health: dissolving boundaries
Sarah Wilson // Clemson University // Architecture+Health // 2014 - 2016
W 2014 - 2016
table of contents c h a r l e s t o n u r b a n h e a l t h a n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
c h a r l e s t o n u r b a n h e a l t h m a s t e r p l a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
c h a r l e s t o n “ h o s p i t a l a s a c i t y ” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
f o o t h i l l s c o m m u n i t y h e a l t h c a r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
m a r i a d u k e s h e a l t h p a v i l l i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
a h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
f r e e h a n d d r a w i n g ” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
r e s u m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 03
04 / / a n a l y s i s
hospital as a city: charleston, sc urban health analysis
fal l 2 0 1 5
-completed over six-week periodThe fall semester at Clemson's Architecture + Health was spent studying and designing in Charleston, SC and of the Medical University of South Carolina campus. The semester-long project was broken into three phases: urban analysis of the peninsula, master plan designing of the medical campus, and design proposals of a new hospital within the campus. Combining the efforts of the A+H studio in Clemson and the urban design studio of the CACC in Charleston, we studied the patterns of the city and worked to see how they could be repeated in the island campus of MUSC.
a n a l y s i s \ \ 05
Combining the efforts of the two studios, we studied the natural and built conditions of the Charleston peninsula. Identifying patterns and combining layers of information revealed discoveries of how the city comes together. It also identified the creation of multiple boundaries of the city fabric. We needed to study these boundaries particularly around MUSC, to understand what elements were creating edges between the campus and the rest of the city.
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zoning
traffic boundaries
allowed building density
flood pattern
edges: income
edges: building use
edges: building height
FUNCTIONAL USE/ZONING : COMBINING BUILDING AND FLOODING CODES
FEMA flood zones
During mutliple visits to the city we discovered how important rainfall, tides, and flooding were to the building patterns of MUSC. It would be critical to take the flood level into account for the design phases.
flood elevation
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FUNCTIONAL USE/ZONING 4 LESSONS
pedestrian experience
historic urban character
perceived edges
concentrated transportatiion
Breaking into groups, we looked for lessons to learn from the city to apply to our future designs for the medical campus. Patterns discovered in the functional uses and zoning of the city revealed that the pedestrian experience, historic urban character, perceived edges, and concentrated transportation were all related to building density, use, and zoning.
building use + density
income + residences
historic growth + density
traffic nodes + building use
The groups combined our lessons to develop guiding principles for designing a healthier Charleston.
0.5 mi
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7 GUIDELINES FOR A HEALTHIER CHARLESTON
01. Health Campus Without Walls + Gradation of Scale + Pedestrian Friendly Streets + Buffer Parks + Provide Amenities + Provide Services
04. Articulated + Perforated Building Forms + Buildings as Landmarks + Courtyards + Pocket Parks + Orientation and Position + Voids + Skybridge
02. Sustainability + Longevity + Rainwater Harvesting System + Utilizing New Technologies + Solar Energy Utilization + Daylight Utilization + Green Roofs + Maintaining Culture + Contact + Anticipate Future Growth/Change + Zero Carbon Emission
05. Beyond Healing + Live + Work + Play + Meet + Discover + Stay
06. Active Public Corridor + Mixed-Use Spaces + Shaded Paths + Tempered Green Spaces + Create a place for Pause + Iconic Landmark
03. Connections to Nature + Integration with the Facade + Inhabitable Garden + Visual Green Connection + Green Corridor
07. Integrated Transportation Network + Nodes for Seamless Transfer + Variety of Transportation Options + Intuitive Wayfinding
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hospital as a city: charleston, sc urban health master plan
fal l 2 0 1 5
-completed over three-week periodThis second phase, master plan designing of the medical campus, was also completed in groups. Taking lessons learned during the analysis, we looked to create a future for the medical campus that was better for patients, students, and staff, and was more inviting to the community at large.
m a s t e r p l a n \ \ 11
public focal points
clear wayfinding
flood response
safe cycling + pedestrian paths
comfortable pedestrian experience
reintroducing green spaces
Distilling from the guidelines developed during analysis, we proposed new design guidelines to create a more inviting campus for patients, staff, and the community, while also planning for inevitable issues with flooding.
