WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION, BACHELOR THESIS by Sara sayed

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Architecture & Engineering Technology Credit Hour Program, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Abstract The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) region represents a rich and influential historical site that acts as a magnet for tourists, internal visitors and for residents. The area currently hosts one type of tourism, which is cultural tourism, to which the traveler’s/visitor’s expenditures head to. Currently, the area gathers a wide range of tourists, besides the overgrowing population already existing within the area. By the year 2030, this region is expected to host a highly increased flow of tourists (besides the existing residents), beyond which the site with its current state can bear. While this state of condensed population is expected to induce feelings of stress, anxiety and dis-orientation among the masses; the objective of this research project is to introduce a wellness center architectural typology, that shall feed the area’s need for supportive touristic facilities that the area lacks, besides aiming to enhance the state of wellbeing and health of its users; through detoxification and enhancing their physiological, psychological as well as mental states and thus perform better. The introduction of this new type of tourism (wellness tourism) in the region, is un-precedented and shall aim to elevate the area’s current touristic value. The methodology begins with research among the available literature (which may include qualitative and quantitative methods). It shall then investigate the bonds between the built environment and the human behavior, while studying the variables that affect the human behavior and different psychological states. Then a series of case studies are analyzed, and the research findings shall be adopted and implemented on the project, while taking into account the appropriate social considerations. The expected outcome of this project is to elevate the region’s touristic value, through providing healing spaces for the residents and visitors to de-toxify and heal from the overly urbanized environment and to reconnect with nature; by introducing a re-interpreted version of well-being and health.

Key words Wellness Tourism, Wellness Architecture, Therapeutic Architecture, Environmental Psychology, Evidence Based Design (EBD), Well-being, Healing Architecture, GEM.

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

Thesis Outline

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Key words ........................................................................................................................... 1 Thesis Outline ......................................................................................................................i List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v 1.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.

Problem Definition ................................................................................................................ 1 Objectives............................................................................................................................... 1 Approach and methodology ................................................................................................. 2 Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 2 Context Overview.................................................................................................................. 2

INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT ................................................................................ 3

2.1. Wellness Tourism .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Mapping Tourists Motives .............................................................................................. 4 2.1.2. Tourist Career Pattern Approach Applied on Wellness Tourism ................................... 5 2.1.3. Variables Affecting Motives Placement in TCP Model.................................................. 6 2.1.4. Positive Impacts of Wellness Travels ............................................................................. 6 2.2. Evidence Based Design (EBD) and Healing Environments............................................... 6 2.2.1. Design Aspects and Impacts on Patients ......................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Healing domain and variables of healing stimulus ......................................................... 8 2.3. Neuroscience, Architecture and Well-Being ..................................................................... 11 2.3.1. The Brain Structure (Conscious and Subconscious) ..................................................... 11 2.3.2. Environmental Features and Impacts on Behavior ....................................................... 12 2.4. Bio-Geometry, Brain waves and Well-Being .................................................................... 13 2.4.1. Types of Brain Waves ................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2. Geometries and Mental States....................................................................................... 13

CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................... 14

3.1. Case Study 1: The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor; Switzerland, Graubunden ............. 15 3.1.1. Basic Information.......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2. Conceptual Idea............................................................................................................. 15 3.1.3. Zoning ........................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4. Communicating with the Senses ................................................................................... 17 3.2. Case Study 2: Yunomori Onsen and Spa | Sathorn; Thailand, Khet Bang Rak ........... 19 3.2.1. Basic Information.......................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2. Concept ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.3. Zoning ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.4. Communicating with the Senses (nature and material selection) ................................. 21 3.3. Design Decisions .................................................................................................................. 23

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................... 23

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud 4.1. Context Overview / Context Analysis................................................................................ 24 4.1.1. Site Analysis (Land Use) .............................................................................................. 24 4.1.2. Accessibility and Environmental Analysis. .................................................................. 24 4.1. Conceptual Design .............................................................................................................. 25 4.2. Form Generation ................................................................................................................. 26 4.3. Design Program and Development .................................................................................... 28 4.3.1. Design Program............................................................................................................. 28 4.3.2. Design Development ..................................................................................................... 29 4.4. Design Detailing / Interventions......................................................................................... 29

Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 38

References ......................................................................................................................... 39

List of Figures Figure 1: Master plan land plot among the GEM context ....................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Wellness centre among the masterplan projects ...................................................................... 3 Figure 3 Travel Career Pattern (TCP) approach ..................................................................................... 5 Figure 4: natural lighting in Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation centre .................................................. 7 Figure 5: Views of nature in Naman Retreat Spa………………………………………………………7 Figure 6: : Natural lighting in Yoga Deva ……………………………………………………………..7 Figure 7: Healing domain & OHEs ……………………………………………………………………8 Figure 8: Variables of healing stimulus………………………………………………………………..8 Figure 9: Cozy, home-like environments in Tongling Recluse in Büro Ziyu Zhuang………………….9 Figure 10: indoor plants in Naman Retreat Pure Spa…………………………………………………...………….9 Figure 11: Comfortable furniture setting inAqua Sports & SPA………………………………………………..9 Figure 12: strategies and corresponding impacts, based on variables of healing stimulus………10 Figure 13: Priming example…………………………………………………………………………………………………12 2

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

Figure 14: Brain Wave Types and corresponding conscious states………………………………………..13 Figure 15: Site Plan zoning………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Figure 16: Alps and topography of the context……………………………………………………………………..16 Figure 17: Section showing spa carved into the mountain with a flat exterior roof……………...…16 Figure 18: Corridor connecting Hotel with Thermal bath……………………………………………………..17 Figure 19: Plan showing different spa zones………………………………………………………………………..17 Figure 20: Textures and materials used………………………………………………..……………………………..18 Figure 21: Contrast between rough stone and Flowing water……………………………………………….18 Figure 22: Contrast between dark, intense interior and opening slits……………………………………18 Figure 23: Natural lighting illuminating the Thermal bath…………………………………………………….18 Figure 24: Showing the new and old building bridged together……………………………………………..19 Figure 25: Local sensual materials……………………………………………………………………………………….20 Figure 26: Local sensual materials……………………………………………………………………………………….20 Figure 27: Third floor plan showing different project zones………………………………………………….20 Figure 28: Restaurant overlooking courtyard………………………………………………………………………21 Figure 29: Restaurant View from courtyard…………………………………………………………………………21 Figure 30: Rooft top bar………………………………………………………………………………………………………21 Figure 31: Chiseled wood and wood veneers in interiors………………………………………………………21 Figure 32: Light wood color tones of furniture……………………………………………………………………..21 3

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Figure 33: Slate stone in ground façade and lighter materials upwards………………………………..22 Figure 34: : Marble mosaic in flooring…………………………………………………………………………………22 Figure 35: internal hallways design ( landscape, glass, indirect lighting)………………………………22 Figure 36: Concrete wall, bamboo texture……………………………………………………………………………22 Figure 37: Rock and pebbles texture in indoor landscape……………………………………………………..22 Figure 38: Indirect natural lighting……………………………………………….……………………………………..22 Figure 39: Indirect natural lighting in wet areas…………………………………………………………….…….22 Figure 40: Artificial warm colours……………………………………………………………………………………….22 Figure 41: Context land use…………………………………………………………………………………………………24 Figure 42: The accessibility to the masterplan and to the wellness land lot……………………………25 Figure 43: Chart summarizing the wind direction in this part of Egypt…………………………………..25 Figure 44: Summary of ideas and inspirations formulating the design morphology………………..26 Figure 45: Form generation………………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Figure 46: Cylindrical form assigned to accommodate the psychotherapy zone……...………………27 Figure 47: Zones assigned to each geometrical form…………………………………………………..…………27 Figure 48: The building program and spaces………………………………………………………………………...28 Figure 49: Form development diagram…………………………………………………………………………………29 Figure 50: Ground floor plan…………………………………………………………………..……………………………30

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

Figure 51: Interior shot within the wellness centre showing the internal experience of the entrance lounge………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...31 Figure 52: Interior shot showing plantation and ramp leading to the roof pool…………………….31 Figure 53: 1st and 2nd floor plans of the wellness centre…………………………………………………….32 Figure 54: : interior shot showing multiple floors of psycho-therapy zone……………………………33 Figure 55: Interior shot showing one of the floors of the psycho-therapy zone……………………..33 Figure 56: 4rth floor plan……………………………………………………………………………………………………34 Figure 57: section 1, showing ramps, terraces and spaces…………………………………………………….35 Figure 58: Section2, showing a different implementation of ramps, and other building spaces35 Figure 59: The experience of walking through the ramp leading to the roof pool………..………...35 Figure 60: Northern elevation treatments…………………………………...……………………………………...36 Figure 61: Treatments of the south eastern façade of the building………………………………………..36 Figure 62: OWSJ structure for the roofs of the psycho-therapy zone……………………………………..37 Figure 63: Pre-stressed concrete structure study for the roof of the entrance lounge……………37

