SARA MARTINEZ ZAMORA BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO 2017
THE H-OME discrete architecture as a response to Spain’s housing crisis
The unit research focuses on the housing crisis of both the UK and Spain, proposing new ways of production that could rethink the form and distribution of design, making use of the new building technologies and digital fabrication methods. This portfolio presents the research of the causes and consequences of the housing crisis that affected Spain in 2008 and has left millions of people unemployed and unable to enter the housing market. Through the analysis of current construction methods and the construction industry of the country, a new building system emerges from the acquired knowledge as the proposal for new housing typologies . The projects can be understood as a construction kit, consisting of discrete parts embedded with ease of use to respond to social and economic needs.
HOUSING CRISIS
GENERATION NI-NI
NI ESTUDIA, NI TRABAJA* *(doesn’t work, doesn’t study)
AGES 16-29 UNEMPLOYED
31% WITH LESS STUDIES THAN HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE
23% WITH UNIVERSITY STUDIES
20% WITH HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE
1.7 MILLION OF YOUNG ADULTS UNEMPLOYED % OF PEOPLE AGES 16-29 THAT DO NOT STUDY NOR WORK 25.7 22.0 15.8 14.8 13.8
15.5 15.3 15.0
15.8 14.8
2005
2000
28.8% 27.4% 26.1% 22.8% 21.9%
TURKEY
ITALY
GREECE
SPAIN
MEXICO
2010
8.6%
GERMANY
THE MOST NI-N’S
24.3
22.8
SPAIN
14.7 14.5
EU OECD
15.0 14.8
15.6 15.1
2012
20142015
8.4% 8.3%
LUXEMBURG SWITZERLAND
8.3% 6.2%
HOLAND ICELAND
THE LEAST NI-N’S
HOUSING CRISIS
GENERATION NI-NI
WHY ARE YOUNG PEOPLE STILL LIVING WITH THEIR PARENTS? SENSE OF DISCOURAGE
SHORT-TERM CONTRACTS
500 €/ MONTH
NINI’S LIVE WITH THEIR PARENTS 65% MEN AGES 25-29
89% MEN AGES 20-24
51% WOMEN AGES 25-29
84% WOMEN AGES 20-24
HOW CAN THEY ENTER THE HOUSING MARKET?
AFFORDABLE PARTS INTERLOCKED FOAM PIECES
HOUSING CRISIS
DEVELOPER
USER
ARCHITECT
The ground floor is freed up to allocate future businesses, renting these spaces will allow the developer to make back part of the initial investment
Land owner is also project developer. Purchases parts/system of construction from government
Initial project is designed in combination with the future inhabitants
Inhabitants create a co-op and buy parts from developer becoming stakeholders. Only part of the approved scheme gets built initially
Responsible for shared infraestructure
Inhabitants move in
More inhabitants move in. Project grows
Inhabitants are renting with option of buying their home. As an alternative the developer can keep the house making back its investment and being able to sell it afterwards (refer to page 5 of this chapter for further explanation of timeline)
FRAMEWORK
COSTS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT individual individual
workforce construction logistics company materials
individual
funding
services
MANAGER
COMMUNITY
temporary infraestructures architect / consultants
individual
land
individual individual
owner
administration
PRIVATE CLIENTS WANT TO BUILD A SCHEME AND HIRE A PROJECT MANAGER COSTS
25% fee
INTERESTS PROJECT individual individual
workforce construction logistics company materials
individual COMMUNITY
services
COMUNNITY
funding
temporary infraestructures
architect / consultants individual
land
individual individual
owner
administration
PRIVATE CLIENTS WANT TO BUILD A SCHEME AND ONE OF THEM ACTS AS PROJECT MANAGER COSTS INTERESTS SHARED ECONOMY PROJECT
factory construction company materials
COMMUNITY
funding
logistics
services
COMMUNITY
temporary infraestructures architect / consultants
land owner
administration
PRIVATE CLIENTS, ACTING AS A LIMITED EQUITY COOPERATIVE, FUND AND SELF-BUILD THE SCHEME COSTS possible cost of architect
construction of foundations, possible cranes,etc
INTERESTS
PLAN JOVEN INHABITANT
DEVELOPER
Initial single plot
PLAN JOVEN: Government funded programme launched to help young people to rent and purchase a home
1
GOVERNMENT
Initial phase of the project. Low density of inhabitants. self construction
2
3
PLAN JOVEN
donates land
Owns plot, signs up to “Plan Joven”
Second phase of the project. Density increases. Due to the increase of population business owners get attracted to the area. Variety of programme
pays for their home through working on the government programme
signs up
Third phase. Higher inhabitants density. More businesses appear. The project becomes a node of activation of the area potentiating the appearance of new developments around it.