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campus access + traffic pattern
green transit hub
public green spaces
future residential development
community health center
future hospital site
pedestrian-only commercial zone garage roof amphitheatre
green spaces + pedestrian zones
construction phases
insertion of mixed use
m a s t e r p l a n \ \ 13
COURTENAY ST > A transit hub at each end of Courtenay St announces this major access to the campus while providing a transition point between different transit methods
> Elevated paths connect critical buildings
to each other and to the ground so that function is not impeded by flooding
> Wider sidewalks and frequent tree placement create a more pleasant atmosphere for pedestrians
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Courtenay St - transverse section
DOUGHTY ST
> An outdoor pavillion on top of a new parking garage creates a public focal point.
> A pedestrian-only zone with
fabric and foliaged shade devices creates a pull for the community
> Multiple connected green
spaces create a nature corridor down the center of campus
Doughty St - transverse section
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View down Doughty St. from Ashely River Tower
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View down Doughty St. from James W. Colbert Library
View down Courtenay St. from Bee St. transit hub
m a s t e r p l a n \ \ 17
18 / / h o s p i t a l
hospital as a city: charleston, sc new hospital proposal
fal l 2 0 1 5
-completed over five-week periodThe final phase of the Charleston project was a design proposal for a new hospital on campus. Anticipating the construction of two new hospitals, MUSC invited us to design the second of these two. Basing our program on an existing neighboring hospital, the Ashley River Tower, we designed in groups a diagnostic and treatment block and patient tower, selecting a department from each to create detailed floor plans. This was a chance to combine lessons learned from the studio analysis project and from our departmental design class.
h o s p i t a l \ \ 19
functional massing
Following the project name, "Hospital as a City," we approached this hospital design much as we did the campus urban design, placing emphasis on public space, wayfinding, green spaces, and planning for future expansion.
overhang announcing entry
pedestrian scale
context
anti-flooding measures
natural light
The design began by making basic massing decisions of the D+T block, public spaces, and patient tower based on the context. Design guidelines based on those from the analysis and master plan phases were created to direct our group hospital design. 20 / / h o s p i t a l
giving street frontage to public
green insertion
circulation heirarchy
natural ventilation
orientation + wayfinding
allowing and controlling sunlight
elevated access
connection to A.R.T.
flexible grid
shelled expansion
h o s p i t a l \ \ 21
31' 6" x 31' 6" modules created by the structural grid simplified the zonal planning of each floor.
structural grid
functional zoning - D+T
functional zoning - patient tower
CLINICAL
SUPPORT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
patient and staff work flow
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natural lighting - D+T
natural lighting - patient tower
traffic flow + access
ground floor
elevated access
street treatment
first floor - emergency department
h o s p i t a l \ \ 23
second floor - imaging
third floor - interventional + administration
Repeating the basic zoning modules simplifies the overall organization of the hospital. It also creates consistent circulation between the different zones, in order to simplify the delivery of materials and movement of staff nd patients. Consistent zoning also allows for easy expansion in the clinical zone after initial shelling.
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second floor - circulation heirarchy
Separating the public and clinical zones with a central support axis creates a more pleasant waiting experience for patients, and placing elevator shafts in this support axis allows for quick materials delivery.
fourth floor - surgery + administration
fifth floor - cafe + roof garden + mechanical
A public cafe attached to the roof garden gives visitors to the tower a chance for respite and a place to spend time with familial patients. A symmetrical plan in the patient tower with a racetrack arrangement makes circulation simple and gives every patient room plentiful outward-facing views and natural light. A more neighborhood-like feeling is created by pushing and pulling pairs of patient rooms on the corridor to create pockets of cul-de-sac.
sixfth - ninth floor - patient tower
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A light well punctures the diagnostic and treatment block to provide natural light into the interiors of the clinical areas. A system of twisted louvres creates the appearance of a wavy facade, reflecting a similar theme of movement repeated else where in the facade and in the shape of the roof garden.
louvre facade treatment
Bee St
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transverse section
The system of repeated zoning organization is evident in section. Additionally, the longitudinal section reveals the large pocket of naturally-lit space given to the public along Courtenay St.
lobby interior
Courtenay St
longitudinal section
h o s p i t a l \ \ 27
view from south Courtenay St.
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view from east Bee St.
Perspective views reveal how the proposal fits in with the surrounding context of the medical campus.
view from north Courtenay St.
h o s p i t a l \ \ 29
The final step with this hospital design was a departmental layout. Paired with a study on the best practices of imaging department design, this design was the culmination of the knowledge gained from previous studio iterations, literature review, and case studies. The team developed the program, and departmental layout was completed on an individual basis.
view from across Courtenay St.