List of Tables Table 1: General needs extracted from the psychology field, source: (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014) ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Table 2: Design consideration impacts on patients, source: DuBose et al., 2018 ............................ 7 Table 3: CST results, source: E.Elbaiuomy et al., 2019................................................................... 14

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

1. INTRODUCTION The GEM region bears a huge number of citizens as well as tourists, who are either headed towards the main attraction destinations (Giza plateau and GEM) or to the surrounding facilities that aid the touristic process (e.g. series of hotels surrounding the Giza plateau). These numbers are expected to increase as a result of the overgrowing population (that had reached 681,383 citizens according to CAPMAS in the year 2018), besides the expected increase in the number of tourists post implementation of the GCR (greater Cairo region) development plans and the 2030 vision (MHUUC & GOPP, 2012). Scholars have extracted links between population growth and increased environmental stress (Ahmad,2009). While others highlighted the impact of the built environment on the mental state, and stated the implications of the overgrowing urbanization, mechanization, increased number of unplanned areas and congested areas, and the lack of green spaces; that lead to a higher dependency on drugs, heightened stress levels and increased demand for healthcare facilities. (Zohby, 2020) Wellness tourism has been first introduced in the 1970s, while interest has grown towards it ever since; as a result of an increased understanding for the concepts of welfare and health, especially after the breakthroughs in psychology and neuroscience, and how the effects of wellness tourism are expected to aid a de-stressed environment and stimulate the process of healing. An interpretation of wholistic health has been provided by the World Health Organization: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” (WHO, 2021) Besides the role of wellness tourism in promoting welfare, its impact on the global GDP lends its effects much stronger than other types of tourism priorly known. It is stated that in 2017, the wellness tourism expenditure in Egypt has reached $427.3 million, including both international and domestic spending (GWI). Wellness tourism could be defined as: “Wellness tourism is travel associated with the pursuit of maintaining or enhancing one’s personal wellbeing. GWI estimates wellness tourism is a $639 billion global market in 2017, growing more than twice as fast as general tourism. “(GWI, 2018) The thesis shall begin with an introduction where the problem, objectives and approaches are explained, followed by an intellectual context studying the available literature on the concepts of healing and wellbeing. Moreover, a series of case studies are analyzed and by the end of this thorough analysis; a project description shall be provided, explaining the ways in which the studied concepts have been implemented.

1.1. Problem Definition It could be stated that the expected increase in the number of users (either tourists or citizens) within GEM region, will burden the current touristic facilities beyond their capacity, while leading citizens to heightened stress rates and deterioration of well-being. In addition, the region currently has not been introduced to wellness tourism, except for the sole practices of some retreats that provide some of its services (as Spas in the surrounding hotels); but they fail to convey the holistic understanding of wellness tourism.

1.2. Objectives The objective of this research project, is to establish an architectural product that shall increase the current area’s capacity for serving the expected touristic increase; by introducing wellness architecture 1

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud that shall offer healing spaces that aim to enhance the user’s physical and psychological well-being as well as arouse their embedded spiritual energy. Healing spaces can be defined as: “Healing spaces are spaces that evoke a sense of cohesion of the mind, body, and spirit. They support healing intention and foster healing relationships.” (DuBose et al., 2016) The introduction of this building typology within the GEM area shall take advantage of the area’s embedded potentials: including incorporating healing practices from the ancient Egyptian civilization; as Sekhem energy healing sessions and Kemek yoga.

1.3. Approach and methodology This research project shall exhibit a psychological approach and is expected to aid to the stimulation of a healing environment that can cause physical and psychological as well as spiritual well-being of its users. Such results shall come to existence through the process of studying the findings of environmental psychology; in order to understand the different human responses towards the external surroundings and the built environment. According to research, the impact of a human encounter with an architectural product; provides emotional signals and neurological responses far earlier than the cognitive state of the passenger is activated, to process and produce a perception of architecture. (Whitelaw, 2013) The project shall utilize the findings of evidence-based design (EBD) in determining the key parameters and constructs that help attain these healing environments and help enhance the state of well-being of its users. The application of these findings will be implemented in the wellness center architectural typology project and by taking into consideration the social aspects of the surrounding region.

1.4. Limitations The available literature on the impact of architecture on healing environments, does not provide a clear guideline on the stages to follow in order to reach a healing environment; but is rather related to studying the different elements and variables that aid to stimulate a positive emotion or a positive state by the users. Neither does a certain element have the inevitable power to alter the user’s state; rather, EBD provides variables that in interplay, can help induce an environment that induces positive behavior/positive state and wellbeing.

1.5. Context Overview The GEM region, having been a touristic attraction over the years, shall grant the project an elevated chance to be experienced and visited by the users. As the GWI categorizes two types of tourists including: primary wellness travelers and secondary wellness travelers. Primary wellness travelers are those solely motivated to travel for the wellness facility, while the secondary wellness travels, are those who enjoy some of the wellness industry facilities or products along their own journey to other destination sites. In this case, the wellness center has a chance to gather both primary and secondary wellness travelers, which is expected to increase the overall wellness tourism expenditure in the region. Figure 1 and 2 below, provide the context of the complete land plot within the region, and the context of my project within the master plan. The following section shall include the literature explaining topics of: wellness tourism, EBD and healing, neuro-science and its link to architecture as well as bio geometry and brain waves.

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

Master plan

Figure 1: Master plan land plot among the GEM context Source: (GOPP,2012)

Wellness centre

Figure 2: Wellness centre among the masterplan projects Source: author

2. INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT Based on the vision pillars established for the Greater Cairo urban development strategy; two of these vision pillars are considered to be the scope of this research. The first pillar denotes “improving resident’s living conditions and quality of life” (MHUUC & GOPP, 2012), while the second denotes “creating an environment suitable for tourist prosperity"(MHUUC & GOPP, 2012). The corresponding literature shall focus on a psychological approach in relation to understanding what is wellness tourism, what if fulfils and how tourists/users interact and expect from the wellness travel as an experience and the impact that such practices may have on them. Literature shall also include information gathered from evidence based design, emphasizing how architecture is expected to pay special considerations when dealing with settings such as hospitals or rehabilitation centers/ or any setting that shall include patients of any sort. This psychological approach continues through-out the 3

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud literature with the aid of neuroscience, explaining the relation between the built-environment, the brain and thus the psychological state. The use of the sciences of bio-geometry shall also be discussed; in order to gain an understanding of the interaction between users and the built environment and its implications.

2.1. Wellness Tourism This section shall formulate an understanding of wellness tourism and the concepts of well-being, while it shall dive into the array of needs that are psychologically structured as motives for attempting a wellness travel or an internal domestic enjoyment of wellness facilities. Impacts of spa and wellness tourism and practices shall be pointed out. Wellness as a definition conveys several meanings among researchers and practitioners, an inclusive definition of wellness includes: Wellness as being a constituent of health that indicates lack of sickness but is not merely limited to physical well-being; it inclusively incorporates emotional, spiritual and intellectual dimensions (Smith and Puczko, 2009). While wellness tourism can be defined as any attempt to hold ones-self responsible to enhance and improve ones’ health as a primary and attempt to prevent illnesses as a primary motive (Erfurt-Cooper and Cooper, 2009). It also includes seeking the attainment of well-being in spirit as well as mind and body (Myers, Sweeney and Witmer, 2005). 2.1.1. Mapping Tourists Motives By the aid of dynamic psychology, psychologists have been able to pinpoint the motives/needs (Boring, 1950: 692) as shown in table 1, that if attained, are believed to provide a sense of well-being and happiness. To convert this framework from the field of psychology to the field of tourism and in order to assess tourists’ motives and behaviors, to extract a motivation theory that is inclusive of all kinds of tourists; several criteria were taken into account. These criteria include mapping a structure for tourist motivation that is: measurable, appeals to the larger domain of tourists, dynamic, includes several motives, clear and simple to communicate, includes intrinsic as well as extrinsic variations; susceptible to enhancement (Pearce, 1993) The tourist career pattern (TCP) approach for mapping motives has been adopted for its ability to include the knowledge of positive and humanistic psychology, while it covers both; motives that target the internal deep emotions of well-being as well as motives that target pleasures. The tourist career pattern approach as shown in fig.3 constitutes of 14 motives that govern tourists’ behavior, organized along three layers according to importance including: outer, middle and inner shell ranging from least to most important. The 14 motives include: “novelty, escape/relax, relationship strengthening, autonomy, seeking nature, self-development through involvement with hosts or the site, stimulation, self-development of a personal kind, relationship security (enjoying being with similar others), self-actualisation (getting a new life perspective), isolation, nostalgia, romance and recognition (prestige of travelling)” (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014) One of the advantages of TCP approach is that it indicates the impact of the frequency of travel, on the intensity of each of the motives; graphed in terms of directional arrows. The horizontal arrows indicate stability, while vertical arrows include increase/decrease.

