduced to a single and calculated solution (e.g. technology). Design moderates the dialogue between seemingly incompetible elements. 38 “By definition, a design study presents a controlled intervention in a multi-factor environment (a classroom, institution or social group).” 39 Design experiments are carried out to develop and test theories. 56

theory explains why designs work «andDesign suggests how they may be adapted to new circumstances. Therefore, like other methodologies, design experiments are crucibles for the generation and testing of theory. 40

The designer should think about the following questions regarding the consequences of his intervention: “What is the cost of adopting the innovation and the related opportunity cost of abandoning the current practice? What must a member of the community exchange for an innovation in terms of time, commitment, social standing, or energy?... Effective design begins in an unconstrained stage in which effort is directed at deciding if the problem is a problem, brainstorming solutions, and studying prior attempts”41 Throughout the process, the designer undergoes exploration and expansion, testing and prototyping, for the diffusion of the developed innovation.

V. Papanek, conceptual map of Design for the Real World (1971)

I conducted my research on three different levels: · A literary research of the historical, political, demographical, linguistic and cultural analysis of the South Tyrolean Background; · A photographic context exploration of the place of interaction (the city of Bolzano-Bozen); · Informal interviews with citizens of different cultural and social backgrounds; · Research of existing projects of a related topic The social and ethnic part involved in the conceptual nature of this project requires a short explanation of my own background, and why, and in what way, this topic is relevant to me. I grew up at the border between South Tyrol and Austria, and was, consequently, in early contact with South Tyrolean culture. South and East Tyrol share many cultural aspects such as dialect, landscape etc. The cultural exchange and interaction, in the border region in which I grew up, was prevalent intense and present in my in everyday life, and cultural differences were often stereotyped. After highschool I moved to South Tyrol, and I have been living and studying there for almost four years. Though I identify with the German 58

South Tyrolean group at university, most of my friends are from different parts of Italy, and Italian is the language I use in my daily life. When my initial overwhelming enthusiasm for the multicultural, and multilingual, University experience subsided, I started to realise that not everything was as integrated as it first seemed. I had become part of the ‘Italian group’ of University students and, noticeably, excluded from the ‘German’ one. This does not mean that there was not friendly interaction between the groups, but I reiterate that there are two distinct social groups. I have become increasingly aware that the multilingual South Tyrol is, in fact, a collection of citizens who speak a variety of languages rather than a society in which each individual speaks many. I do not mean to say that there are not ongoing discussions about language difficulties and divided social groups. There is widespread passivity amongst the South Tyrolean people, and this must change in order to avoid the establishment of a segregated society. The patterns and practices of categorization and stereotyping are the unavoidable

Design Strategy

byproduct of our highly complex and differentiated world. Many processes of stereotyping happen unconsciously. Often we need to rely on external agents that mirror our behaviour in order to comprehend it ourselves. Communication through design can help accomplish this in a way that effects a group of people rather than a single person. In my design project, I will attempt to raise awareness for the daily categorisation that is based on linguistic features, and is especially present in South Tyrol. In this process, it will be crucial for me to reveal taboos and established stereotypes, and to discover situations and places that are characteristic of our daily interaction with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;othernessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Project

Conclusion & Project Definition The cohabitation of different cultures, and the communication between different language groups, is a world wide predicament. Europe is a composite of countries, cultures and languages. The increasing interconnectivity, and a world that is fast becoming a global community, makes topics of culture, individuality, democracy and language important. South Tyrol with its autonomic status is not an exception, but is a rather special case. The changing ethnic situation in the Dolomite province demands a new consciousness: a local, a European and a global one. The larger the context the more familiar local structures become. South Tyrolean society is politically and culturally divided into two historical groups that distinguish themselves by their language. This dualistic system is politically sustained and is doing a remarkable job in guaranteeing minority rights, and the right to perform culturally specific activities.The rigid thinking and acting that maintains the dualistic system is outdated considering the present social evolution, and the increasing involvement of other ethnic groups. The region needs a new, more 64