30 / / h o s p i t a l
IMAGING DEPARTMENT VESTIBULE SHELLED (CT) 4632 SF
SHELLED (MRI) 2799 SF
MRI SCAN
SHELLED (R/F) 2866 SF
CT SCAN RAD STORAGE 184 SF MRI 500 SF
MRI EQ 185 SF
MRI COMPUTER 288 SF
MRI 500 SF
MRI CONTROL 1042 SF
MRI COMPUTER 280 SF
DRESSING 124 SF
MRI EQ 195 SF
DRESSING 117 SF CT 541 SF
SHARED READING 1231 SF
WKSTN 112 SF
MRI 500 SF
WKSTN 110 SF
CLEAN UTIL 157 SF SHARED READING 718 SF
CT 539 SF
CT 539 SF
DRESSING 120 SF
MRI VEST 207 SF
RAD / FLUORO 376 SF
RAD / FLUORO 378 SF
RAD / FLUORO 380 SF
RAD / FLUORO 382 SF
RAD / FLUORO 385 SF
WORK CORE 813 SF
CT CONTROL RM 943 SF MRI 500 SF
DRESS 128 SF
CT 541 SF
RAD / FLUORO SHARED READ 497 SF
DRESSING 125 SF
RAD / FLUORO 380 SF
ULTRASOUND WORK / CONTROL HOLD/PREP/DRESS
PHYSICIAN LOUNGE 337 SF
SOIL UTIL 158 SF
TLT 96 SF
RAD SUPPLY 113 SF
EQUIP 113 SF
HOLD/PREP/DRESS
RAD SUPPLY 115 SF
TOILETS TLT 81 SF
DRESS 123 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
DRESS 122 SF
STAFF TLT 117 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
EQUIP 1079 SF
LIGHT WELL 1070 SF CLEAN UTIL 154 SF
PREP/HOLD 182 SF
SOIL UTIL 155 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
PREP/HOLD 183 SF
UPS 376 SF PREP/HOLD 182 SF
ULTRASOUND 163 SF
TLT 68 SF
TLT 73 SF
ULTRASOUND 164 SF
STORAGE / ALC
ULTRASOUND 164 SF
CLINICAL SUPPORT EQUIP STORAGE 1439 SF
SUPPORT 1079 SF
PATIENT SUPPORT
ULTRASOUND 165 SF
ADMINISTRATIVE
TLT 71 SF
TLT 68 SF
STAFF SUPPORT OFFICE 123 SF SUPPLY STORAGE 954 SF
STRETCHER / WHEELCHAIR ALCOVES 544 SF
SHARED OFFICE 712 SF
OFFICE 123 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
CONSULT 120 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
CONSULT 120 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
OFFICE 125 SF
CONSULT 120 SF
STAFF LOCKER 2369 SF
STAFF LOUNGE 550 SF
SHARED OFFICE 728 SF
OFFICE 122 SF
OFFICE 124 SF CONFERENCE ROOM 512 SF
OFFICE 122 SF
OFFICE 124 SF
FAMILY CONSULT 226 SF
TLT 66 SF
RECEPTION 585 SF
SHELLED
3/32” = 1’
OUTPATIENT WAITING 6027 SF
TLT 66 SF
(LOBBY BELOW)
DGSF: 74,951 SF NSF: 46,994 SF NET TO GROSS: 1.59 (ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK)
h o s p i t a l \ \ 31
32 / / f o o t h i l l s
foothills community healthcare center
s pr i n g 2 0 1 5
-completed over 2.5 month periodThis project took place over a three-month period in the small town of Central, SC. A small local medical clinic sought to open a second location next to Southern Wesleyan University, and its director worked with the A+H studio to develop the spatial program and provide guidance on their methods and workflow. This clinic was to be a Federally Qualified Healthcare Clinic, and therefore needed to meet all of the qualifications for such a facility in a rural context. We developed the program as a group, and then designed the proprosals individually.
f o o t h i l l s \ \ 33
site access
north east orientation
horizontality
to Hwy 93
site plan
pods vs administrative spaces: verticality
green axes of courtyards
Wesleyan Dr
to SWU
Clayton St
garden foundations = future medical pod
Bryant St
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4-pod option
After the initial phase of developing the spatial program with the help of the clinic's director, designing a plan around a series of clinical pods with centralized support spaces was revealed to be the best option. This plan organizes the pods around a central support and registration area and breaks up the building with a series of interior courtyards to introduce daylight into the darkest areas. Including an exterior courtyard space with the same pod dimensions allows for future expansion of a fourth clinical pod.