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021 Table 1: General needs extracted from the psychology field, source: (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014)

Figure 3 Travel Career Pattern (TCP) approach Source: (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014) :

2.1.2. Tourist Career Pattern Approach Applied on Wellness Tourism TCP has been applied on wellness tourists in order to pinpoint their motives as well as map them across the different layers of TCP approach; in order to form a better understanding of what motives impose more importance for wellness travelers than others. The research was implemented upon three types of wellness travelers who were interviewed: hotel/resort travelers, beauty targeted wellness travelers and 5

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud travelers targeting spiritual healing (Voigt, C., 2010). The results have concluded six benefits that are recalled by the travelers during their wellness travel experience, including: “transcendence, physical health and appearance, escape and relaxation, important others and novelty, re-establish self-esteem and indulgence.” (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014). Travelers have mapped escape and relaxation among the top primary benefits in their own experience, followed by transcendence which is mapped in the middle layer. Transcendence in terms of the travelers’ perceptions is related to achieving a sense of rejuvenation and responding to one’s special and deep concerns. By means of such analysis; architects shall be more aware of such needs while designing wellness related facilities. 2.1.3. Variables Affecting Motives Placement in TCP Model Motives/needs of wellness tourists across the TCP model can fluctuate from a layer to another according to different variables. The type of research conducted, and the type of tourists (beauty targeted wellness tourists/ spirituality and healing targeted wellness tourists...) interviewed have an impact on their perceptions regarding what aspects are considered most beneficiary to this kind of tourism. The frequency of travel has a huge impact on how travelers perceive a certain need as essential or moderate. For example, health can be mapped as middle layered for less frequent travelers while mapped as outer layer for more accustomed travelers. Also, the culture of tourists lend their effects on their perceptions of needs and motives of the most importance, variable including romance and relationships have their own limitations in specific cultures. (Smith, M., & Puczko, L., 2014) 2.1.4. Positive Impacts of Wellness Travels Research closely related to Spa and wellness have extracted several outcomes indicating the psychological besides the physiological benefits of wellness tourism. A study investigated the travel for a three-week period in one of the resorts in Austria, serum cholesterol levels have been measured before and after the vacation, indicating a vivid decrease in values post-travelling. Also, a four week improved sleep has been recorded post the three week stay (Strauss-Blasche et al., 2005). Research has linked enhanced job perceptions post vacations and holidays, while reduced stress levels have been recorded after the travel experience, which lasted for three weeks (Westman and Eden, 1997). Another research indicates reduced risks of cardio-vascular threats for people who are more in tendency to travel or have a vacation once or twice a year compared to others (Eaker, Pinsker and Castelli, 1992). Wellness tourism is seen as an arena for attaining psychological, physiological and physical needs; besides feeding the overgrowing need for escapism, relaxation as well as introducing a new definition for health and well-being that is more inclusive and understanding of different aspects, The next section shall introduce the concepts of evidence based design (EBD), and how architecture can be utilized to offer better healing environments for patients.

2.2. Evidence Based Design (EBD) and Healing Environments EBD displays how spatial settings and architecture can transform spaces into more positive, healing spaces through taking into account a wider range of aspects needed to elevate the space to a healing one. A re-interpretation of healing has been provided by scholars, while it no longer depends on the mere existence of a physical ailment or not; but is rather dependent on variables as, emotional, intellectual and spiritual areas that feed the body, mind and soul. In attainment of healing, one must speak to mind, body and soul; to reach the wholistic state of healing (Firth et al., 2015, p. 12).

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

This section shall attempt to reach an understanding of optimal healing environments (OHE), and how they are attained; in order to initiate a progressive healing process that is expected to facilitate healing on the long term (Sakallaris et al., 2015). This section displays a hospital/ patient-based setting, nonethe less, the aspects and impacts discussed can be applied for architectural typologies in general that aim to convey a soothing, calming and sensory-sensitive environment, as in the case of wellness center facilities. 2.2.1. Design Aspects and Impacts on Patients A space does not cause healing, but it is capable of inducing behaviors and emotions that may facilitate healing. Table.2 shows some architectural aspects and their corresponding effects on hospital patients. Table 2: Design consideration impacts on patients, source: DuBose et al., 2018

Figure 3: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018 Table 3: Design consideration impacts on patients, source: DuBose et al., 2018

Figure 3: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018 Some aspects can be adopted from this chart, regardless of the fact that the chart is mainly dedicated to healthcare patients; conclusions could be drawn from this chart in order to understand what helps humans perform better generally; while it could be said that some target users of the wellness centre are in fact patients (e.g. visitors having mental illnesses, visitors heading for physical therapy treatments in the wellness centre…etc.). Thus elements of relevance can be pointed out from this chart including, the effects of views of nature (as shown in Fig.6), appropriate lighting, access to daylight (as shown in Figure domain & OHEs, et al., 2015)Figure 3:the Variables stimulus, Fig.s2:5 Healing and 7) and the impacts theySource: have on(Sakallaris pain and depression; as some of visitors of of healing the wellness centre may suffer muscle pain, while others may suffer psychological depression or melancholy. Also, Source: noise DuBose proofinget is al., one2018 of the strong interventions that may enhance the internal quality of space and may help reduce sense of pain, improve the sense of privacy and may lead to an improved sense of satisfaction. Table 4: Design consideration impacts on patients, source: DuBose et al., 2018

Figure 3: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018 Figure 4: natural lighting in Groot

Figure 5: Views of nature in Naman

Figure 6: Natural

Source: archdaily

Source: MIA Design Studio, 2015

Source: Blank Studio

Table 5: Designrehabilitation consideration impacts on patients,Retreat source: SpaDuBose et al., 2018lighting in Yoga Deva Klimmendaal centre

Table 6: Design consideration impacts on patients, source: DuBose et al., 2018

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Figures 4, 5 and 6, provide examples for natural lighting and connection with nature. A summary has been concluded from research among OHE literature, resulting in the formulation of seven strategies that are expected to induce healing environments, including: having single rooms (can be applied to massage rooms and psychotherapy rooms), the placement of calm-inducing artwork/photographs e.g. naturalistic art, besides the usage of plants, acoustic ceiling proofing, east facing windows, views of nature, elimination of any noise-generating equipment close to patients’ rooms.(Linebaugh, 2013) 2.2.2. Healing domain and variables of healing stimulus Healing as a term can be exemplified in several areas. The healing domain includes internal, interpersonal, behavioral and external healing; which are included in the OHE as shown in figure 7. Four variables of healing stimuli are believed to be responsible in attaining these four states of healing, including: psychological, social, self-efficacy and functional consideration as shown in figure 8.

Figure 7: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)

Figure 2: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)

Figure 4: strategies and corresponding impacts, based on variables stimulus, souce: Figure 8: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBoseofethealing al., 2018 (DuBose et al., 2018).Figure 2: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)

As explained before spaces can only stimulate healing as shown in figure 8, which explains the areas (variables) by which spaces can gain this healing stimulus. The variables of healing can have Figure 2: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015) applications in theFigure scope2:ofHealing spatialdomain relations, interior design and architecture: & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)Figure 3: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018

Figure 2: Healing domaininclude & OHEs,creating Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015) Psychological stimulus: applications cozy home-like atmosphere as shown in Fig.9, that may help in altering heightened stress levels and reducing emotional un easiness (Kligler et al.,Figure 2011).2:2:The availability recreational activitiesetetand practicing of art can cast Figure Healing domain&&of OHEs, Source:(Sakallaris (Sakallaris al.,2015) 2015) Healing domain OHEs, Source: al., effects on maintaining one’s sense of identity (Reynolds & Prior, 2006). The exposure to natural lighting and installing indoor plants, as shown in fig.10, help enhance levels of satisfaction and Figure 2: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)Figure 3: ease. Incorporating natural views and applying sound proofing, can help reduce stress Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018

8 Figure 2: Healing domain & OHEs, Source: (Sakallaris et al., 2015)Figure 3: Variables of healing stimulus, Source: DuBose et al., 2018

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

(Linebaugh, 2013; Park & Mattson, 2009). The introduction of comfortable furniture and settings of seating (as shown in fig.11), along with the placement of soothing imagery and installation of music; may lend positive effects upon psychiatric patients (Kreitzer et al., 2009; Smith & Jones, 2014). o

Self-efficacy stimulus: depends on providing spaces that exhibit a greater sense of control over ones surrounding, as well as evoking one’s sense of independence when circulating or using the building’s spaces. Such an effect can be attained by providing clearer spatial cues and way finding, while inducing the sense of home-like environments if possible.