4
5
Inhabitants own a set of pieces, acting as a co-op
Overall inhabitants Number of businesses/other amenities Amount of pieces used
1
2
3
4
5
A formwork system that allows for user input and reuse becomes the starting point of the project. The scheme explores new ways of co-living, reimagining the notion of “wall�
THE PIECE // TWO HALVES
THE SYSTEM // HOLLOW PIECES + INFILL PIECES CASTING
INNER PARTITIONS
400
OUTTER ENVELOPE
400
1600
4800
THE HIERARCHY // TWO SCALES
1200
1600
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
THE PROCESS// CASTING OF CONCRETE
1
3
2
4
THE PARTS//
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
1
2
4
3
5
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//AGGREGATION SAME SCALE
1
2
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//AGGREGATION TWO SCALES
3
CASTING// VERTICAL
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//CASTING
6
Building CONSTRUCTION_ HORIZONTAL CASTING
1
9
CASTING// HORIZONTAL
4
1
10
2
3
SE CTION N OT TO SCALE reinforcement is placed within the 30cm foam piece (only in one di rection as if it was a unidi rectional slab) then the re is an extra reinforcemenet mesh laid on top and conc rete is casted to include both reinforcements 4
5
6
CASTING OF HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS// SEQUENCE
6
The 30 cm half of the EPS H gets laid down on the ground, consequently the rest of the 30 cm hal ves that ma ke up the slab get placed horizontally and attached to each other both through their male- female connection and mechanically by using steel plates and bolts. The infill pieces a re then placed in the wholes left within the pattern to cap the “container” like assem bly. Finally the perimeter is also capped by using the same infill piece which is assembled to one another th rough its male- female connection. The reinforcement is then placed either following the direction of the H opening of inse rted through wholes in the piece perpendicular 7 aforementioned reinforcement tpo the (since it ’s a mesh) Conc rete is then casted onto the “sla b” and the slab is finally capped with the other EPS half of the H piece. This slab is t reated as p recast conc rete, lifted using a crane and bolted to the main in situ vertical structu re (please refer to chapter 1 for scheme construction sequence)
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//CASTING
8
Note: the reinforcement (placed on top of the foam hal ves at stage 5) p mentioned is not drawn in the sequence as I it would need precise detailing and knowledge of conc rete reinfo non-con ventional slab conc r As discussed with the engineer the perpendicular reinforcement could be inserted through wholes on the lateral faces of the 30 cm foam half.
WORKFORCE NEEDED
TRADITIONAL FORMWORK SYSTEM
PROPOSED FORMWORK SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
READABILITY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
no need for skilled labour to prepare the formwork
the aggregation of pieces can be explained through patterns
faster assembly, reducing construction time
additional construction in project can be designed through new patterns
allows for self construction
the pieces allow for an optimised concrete slab (allowing the use of less concrete)
optimisation of concrete pouring
further development could consider user input for new designs and aggregation logics through the design of patterns
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//SELF-BUILT
USE// ADAPTABILITY
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//REUSABILITY
USE// REUSABILITY
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//REUSABILITY
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//SEQUENCE
FOAM// INITIAL STAGES OF SCHEME
FOAM+CONCRETE// THE FOAM CAN BE REMOVED FROM THE PUBLIC ROOMS AND FACADE
CONCRETE// THE FOAM CAN BE REMOVED FROM ALL UNHEATED AREAS AND STAYS AS PERMANENT FORMWORK IN THE DWELLINGS, ACTING AS INSULATION
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//REUSABILITY
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//THE FACADE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//THE FACADE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM//THE FACADE
balconies
one-storey dwellings
public rooms/enclosed central circulation
two-storey dwellings
circulation and access to housing units
Programme and organisation: The programme
two-storey dwellings
1
Programme and organisation: The programme
2
1 4
pri
Dwellings Typology A: 30m2
pu
bli 2 cl ev e
l
x7
pu
x22
va
cl
pu
el
x2
Programme and organisation: The programme 1 2 1 Typology A: 30m2
Dwellings
1 Dwellings Typology A: 30m2
3
Dwellings
Public rooms
Balconies
Dwellings
Dwellings area: 45 m2
Dwellings area: 30 m2 Typology A: 30m2
3 2 Circulation and access to housing units
Public rooms
Dwellings Typology A: 30m2
Dwellings
7
1
Circulation and access to housing units
4
3
Circulation and access to housing units
7
Dwellings
bli
x20
ev
x5
x7
7
lev
el
el
Dwellings Typology A: 30m2 x30
x29 x9
te
lev
x10
x17
Dwellings x24
te
bli
x0
Public rooms
x6
Balconies
pri
va
x16
3
Dwellings area: 45 m2
cl
ev
el
side circulation cores. elevators
circulation corridors. access to dwellings
stairs and elevators
central circulation core. allocates elevators
communal staircase
ACCESS AND CIRCULATION
public terraces
communal balconies
central communication core
THE SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION PROPOSED SIMPLIFIES THE CASTING PROCESS. THE USER HAS THE OPTION OF PARTICIPATING IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
INNER COURTYARD
PUBLIC AREAS WITHIN FACADE
FACADE//PUBLIC SPACE + CIRCULATION
SINGLE UNIT DWELLING