pedestrian path
A
C
D demonstration pavillion
medical pod 1
community gardens
lobby
lab
B
pharmacy medical pod 2
mental + dental pod (future) medical pod 4
community gardens
imaging
3-pod option f o o t h i l l s \ \ 35
staff versus patient circulation: "on-stage vs "off stage"
bringing daylight into clinc
The layout of the clinical pods allows for returning patients to go straight into their doctor's pod and quickly to an exam room, and separates staff and patient circulation to reduce traffic in corridors and create a patient-centered experience. With a location in rural South Carolina, allowing for natural ventilation and keeping a low profile is important not only because it cools the building at lower costs, but helps the clinic blend in with its rural residential context. level 2
level 1
transverse section - C
longitudinal section - B
level 2
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level 1
10’
3’ swing
12’
exam room layout Exam rooms are consistently laid out with 120 SF and provide staff and a family member individual space during the patient's visit. Orientation of the exam table, door swing, and staff workstation were all considered. Each exam room is given daylight with windows into adjoining courtyards, place above sight lines to protect patient privacy.
level 2
level 1
transverse section - A
f o o t h i l l s \ \ 37
Building massing and facade treatments allow for natural ventilation and daylight while utilizing sun shading devices on south-facing windows to maintain cool temperatures. Low profiles and overhangs combined with greenery create a pleasant approach and pedestrian experience.
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detail section - main entry + administration
main lobby
view towards pod sub-waiting
f o o t h i l l s \ \ 39
40 / / c a m p h o p e
C a m p H o p e : M a r i a D u k e s H e a l t h Pa v i l l i o n
s pr i n g 2 0 1 5
-completed over four-week periodJaycee Camp Hope and Camp Sertoma, two summer camps that take place at the Clemson University Outdoor Lab on Lake Hartwell, asked our studio to design proposals for a new camp health center and registration/staff area. As this camp site serves campers of all ages, means, and those with intellectual and physical abilities, accessibility had to be taken into consideration while maintaining the character and fun of a summer camp. Most of all, the camp directors wanted the legacy of Maria Dukes, the existing health center's namesake, to live on. The daughter of Dr. Dukes--a local physician, prominant Clemson citizen, and sponsor of Camp Hope--was a beloved camper and left a memory of joy and kindness at the camp. The new design will provide the directors with ideas of how to carry on the childlike delight in nature and the welcoming embrace of the summer camp.
c a m p h o p e \ \ 41
access
flow across site
outdoor activity
views from site
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parti development
The concept was to embed the clinic and nurse living area into the ground while connecting its roof to the surface above to create an of-the-earth effect, reducing visual impact on the forest site. Sloping the roof into the ground creates an uninterrupted flow between the natural and built space, encouraging campers to enjoy the outdoors while keeping them healthy.
spatial adjacencies
c a m p h o p e \ \ 43
first floor -health center + nurse living
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second floor - registration + staff break
section A
section B
c a m p h o p e \ \ 45
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a healthier clemson
fal l 2 0 1 4
-completed over one semesterAs the city of Clemson anticipated development of the downtown area along College Avenue, the studio sought to analyze the potential growth, to propose strategies for healthy methods to achieve that growth, and to obtain the public's opinion on such urban and individual site design ideas. The project was broken into three phases: analysis, urban design, and site proposal, the last being an individual project.
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 47
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ANALYSIS
Precedent research produced a group of healthy urban design principles, which we would use to inform our design responses to future urban growth. We then analyzed the existing conditions of the downtown area, including the current zoning conditions. We learned out-of-scale growth was allowed, and much healthier development would be needed in Clemson.
allowed growth
traffic patterns
zoning districts
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 49
URBAN DESIGN
CITY OF CLEMSON
LAKE HARTWELL
PUBLIC ART INSTALLATIONS
In response to the existing unhealthy growth plan of College Avenue, we proposed an urban design that optimized the MENTAL, SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC aspects of Clemson. Our goals were to: > create community space for social activities >activiate walking paths for the community > design based on natural features: slope and waterfront > use public art as a tool to unify downtown create a safe and vibrant public space for all residents
TRAFFIC MAP
elevated walkways rising from gathering spaces
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sheltered community market spaces
reintroducing green spaces
urban design proposed plan
pedestrian-friendly walkways and comunity art
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 51
BUILDING PROPOSAL
Selecting a triangular site at the edge of the commercial district, I proposed a mixed-use building to provide housing for young professionals while giving both open-air and private commercial spaces to the public. Given its location on the axes of both building use and an important street intersection, the proposal also needed to serve as an iconic wayfinding point.