Social stimulus: conveys designing spatial relations that may help stimulate more interaction among members. Limiting of spatial barriers may act as one of the ways to induce a heightened sense of interaction (Keysor, Jette, Coster, Bettger, & Haley, 2006).

Functional stimulus: involves creating spaces that are designed to imply comfort and thus induce ease of mobility within spaces in order to perform ones needs (Bauer et al., 2011; Kligler et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2013). (this explanation is more relevant to hospital settings as explained by author, but it implies the general meaning of functionality in other settings)

Figure 9: cozy, home-like environments in Tongling Recluse in Büro Ziyu Zhuang

Figure 10: indoor plants in Naman Retreat Pure Spa

Source: archdaily, 2017

Soucre: archdaily, 2015

Figure 11: Comfortable furniture setting inAqua Sports & SPA Source: archdaily, 2016

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud A framework of the six strategies for attaining healing environments and their corresponding impacts and categorization among the variables of healing stimulus can be shown in figure 12. Each strategy is marked by the corresponding emotion induced that may construct healing (DuBose et al., 2018).

Figure 12: strategies and corresponding impacts, based on variables of healing stimulus, souce: (DuBose et al., 2018).

Each of the variables of healing stimulus relate to one of the domains of healing. Functional variables relate 5: to strategies external and behavioral domain, psychological and self-efficacy to the internal Figure andthe corresponding impacts, based on variables of healingrelate stimulus, souce: (DuBose et al., 2018). Figure 6: Priming example, Source: Bateson, M. et al., 2006

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domain, while social variables relate to the interpersonal domain of healing (DuBose et al., 2018). Healing is reached in attainment of these four realms of healing in order to lead to an inclusive state of healing that shall lead to well-being. Several indicators of the quality of space have been established, but they mostly seem culture biased. Other biological scales can be used to assess stress responses through measuring “levels of corticotrophin, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine” (Selman et al., 2011). Other indicators include the measurements of brain wave frequencies which is related to the scope of neuroscience, which will be explained in the following section.

2.3. Neuroscience, Architecture and Well-Being Neuroscience governs our responses, behaviors and represents the bridge between our cognition and perceptions of the built environment through layers of consciousness as well as governs our response to the outwardly stimuli in the environment. “Neuroscientists focus on the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions. Not only is neuroscience concerned with the normal functioning of the nervous system, but also what happens to the nervous system when people have neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.” (About Neuroscience, 2020) Psychologists have highlighted the strong bonds between the human behavior and the external environment. The equation laid down by Lewin: B = ƒ(P, E) expresses b(behavior), as a function between the P (person, with his own genetic profile, memories and mental schemas) and his environment (social and built). Thus, this relation conveys that architecture is a shaper and a transformer of behavior both on the subconscious and conscious levels (Gonçalves, R., and Paiva, A. 2014). 2.3.1. The Brain Structure (Conscious and Subconscious) “According to neuroscience, the ability to process information consciously is less than 1% of the ability of unconscious processing.” (Gonçalves, R., and Paiva, A. 2014). This conveys that most of our perceptions and responses are as a result of the processing of the unconscious mind that we are unaware of. o

Un-conscious level: is much faster than the conscious besides being intuitive and impulsive. It controls the bodily functions, and undergoes processes that we are un-aware of. As this part of the mind processes much greater amount of information, that if the brain is cognitively aware of; may cause severe overloading of information and disorientation. Tends towards autonomy and repetitive behavior (hard-wired), for energy saving purposes; creating patterns of behavior, that can be perpetually triggered by specific stimulus (Gonçalves, R., and Paiva, A. 2014).

Conscious Level: is much slower, ingests much less amount of information, is responsible for the processes of reasoning and analytics and leads as systematic behavior (Gonçalves, R., and Paiva, A. 2014).

Based on the evidence at hand, it is essential to identify the brain’s unconscious reactions to different environmental stimulus, for that is what truly governs behavior, far earlier than perceptions are created in the conscious mind. Thus, any accurate assessment of the space quality and impact on users shall not depend solely on interviews; but shall take advantage of positron emission tomography (PET) and 11

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); to monitor the impacts of the different stimulus and the corresponding brain responses. 2.3.2. Environmental Features and Impacts on Behavior Space can be customized to imply alertness/attentiveness, power, hierarchy and nostalgia. Examples of external environmental stimulus include: when a space evokes a sense of territoriality and is unconsciously perceived as a safe environment, fight and flight signals are held back and stress levels are reduced. Spaces that exhibit a sense of power, usually leads to spontaneity. While places that imply a high level of spontaneity, lends a creative trigger among the space users. Heightened ceiling settings

Figure 13: Priming example, Source: Bateson, M. et al., 2006

induce an expanded sense of freedom, while low ceilings, induce attentiveness and concentration. (Gonçalves, R., and Paiva, A. 2014). Researchers introduced the concept of priming, with which certain features are expected to trigger certain responses among users; thus, priorly controlling their behavior, Figure 7: Brain Wave Types and corresponding conscious states, based on a pre-known settings. An example of priming could be found in an experiment shown in figure 13, where staff workers areal.,expected to pay their drinks made in the kitchenette where a source: Michael, K. et 2006Figure 8: for Priming example, Source: pricelist has been hung and an image of either eyes or flowers has been placed above this pricelist. Research has found that staff Bateson, M. et al.,members 2006 have paid three times as much when the image content included eyes rather than flowers (Bateson, M. et al., 2006) Neuroscience alone is not capable of delivering the optimum architectural products. Rather a wholistic understanding of brain dynamics, users and the nature of the building; is capable of producing a successful architectural output. By tapping into the environments that undermine the flight and flight responses, reduce stress levels, imply a heightened state of control over surroundings, while decreasing ambiguity, and maintaining interest; a general sense of well-being is expected to be fostered in

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architectural buildings. The following section shall explain some of the concepts of bio-geometry and the impacts of geometries on the brain waves.

2.4. Bio-Geometry, Brain waves and Well-Being Bio-geometry is the science related to creating spaces and geometries that are destined to align with the surrounding living energies and living systems of nature, balancing them; thus, adjusting the human brain frequencies to foster healing and well-being (Elbaiuomy et al., 2019). Certain geometric shapes can be targeted, to induce the brain to reach specific brain wave frequencies, that impose certain preplanned states of mind on its users (Lee I, 2010). 2.4.1. Types of Brain Waves There are five major types of brain waves in terms of ascending frequency: delta, beta, theta, gamma and alpha. Each of these waves convey a different state of consciousness including: alertness, sleep and relaxation as shown in figure 14 below (Michael, K. et al., 2006).

Figure 14: Brain Wave Types and corresponding conscious states, source: Michael, K. et al., 2006

Scholars explain the concept of brain entrainment, that responds to rhythmic external impulses in the environment, by creating its own brain impulses called cortical evoked response (CER). The CER formulates is the message that reaches our comprehension, e.g. sight, hearing (Huang T., Charyton C., 2008). Based on this process, the concept of Frequency Following Response (FFR) can be utilized; Where the brain synchronizes with the stimulus that resonates close to the pulses of the brainwaves. This explains how certain music frequencies alter the brain frequencies in order to align with it, thus, casting a certain mental state unto the human mind (that is relevant to this music frequency) ( Nyström S., 1966). 2.4.2. Geometries and Mental States Using CST simulator and EEG, brain waves of users have been monitored before and after usage of different geometries with different construction materials. Results have been brought up, linking different geometries and structural materials with specific frequencies and conscious states as shown in table 3 below (CST Microwave Studio, 2014). 13

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Table 10: CST results, source: E.Elbaiuomy et al., 2019

In conclusion Delta waves are more concerned with relaxation and sense of comfort, it could be attained through domes of concrete material and squares of steel. Theta waves which are relevant to meditative states can be attained through cylindrical forms (whether glass, steel or wood) or a dome of either steel or wood. Also, a vault of any of these three materials; shall resonate with the theta frequencies. Alpha waves, which are more relevant to states of mental stability and enhanced moods, could be attained through glass/concrete square geometries as well as in the case of vaults and cones made of wood and cylindrical forms made of concrete. Beta waves refer to attention and concentration, while could be attained through cone geometries of any of the three materials, in addition to square geometries made of wood or domes of glass material. By investigating what typology/space is in need of which frequency waves, a geometrical form that is capable of casting its users into specific mental states can be properly and effectively designed. The following section shall discuss and analyze several architectural case studies, that aim to elevate their user’s mental states and well-being.