flexible way of cultural categorisation; it must fulfill the needs of a highly individualistic, or even multividualistic, society. Given its historical background, this transformation is especially sensitive in South Tyrol. It is therefore all the more important to confront society with categorisational patterns that are shaping their ambiguous reality, and colouring daily interaction with each other. This system requires a strong sense of belonging to and/or distinction from a collective, and is almost entirely based on the spoken language. It is up to citizens to unite against a system of politically loaded categorisation. It is predictable, and in some cases already observable, that a movement away from linguistic separation is taking shape. It is also clear that this development needs to be encouraged, but must be a movement that grows from below. Communication through design plays a crucial role in this. Only through the cultivation of a culture of open dialogue is it possible to turn limits and boundaries into doorsteps, into inbetween spaces that foster cultural exchange. The fear of losing oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural identity is not

exclusive to South Tyrol. This fear is deeply anchored in the civilian one-state-one-language mentality, and is politically instrumentalised. That cultures in direct contact with one another experience change through communication is inevitable and natural; language is no rigid structure, it is in a continuous process of adaptation and distinction and is therefore historically recent. In a fast developing world, rigid structures are destined to break into pieces and the state-language construct will have to be rethought. I want to propose an alternative concept of a flexible bond between the individual and the state in which language is no prime criteria. This shift in perception would help to unhinge the fear of globalisation, and prevent the resulting nationalism from damaging societal growth. My concept promotes a lived culture that aims to pass on the passion, rather than conserving the ashes, and that focuses on the now without negating an active conversation with the past. It denounces the rigid, collective categorisation which the South Tyroleans are obligated to identify with and that leaves them no option but to take sides.

My design will take shape in the form of an ironic and provocative intervention that will reveal stereotypes and make the taboo acts of categorisation visible in public discussion.

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Remix-Kultur. In: Stocker G., Schöpf C.(2005) Catalog Ars Electronica 2005: Hybrid -living in paradox. Hatje Cantz: Ostfildern-Ruit, 18. 26 Puff M.: Agieren im ZwischenraumGedanken zu einer Ethik der hybriden Identität. In: Stocker G., Schöpf C.(2005) Catalog Ars Electronica 2005: Hybrid -living in paradox. Hatje Cantz: OstfildernRuit, 63 27 Bhabha, H. (1990): Nation and Narration. In: Mitchell K.(1997): Different Diasporas and the Hype of Hybridity. http://www. praxis-epress.org/CGR/19-Mitchell.pdf (08.01.2013) 28 Silverstein M. (1987): Monoglot ‘Standard’ in America: Standardization and Metaphors of Linguistic Hegemony. Woking papers No. 13: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/ pubwor13.html 29 Steiner C. Esq., General Counsel, The J. Paul Getty Trust (1998): Intellectual property and the right to culture., 1. http://www. wipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/papers/ pdf/steiner.pdf (10.01.2013)

30 Steiner C. Esq., General Counsel, The J. Paul Getty Trust (1998): Intellectual property and the right to culture., 14. http://www. wipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/papers/ pdf/steiner.pdf (10.01.2013) 31 cf. Voltmer L., Lanthaler F., Abel A., Oberhammer M. Insights into the linguistic situation of South Tyrol. In: Abel A., Stuflesser M., Voltmer L. Aspects of Multilingualism in European Border Regions. Europäische Akademie Bozen: Bozen, 204 et seqq. 32 Cashman H. (2005): Identities at play: language preference and group membership in bilingual talk in interaction. In: GardnerChloros P. (2009): Code Switching. Cambridge University press: New York, 87 33 Bayley R., Lucas C.(Ed.)(2007): Sociolinguistic Variations-Theories, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York, 107, 109 34 cf. Voltmer L., Lanthaler F., Abel A., Oberhammer M. Insights into the linguistic situation of South Tyrol. In: Abel A., Stuflesser M., Voltmer L. Aspects of