site + setbacks
52 / / h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n
public passageway
opening ground level
traffic + bus stops
vertical circulation + overhangl
site access
zoning
artificial shading devices
building uses
natural shading devices
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 53
community art gallery
open-air community gathering/market space
54 / / h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n
site plan
ground floor plan
The design proposal includes editing the zoning code to allow an overhang beyond the property line; doing so creates a more comfortable pedestrian scale on the sidewalk while better accommodating the residential units above. Including commercial, culinary, and cultural building uses with residential units attracts the target young professional occupants while giving the lower floors back to the public.
unit 1 (1,403 sf)
restaurant
unit 2 (1,566 sf)
unit 4 (1,320 sf)
unit 5 (1,340 sf)
open to below
unit 3 (1,216 sf)
unit 6 (1,213 sf)
bookstore
third + fourth floor plans second floor plan
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 55
Residents have private access to a roof garden with opportunities for small garden plots, sheltered seating areas, and clear views down College Avenue and to Clemson's campus beyond. Shade is provided with structured handing-plant roofs. Sectionally, the design connects the lower eastern street with the higher western street while opening up the ground floor to public functions. It also invites the public up onto the second floor commercial functions while providing residents with private access to the apartments above.
roof garden plan
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upper roof plan
The green roof system creates a gathering space above the residences and feeds grey water into the building for recycled use. A dual facade system alternately using vertical louvres and vertical gardens provides muchneeded shade and privacy for the building residents.
left: longitudinal section right: transverse section
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 57
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The design creates harmony between public and private spaces in order to help dissolve the boundaries between these two realms and encourage interaction. Encouraging sustainable design while creating a series of spaces where long term residents, young professionals, and Clemson students can coexist could inspire a shift in the architectural paradigm in downtown Clemson and create a healthier College Avenue.
h e a l t h i e r c l e m s o n \ \ 59
The importance of freehand drawing remains strong at Clemson. A semester spent refining this skill produced these drawings.
60 / / f r e e h a n d
Freehand Drawing
fal l 2 0 1 5
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f r e e h a n d \ \ 63
Resume Sarah Wilson 4128 Birkshire Heights Fort Mill, SC 29708 803.984.0386
Education B.A. - Clemson University - Bachelor of Arts in Architecture, 2014 Minor in Entrepreneurship M. A. - Clemson University - Master of Architecture + Health, anticipated May 2016
Research Academic Three-month investigation into the Military Health System: drawing connections between the MHS’s mission and the architecture of U.S. Military battalion aid stations, combat support hospitals, and military base hospitals, from Civil War era to present day. Conclusion: The readiness to flex between few peace-time patients to many war- or disaster-time patients at any given time is what helped MHS facilities achieve its mission. Graduate Assistantships 2014-2015 : Under Dr. Dina Battisto - Assisted in writing textbook on evidence based design: Searching for evidence of research in architecture firms; creating a design framework for research used in professional projects for specific buildings types 2015-2016: Under Dr. Anjali Joseph - Research grant for $4 million over 4 years from Haworth, Inc through the Watt Family Innovation Center: Designing Ambulatory Care Workspaces of the Future. Researching outpatient surgery facilities to identify case studies, investigate said case studies with computer simulations and live observation, and create a framework for successful outpatient surgery facility design to be provided to the Architecture + Health studio class of 2017. http://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/health-facilities-design-testing/index.html
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Work Experience 2014 - 3-month internship at FreemanWhite, Inc Charlotte, NC - Edited hospital renovation construction drawings - Assisted in spatial programming standards alignment with major health system - Participated in construction site observation 2015 - 3-month internship at HDR, Inc Charlotte, NC - Edited hospital construction drawings - Created plan and elevation drawings for key rooms during hospital design development - Assisted in creating design development client presentations - Assisted in construction site punch list for healthcare clinic project
Areas of Interest - Planning and programming; schematic design; design development; construction observation - Military health facilities; rural and urban health clinics; hospital new and renovation design
Skills - Computer drafting, digital rendering and modeling (Revit 2016, AutoCAD, Adobe Creative Suite CC) - Hand-sketching, -rendering, -modeling - Analytical, creative, and communicative skills - Spatial programming
Awards 2013 - Won Best Architectural Design award for NARI Parade of Playhomes design competition, August 2013
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