3. CASE STUDIES This section shall analyze a series of case studies, in order to reach a better understanding of the wellness centre architectural typology. The following two case studies shall exhibit the different means by which architecture puts its users into heightened states of well-being and calmness. The analysis shall also include how wellness centers can respond to these sensual experiences sought by its visitors; while still be context and environment sensitive.

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3.1. Case Study 1: The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor; Switzerland, Graubunden This case study shall express the means by which architecture can tackle into one’s senses, thus governing their moods and perceptions. Peter Zumthor uses a series of techniques to place the building’s users into altered states of calmness and relaxation. Regarding the planning and construction of the spa; it was planned to be built in a plot where it was surrounded by several hotel blocks, as seen in fig.15, in the alps of Switzerland in one of the springs-rich spots there.

Figure 15: Site Plan zoning, source: (Bziotas, 2014)

3.1.1. Basic Information The construction of the spa has finished by the year 1996, constructed by the architect Peter Zumthor. Built in Vals, Canton Graubunden, Switzerland. It was destined to be a part of the hotel complex planned to be renovated. 3.1.2. Conceptual Idea Peter zumthor has been severely influenced by the topography, nature and surroundings of the site; by which he has formulated his whole conceptual design, depending on the language of: stone, rock, water, texture, negative spaces and flowing water. All these keywords are an inspiration from the alps, mountains and naturally existing quarries and cave like structures within the region, as shown in fig.16. Besides the richness of springs and water sources in this area; his concept was to formulate a simulation of a cave that is carved into the already existing mountain topography, from which springs run from the cavities excavated from the rock mountains (archdaily, 2009). Everything within the building has been designed to instill and reinforce this sensual experience; highlighting the contrast between the roughness of stone and the softness and flow of water. (Meier,G. , 2014)

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud The building has been cut into the mountain, in a sloped manner, to match with the surroundings, while marking the least interference with the already existing natural scenery and identity of the place. Fig.17 shows a section of the Spa cut into the mountain. Externally a series of green roofed slabs mark its top, camouflaging and blending into the scene. (Meier,G. , 2014)

Figure 16: Alps and topography of the context, Source: (Bziotas, 2014)

3.1.3. Zoning

The main entrance route to the bath is through a bridged path between one of the hotel extensions and the excavated thermal baths, marked by green in fig.15 above. The corridor leading to the thermal bath is shown in fig.18, marked by narrow roof slits in slabs. The corridor formulated a preparatory stage and aroused the curiosity of its users.

Figure 17: Section showing spa carved into the mountain with a flat exterior roof. Source: (Meier,G. , 2014)

The plan showing the different zones of the Spa can be seen in fig.19. This plan includes closed an outdoor thermal baths, along with services zones (changing rooms and toilets), as well as several therapy zones and experience rich spaces, including sound baths.

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Figure 18: Corridor connecting Hotel with Thermal bath, source: (Bziotas, 2014)

Entrance corridor

Figure 19: Plan showing different spa zones, Source: (Bziotas, 2014)

3.1.4. Communicating with the Senses Peter zumthor, being a phenomenologist; has not left a part of the building devoid of sense-tackling stimuli. The Spa tackles sense of sight, touch, smell (Meier, G., 2014). All these senses formulate the inputs by which the brain analyses and processes information. The triggering of such stimulus may tap into the right responses given the proper stimulus/environment. Another aspect is that one of the strong psychological imprints a building may cast on its users, is through leading them to formulate a strong memory of the place; thus users become more interactive and seek to experience the space more often. In such cases a connection is born between the building and its users, creating a positive connotation with the space; leading to feelings of pleasure and heightened states of well-being as discussed in literature. This section shall express how Peter Zumthor attempted to build such connections via architecture. Starting with the effects of materials and textures, shown in fig.20 and 21 below. The materials used for the building are narrowed down to Quartzite stone (formulating slabs and wall claddings), concrete, 17

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud glass and copper. Quartzite has been adopted given its viability within the local context (several quarries that extract the stone). This stone has been used to imply the notion that there is no existence to the building, rather the mountain itself has formulated a void that translates into the building’s spaces. Such representation establishes a stronger connection and a heightened sense of surroundings and natural environment. Concrete has been used to perpetuate the same feeling that quartzite stone provides (same colour), while glass is used to aim at a higher degree of transparency and less interference with the surroundings. The contrast between the harsh stone material and the flowing water provides a strong abstracted statement that casts a feeling of stillness, silence and calmness. The stone has also been cut and directly placed without the application of a polished layer, which gives a feeling of freshness and authenticity. (Meier, G., 2014).

Figure 20: Textures and materials used. Source: (archdaily, 2014)

Figure 22: Contrast between dark, intense interior And opening slits, source: (Bziotas, 2014)

Figure 21: Contrast between rough stone and Flowing water, source: (archdaily, 2014)

Figure 23: Natural lighting illuminating the Thermal bath, source: (archdaily, 2014)

Zumthor has also utilized the impact of smell to convey his messages. His usage of cut untreated quarry quartzite stones, has given the building a unique raw smell that is distinguishable by its users. This association with the sense of smell, helps visitors build mental maps of the space and easily formulate links and associative elements with it (smell of quartzite stone); easily creating a memory of the place. (Meier, G., 2014). Inside the building the sense of sight is perpetually stimulated, due to the rhythmic interplay between light and shadow, created by narrow slit openings in slabs. The slabs themselves have been designed to formulate cavities by which rays of light can enter as shown in fig.22 and 23, contrasting with the dark interior setting; creating an enticing atmosphere.

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The usage of quartzite stone also adds some privileges to its scenery. The quartzite material provides different tones to it, depending on different times of the day; thus, compelling its users to be more environment vigilant. This case study has outlined the means by which senses could be tackled, to build a connection with its users. The case study also provides an example for the highest degrees of contextuality and environmental-friendliness.

3.2. Case Study 2: Yunomori Onsen and Spa | Sathorn; Thailand, Khet Bang Rak This case study marks an urban retreat within Bang Rak city in Thailand, which functions as a retreat for the busy city offering thai massage facilities as well as Japanese onsen. The building is a result of the renovation of an old apartment building and addition of a new one, to accommodate the Spa purposes. This case study shall express how architecture can operate as an escapist environment to the busy urban life of the city, through special treatments and materials (archdaily, 2021). The old building and the new one are connected having in common an in between space functioning as a courtyard, dividing the building into two zones, onsen facilities and thai massage zone (as shown in fig.24). This courtyard helps stepping back from the urban hustle, as well as provide natural lighting and connect with the soothing and calming effect of nature, as shown in fig.25. (archdaily, 2021). Bridge

Old building/Thai massage

New building/Japanese Onsen Figure 24: Showing the new and old building bridged together Source: (archdaily, 2021)

3.2.1. Basic Information The completion of the Spa has finished by the year 2020, accomplished by sixseven studio and leading architect Pakorn Rattanasuteeranon. The area of the Spa amounts to 3500 square meters, built in Bang Rak, Thailand. 3.2.2. Concept The concept was inspired by the ancient art of mending broken pottery “Kintsugi”. This idea has been abstracted to, connecting what’s old with what is new (the old apartment building to be renovated and the new plot). Reference to Kintsugi, has also resulted in specific material selections, including the infusing of local materials to express the minimalistic Japanese architecture. As shown in fig.25 and

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud 26, rhythms of these sensual materials are repeated all over the building in harmony; to reach a more tranquil sensation. More about the materials selection will be discussed shortly.

Figure 25: Local sensual materials.

Figure 26: Local sensual materials

Source: (Contents, 2021)

Source: (archdaily, 2021)

3.2.3. Zoning The building contains three main zones: Onsen and sauna zones, Thai massage zone and services zones. The service zones include shower rooms, changing rooms, locker rooms, rest rooms as well as staff rooms (as shown in fig.27).