Multilingualism in European Border Regions. EuropĂ¤ische Akademie Bozen: Bozen, 229, 205, 220, 230f 35 Bayley R., Lucas C.(Ed.)(2007): Sociolinguistic Variations-Theories, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York, 241 36Bayley R., Lucas C.(Ed.)(2007): Sociolinguistic Variations-Theories, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York, 240 37 Bayley R., Lucas C.(Ed.)(2007): Sociolinguistic Variations-Theories, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York, 276 38 Dilnot C.(2006): A new thin red line world?, Multivocality and design. Web version of The Radical Designist (Vol. 1), 11.http://www.iade.pt/designist/issue_00. html 39 Direkov N. A.(2003): Bilingual By Design: A Design Study of Toy Design and Material Play Culture for Children Bilingual in French and English. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 60 70

40 Cobb P., Confrey J., DiSessa A., Lehrer R., Schauble L. (2003): Design Experiments in Educational Research. Web version of Educational Researcher (Vol. 32, No. 1), 1 http://www.ethiopia-ed.net/images/2143129972.pdf 41 Zaritsky R., Kelly A. E., Flowers W., Rogers E., Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neil P. (2003): Clinical Design Sciences: A View From Sister Design Efforts. Web version of Educational Researcher (Vol. 32, No. 1) http://bama. ua.edu/~jstallwo/CEE_Strand5/Zaritsky%20etc.pdf 42 Dodman M. Capitolo 1 Linguaggio e lingua: caratteristiche e funzioni. via mail 43 Watzlawick P., Beavin J. H., Jackson D. D. (1971): Pragmatica della Comunicazione Umana- Studio dei modelli interattivi delle patologie e dei paradossi. Casa Editrice Astrolabio- Ubaldini Editore: Roma. 23f 44 Coates, G. Dr. (2009): Notes on Communication -A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. 168; http:// www.wanterfall.com/Downloads/Communication.pdf

45 cf. Petersen T., Schwender C. (Ed.) (2009.): Visuelle Stereotype. Herbert von Halem Verlag, Köln. 110 46 cf. Hort R. (2007): Vorurteile und Stereotype- Soziale und dynamische Konstrukte. VDM Verlag Dr.Müller e.K. und Lizenzgeber, Saarbrücken. 56f, 87

Images and Graphics Source p. 13 Location of South Tyrol: Südtirol Wein: http://www.altoadigewinesusa.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/alto-adigemap.jpg 21, 23 percentage of votes in legislative periods: Südtiroler Landtag: Ergebnisse der Landtagswahlen seit 1948. http://www. landtag-bz.org/de/wahlen/ergebnisselandtagswahlen-archiv.asp 27 Analysis of Social Change- Numerical Relation between the Language Groups: Landesinstitut für Statistik ASTAT: Bevölkerung Popolazione. http://www. provinz.bz.it/astat/download/JB11_ K3.pdf Dr. Walsch C. (2012): Doktorandenworkshop “Wirtschaft und Wohlstand in Mitteleuropa im Vergleich. 1867 bis zur Gegenwart. http://www.andrassyuni.eu/donauinstitut/veranstaltungen/berichte-und-fotogalerie/ doktorandenworkshop-wirtschaft-undwohlstand-in-mitteleuropa-im-vergleich-1867-bis-zur-gegenwart.html

41 Language Map of Indo-Europe: http:// www.worldsstrangest.com/wp-content/ plugins/wp-o-matic/wscache23/98f45_ Language-map-of-Europe-500x681.png 65 Düllo T., Liebl F.(Ed.) (2005): Cultural Hacking-Kunst des Strategischen Handelns. SpringerWienNewYork: Wien Austria. 241f., 226f. 66 Hirsch A., Rantasa P.: Strom ohne Wiederkehr- Für eine Dialektik kultureller Modernisierung. In: Stocker G., Schöpf C.(2005) Catalog Ars Electronica 2005: Hybrid -living in paradox. Hatje Cantz: Ostfildern-Ruit, 220 66 salto bz: Nachrichten- und Communityportal. http://www.salto.bz/ 67 Gummerer H., Hack F. (2012): Total alles über Südtirol. http://www.folioverlag. com/info/sachbuecher/kulturgeschichte/ de/978-3-85256-607-8 67 Autonome Provinz Bozen- Voluntariat per les llengües. http://www.provinz.bz.it/ italienische-kultur/sprachen/1794.asp

Further Reading Aktiv f端r Kinder -Elternfilme http://www.a4k.de/downloads/elternfilme/ videos/babys-sprache/babys-sprache-sprechen/ http://www.a4k.de/downloads/sprachentwicklung-downloads.html Arbeitsmarkt: http://www.apollis.it/17d839.html http://www.provinz.bz.it/arbeit/arbeitsmarkt/929.asp Bilingual Aesthetics: http://books.google.it/books/ about/Bilingual_Aesthetics. html?id=ORGiEfyX48cC&redir_esc=y Speech and language therapists: http://www.rcslt.org/members/publications/linguistic_minorities Bilingual by Design -Talking toys (MIT): http://cms.mit.edu/research/theses/NadyaDirekova2003.pdf Bilingual Design/ Museum: http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/tools_ guides/bilingual_design_guide Bilingual Design Styles: http://www.newport.ac.uk/about/departments/humanresources/Documents/ 74

BilingualDesignStyles. Bilingue: http://www.eurac.edu/staff/AAbel/Documents/Forer_Paladino_Vettori_Abel_bilinguismo_AA_Cristallo_2008_L_1.htm Bilingual Games-Literary investigations: http://www.powells.com/ biblio?isbn=9781403960122s Bilingual School communities: http://www.mec-bc-bilingualproject.com/ default.aspx Bilingual Speech-Language Pathologist: http://www.bilingualtherapies.com/bilingual-symposium/2012/ Bookstart: http://www.provinz.bz.it/kulturabteilung/ jugendarbeit/3022.asp Cultura plurilingue: http://www.gebi.bz.it/bilinguismo/?p=84 Culture definition: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/pubwor49.html Growing up bilingual: http://www.growingupbilingual.org/projects/

History in Pictures: http://www.provinz.bz.it/729212/de/fotogallerie/1972.asp\ Iniziativa Popolare (democrazia diretta): http://www.dirdemdi.org/it/progetti-attuali.html Interviste: www.eurac.edu/staff/AAbel/Documents/Forer_Paladino_Vettori_Abel_bilinguismo_AA_Cristallo_2008_L_1. htm#sdendnote2sym Jugend Kultur http://www.provincia.bz.it/cultura/giovani/1873.asp Konzentrationslager: http://www.lager.it/bolzano.html http://www.comune.bolzano.it/UploadDocs/6714_Lager_BZ_it.pdf Kuturhauptstadt, Podcast -Tomassini: http://podcasting.provinz.bz.it/cultura/index.php?id=178 Language and Culture: www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/prolan.html Language Games: http://www.ettoibooks.eu/english-language-games-c-54_55?sort=20a&page=2

Literaturliste: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/ pubcsb.html http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/pubwor.html Manifesto Alto Adige 2019: http://manifesto2019.wordpress.com/manifesto/ Mehrsprachigkeitsbarometer: http://www.provinz.bz.it/kulturabteilung/ download/Mehrsprachigkeitsbarometer.pdf Minderheiten als Mehrwert: http://books.google.at/books?id=Jgz_3Aby tTQC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=S%C 3%BCdtiroler+Sprachbarometer+2004&so urce=bl&ots=KzDgVyXxiW&sig=WB7gR CvoCn4GTJqxD5GQXcnI5VY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VCb0UJn1F4yRswbGtoCwDw& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=S%C3%BCdtir oler%20Sprachbarometer%202004&f=false monoglot standardization: http://www.sas. upenn.edu/transcult/pubwor13.html Plurilinguismo, Genitori in Campo: http://riccardodellosbarba.wordpress. com/2008/05/23/plurilinguismo-genitoriin-campo/