Figure 27: Third floor plan showing different project zones. Source: (archdaily, 2021)

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The building also includes a roof bar and a restaurant over-looking the lavish courtyard landscape, as shown in fig. 28, 29 and 30. Other preparatory zones include the lounge and reception areas.

Figure 28: Restaurant overlooking courtyard. Source: (archdaily, 2021)

Figure 29: Restaurant

Figure 30: Rooft top bar,

View from courtyard. Source: (Contents, 2021)

source: (archdaily, 2021)

3.2.4. Communicating with the Senses (nature and material selection) The architect has carefully picked his palette and materials to reflect the Japanese minimalist traditions using local materials, besides providing an atmosphere of warmth and coziness to the interiors. The project makes most use of chiseled wood (of Japanese origin) (fig.31), mixed with floor veneers and light tones of wood colored furniture (beige to grey tones) (fig.32). Also, wood has been used in screens covering the building’s façade mimicking Japanese shoji screens. The project also makes use of slate stone in the ground floor facade, which is then followed by lighter materials in 3rd and 4th floors (fig.33); guiding the users from a sense of roughness and texture, to a sense of softness (as the treatment rooms begin to unfold in the upper floors) (archdaily, 2021). As shown in fig.34, marble mosaics have been used in the rooftop bar, again inspired by the art of Kintsugi and the idea of broken elements, assembled into new ones; restoring them. While bamboo is used to cover the ceiling. The atmosphere of the hallways provides a feeling of peacefulness and tranquility, as a result of the effects of indirect lighting, courts, glass surfaces, water features and the continuous dialogue with nature (as shown in fig.35). The hallways also imply a strong sense of texture, for example: the concrete wall with bamboo texture, besides the landscape of the interior and the usage of rocks and pebbles in the interior landscape, as shown in fig.36 and 37. These treatments provide an increased sense of texture and interest regarding the sense of touch. (archdaily, 2021)

Figure 31: Chiseled wood and wood veneers in Interiors, source: (achdaily, 2021)

Figure 32: Light wood color tones of furniture, source: (Content, 2021)

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

Figure 33: Slate stone in ground façade And lighter materials upwards. Source: (archdaily, 2021)

Figure 34: Marble mosaic in flooring. Source: (archdaily, 2021)

Figure 36: Concrete wall, bamboo texture, source: (Content, 2021)

Figure 35: internal hallways design ( landscape, glass, indirect lighting). Source: (archdaily, 2021)

Figure 37: Rock and pebbles texture in indoor landscape. Source: (archdaily, 2021)

The placement of the lounge in front of the courtyard, lends feelings of ease and calmness, as shown in fig.32. The effects of lighting have been carefully manipulated within the building, where indirect natural lighting is provided in many of the spaces, as shown in fig.38 and 39. Also artificial lighting is used in a concealed manner, where only the effects of light are vivid, without exposing the light source itself (as shown in fig.40). Another aspect of lighting is that, only warm colors are used; to harmonize with design materials and tones, as well as match with the overall sense of calm and coziness. (archdaily, 2021). All these aspects contribute to creating a calmer and a more psychologically appealing environment, reducing stress and anxiety.

Figure 38: Indirect natural lighting. Source: (Content, 2021)

Figure 39: Indirect natural lighting in wet areas. Source: (Content, 2021)

Figure 40: Artificial warm colours. Source: (Content, 2021)

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This case study has mapped ways in which architecture could help ease one’s mind and provide an escapist destination from the urban hustle. Materials, textures, lights, landscape, and openings; have all been utilized to reach this target. This case study has also exemplified how architecture may provide reference to one’s culture and traditions. The following section shall sum up the takeaways of the previously studied literature and case studies, in order to use as tools in the design stage.

3.3. Design Decisions The previous case studies has helped in paving an understanding of how architecture can be context sensitive, whether in terms of a philosophical idea/historical reference as Kintsugi, or on the level of creating a dialogue with the surrounding geology, topography and materials. Both references to context are aimed to be implemented within the wellness centre project in AL Haram district, which shall be introduced in the following section. Other beneficial takeaways from the previous case studies, are their strategies in attaining highly sensual experiences cast on their users. In addition, the case studies have succeeded in building special genius loci for the place, easing the process of formulating associated mental maps and creating special bonds with these buildings. Such bonds are aimed to be invoked by the design of the wellness center, taking advantage of lighting, texture, material and nature as tools. The result is designing a building in the GEM region that highly relates to its context (philosophically and geologically), while it lends the area a haven for tranquility and improved mental states; in utilization of the design tools mentioned previously.

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The following section shall introduce the design of a wellness centre architectural typology building within the GEM region. This typology is expected to contribute to the already existing plan for the development of the area, which includes the removal of Nazlet el Siman and the addition of Khufu avenue and the renovation of the Giza Plateau, along with the completion of the GEM; the area is expected to act as a haven for its population and tourists. The already existing facilities of such kind in the region, are narrowed down to a handful of massage/spa zones in one of the floors of the surrounding hotels; thus, lacking a holistic understanding of a wellness facility. The proposed design offers a wellness centre that is aimed to disconnect its users from the overwhelming hustle of the urban surroundings and enable them to reconnect and sync to another reality. This reality is full of rich and enticing experiences delivered through a play of scale, shade and shadow and architectural elements. The introduced wellness centre is aimed to heal body, mind as well as the spirit. It shall adopt activities to suit the different user’s needs. Primarily including zones for physical well-being, zones for meditative purposes, zones for psychological well-being and other interactive zones born within the building. The building aims to maximize interaction and exposure to views and nature, as well as providing its users with an increased sense of freedom as well as an increased sense of self-efficacy, which according to literature fosters a better psychological state. The wellness center is named after the ancient Egyptian Goddess of healing, Sekhmet. Ancient Egyptian civilization has represented a strong inspiration for the formulation of Sekhmet wellness centre; for its pre-known concepts of healing, energy-healing, Ba and Ka (soul) and the ideas of well-being among the ancient Egyptian civilization.

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

4.1. Context Overview / Context Analysis This section shall introduce the direct as well as the indirect context for the project. The context of the chosen site is The GEM region in Al Haram district, the overall site (Aten cultural park), includes four other typologies besides the Sekhmet wellness centre; including: Lotus recreational center, Bahiti Business and Retail Centre, Ma’at Youth center and Biblliotheca Seshat. These Five projects occupy a site of around 70 square meters. The next sections shall provide more details regarding the nature of the context. 4.1.1. Site Analysis (Land Use) Al haram as a context is one of the most rich touristic sites in Egypt and the world, besides its touristic attractions ( Giza Plateau and the GEM), it hosts a series of hotels, residential blocks as well as medical and retail zones. The direct context of the site includes the Plateau, the Golf Course, a neighboring residential block, the Giza Plateau and a series of Hotels. Fig.41 below shows the surrounding context, and the corresponding land uses that are expected post-implementation of the development plans. SITE LOCATION

Figure 41: Context land use, Source: (GOPP,2012)

4.1.2. Accessibility and Environmental Analysis. Fig. 42 shows the land lot of my project (Sekhmet wellness centre) among the master plan. The whole site is surrounded by two main roads, Mashaal and Al Haram street. Concerning the accessibility of the wellness center land lot, it is accessed vehicularly either from the north west part of the ring road, or through the cul de sac entering the master plan. Another accessible route to the lot is through the pedestrian path extending from the western part of the ring road.

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021 MOST DESIRABLE WIND BIBLIOTECA YOUTH- STARTUP CENTRE ACCESIBILITY THROUGH RINGROAD ACCESIBILITY THROUGH CUL DE SAC NEIGHBOURS (RESIDENTAIL CLUSTER)

BUSINESS AND RETAIL

Wellness land lot

CENTRE

PYRAMIDS VIEW

RECREATIONAL CENTER

Figure 42: The accessibility to the masterplan and to the wellness land lot. Soucre: author

Based on the chart in fig.43, The most desirable wind is mostly found in the north and west directions. This direction will be further utilized in the creation of the patio designed within the building, which will be discussed in the following sections.

Figure 43: Chart summarizing the wind direction in this part of Egypt. Source: (Weather Spark, retrieved 12/12/2020)

The following section shall illustrate the design concepts, and how the project has come into being; given the inspirations and ideas that had led to its formulation and development. Other functional and typology related aspects that have also contributed to the formulation of the design form shall also be discussed.