Rahmenlehrpläne: http://www.apollis.it/17d1623.html vorlesestudie http://www.stiftunglesen.de/vorlesestudie Reasons why a bilingual society erodes a nation’s unity: http://www.helium.com/items/472422reasons-why-a-bilingual-society-erodes-anations-unity Rescuing history from the Nation-State: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/pubwor48.html Rhetoric and the Constitution of Social Relations: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/pubwor22.html Scuola Bilingue a Bolzano: Il Progetto delle Elementari Continua alle Medie: http://altoadige.gelocal.it/cronaca/2010/07/28/news/ scuola-bilingue-a-bolzano-il-progettodelleelementari-continua-alle-medie-1.4145527 Scuola e Bilinguismo in Consiglio provinciale a Bolzano: http://www.gebi.bz.it/bilinguismo/ 76

Scuola Manzoni, Bolzano: l’alfabeto si insegna bilingue: http://altoadige.gelocal.it/cronaca/2011/04/13/news/ bolzano-scuola-manzoni-l-alfabeto-si-insegna-bilingue-1.4226628 Sezioni Bilingui in tutte le Scuole Elementari, Bolzano: http://altoadige.gelocal.it/cronaca/2011/01/09/news/ bolzano-sezioni-bilingui-in-tutte-le-scuole-elementari-1.4189019 Slubfurt (Ars electronica): http://www.slubfurt.net/d_start.html Song: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?feature=player_ embedded&v=XwDparhSFQA#! http://de.metapedia.org/wiki/ Geschichte_S%C3%BCd-Tirols Speech and Language Therapy Services for Bilingual Children in England and Scotland: A Tale of Three Cities: http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/124ISB4. PDF

Sprachenfinder: http://www.provinz.bz.it/kulturabteilung/ weiterbildung/ekko-sprachenfinder.asp Sprachen -Forschungsarbeiten: http://www.provinz.bz.it/kulturabteilung/ weiterbildung/kleine-sprachenbibliothek. asp Sprachkurse: http://www.alphabeta.it/378.html Sprachprojekte: http://www.provinz.bz.it/kulturabteilung/ weiterbildung/gute-praxis-sprachprojekte. asp Tandem: http://www.cultura-socialis.it/it/ home/2012/progetti-2012/informale/parliamoci-in-tedesco.html www.infovol.it Text and Social Action: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/transcult/protsa. html Toponomia Streit : http://www.wallstreetitalia.com/article/1434461/il-sud-tirolo-sta-diventandogermania.aspx http://247.libero.it/focus/23166018/1/

il-sud-tirolo-sta-diventando-germania/ http://altoadige.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/10/09/news/i-cartelli-bilingui-durano-solo-un-giorno-sabotati-1.5827006 Translation: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index. php/TC/thesis Ufficio Bilinguismo e Lingue Straniere : http://www.provincia.bz.it/cultura/ formazione/1159.asp Virtual Museum of Games: http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/ VirtualExhibits/Map%20Games/Canada/ ohcanada.html

Background & Logics

Theories

with special thanks to: Prof. Kris Krois, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gl端her, Dr. Dodman Martin, Prof. Dr. Franceschini Rita, Dr. Mattozzi Alvise, Prof. Matteo Moretti, Daniel Tschurtschentaler, Markus Kofler and Tobias Albert for their expertise and technical council; Zachary Boren, Jacopo Coen, Evelyn Dalmonech, Yael Fierro, Philipp von Schlechtleitner, Gloria Spallanzani and my family for their active and moral support.

Methods

Project