4.1. Conceptual Design The process of formulation of the building form has undergone several influences, that are derived from the ancient Egyptian civilization, including symbols, ideas and abstractions. Other influences are as a result of the understanding of the concept of wellness and how it can be achieved. All these influences have contributed to the final output.

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Beginning with the ancient Egyptian influences. Ideas including mastabas, pyramids’ alignment with the cosmos, limestone, the process of wearing of lime stone edges, Sekhmet, sculpture of Sekhmet, the sun disk. Other influences resulting from the studying of the wellness typology, include aspects of healing, energy healing, energy in cells, electrons circulating the nuclei of the cells, orbits. Fig. 44 below summarizes the set of ideas, from which the design adopts and abstracts its meanings.

Figure 44: Summary of ideas and inspirations formulating the design morphology. Source: author

By the end of mapping the set of ideas and influences; links have been extracted in order to implement in the design. Firstly, the geometry of circles is quite relevant to many of the ideas mapped. A circle can be an abstraction for: the Egyptian sun disk, the cosmos and its orbits, the concepts of energy healing and the orbits of electrons inside each and every cell. Another abstraction has been adopted that has been influenced by the geometry and the structure of the pyramids; formulating mastabas (for this a rectangular geometry is used). As a summary and interpretation to this part, it could be said that the concept statement of the project is: My project aims to provide a representation of energy fields and its impact on different bodies (forms), casting different attraction forces, in a sense of layered traces of orbital movements that circulate in an attempt to align with the healing energy of the cosmos, while reflecting the relation between the pyramids and their cosmic alignment. Thus, the resulting keywords from this concept statement can be narrowed down to: orbits, layering, pyramids/mastabas. These keywords shall be further explained on how they have been implemented in the following section. This philosophical concept is to be applied, along with the psychological approach that this project adopts, in which all these abstractions and symbolism, work hand in hand to attain an elevated state of well-being. Abstractions of energy have been essentially formulated from the idea of well-being and how it could be attained through energy healing practices; thus, the operating concepts governing the form and the ideas of wellbeing are strongly intertwined. Concerning the building zones, the project constitutes of four operating zones: physical treatment zone (which includes fitness rooms, Gym, acupuncture and physical therapy), hydrotherapy zones (including sauna and pool), counselling zones (as psycho-therapy and nutrition counselling zone), interactive zones (including the central patio, accessible roofs, child care zone and ground floor food court).

4.2. Form Generation Concerning the form generation, fig.45 describes the process of creating the form from the previously extracted keywords. The project begins with a rectangular geometry, simulating that of the mastabas of the pyramid, then this rectangular block has been split in order to allow for more light to enter the geometric forms, besides creating an internal common void. A source of energy is introduced, symbolizing the cosmos and its orbits as well as symbolizing electrons and its orbits within the cell. 26

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After the introduction of this energy source, the rectangular mastabas have responded in synchrony with the energy field initiated by the energy source, resulting in shifting of its rectangular forms. By time, the gravitational energy of the field grows stronger; forcing the bodies to cling to the energy source. Given more time, the energy source begins to attract more foreign bodies in, as a result of its strengthened gravitational field.

Figure 45: Form generation, source: author

The forms with circular footprints, are assigned as spaces with the highest experience and are the closest to the pyramid view. The psychotherapy zone has been assigned to the cylindrical glass form as shown in fig.46, which represents the smaller circle in the previous diagram (fig.45). The choice of this form for this zone is built upon literature stating that cylindrical geometries of glass material relate to theta waves, that induce meditative effects on humans. Other functional spaces in-need of more uniform shaped spaces, including acupuncture, fitness and physical well-being, physical therapy, sauna and massage zones have been assigned to the forms that are tending to linear shapes as shown in fig.47 below 5TH FLOOR Cylindrical form, to accommodate the psychotherapy zone

MASSAGE ZONE

RECEPTION LOUNGE

CORE S

PSYCHOTHERAPY ZONE

GROUND FLOOR FOOD COURT

FITNESS ZONE 2ND FLOOR PHYSICAL THERAPY ZONE

3RD FLOOR ACUPUNCTURE & NUTRITION ZONE

Figure 46: Cylindrical form assigned to accommodate

Figure 47: Zones assigned to each geometrical form,

the psychotherapy zone, source: author

Source: author

The following section is going to describe the process of development of the project along the different sketches, mapping the different changes and transitions that led to its final state.

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

4.3. Design Program and Development 4.3.1. Design Program In this section a breakdown of the program is provided, showing the different building zones/spaces and their correspondent areas within the building. Fig.48 below shows the program structure. The area of a building amounts to around 14,000 m2 including, open terraces, interaction spaces and bridges. As a rough estimate the building program grants high percentages for spaces as psycho-therapy spaces, which is assigned to a five-floor zone within the building, may amount to about 25% of the total building spaces. The previous figure (fig.47) may be referred to, to track the positions of the different zones across the building. Other spaces relevant to physical well-being including: gymnasium, fitness rooms and physical therapy (which occupy a complete floor within the building); which may amount to 20% of the building spaces. Hydrotherapy that includes sauna and a swimming pool, amount to about 10%. The ground floor food court also amounts to around 10% of the building spaces. Acupuncture and nutrition consultation and childcare zone amount to around 5% each. Space

Number of people

Entrance foyer Physical Therapy rooms Reception Cell bath Exercise pool Equipment storage Gymnastics room staff room

Number of rooms Area per person (m^2) Area (m2) Total area (m^2) 2

0 Acupuncture lobby staff rooms Meditation rooms staff rooms Sauna Lobby changing room steam room lockers zone Toilets shower rooms sum Massage rooms staff room Dressing Rest room Child care zone nanny's rooms nutrition workshops psychotherapy rooms Green terraces/spaces Gymnasium lobby storage toilets changing room coaches room mechanical room Workout rooms/Yoga lockers zone Rest room staff room Pool entrance changing room showers and toilets heating/mechanical rooms swimming supervisor room Equipment room Food court kitchen & storage staff room Offices Meeting room Storages Wet areas Mechanical rooms IT rooms TOTAL AREA TOTAL AREA PLUS 30% CIRCUALTION

30 30

15 4

3 2 4 2 9 4 4

4.6

2.2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2

11 2

9.2

20 4

2 2 2 1 20

2.2 2.7

44 10.8

900 0 0 1.2

8 2

1.2

1.5

0 90 0 0 0 56

1.4

0 2

0 44

1.25

3 5

1.4 3

10 15

2 7 2 4 72

87.5 0 4.2 15

2.3 1

23 15

100 138 25 25 24 20 56 50 40 56 30 30 594 48 0 20 48 0 0 0 0 584 154 1942 30 10 40 100 30 44 216 216 4000 900 42 120 0 30 40 90 90 35 12 9 56 25 80 88 60 20 30 87.5 260 2.8 315 80 211.6 1080 100 343 10718.9 2158 13934.57 11776.6

Height (m^2) Volume 4.5

621 378

2970

4.5

693

864

4500

450

224

437.5

4.5

1417.5

4 4

846.4 4320

1372 18715.4 24330.02

Theraputic and meditative zone

Counselling & interactive

Sporting and interactive

administrative and utilities

Figure 48: The building program and spaces Source: author

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

4.3.2. Design Development The form has undergone four essential changes throughout the course of design. The first attempt to reflect the pyramids alignment with the cosmos has been expressed in stage 1 as seen in fig.49, where rectilinear forms have been distributed across two floors in a uniform manner, while two other cylindrical forms representing the cosmos, are introduced clinging to this linear geometry. In stage two, more floors have been introduced in order to benefit from the pyramid’s view, while the linear forms have been placed in shifted ways in order to represent the effects of energy fields and the gravitational forces of the cosmos (exemplified in the cylindrical/circular forms). The south eastern cylindrical form in stage two is extruded in order to highlight the importance of the spaces it accommodates (psycho-therapy spaces). Links between forms have been represented as organic sets of paths that connect the two rectilinear forms, simulating the sensation of cells. By stage three, the rectilinear shifted forms needed to enlarge horizontally to fit the program. In this stage, links between rectilinear forms have been adapted to reflect a more fluid manner, while clearing out the central space between the rectilinear forms to form a patio.

BRIDGES

PATIO

Figure 49: Form development diagram,

Source: author By stage four, the links between rectilinear forms have been modified, to more strongly reflect the concept of orbital movements. Offsets of the circular footprints of cylindrical forms have formulated bridges on separate levels that connect the two rectilinear forms enclosing a patio. Each rectilinear floor is adapted to be surrounded by terraces, evoking a higher sense of freedom as well as promoting a higher sense of mobility and activity, among the different floors of the building. Such introduction to extend open spaces; lends the building a chance to convey more opportunities for social interactions and more bonding, while benefiting from the views of the inside patio and the pyramids.

The following section shall provide a more detailed description of the project, including its program, entrances, zones as well as its different treatments in plans and elevations.

4.4. Design Detailing / Interventions This section is going to describe the project technically, explaining how spaces are organized and the circulation across the different zones as well as elevation treatments and special structure details and environmental concerns.

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

DROP OFF1

BASEMENT RAMP

DROP OFF2

NORTH DIRECTION

Figure 50: Ground floor plan Source: author

The previous figure, fig. 50 shows the ground floor plan and the surrounding landscape. The building has two main entrances and a secondary one. The first main entrance, where most visitors are expected to come is the north western entrance, where vehicular transportation is allowed from the north western ring road. Vehicles are allowed to either pick or drop people in drop off or use the ramp to park in the basement. The other south eastern main entrance is expected to benefit the visitors who are enjoying other facilities or outdoor spaces within the masterplan, and are expected to enter from the master plan itself. Another vehicular entrance is available through the cul-de sac that penetrates the master plan and is marked in fig.50. Another pedestrian entrance seen in the previous figure also leads to an entrance to the project. This floor includes the administration, where it is located closest to main entrance one, which is expected to gather most visitors. The patio is designed to directly face the north western wind, allowing all parts of the building to breath from its central space. The patio is located facing the main entrance, where visitors experience a journey prior reaching the climax (presented in the larger circle in plan). It is expressed as the climax for being an experience-rich space among the rest of the functional spaces within the building. Fig.51 and 52, illustrate this special experience within the space that represents a vast entrance lounge, while it also includes a circular ramp that leads to the roof pool. This floor also 30

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

includes a small child care zone, for parents who aim to leave their children in a secure place while they enjoy the private facilities that the building offers (e.g. massage, acupuncture, physical therapy….etc.). A small-scale food court is located within the ground floor, it aims at providing fast healthy snacks and small meals for visitors who are ready to maximize their experience of wellness and physical wellbeing.

Figure 51: Interior shot within the wellness centre showing the internal experience of the entrance lounge Source: author

Figure 52: Interior shot showing plantation and ramp leading to the roof pool Source: author

The interior of the entrance lounge is meant to put visitors at ease, for the usage of vast glass, allowing more light and serenity to enter the space; besides allowing a stronger connection with the surrounding environment, as shown in fig.51. The usage of flowers as shown in fig.52 is meant to cast scents within the space that help visitors build a special mental map for the place; where they directly associate their experience inside, with a special scent and a special experience with natural lighting. The first floor plan, as shown in fig.53, includes a vast accessible roof that is expected to be used by visitors who prefer to grab their meals from the food court existing in the ground floor and enjoy them in the outside open air. This floor also includes other zones, as acupuncture, a small waiting area and a small nutrition counselling zone. Most of these zones have the privilege of being attached to accessible roofs and open terraces, that imply a heightened sense of freedom as well as a stronger connection with 31

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

Figure 53: 1st and 2nd floor plans of the wellness centre Source: author

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

the environment. The continuous connection with the outdoors, allows visitors to be vigilant of the time of the day (through watching the environmental changes across the day), and be sensually aware of their surroundings. This floor also includes one of the psycho-therapy floors; which is also designed to be one of the experience-rich spaces, in order to help visitors with traumas and mental illnesses feel more happy, excited as well as at ease. Fig. 54 shows the multiple floors of the psycho-therapy zone, while fig.55 shows a single floor of the psycho-therapy zone. The second-floor plan as shown in fig. 53 represents the zone of physical well-being. The plan includes yoga studio, gymnasium and a physical therapy zone for those interested to apply certain body treatments or enhance their performance and recover post physical traumas. In addition, the psychotherapy zone is repeated among the rest of the floors till the 4rth floor.

Figure 54: interior shot showing multiple floors of psycho-therapy zone Source: author

Figure 55: Interior shot showing one of the floors of the psycho-therapy zone Source: author

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud The fourth and last floor shown in fig.56, includes spa/massage zone as well as the external roof pool along with the spaces that serve the pool (changing rooms and mechanical room). The last floor within the form assigned for psycho-therapy sessions, hosts a reception or resting area for the users of the pool. The roof pool directly overlooks the pyramids of Giza and provides a serene place for contemplation.

Figure 56: 4rth floor plan Source: author

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

In the upcoming figures (fig.57 and 58), sections shall be introduced showing the special treatments made inside the entrance lounge, the ramp leading to the roof pool, besides the terraces that surround almost every zone within the building. These sections strongly show the extensive usage of ramps and their different implementations across different parts of the building. Their usage relates to the fact that they strongly reflect the concept of orbits and the circulation of bodies around a strong center; while also help maximizing the sense of activity, mobility, and sense of freedom. These ramps allow special experiences to be engraved within people’s memories while adding a sense of enticement and an interesting aspect to the building. Fig. 59 shows one of the experiences that users come across when using the ramp leading to the roof pool.

Figure 57: section 1, showing ramps, terraces and spaces. Source: author

Figure 58: Section2, showing a different implementation of ramps, and other building spaces Source: author

Figure 59: The experience of walking through the ramp leading to the roof pool Source: author

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud Concerning the building elevations, several inspirations have been adopted from the ancient Egyptian architecture to be applied in the wellness project. As shown in figure 60; pharaonic scriptures simulating those found in pharaonic temples are adopted, also the narrow opening slits are adopted and used in the building in the form of narrow width windows, that ensure the sense of verticality. Special grooves are carved into the building, to further strengthen the aspect of verticality.

Figure 60: Northern elevation treatments Source: author

As shown in fig.61, special environmental treatments needed to be applied in front of the vast glass surface of the entrance lounge. A series of waved louvres reflecting the concepts of energy fields and the forces exerted by them is designed and applied to be fixed in front of the glass façade. These series of louvers have a reflective finish material to mimic the golden reflective tip of the obelisk used by the ancient Egyptians. Since the façade shown in fig.61 is a south eastern façade; special considerations are needed to provide horizontal shelves that cast shadows unto the building. For this case, extruded terraces that are designed to look as orbital rings are used; in order to provide better views, better opportunities for socializing, as well as harvesting a better indoor climate through the wide shadows that they cast.

TERRACES IN THE FORM OF ORBITAL RINGS

REFLECTIVE WAVE-LIKE LOUVRES

Figure 61: Treatments of the south eastern façade of the building Source: author

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

Two special studies concerning the structure of the psychotherapy zone and the circular form of the entrance lounge are illustrated in fig.62 and fig.63. The first figure below shows the structure of the psychotherapy zone, where open web steel joists (OWSJ) are used in a circular grid, while terraces are supported by the main beam steel system in cantilever state. The second study illustrates the roof structure of the entrance lounge zone, where prestressed concrete is used, supported by a series of composite columns distributed in a circular grid.

Figure 62: OWSJ structure for the roofs of the psycho-therapy zone Source:author

Figure 63: Pre-stressed concrete structure study for the roof of the entrance lounge Source: author

WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

5. Conclusions The introduction of the wellness project within this part of Al haram is expected to help flourish and sustain the tourism within the area as well as add another type of tourism that Egypt currently lacks. Such introduction of the wellness facility may very well help ease the effects of over-population, stress and the current overwhelming nature of the region. The presentation of the wellness project shall also help elevate the land value of the surroundings. In addition, post-implementation of the expected development plans; the wellness facility shall be one of the projects that help meet the expected rise in tourists’ demands for facilities, to meet their various needs in this specific region. There are other aspects that help contribute to the project’s success; being surrounded by a series of hotels and accommodation opportunities, lends the visitors/tourists a chance to visit the facility more than once, or even complete a healing program of several days. The facility, having different options that shall appeal to different peoples’ needs, shall act as an investment for the region. Besides being a source of investment and a magnet for tourism; the project is expected to act as a haven for settlers within the region and the surrounding areas, where the building it-self, regardless of the healing effects evoked by the activities they perform inside; is designed to imply a sense of coziness and tranquility, as well as provide a series of enticing and experience-rich spaces.

GRADUATION PROJECT THESIS 2 SPRING 2021

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WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION Sara Sayed Mahmoud

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WELLNESS ARCHITECTURE FOR BOOSTING TOURISM AND WELFARE OF CITIZENS IN GEM REGION